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Miura T. Fractality of Cranial Sutures. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 36:227-240. [PMID: 38468035 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47606-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
It has long been known that skull suture has a typical fractal structure. Although the fractal dimension has been utilized to assess morphology, the mechanism of the fractal structure formation remains to be elucidated. Recent advances in the mathematical modeling of biological pattern formation provided useful frameworks for understanding this mechanism. This chapter describes how various proposed mechanisms tried to explain the formation of fractal structures in cranial sutures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Miura
- Kyushu University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan.
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2
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Goovaerts S, Hoskens H, Eller RJ, Herrick N, Musolf AM, Justice CM, Yuan M, Naqvi S, Lee MK, Vandermeulen D, Szabo-Rogers HL, Romitti PA, Boyadjiev SA, Marazita ML, Shaffer JR, Shriver MD, Wysocka J, Walsh S, Weinberg SM, Claes P. Joint multi-ancestry and admixed GWAS reveals the complex genetics behind human cranial vault shape. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7436. [PMID: 37973980 PMCID: PMC10654897 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The cranial vault in humans is highly variable, clinically relevant, and heritable, yet its genetic architecture remains poorly understood. Here, we conduct a joint multi-ancestry and admixed multivariate genome-wide association study on 3D cranial vault shape extracted from magnetic resonance images of 6772 children from the ABCD study cohort yielding 30 genome-wide significant loci. Follow-up analyses indicate that these loci overlap with genomic risk loci for sagittal craniosynostosis, show elevated activity cranial neural crest cells, are enriched for processes related to skeletal development, and are shared with the face and brain. We present supporting evidence of regional localization for several of the identified genes based on expression patterns in the cranial vault bones of E15.5 mice. Overall, our study provides a comprehensive overview of the genetics underlying normal-range cranial vault shape and its relevance for understanding modern human craniofacial diversity and the etiology of congenital malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seppe Goovaerts
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Medical Imaging Research Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Hanne Hoskens
- Medical Imaging Research Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ryan J Eller
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Noah Herrick
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Anthony M Musolf
- Statistical Genetics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, NHGRI, NIH, MD, Baltimore, USA
| | - Cristina M Justice
- Genometrics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, Division of Intramural Research, NHGRI, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Meng Yuan
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Medical Imaging Research Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sahin Naqvi
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Departments of Genetics and Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Myoung Keun Lee
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dirk Vandermeulen
- Medical Imaging Research Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heather L Szabo-Rogers
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Paul A Romitti
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Simeon A Boyadjiev
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John R Shaffer
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mark D Shriver
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Joanna Wysocka
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Susan Walsh
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Peter Claes
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Medical Imaging Research Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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3
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Zhu Q, Tan M, Wang C, Chen Y, Wang C, Zhang J, Gu Y, Guo Y, Han J, Li L, Jiang R, Fan X, Xie H, Wang L, Gu Z, Liu D, Shi J, Feng X. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of the temporomandibular joint condyle in 3 and 4-month-old human embryos. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:130. [PMID: 37468984 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a complex joint consisting of the condyle, the temporal articular surface, and the articular disc. Functions such as mastication, swallowing and articulation are accomplished by the movements of the TMJ. To date, the TMJ has been studied more extensively, but the types of TMJ cells, their differentiation, and their interrelationship during growth and development are still unclear and the study of the TMJ is limited. The aim of this study was to establish a molecular cellular atlas of the human embryonic temporomandibular joint condyle (TMJC) by single-cell RNA sequencing, which will contribute to understanding and solving clinical problems. RESULTS Human embryos at 3 and 4 months of age are an important stage of TMJC development. We performed a comprehensive transcriptome analysis of TMJC tissue from human embryos at 3 and 4 months of age using single-cell RNA sequencing. A total of 16,624 cells were captured and the gene expression profiles of 15 cell clusters in human embryonic TMJC were determined, including 14 known cell types and one previously unknown cell type, "transition state cells (TSCs)". Immunofluorescence assays confirmed that TSCs are not the same cell cluster as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Pseudotime trajectory and RNA velocity analysis revealed that MSCs transformed into TSCs, which further differentiated into osteoblasts, hypertrophic chondrocytes and tenocytes. In addition, chondrocytes (CYTL1high + THBS1high) from secondary cartilage were detected only in 4-month-old human embryonic TMJC. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides an atlas of differentiation stages of human embryonic TMJC tissue cells, which will contribute to an in-depth understanding of the pathophysiology of the TMJC tissue repair process and ultimately help to solve clinical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqi Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Miaoying Tan
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Chengniu Wang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yufei Chen
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Chenfei Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Junqi Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yijun Gu
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yuqi Guo
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Jianpeng Han
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Rongrong Jiang
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xudong Fan
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Huimin Xie
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Zhifeng Gu
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Dong Liu
- School of Life Science, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases Second Affiliated Hospital Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China.
| | - Jianwu Shi
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Xingmei Feng
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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Di Rocco F, Rossi M, Verlut I, Szathmari A, Beuriat PA, Chatron N, Chauvel-Picard J, Mottolese C, Monin P, Vinchon M, Guernouche S, Collet C. Clinical interest of molecular study in cases of isolated midline craniosynostosis. Eur J Hum Genet 2023; 31:621-628. [PMID: 36732661 PMCID: PMC10250395 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-023-01295-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In some cases of infants with apparently isolated single-suture synostosis, an underlying variant can be found. We aimed to determine the molecular substratum in isolated sagittal and metopic craniosynostosis. To this end, we included all infants who presented isolated midline synostosis (sagittal or metopic) and had undergone surgery at the craniosynostosis national reference center of Lyon University Hospital. All infants were examined by a multidisciplinary team including neurosurgeons, clinical geneticists and neuropsychologist. Among 101 infants tested, 13 carried a total of 13 variants; that is, 12.9% of the infants carried a variant in genes known to be involved in craniosynostosis. Seven infants carried SMAD6 variants, 2 in FGFR2, 1 in TWIST1, one in FREM1, one in ALX4 and one in TCF12. All variants were detected at the heterozygous level in genes associated with autosomal dominant craniosynostosis. Also, neurodevelopmental testing showed especially delayed acquisition of language in children with than without variants in SMAD6. In conclusion, a high percentage of young children with isolated midline craniosynostosis, especially in isolated trigonocephaly, carried SMAD6 variants. The interpretation of the pathogenicity of the genes must take into account incomplete penetrance, usually observed in craniosynostosis. Our results highlight the interest of molecular analysis in the context of isolated sagittal and/or metopic craniosynostosis to enhance an understanding of the pathophysiology of midline craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Di Rocco
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, French Referral Center for Craniosynostosis, Hôpital Femme Mère-Enfant Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon, INSERM 1033, Lyon, France
| | - Massimiliano Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Lyon University Hospitals, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Verlut
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, French Referral Center for Craniosynostosis, Hôpital Femme Mère-Enfant Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon, INSERM 1033, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandru Szathmari
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, French Referral Center for Craniosynostosis, Hôpital Femme Mère-Enfant Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon, INSERM 1033, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Aurélien Beuriat
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, French Referral Center for Craniosynostosis, Hôpital Femme Mère-Enfant Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon, INSERM 1033, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Chatron
- Department of Genetics, Lyon University Hospitals, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Julie Chauvel-Picard
- Department of Pediatric Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Carmine Mottolese
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, French Referral Center for Craniosynostosis, Hôpital Femme Mère-Enfant Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon, INSERM 1033, Lyon, France
| | - Pauline Monin
- Department of Genetics, Lyon University Hospitals, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Matthieu Vinchon
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, French Referral Center for Craniosynostosis, Hôpital Femme Mère-Enfant Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon, INSERM 1033, Lyon, France
| | - Sofia Guernouche
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, French Referral Center for Craniosynostosis, Hôpital Femme Mère-Enfant Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon, INSERM 1033, Lyon, France
| | - Corinne Collet
- Department of Genetics, Robert Debré Hospital, Inserm 1132, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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5
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Tokita M, Sato H. Creating morphological diversity in reptilian temporal skull region: A review of potential developmental mechanisms. Evol Dev 2023; 25:15-31. [PMID: 36250751 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Reptilian skull morphology is highly diverse and broadly categorized into three categories based on the number and position of the temporal fenestrations: anapsid, synapsid, and diapsid. According to recent phylogenetic analysis, temporal fenestrations evolved twice independently in amniotes, once in Synapsida and once in Diapsida. Although functional aspects underlying the evolution of tetrapod temporal fenestrations have been well investigated, few studies have investigated the developmental mechanisms responsible for differences in the pattern of temporal skull region. To determine what these mechanisms might be, we first examined how the five temporal bones develop by comparing embryonic cranial osteogenesis between representative extant reptilian species. The pattern of temporal skull region may depend on differences in temporal bone growth rate and growth direction during ontogeny. Next, we compared the histogenesis patterns and the expression of two key osteogenic genes, Runx2 and Msx2, in the temporal region of the representative reptilian embryos. Our comparative analyses suggest that the embryonic histological condition of the domain where temporal fenestrations would form predicts temporal skull morphology in adults and regulatory modifications of Runx2 and Msx2 expression in osteogenic mesenchymal precursor cells are likely involved in generating morphological diversity in the temporal skull region of reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Tokita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiromu Sato
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
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6
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Fonteles CS, Finnell RH, Lei Y, Zurita-Jimenez ME, Monteiro AJ, George TM, Harshbarger RJ. De novo ALX4 variant detected in child with non-syndromic craniosynostosis. Braz J Med Biol Res 2021; 54:e11396. [PMID: 34586326 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2021e11396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Current understanding of the genetic factors contributing to the etiology of non-syndromic craniosynostosis (NSC) remains scarce. The present work investigated the presence of variants in ALX4, EFNA4, and TWIST1 genes in children with NSC to verify if variants within these genes may contribute to the occurrence of these abnormal phenotypes. A total of 101 children (aged 45.07±40.94 months) with NSC participated in this cross-sectional study. Parents and siblings of the probands were invited to participate. Medical and family history of craniosynostosis were documented. Biological samples were collected to obtain genomic DNA. Coding exons of human TWIST1, ALX4, and EFNA4 genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequenced. Five missense variants were identified in ALX4 in children with bilateral coronal, sagittal, and metopic synostosis. A de novo ALX4 variant, c.799G>A: p.Ala267Thr, was identified in a proband with sagittal synostosis. Three missense variants were identified in the EFNA4 gene in children with metopic and sagittal synostosis. A TWIST1 variant occurred in a child with unilateral coronal synostosis. Variants were predicted to be among the 0.1% (TWIST1, c.380C>A: p. Ala127Glu) and 1% (ALX4, c.769C>T: p.Arg257Cys, c.799G>A: p.Ala267Thr, c.929G>A: p.Gly310Asp; EFNA4, c.178C>T: p.His60Tyr, C.283A>G: p.Lys95Glu, c.349C>A: Pro117Thr) most deleterious variants in the human genome. With the exception of ALX4, c.799G>A: p.Ala267Thr, all other variants were present in at least one non-affected family member, suggesting incomplete penetrance. Thus, these variants may contribute to the development of craniosynostosis, and should not be discarded as potential candidate genes in the diagnosis of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Fonteles
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Odontologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Odontologia e Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - R H Finnell
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Molecular and Human Genetics and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Y Lei
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M E Zurita-Jimenez
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - A J Monteiro
- Departamento de Estatística e Matemática Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - T M George
- Plastic Surgery, Craniofacial Team at the Dell Children's Medical Center of Central Texas, Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - R J Harshbarger
- Plastic Surgery, Craniofacial Team at the Dell Children's Medical Center of Central Texas, Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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7
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A systematic review and meta-analysis of the DNA methylation in colorectal cancer among Iranian population. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Akhlaghipour I, Bina AR, Abbaszadegan MR, Moghbeli M. Methylation as a critical epigenetic process during tumor progressions among Iranian population: an overview. Genes Environ 2021; 43:14. [PMID: 33883026 PMCID: PMC8059047 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the main health challenges and leading causes of deaths in the world. Various environmental and genetic risk factors are associated with tumorigenesis. Epigenetic deregulations are also important risk factors during tumor progression which are reversible transcriptional alterations without any genomic changes. Various mechanisms are involved in epigenetic regulations such as DNA methylation, chromatin modifications, and noncoding RNAs. Cancer incidence and mortality have a growing trend during last decades among Iranian population which are significantly related to the late diagnosis. Therefore, it is required to prepare efficient molecular diagnostic panels for the early detection of cancer in this population. Promoter hyper methylation is frequently observed as an inhibitory molecular mechanism in various genes associated with DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, and apoptosis during tumor progression. Since aberrant promoter methylations have critical roles in early stages of neoplastic transformations, in present review we have summarized all of the aberrant methylations which have been reported during tumor progression among Iranian cancer patients. Aberrant promoter methylations are targetable and prepare novel therapeutic options for the personalized medicine in cancer patients. This review paves the way to introduce a non-invasive methylation specific panel of diagnostic markers for the early detection of cancer among Iranians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Akhlaghipour
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Reza Bina
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Meysam Moghbeli
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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9
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Walters ME, Lacassie Y, Azamian M, Franciskovich R, Zapata G, Hernandez PP, Liu P, Campbell IM, Bostwick BL, Lalani SR. Vertical transmission of a large calvarial ossification defect due to heterozygous variants of ALX4 and TWIST1. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 185:916-922. [PMID: 33369125 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ALX4 is a homeobox gene expressed in the mesenchyme of developing bone and is known to play an important role in the regulation of osteogenesis. Enlarged parietal foramina (EPF) is a phenotype of delayed intramembranous ossification of calvarial bones due to variants of ALX4. The contrasting phenotype of premature ossification of sutures is observed with heterozygous loss-of-function variants of TWIST1, which is an important regulator of osteoblast differentiation. Here, we describe an individual with a large cranium defect, with dominant transmission from the mother, both carrying disease causing heterozygous variants in ALX4 and TWIST1. The distinct phenotype of absent superior and posterior calvarium in the child and his mother was in sharp contrast to the other affected maternal relatives with a recognizable ALX4-related EPF phenotype. This report demonstrates comorbid disorders of Saethre-Chotzen syndrome and EPF in a mother and her child, resulting in severe skull defects reminiscent of calvarial abnormalities observed with bilallelic ALX4 variants. To our knowledge this is the first instance of ALX4 and TWIST1 variants acting synergistically to cause a unique phenotype influencing skull ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Walters
- Division of Dermatology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Yves Lacassie
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Mahshid Azamian
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rachel Franciskovich
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gladys Zapata
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Patricia P Hernandez
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Baylor Genetics, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Baylor Genetics, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ian M Campbell
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bret L Bostwick
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Seema R Lalani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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10
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Fan T, Qu R, Yu Q, Sun B, Jiang X, Yang Y, Huang X, Zhou Z, Ouyang J, Zhong S, Dai J. Bioinformatics analysis of the biological changes involved in the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:7968-7978. [PMID: 32463168 PMCID: PMC7348183 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) remain unclear. In the present study, we aimed to identify the key biological processes during osteogenic differentiation. To this end, we downloaded three microarray data sets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database: GSE12266, GSE18043 and GSE37558. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened using the limma package, and enrichment analysis was performed. Protein-protein interaction network (PPI) analysis and visualization analysis were performed with STRING and Cytoscape. A total of 240 DEGs were identified, including 147 up-regulated genes and 93 down-regulated genes. Functional enrichment and pathways of the present DEGs include extracellular matrix organization, ossification, cell division, spindle and microtubule. Functional enrichment analysis of 10 hub genes showed that these genes are mainly enriched in microtubule-related biological changes, that is sister chromatid segregation, microtubule cytoskeleton organization involved in mitosis, and spindle microtubule. Moreover, immunofluorescence and Western blotting revealed dramatic quantitative and morphological changes in the microtubules during the osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells. In summary, the present results provide novel insights into the microtubule- and cytoskeleton-related biological process changes, identifying candidates for the further study of osteogenic differentiation of the mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics and Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongmei Qu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics and Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghe Yu
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics and Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics and Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuchao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics and Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics and Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhitao Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics and Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shizhen Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics and Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingxing Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics and Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Liu X, Hayano S, Pan H, Inagaki M, Ninomiya-Tsuji J, Sun H, Mishina Y. Compound mutations in Bmpr1a and Tak1 synergize facial deformities via increased cell death. Genesis 2018; 56:e23093. [PMID: 29411501 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BMP signaling plays a critical role in craniofacial development. Augmentation of BMPR1A signaling through neural crest-specific expression of constitutively active Bmpr1a (caBmpr1a) results in craniofacial deformities in mice. To investigate whether deletion of Tak1 may rescue the craniofacial deformities caused by enhanced Smad-dependent signaling through caBMPR1A, we generated embryos to activate transcription of caBmpr1a transgene and ablate Tak1 in neural crest derivatives at the same time. We found that deformities of the double mutant mice showed more severe than those with each single mutation, including median facial cleft and cleft palate. We found higher levels of cell death in the medial nasal and the lateral nasal processes at E10.5 in association with higher levels of p53 in the double mutant embryos. We also found higher levels of pSmad1/5/9 in the lateral nasal processes at E10.5 in the double mutant embryos. Western analyses revealed that double mutant embryos showed similar degrees of upregulation of pSmad1/5/9 with caBmpr1a or Tak1-cKO embryos while the double mutant embryos showed higher levels of phospho-p38 than caBmpr1a or Tak1-cKO embryos at E17.5, but not at E10.5. It suggested that deletion of Tak1 aggravates the craniofacial deformities of the caBmpr1a mutants by increasing p53 and phospho-p38 at different stage of embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Oral Pathology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Satoru Hayano
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Haichun Pan
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Maiko Inagaki
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.,Facilities for Animal Experiments, Radiation Research Center for Frontier Science, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Jun Ninomiya-Tsuji
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Hongchen Sun
- Department of Oral Pathology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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12
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Square T, Jandzik D, Romášek M, Cerny R, Medeiros DM. The origin and diversification of the developmental mechanisms that pattern the vertebrate head skeleton. Dev Biol 2017; 427:219-229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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13
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Gabor L, Canaz H, Canaz G, Kara N, Gulec EY, Alatas I. Foramina parietalia permagna: familial and radiological evaluation of two cases and review of literature. Childs Nerv Syst 2017; 33:853-857. [PMID: 27975139 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-016-3315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Foramina parietalia permagna is a variable intramembranous ossification defect of the parietal bones. Foramina parietalia permagna have an autosomal dominant inheritance, and it is showed that mutations in chromosome 5 and 11 are causing this anomaly. Enlarged parietal foramina occurs extremely rare. They are usually asymptomatic, but occasional headache, vomiting, pain over unprotected cerebral cortex, and seizures may be experienced by the patients. In the literature, some associated congenital bony defects, soft tissue pathologies, underlying neuronal deficits, and vascular variations have been described. METHODS We report two cases of foramina parietal permagna with their pedigrees and genetic analysis. RESULTS In case 1, cytogenetic analysis revealed a mutation of the ALX4 gene and all of the members of the family diagnosed with FPP. MRI revealed inferior vermian cerebellar hypoplasia. Surgery was not considered. In case 2, cytogenetic analysis could not be obtained because of financial reasons. Cranial MRI revealed hypoplastic right transverse sinus and sigmoid sinus, with a persistent parafalcine sinus. Surgery was not considered. CONCLUSION Despite of its rarity, genetic background and some important associated anomalies make foramina parietalia permagna more than an uncommon insignificant genetic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Gabor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul Bilim University, Sisli Florence Nightingale Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Canaz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul Bilim University, Sisli Florence Nightingale Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Canaz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 34147, Bakırkoy, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Nursu Kara
- Department of Neonatology, Istanbul Bilim University, Sisli Florence Nightingale Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Yilmaz Gulec
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Reseach Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Alatas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul Bilim University, Sisli Florence Nightingale Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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14
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Salehi R, Atapour N, Vatandoust N, Farahani N, Ahangari F, Salehi AR. Methylation pattern of ALX4 gene promoter as a potential biomarker for blood-based early detection of colorectal cancer. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4:252. [PMID: 26918234 PMCID: PMC4746937 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.170677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To develop a non-invasive screening method for colorectal cancer, we evaluated the methylation of ALX4 gene promoter in serum samples from patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and equal number of healthy individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS In serum samples from 25 patients with colorectal cancer and 25 healthy control subjects, isolated serum free-floating DNA was treated with sodium bisulfite and analyzed by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) with primers specific for methylated or unmethylated promoter CpG island sequences of the ALX4 gene. RESULTS Methylation of the ALX4 gene promoter was present in the serum DNA of patients with adenoma and colorectal cancer. A sensitivity of 68% and specificity of 88% were achieved in the detection of promoter methylation in colorectal neoplasia samples. The difference in methylation status of the ALX4 promoter between the patients with colorectal neoplasia and the control group was statistically highly significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that this serum free DNA test of methylation of the ALX4 gene promoter is a sensitive and specific method. Therefore in combination with other useful markers it seems ALX4 has the potential of a clinically useful test for the early detection of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Salehi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Norollah Atapour
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nasimeh Vatandoust
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Najmeh Farahani
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ahangari
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Salehi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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15
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Curtain M, Heffner CS, Maddox DM, Gudis P, Donahue LR, Murray SA. A novel allele of Alx4 results in reduced Fgf10 expression and failure of eyelid fusion in mice. Mamm Genome 2015; 26:173-80. [PMID: 25673119 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-015-9557-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Normal fusion of developing eyelids requires coordination of inductive signals from the eyelid mesenchyme with migration of the periderm cell layer and constriction of the eyelids across the eye. Failure of this process results in an eyelids open at birth (EOB) phenotype in mice. We have identified a novel spontaneous allele of Alx4 that displays EOB, in addition to polydactyly and cranial malformations. Alx4 is expressed in the eyelid mesenchyme prior to and during eyelid fusion in a domain overlapping the expression of genes that also play a role in normal eyelid development. We show that Alx4 mutant mice have reduced expression of Fgf10, a key factor expressed in the mesenchyme that is required for initiation of eyelid fusion by the periderm. This is accompanied by a reduced number of periderm cells expressing phosphorylated c-Jun, consistent with the incomplete ablation of Fgf10 expression. Together, these data demonstrate that eyelid fusion in mice requires the expression of Alx4, accompanied by the loss of normal expression of essential components of the eyelid fusion pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Curtain
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main St., Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
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16
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Square T, Jandzik D, Cattell M, Coe A, Doherty J, Medeiros DM. A gene expression map of the larval Xenopus laevis head reveals developmental changes underlying the evolution of new skeletal elements. Dev Biol 2014; 397:293-304. [PMID: 25446275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The morphology of the vertebrate head skeleton is highly plastic, with the number, size, shape, and position of its components varying dramatically between groups. While this evolutionary flexibility has been key to vertebrate success, its developmental and genetic bases are poorly understood. The larval head skeleton of the frog Xenopus laevis possesses a unique combination of ancestral tetrapod features and anuran-specific novelties. We built a detailed gene expression map of the head mesenchyme in X. laevis during early larval development, focusing on transcription factor families with known functions in vertebrate head skeleton development. This map was then compared to homologous gene expression in zebrafish, mouse, and shark embryos to identify conserved and evolutionarily flexible aspects of vertebrate head skeleton development. While we observed broad conservation of gene expression between X. laevis and other gnathostomes, we also identified several divergent features that correlate to lineage-specific novelties. We noted a conspicuous change in dlx1/2 and emx2 expression in the second pharyngeal arch, presaging the differentiation of the reduced dorsal hyoid arch skeletal element typical of modern anamniote tetrapods. In the first pharyngeal arch we observed a shift in the expression of the joint inhibitor barx1, and new expression of the joint marker gdf5, shortly before skeletal differentiation. This suggests that the anuran-specific infrarostral cartilage evolved by partitioning of Meckel's cartilage with a new paired joint. Taken together, these comparisons support a model in which early patterning mechanisms divide the vertebrate head mesenchyme into a highly conserved set of skeletal precursor populations. While subtle changes in this early patterning system can affect skeletal element size, they do not appear to underlie the evolution of new joints or cartilages. In contrast, later expression of the genes that regulate skeletal element differentiation can be clearly linked to the evolution of novel skeletal elements. We posit that changes in the expression of downstream regulators of skeletal differentiation, like barx1 and gdf5, is one mechanism by which head skeletal element number and articulation are altered during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Square
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - David Jandzik
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, 84215, Slovakia
| | - Maria Cattell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Alex Coe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jacob Doherty
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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17
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Tokita M, Chaeychomsri W, Siruntawineti J. Skeletal gene expression in the temporal region of the reptilian embryos: implications for the evolution of reptilian skull morphology. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:336. [PMID: 24711977 PMCID: PMC3970585 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Reptiles have achieved highly diverse morphological and physiological traits that allow them to exploit various ecological niches and resources. Morphology of the temporal region of the reptilian skull is highly diverse and historically it has been treated as an important character for classifying reptiles and has helped us understand the ecology and physiology of each species. However, the developmental mechanism that generates diversity of reptilian skull morphology is poorly understood. We reveal a potential developmental basis that generates morphological diversity in the temporal region of the reptilian skull by performing a comparative analysis of gene expression in the embryos of reptile species with different skull morphology. By investigating genes known to regulate early osteoblast development, we find dorsoventrally broadened unique expression of the early osteoblast marker, Runx2, in the temporal region of the head of turtle embryos that do not form temporal fenestrae. We also observe that Msx2 is also uniquely expressed in the mesenchymal cells distributed at the temporal region of the head of turtle embryos. Furthermore, through comparison of gene expression pattern in the embryos of turtle, crocodile, and snake species, we find a possible correlation between the spatial patterns of Runx2 and Msx2 expression in cranial mesenchymal cells and skull morphology of each reptilian lineage. Regulatory modifications of Runx2 and Msx2 expression in osteogenic mesenchymal precursor cells are likely involved in generating morphological diversity in the temporal region of the reptilian skull.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Tokita
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tenno-dai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan ; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Win Chaeychomsri
- Department of Zoology, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
| | - Jindawan Siruntawineti
- Department of Zoology, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
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18
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Large parietal midline defect with unusual ridge-like structure at the rim and persistent falcine sinus. Childs Nerv Syst 2013; 29:1069-72. [PMID: 23559396 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-013-2096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Midline cranial defects can be divided into lesions with intracranial tissue herniation (cranium bifidum cysticum) and lesions mainly with ossification failure (cranium bifidum occultum). Herniated cephaloceles mostly require surgical resection, while persisted parietal foramina might become smaller with age. CLINICAL CASE Here, we report a neonate with large symmetric midline skull defect at high parietal area. A mild bulging mass was noticed. Interestingly, unlike sac herniation, it was surrounded by bony ridges extended from the rim of the calvarial defect, which suggests aberrant ossification. Persistent falcine sinus was also detected. At the corrected age of 11 months, the size of the skull defect had decreased spontaneously, favoring the diagnosis of parietal bone ossification defect. Potential mechanisms resulting in the special appearance of skull bone were discussed. CONCLUSION Incomplete closing of the parietal foramina might be expected due to the aberrant ridge formation. We suggest protective measures for the calvarial defect.
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19
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Kim SD, Yagnik G, Cunningham ML, Kim J, Boyadjiev SA. MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathway Analysis in Primary Osteoblasts From Patients With Nonsyndromic Sagittal Craniosynostosis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2013; 51:115-9. [PMID: 23566293 DOI: 10.1597/12-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The MAPK/ERK signaling pathway has been implicated in several craniosynostosis syndromes and represents a plausible target for therapeutic management of craniosynostosis. The causes of sagittal nonsyndromic craniosynostosis (sNSC) have not been well understood and the role that MAPK/ERK signaling cascade plays in this condition warrants an investigation. We hypothesized that MAPK-signaling is misregulated in calvarial osteoblasts derived from patients with sNSC. METHODS In order to analyze if the MAPK/ERK pathway is perturbed in sNSC, we established primary calvarial osteoblast cell lines from patients undergoing surgery for correction of this congenital anomaly. Appropriate negative and positive control cell lines were used for comparison, and we examined the levels of phosphorylated ERK by immunoblotting. RESULTS Primary osteoblasts from patients with sNSC showed no difference in ERK1/2 phosphorylation with or without FGF2 stimulation as compared with control osteoblasts. CONCLUSION Under the described test conditions, we did not observe convincing evidence that MAPK/ERK signaling contributes to the development of sNSC.
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20
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Yagnik G, Ghuman A, Kim S, Stevens CG, Kimonis V, Stoler J, Sanchez-Lara PA, Bernstein JA, Naydenov C, Drissi H, Cunningham ML, Kim J, Boyadjiev SA. ALX4 gain-of-function mutations in nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. Hum Mutat 2012; 33:1626-9. [PMID: 22829454 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis is the early fusion of one or more sutures of the infant skull and is a common defect occurring in approximately 1 of every 2,500 live births. Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis (NSC) accounts for approximately 80% of all cases and is thought to have strong genetic determinants that are yet to be identified. ALX4 is a homeodomain transcription factor with known involvement in osteoblast regulation. By direct sequencing of the ALX4 coding region in sagittal or sagittal-suture-involved nonsyndromic craniosynostosis probands, we identified novel, nonsynonymous, familial variants in three of 203 individuals with NSC. Using dual-luciferase assay we show that two of these variants (V7F and K211E) confer a significant gain-of-function effect on ALX4. Our results suggest that ALX4 variants may have an impact on the genetic etiology of NSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Yagnik
- Section of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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21
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Li Y, Pan W, Xu W, He N, Chen X, Liu H, Darryl Quarles L, Zhou H, Xiao Z. RUNX2 mutations in Chinese patients with cleidocranial dysplasia. Mutagenesis 2009; 24:425-31. [PMID: 19515746 PMCID: PMC2734498 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gep025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is an autosomal dominant bone disease in humans caused by haploinsufficiency of the RUNX2 gene. The RUNX2 has two major isoforms derived from P1 and P2 promoters. Over 90 mutations of RUNX2 have been reported associated with CCD. In our study, DNA samples of nine individuals from three unrelated CCD families were collected and screened for all exons of RUNX2 and 2 kb of P1 and P2 promoters. We identified two point mutations in the RUNX2 gene in Case 1, including a nonsense mutation (c.577C>T) that has been reported previously and a silent substitution (c.240G>A). In vitro studies demonstrated that c.577C>T mutation led to truncated RUNX2 protein production and diminished stimulating effects on mouse osteocalcin promoter activity when compared with full-length Runx2-II and Runx2-I isoforms. These results confirm that loss of function RUNX2 mutation (c.577C>T) in Case 1 family is responsible for its CCD phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
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22
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Sone K, Koyasu K, Kobayashi S, Oda SI. Fetal growth and development of the coypu (Myocastor coypus): Prenatal growth, tooth eruption, and cranial ossification. Mamm Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Vivatbutsiri P, Ichinose S, Hytönen M, Sainio K, Eto K, Iseki S. Impaired meningeal development in association with apical expansion of calvarial bone osteogenesis in the Foxc1 mutant. J Anat 2008; 212:603-11. [PMID: 18422524 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00893.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of function of the mouse forkhead/winged helix transcription factor Foxc1 induces congenital hydrocephalus and impaired skull bone development due to failure of apical expansion of the bone. In this study we investigated meningeal development in the congenital hydrocephalus (ch) mouse with spontaneous loss of function mutant of Foxc1, around the period of initiation of skull bone apical expansion. In situ hybridization of Runx2 revealed active apical expansion of the frontal bone begins between embryonic day 13.5 and embryonic day 14.5 in the wild type, whereas expansion was inhibited in the mutant. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that three layers of the meninges begin to develop at E13.5 in the basolateral site of the head and subsequently progress to the apex in wild type. In ch homozygotes, although three layers were recognized at first at the basolateral site, cell morphology and structure of the layers became abnormal except for the pia mater, and arachnoidal and dural cells never differentiated in the apex. We identified meningeal markers for each layer and found that their expression was down-regulated in the mutant arachnoid and dura maters. These results suggest that there is a close association between meningeal development and the apical growth of the skull bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philaiporn Vivatbutsiri
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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Lana-Elola E, Rice R, Grigoriadis AE, Rice DPC. Cell fate specification during calvarial bone and suture development. Dev Biol 2007; 311:335-46. [PMID: 17931618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study we have addressed the fundamental question of what cellular mechanisms control the growth of the calvarial bones and conversely, what is the fate of the sutural mesenchymal cells when calvarial bones approximate to form a suture. There is evidence that the size of the osteoprogenitor cell population determines the rate of calvarial bone growth. In calvarial cultures we reduced osteoprogenitor cell proliferation; however, we did not observe a reduction in the growth of parietal bone to the same degree. This discrepancy prompted us to study whether suture mesenchymal cells participate in the growth of the parietal bones. We found that mesenchymal cells adjacent to the osteogenic fronts of the parietal bones could differentiate towards the osteoblastic lineage and could become incorporated into the growing bone. Conversely, mid-suture mesenchymal cells did not become incorporated into the bone and remained undifferentiated. Thus mesenchymal cells have different fate depending on their position within the suture. In this study we show that continued proliferation of osteoprogenitors in the osteogenic fronts is the main mechanism for calvarial bone growth, but importantly, we show that suture mesenchyme cells can contribute to calvarial bone growth. These findings help us understand the mechanisms of intramembranous ossification in general, which occurs not only during cranial and facial bone development but also in the surface periosteum of most bones during modeling and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lana-Elola
- Departments of Craniofacial Development and Orthodontics, Floor 27 Guy's Tower, King's College, London, SE1 9RT, UK
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Spagnoli A, O'Rear L, Chandler RL, Granero-Molto F, Mortlock DP, Gorska AE, Weis JA, Longobardi L, Chytil A, Shimer K, Moses HL. TGF-beta signaling is essential for joint morphogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 177:1105-17. [PMID: 17576802 PMCID: PMC2064369 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200611031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite its clinical significance, joint morphogenesis is still an obscure process. In this study, we determine the role of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) signaling in mice lacking the TGF-beta type II receptor gene (Tgfbr2) in their limbs (Tgfbr2(PRX-1KO)). In Tgfbr2(PRX-1KO) mice, the loss of TGF-beta responsiveness resulted in the absence of interphalangeal joints. The Tgfbr2(Prx1KO) joint phenotype is similar to that in patients with symphalangism (SYM1-OMIM185800). By generating a Tgfbr2-green fluorescent protein-beta-GEO-bacterial artificial chromosome beta-galactosidase reporter transgenic mouse and by in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence, we determined that Tgfbr2 is highly and specifically expressed in developing joints. We demonstrated that in Tgfbr2(PRX-1KO) mice, the failure of joint interzone development resulted from an aberrant persistence of differentiated chondrocytes and failure of Jagged-1 expression. We found that TGF-beta receptor II signaling regulates Noggin, Wnt9a, and growth and differentiation factor-5 joint morphogenic gene expressions. In Tgfbr2(PRX-1KO) growth plates adjacent to interphalangeal joints, Indian hedgehog expression is increased, whereas Collagen 10 expression decreased. We propose a model for joint development in which TGF-beta signaling represents a means of entry to initiate the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Spagnoli
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Han J, Ishii M, Bringas P, Maas RL, Maxson RE, Chai Y. Concerted action of Msx1 and Msx2 in regulating cranial neural crest cell differentiation during frontal bone development. Mech Dev 2007; 124:729-45. [PMID: 17693062 PMCID: PMC2220014 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Revised: 06/16/2007] [Accepted: 06/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The homeobox genes Msx1 and Msx2 function as transcriptional regulators that control cellular proliferation and differentiation during embryonic development. Mutations in the Msx1 and Msx2 genes in mice disrupt tissue-tissue interactions and cause multiple craniofacial malformations. Although Msx1 and Msx2 are both expressed throughout the entire development of the frontal bone, the frontal bone defect in Msx1 or Msx2 null mutants is rather mild, suggesting the possibility of functional compensation between Msx1 and Msx2 during early frontal bone development. To investigate this hypothesis, we generated Msx1(-/-);Msx2(-/-) mice. These double mutant embryos died at E17 to E18 with no formation of the frontal bone. There was no apparent defect in CNC migration into the presumptive frontal bone primordium, but differentiation of the frontal mesenchyme and establishment of the frontal primordium was defective, indicating that Msx1 and Msx2 genes are specifically required for osteogenesis in the cranial neural crest lineage within the frontal bone primordium. Mechanistically, our data suggest that Msx genes are critical for the expression of Runx2 in the frontonasal subpopulation of cranial neural crest cells and for differentiation of the osteogenic lineage. This early function of the Msx genes is likely independent of the Bmp signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Han
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology School of Dentistry University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Mamoru Ishii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center and Hospital, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9176
| | - Pablo Bringas
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology School of Dentistry University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Richard L. Maas
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Robert E. Maxson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center and Hospital, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9176
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology School of Dentistry University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA 90033
- (*) Corresponding Author: Dr. Yang Chai, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, California, 90033, Tel. (323)442-3480, Fax (323)442-2981,
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Anderson PJ, Cox TC, Roscioli T, Elakis G, Smithers L, David DJ, Powell B. Somatic FGFR and TWIST Mutations are not a Common Cause of Isolated Nonsyndromic Single Suture Craniosynostosis. J Craniofac Surg 2007; 18:312-4. [PMID: 17414280 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0b013e31802d6e76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mutations in FGFR2 and TWIST genes are detected in the majority of individuals with Crouzon, Pfeiffer, Apert, and Saethre-Chotzen syndromes. In contrast, mutations have been identified rarely in cases of nonsyndromic, single suture craniosynostosis. Recently, two studies confirming somatic mosaicism with local expression of an FGFR mutation have been reported. This study investigates whether somatic mosaicism could account for nonsyndromic, single suture craniosynostosis. Eight individuals with single suture craniosynostosis who were negative for known mutations in FGFR1-3 and TWIST after screening in their leucocyte DNA were tested for the presence of pathogenic mutations in suture cell-derived DNA. Five had sagittal synostosis, two had metopic synostosis, and the other unicoronal synostosis. Osteoprogenitor cells from surgically excised fusing sutures and an adjacent open suture were cultured. DNA from the cultured cells grown to passage 3 was then examined for underlying FGFR and TWIST mutations. No mutations within the exons of the FGFR or TWIST genes studied were identified in any suture cells. This study found no evidence to support the notion that mosaicism for FGFR or TWIST mutations, normally associated with syndromal forms of craniosynostosis, occur in single suture craniosynostosis. Thus, any underlying genetic defects must occur in regions outside those normally implicated in syndromal craniosynostosis, or this disorder could arise as a consequence of some other epigenetic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Anderson
- Australian Craniofacial Unit, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, and the University of Adelaide, Dental School, South Australia, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Khonsari
- Laboratoire d'Histologie et Embryologie/UMR CNRS 7000, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Paris 6, Pavillon Benjamin-Delessert, 105, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75631 Paris.
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Mavrogiannis LA, Taylor IB, Davies SJ, Ramos FJ, Olivares JL, Wilkie AOM. Enlarged parietal foramina caused by mutations in the homeobox genes ALX4 and MSX2: from genotype to phenotype. Eur J Hum Genet 2006; 14:151-8. [PMID: 16319823 PMCID: PMC1477589 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations of the homeobox genes ALX4 and MSX2 cause skull defects termed enlarged parietal foramina (PFM) and cranium bifidum (CB); a single MSX2 mutation has been documented in a unique craniosynostosis (CRS) family. However, the relative mutational contribution of these genes to PFM/CB and CRS is not known and information on genotype-phenotype correlations is incomplete. We analysed ALX4 and MSX2 in 11 new unrelated cases or families with PFM/CB, 181 cases of CRS, and a single family segregating a submicroscopic deletion of 11p11.2, including ALX4. We explored the correlations between skull defect size and age, gene, and mutation type, and reviewed additional phenotypic manifestations. Four PFM cases had mutations in either ALX4 or MSX2; including previous families, we have identified six ALX4 and six MSX2 mutations, accounting for 11/13 familial, but only 1/6 sporadic cases. The deletion family confirms the delineation of a mental retardation locus to within 1.1 Mb region of 11p11.2. Overall, no significant size difference was found between ALX4- and MSX2-related skull defects, but the ALX4 mutation p.R218Q tends to result in persistent CB and is associated with anatomical abnormalities of the posterior fossa. We conclude that PFM caused by mutations in ALX4 and MSX2 have a similar prevalence and are usually clinically indistinguishable. Mutation screening has a high pickup rate in PFM, especially in familial cases, but is not indicated in CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lampros A Mavrogiannis
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Indira B Taylor
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Sally J Davies
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Feliciano J Ramos
- Sección Genética, Departamento Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José L Olivares
- Departamento Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Andrew OM Wilkie
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Correspondence: Professor AOM Wilkie, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK. Tel: +44 1865 222619; Fax: +44 1865 222500; E-mail:
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Merrill AE, Bochukova EG, Brugger SM, Ishii M, Pilz DT, Wall SA, Lyons KM, Wilkie AOM, Maxson RE. Cell mixing at a neural crest-mesoderm boundary and deficient ephrin-Eph signaling in the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:1319-28. [PMID: 16540516 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Boundaries between cellular compartments often serve as signaling interfaces during embryogenesis. The coronal suture is a major growth center of the skull vault and develops at a boundary between cells derived from neural crest and mesodermal origin, forming the frontal and parietal bones, respectively. Premature fusion of these bones, termed coronal synostosis, is a common human developmental anomaly. Known causes of coronal synostosis include haploinsufficiency of TWIST1 and a gain of function mutation in MSX2. In Twist1(+/-) mice with coronal synostosis, we found that the frontal-parietal boundary is defective. Specifically, neural crest cells invade the undifferentiated mesoderm of the Twist1(+/-) mutant coronal suture. This boundary defect is accompanied by an expansion in Msx2 expression and reduction in ephrin-A4 distribution. Reduced dosage of Msx2 in the Twist1 mutant background restores the expression of ephrin-A4, rescues the suture boundary and inhibits craniosynostosis. Underlining the importance of ephrin-A4, we identified heterozygous mutations in the human orthologue, EFNA4, in three of 81 patients with non-syndromic coronal synostosis. This provides genetic evidence that Twist1, Msx2 and Efna4 function together in boundary formation and the pathogenesis of coronal synostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Merrill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Cancer Hospital, University of Southern Califoirnia Keck School of Medicine, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0176, USA
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Gaasch JA, Bolwahnn AB, Lindsey JS. Hepatocyte growth factor-regulated genes in differentiated RAW 264.7 osteoclast and undifferentiated cells. Gene 2006; 369:142-52. [PMID: 16403606 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Revised: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) and its protooncogene receptor c-Met regulate osteoclast function by activating pp60(c-Src) kinase and alpha(v)beta3 integrin. HGF causes transcription yet in osteoclast cells, this gene regulation is currently unknown. To begin characterization of HGF-regulated gene expression in osteoclast cells, we used a well characterized model of osteoclast cells. Using microarray, relative RT-PCR, and Western blot analyses, we have identified and confirmed differentially expressed genes in RAW 264.7 osteoclast cells in response to HGF. HGF regulation of transcription of these genes was concordant with microarray results. We report that HGF downregulates transcription factors, Distal-less 5 (Dlx-5), Distal-less 6 (Dlx-6) and Aristaless 4 (Alx-4), in RAW 264.7 osteoclast cells but has an inverse effect in undifferentiated RAW 264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Gaasch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Science Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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Ogi H, Suzuki K, Ogino Y, Kamimura M, Miyado M, Ying X, Zhang Z, Shinohara M, Chen Y, Yamada G. Ventral abdominal wall dysmorphogenesis of Msx1/Msx2 double-mutant mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 284:424-30. [PMID: 15803476 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.20180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Msx1 and Msx2 genes encode the homeodomain transcription factors. Several gene knockout mice and expression studies suggest that they possess functionally redundant roles in embryogenesis. In this study, we revealed that Msx1 and Msx2 were expressed during ventral body wall formation in an overlapping manner. Msx1/Msx2 double-mutant mice displayed embryonic abdominal wall defects with disorganized muscle layers and connective tissues. These findings indicate that Msx1 and Msx2 play roles in concert during embryonic ventral abdominal wall formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenao Ogi
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Mendoza-Londono R, Lammer E, Watson R, Harper J, Hatamochi A, Hatamochi-Hayashi S, Napierala D, Hermanns P, Collins S, Roa BB, Hedge MR, Wakui K, Nguyen D, Stockton DW, Lee B. Characterization of a new syndrome that associates craniosynostosis, delayed fontanel closure, parietal foramina, imperforate anus, and skin eruption: CDAGS. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 77:161-8. [PMID: 15924278 PMCID: PMC1226190 DOI: 10.1086/431654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the clinical characterization, molecular analyses, and genetic mapping of a distinct genetic condition characterized by craniosynostosis, delayed closure of the fontanel, cranial defects, clavicular hypoplasia, anal and genitourinary malformations, and skin eruption. We have identified seven patients with this phenotype in four families from different geographic regions and ethnic backgrounds. This is an autosomal recessive condition that brings together apparently opposing pathophysiologic and developmental processes, including accelerated suture closure and delayed ossification. Selected candidate genes--including RUNX2, CBFB, MSX2, ALX4, TWIST1, and RECQL4--were screened for mutations, by direct sequencing of their coding regions, and for microdeletions, by fluorescent in situ hybridization. No mutations or microdeletions were detected in any of the genes analyzed. A genomewide screen yielded the maximum estimated LOD score of +2.38 for markers D22S283 and D22S274 on chromosome 22q12-q13. We hypothesize that the gene defect in this condition causes novel context-dependent dysregulation of multiple signaling pathways, including RUNX2, during osteoblast differentiation and craniofacial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mendoza-Londono
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Perlyn CA, Schmelzer R, Govier D, Marsh JL. Congenital Scalp and Calvarial Deficiencies: Principles for Classification and Surgical Management. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005; 115:1129-41. [PMID: 15793456 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000156217.33683.2b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Congenital defects of the scalp and skull present a challenge for care providers because of a combination of their rarity and the magnitude of potential morbidity. Recent advancements in autogenous and alloplastic cranioplasty and scalp reconstruction techniques argue for a comprehensive consideration of this problem. This article (1) reviews the causes of congenital scalp and calvarial defects; (2) proposes a classification system based on defect type, similar to the tumor-node-metastasis classification, in that defect location, defect size, and extent of neuromeningeal involvement are the critical variables; and (3) presents algorithms for care based on the defect classification. A set of management principles on which treatment plans can be based for these unique problems is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad A Perlyn
- Division of Plastic Surgery and the Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Deformities Institute, St. Louis Children's Hospital & Washington University School of Medicine, and St. John's Medical Center, Kids Plastic Surgery, St. Louis, Mo 63141 , USA
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Lenton
- Children's Surgical Research Program, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5148, USA
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