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Gonzalez-Obando J, Zuluaga-Cabrera A, Moreno I, Úsuga J, Ciuderis K, Forero JE, Diaz A, Rojas-Arbeláez C, Hernández-Ortiz JP, Ruiz-Saenz J. First Molecular Detection and Epidemiological Analysis of Equine Influenza Virus in Two Regions of Colombia, 2020-2023. Viruses 2024; 16:839. [PMID: 38932133 PMCID: PMC11209042 DOI: 10.3390/v16060839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Equine influenza is a viral disease caused by the equine influenza virus (EIV), and according to the WOAH, it is mandatory to report these infections. In Latin America and Colombia, EIV risk factors have not been analyzed. The objective of this research is to perform an epidemiological and molecular analysis of the EIV in horses with respiratory symptoms from 2020 to 2023 in Colombia. Molecular EIV detection was performed using RT-qPCR and nanopore sequencing. A risk analysis was also performed via the GEE method. A total of 188 equines with EIV respiratory symptoms were recruited. The positivity rate was 33.5%. The descriptive analysis showed that only 12.8% of the horses were vaccinated, and measures such as the quarantine and isolation of symptomatic animals accounted for 91.5% and 88.8%, respectively. The variables associated with the EIV were the non-isolation of positive individuals (OR = 8.16, 95% CI (1.52-43.67), p = 0.014) and sharing space with poultry (OR = 2.16, 95% CI (1.09-4.26), p = 0.027). In conclusion, this is the first EIV investigation in symptomatic horses in Colombia, highlighting the presence of the virus in the country and the need to improve preventive and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Gonzalez-Obando
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales—GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia;
- Grupo de Epidemiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Angélica Zuluaga-Cabrera
- Grupo de Investigación GISCA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Fundación Universitaria Vision de las Américas, Medellín 050031, Colombia;
| | - Isabel Moreno
- GHI One Health Colombia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín 050036, Colombia; (I.M.); (J.Ú.); (K.C.); (J.P.H.-O.)
| | - Jaime Úsuga
- GHI One Health Colombia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín 050036, Colombia; (I.M.); (J.Ú.); (K.C.); (J.P.H.-O.)
| | - Karl Ciuderis
- GHI One Health Colombia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín 050036, Colombia; (I.M.); (J.Ú.); (K.C.); (J.P.H.-O.)
| | - Jorge E. Forero
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología Ambiental, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Andrés Diaz
- Pig Improvement Company Hendersonville, Hendersonville, TN 37075, USA;
| | | | - Juan P. Hernández-Ortiz
- GHI One Health Colombia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín 050036, Colombia; (I.M.); (J.Ú.); (K.C.); (J.P.H.-O.)
| | - Julian Ruiz-Saenz
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales—GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia;
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Kreutzfeldt N, Chambers TM, Reedy S, Spann KM, Pusterla N. Effect of dexamethasone on antibody response of horses to vaccination with a combined equine influenza virus and equine herpesvirus-1 vaccine. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:424-430. [PMID: 38141173 PMCID: PMC10800231 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dexamethasone is routinely administered to horses but its effect on the antibody response to a commercial EIV/EHV vaccine is unclear. HYPOTHESIS Horses receiving dexamethasone will have lower postvaccination antibody levels against EIV and EHV-1 than vaccinated controls. ANIMALS Fifty-five healthy adult research horses. METHODS Randomized cohort study. Control (no vaccine, group 1), vaccination only (EIV/EHV-1/EHV-4, Prestige 2, Merck Animal Health, group 2), vaccination and concurrent single intravenous dose of dexamethasone (approximately .05 mg/kg, group 3), vaccination and 3 intravenous doses of dexamethasone at 24 hours intervals (group 4). Serum SAA levels were measured on day 1 and day 3. Antibody levels against EIV (hemagglutination inhibition assay, Kentucky 2014 antigen) and EHV-1 (multiplex ELISA targeting total IgG and IgG 4/7) were measured on day 1 and day 30. RESULTS Significantly increased mean antibody titers after vaccination were only noted against EIV and only after the vaccination alone (n = 14, prevaccine mean [prvm] 166.9, SD 259.6, 95% CI 16.95-316.8; postvaccine mean [povm] 249.1, SD 257.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 100.6-397.6, P = .02) and the single dose dexamethasone (n = 14, prvm 93.14, SD 72.2, CI 51.45-134.8; povm 185.1, SD 118, CI 116.7-253.6, P = .01), but not after multiple doses of dexamethasone (n = 14, prvm 194.3, SD 258.3, CI 45.16-343.4; povm 240.0, SD 235.7, CI 103.9-376.1, P > .05). CONCLUSION The effect of dexamethasone on the postvaccine antibody response varies depending on the dosing frequency and the antigen-specific antibody type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Kreutzfeldt
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Thomas M. Chambers
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Stephanie Reedy
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | | | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
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Carnet F, Perrin-Cocon L, Paillot R, Lotteau V, Pronost S, Vidalain PO. An inventory of adjuvants used for vaccination in horses: the past, the present and the future. Vet Res 2023; 54:18. [PMID: 36864517 PMCID: PMC9983233 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most widely used strategies to protect horses against pathogens. However, available equine vaccines often have limitations, as they do not always provide effective, long-term protection and booster injections are often required. In addition, research efforts are needed to develop effective vaccines against emerging equine pathogens. In this review, we provide an inventory of approved adjuvants for equine vaccines worldwide, and discuss their composition and mode of action when available. A wide range of adjuvants are used in marketed vaccines for horses, the main families being aluminium salts, emulsions, polymers, saponins and ISCOMs. We also present veterinary adjuvants that are already used for vaccination in other species and are currently evaluated in horses to improve equine vaccination and to meet the expected level of protection against pathogens in the equine industry. Finally, we discuss new adjuvants such as liposomes, polylactic acid polymers, inulin, poly-ε-caprolactone nanoparticles and co-polymers that are in development. Our objective is to help professionals in the horse industry understand the composition of marketed equine vaccines in a context of mistrust towards vaccines. Besides, this review provides researchers with a list of adjuvants, either approved or at least evaluated in horses, that could be used either alone or in combination to develop new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Carnet
- grid.508204.bLABÉO, 14280 Saint-Contest, France ,grid.412043.00000 0001 2186 4076BIOTARGEN, Normandie University, UNICAEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Laure Perrin-Cocon
- grid.462394.e0000 0004 0450 6033CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Romain Paillot
- grid.451003.30000 0004 0387 5232School of Equine and Veterinary Physiotherapy, Writtle University College, Lordship Road, Writtle, Chelmsford, CM1 3RR UK
| | - Vincent Lotteau
- grid.462394.e0000 0004 0450 6033CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO, 14280, Saint-Contest, France. .,BIOTARGEN, Normandie University, UNICAEN, 14280, Saint-Contest, France.
| | - Pierre-Olivier Vidalain
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France.
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Finger MA, Biava JS, Dornbusch PT, Perotta JH, Ullmann LS, Serpa PBDS, Kmetiuk LB, dos Santos AP, Biondo AW, Leutenegger C, Filho IRDB. Molecular detection of equid herpesvirus in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from asymptomatic horses in Southern Brazil. Vet World 2022; 15:2597-2602. [PMID: 36590117 PMCID: PMC9798070 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2597-2602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Molecular approaches to diagnose respiratory viruses have provided an opportunity for early and subclinical pathogen detection, particularly in samples from the upper respiratory tract. This study aimed to investigate the presence of herpesviruses, particularly equid herpesvirus (EHV)-2 and EHV-5, in samples from the lower respiratory tract of healthy racehorses from Southern Brazil. Materials and Methods Samples from the lower respiratory tract (i.e., bronchoalveolar lavage fluid [BALF]) were assessed by video endoscopy, cytological evaluation of BALF, and tracheal aspirates (TA), along with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), to detect equine herpesvirus infection in the lower respiratory tract samples and compare corresponding cytological and endoscopic findings. Results At least one abnormality per horse during endoscopy examination was observed, including, but not limited to, mucous secretion in the airways and pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia. The presence of EHV-2 and/or EHV-5 was detected by qPCR in 3/10 animals. One horse was positive for EHV-2 alone, one for EHV-5 alone, and one for both. Conclusion To the authors' knowledge, this is the first molecular detection of EHV-2 and EHV-5 in Brazilian thoroughbred horses. These findings may provide new insights into the epidemiology of EHV-2 and EHV-5 in Brazilian horses, evidencing the importance of the molecular investigation, early detection, and prevention of respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Angélica Finger
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, UFPR - Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Curitiba, PR, 80035, Brazil
| | - Janaina Socolovski Biava
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture “Luiz de Queiroz”, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Peterson Triches Dornbusch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, UFPR - Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Curitiba, PR, 80035, Brazil
| | - João Henrique Perotta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, UFPR - Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Curitiba, PR, 80035, Brazil
| | - Leila Sabrina Ullmann
- Biotechnology Institute, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, 18607-440, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscila Beatriz da SiIva Serpa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Louise Bach Kmetiuk
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, UFPR - Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Curitiba, PR, 80035, Brazil
| | | | - Alexander Welker Biondo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, UFPR - Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Curitiba, PR, 80035, Brazil,Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Christian Leutenegger
- Director Molecular Diagnostics, Antech Diagnostics - Molecular Diagnostics, Fountain Valley, CA, 92708, USA
| | - Ivan Roque de Barros Filho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, UFPR - Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Curitiba, PR, 80035, Brazil,Corresponding author: Ivan Roque de Barros Filho, e-mail: Co-authors: MAF: , JSB: , PTD: , JHP: , LSU: , PBSS: , LBK: , APS: , AWB: , CL: , IRBF:
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5
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Lee DH, Lee EB, Seo JP, Ko EJ. Evaluation of concurrent vaccinations with recombinant canarypox equine influenza virus and inactivated equine herpesvirus vaccines. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:588-598. [PMID: 35709134 PMCID: PMC9184697 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite vaccination, equine influenza virus (EIV) and equine herpesvirus (EHV)
infections still cause highly contagious respiratory diseases in horses.
Recently, concurrent vaccination with EIV and EHV was suggested as a new
approach; however, there have been no reports of concurrent vaccination with
recombinant canarypox EIV and inactivated EHV vaccines. In this study, we aimed
to compare the EIV-specific immune responses induced by concurrent
administrations of a recombinant canarypox EIV vaccine and an inactivated
bivalent EHV vaccine with those induced by a single recombinant canarypox EIV
vaccine in experimental horse and mouse models. Serum and peripheral blood
mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from immunized animals after
vaccination. EIV-specific serum antibody levels, serum hemagglutinin inhibition
(HI) titers, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels were measured by
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, HI assay, and quantitative polymerase chain
reaction, respectively. Concurrent EIV and EHV vaccine administration
significantly increased IFN-γ production, without compromising humoral
responses. Our data demonstrate that concurrent vaccination with EIV and EHV
vaccines can enhance EIV-specific cellular responses in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ha Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and
Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National
University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Eun-bee Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College
of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243,
Korea
| | - Jong-pil Seo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College
of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243,
Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- College of Veterinary Medicine and
Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National
University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Corresponding author: Eun-Ju Ko, College of
Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National
University, Jeju 63243, Korea. Tel: +82-64-754-3366, E-mail:
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Abstract
Influenza is an extremely contagious respiratory disease, which predominantly affects the upper respiratory tract. There are four types of influenza virus, and pigs and chickens are considered two key reservoirs of this virus. Equine influenza (EI) virus was first identified in horses in 1956, in Prague. The influenza A viruses responsible for EI are H7N7 and H3N8. Outbreaks of EI are characterized by their visible and rapid spread, and it has been possible to isolate and characterize H3N8 outbreaks in several countries. The clinical diagnosis of this disease is based on the clinical signs presented by the infected animals, which can be confirmed by performing complementary diagnostic tests. In the diagnosis of EI, in the field, rapid antigen detection tests can be used for a first approach. Treatment is based on the management of the disease and rest for the animal. Regarding the prognosis, it will depend on several factors, such as the animal's vaccination status. One of the important points in this disease is its prevention, which can be done through vaccination. In addition to decreasing the severity of clinical signs and morbidity during outbreaks, vaccination ensures immunity for the animals, reducing the economic impact of this disease.
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Allkofer A, Garvey M, Ryan E, Lyons R, Ryan M, Lukaseviciute G, Walsh C, Venner M, Cullinane A. Primary vaccination in foals: a comparison of the serological response to equine influenza and equine herpesvirus vaccines administered concurrently or 2 weeks apart. Arch Virol 2021; 166:571-579. [PMID: 33410993 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04846-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study compared concurrent and separate primary vaccination against equid alphaherpesviruses 1 and 4, genus Varicellovirus, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, family Herpesviridae, and equine influenza A virus, genus Alphainfluenzavirus, family Orthomyxoviridae. Their vernacular names are equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 (EHV1/4) and equine influenza virus (EIV). Infection with these respiratory pathogens is associated with loss of performance, interruption of training schedules, and on occasion, cancellation of equestrian events. Vaccination is highly recommended, and for some activities it is a mandatory requirement of the relevant authority. As there is a dearth of information relating to the impact of concurrent vaccination on the antibody response to EHV and EIV vaccines, they are usually administered separately, often 2 weeks apart. In a previous study of booster vaccination in Thoroughbred racehorses, concurrent vaccination with whole-virus inactivated carbopol-adjuvanted EHV and EIV vaccines did not impact negatively on the antibody response. In this study, investigations were extended to concurrent versus separate primary vaccination of warmblood foals. A field study was conducted to compare the immune response to a carbopol-adjuvanted EHV vaccine and an immune stimulating complex (ISCOM)-adjuvanted EI vaccine administered concurrently and 2 weeks apart. No adverse clinical reactions were observed, the pattern of EI and EHV antibody response was similar for both groups, and there was no evidence that concurrent primary vaccination compromised the humoral response. The results are of relevance to horse owners who wish to decrease veterinary costs, limit handling of young animals, and simplify record keeping by vaccinating concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Allkofer
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Marie Garvey
- Virology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, W91 RH93, Ireland
| | - Evelyn Ryan
- Virology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, W91 RH93, Ireland
| | - Rachel Lyons
- Virology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, W91 RH93, Ireland
| | - Megan Ryan
- Virology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, W91 RH93, Ireland
| | - Gabija Lukaseviciute
- Virology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, W91 RH93, Ireland
| | - Cathal Walsh
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Monica Venner
- Equine Clinic Destedt, Trift 4, 38162, Destedt, Germany.
| | - Ann Cullinane
- Virology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, W91 RH93, Ireland.
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Wilson A, Pinchbeck G, Dean R, McGowan C. Equine influenza vaccination in the UK: Current practices may leave horses with suboptimal immunity. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:1004-1014. [PMID: 33124070 PMCID: PMC8451788 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination is integral to preventive healthcare. Despite numerous guidelines on equine vaccination, evidence of current vaccination practices is lacking. OBJECTIVES To describe current vaccination practices advised by vets treating horses in the United Kingdom (UK) and compare practices with manufacturer datasheets and current guidelines. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. METHODS An online questionnaire was distributed using email addresses acquired through professional registration listings and social media, targeting vets who treat horses in the UK. The questionnaire collected demographic data and information regarding vaccination practices and vaccine hesitancy. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS Questionnaires were completed by 304 UK vets working with horses used for leisure (97.4%, n = 296/304), competition (86.2%, n = 262/304), stud-work (47.7%, n = 145/304) and racing (40.5%, n = 123/304). Variation was identified in vaccine protocols for competition and noncompetition horses. Fifty-seven per cent (n = 170/298) of respondents reported variation in advised 'booster' frequency; most commonly (n = 118) advising a 6-monthly vaccination in competition horses and annual vaccination in noncompetition horses. Most common vaccination guidelines volunteered were British Horseracing Authority (68.8%, n = 172/250) and Federation Equestre Internationale (66.4%, n = 166/250). Most vaccination practices were not consistent with datasheet guidance. Only 7.7% (n = 23/300) of respondents complied with datasheet timeframes between the second and third vaccination. Adverse events following vaccination in the previous year were encountered by 66% (n = 199/304) of respondents, representing 2760 adverse events; but only 526 (19.1%) cases were reported to the Veterinary Medicines Directorate. Most common reactions were transient, including stiffness (931), localised swelling (835), lethargy (559) and pyrexia (355). 86.4% respondents reported vaccine hesitancy from horse owners, most commonly due to perception of over-vaccination, cost and concern regarding adverse events. MAIN LIMITATIONS Potential selection, respondent and recall bias. The recent Equine Influenza (EI) and Equine Herpes Virus (EHV) outbreaks in the UK may have altered responses. CONCLUSIONS Current equine vaccination practices, although complying with competition rules, are mostly noncompliant with datasheet guidelines, potentially risking suboptimal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie Wilson
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | | | - Catherine McGowan
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, UK
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Ohta M, Bannai H, Nemoto M, Kambayashi Y, Tamura N, Tsujimura K. Antibody Responses Against Equine Influenza Virus Induced by Concurrent and by Consecutive Use of an Inactivated Equine Influenza Virus Vaccine and a Modified Live Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Vaccine in Thoroughbred Racehorses. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 94:103221. [PMID: 33077093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An inactivated equine influenza virus (EIV) vaccine and a live equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) vaccine are usually administered concurrently to Thoroughbred racehorses in Japan. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether concurrent administration of an inactivated EIV vaccine and a live EHV-1 vaccine in Thoroughbred racehorses influences the antibody response against EIV. We compared the antibody response against EIV in horses administered both vaccines on the same day (Group A; n = 27) and the response in horses administered an inactivated EIV vaccine first and then a live EHV-1 vaccine 1-2 weeks later (Group B; n = 20). In both groups, geometric mean hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers against A/equine/Ibaraki/1/2007 and A/equine/Yokohama/aq13/2010 increased significantly after EIV vaccination. However, the percentage of horses that showed a twofold increase or greater in HI titers against A/equine/Yokohama/aq13/2010 was significantly higher in Group B (75%) than in Group A (37%; P = .02). These results suggest that the concurrent use of an inactivated EIV vaccine and a live EHV-1 vaccine reduced the immune response against EIV to some extent, and it would be better to use these vaccines consecutively, especially for naïve horses or horses whose vaccination history is incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Ohta
- Molecular Biology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Molecular Biology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Molecular Biology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kambayashi
- Molecular Biology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Norihisa Tamura
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Molecular Biology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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Singh RK, Dhama K, Karthik K, Khandia R, Munjal A, Khurana SK, Chakraborty S, Malik YS, Virmani N, Singh R, Tripathi BN, Munir M, van der Kolk JH. A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1941. [PMID: 30237788 PMCID: PMC6135912 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Among all the emerging and re-emerging animal diseases, influenza group is the prototype member associated with severe respiratory infections in wide host species. Wherein, Equine influenza (EI) is the main cause of respiratory illness in equines across globe and is caused by equine influenza A virus (EIV-A) which has impacted the equine industry internationally due to high morbidity and marginal morality. The virus transmits easily by direct contact and inhalation making its spread global and leaving only limited areas untouched. Hitherto reports confirm that this virus crosses the species barriers and found to affect canines and few other animal species (cat and camel). EIV is continuously evolving with changes at the amino acid level wreaking the control program a tedious task. Until now, no natural EI origin infections have been reported explicitly in humans. Recent advances in the diagnostics have led to efficient surveillance and rapid detection of EIV infections at the onset of outbreaks. Incessant surveillance programs will aid in opting a better control strategy for this virus by updating the circulating vaccine strains. Recurrent vaccination failures against this virus due to antigenic drift and shift have been disappointing, however better understanding of the virus pathogenesis would make it easier to design effective vaccines predominantly targeting the conserved epitopes (HA glycoprotein). Additionally, the cold adapted and canarypox vectored vaccines are proving effective in ceasing the severity of disease. Furthermore, better understanding of its genetics and molecular biology will help in estimating the rate of evolution and occurrence of pandemics in future. Here, we highlight the advances occurred in understanding the etiology, epidemiology and pathobiology of EIV and a special focus is on designing and developing effective diagnostics, vaccines and control strategies for mitigating the emerging menace by EIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj K. Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Rekha Khandia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Ashok Munjal
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | | | - Sandip Chakraborty
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, West Tripura, India
| | - Yashpal S. Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | | | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | | | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes H. van der Kolk
- Division of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute for Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
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Gildea S, Sanchez Higgins MJ, Johnson G, Walsh C, Cullinane A. Concurrent vaccination against equine influenza and equine herpesvirus - a practical approach. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 10:433-7. [PMID: 27169603 PMCID: PMC4947937 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a lack of information concerning concurrent administration of vaccines against equine influenza virus (EIV) and equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 (EHV‐1/4). Objectives The primary objective of this study was to determine the impact of the concurrent use of EIV and EHV‐1/4 vaccines in Thoroughbred racehorses on their humoral immune response to EIV. Methods This study was carried out on a population of 30 horses using an inactivated whole‐virus EIV vaccine and an inactivated EHV‐1/4 vaccine. Horses were randomly allocated to vaccination group A or B. Horses in group A were vaccinated against EIV and EHV‐1/4 2 weeks apart. Horses in group B were vaccinated against EIV and EHV‐1/4 on the same day. Whole‐blood samples were collected on the day of vaccination and 2 weeks and 6 weeks post‐vaccination. Antibody levels against EIV and EHV‐1/4 were measured using the single radial haemolysis and serum neutralisation test, respectively. Results The pattern of EIV antibody response post‐vaccination was similar for both groups. Highest EIV antibody levels were recorded 2 weeks post‐vaccination, and a significant decrease in antibody level was observed 4 weeks later. Horses in group B demonstrated a significantly higher EIV antibody response post‐vaccination. Overall, there was no significant difference in EHV‐1/4 antibody response between the two groups post‐vaccination. Conclusion In this study, concurrent vaccination against EIV and EHV‐1/4 increased the response to EIV and did not compromise the humoral immune response to EHV‐1/4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gildea
- Virology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Naas, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | | | - Gillian Johnson
- Virology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Naas, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Cathal Walsh
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ann Cullinane
- Virology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Naas, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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