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Melzer MK, Schirge S, Gout J, Arnold F, Srinivasan D, Burtscher I, Allgöwer C, Mulaw M, Zengerling F, Günes C, Lickert H, Christoffels VM, Liebau S, Wagner M, Seufferlein T, Bolenz C, Moon AM, Perkhofer L, Kleger A. TBX3 is dynamically expressed in pancreatic organogenesis and fine-tunes regeneration. BMC Biol 2023; 21:55. [PMID: 36941669 PMCID: PMC10029195 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01553-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reactivation of genetic programs from early development is a common mechanism for injury-induced organ regeneration. T-box 3 (TBX3) is a member of the T-box family of transcription factors previously shown to regulate pluripotency and subsequent lineage commitment in a number of tissues, including limb and lung. TBX3 is also involved in lung and heart organogenesis. Here, we provide a comprehensive and thorough characterization of TBX3 and its role during pancreatic organogenesis and regeneration. RESULTS We interrogated the level and cell specificity of TBX3 in the developing and adult pancreas at mRNA and protein levels at multiple developmental stages in mouse and human pancreas. We employed conditional mutagenesis to determine its role in murine pancreatic development and in regeneration after the induction of acute pancreatitis. We found that Tbx3 is dynamically expressed in the pancreatic mesenchyme and epithelium. While Tbx3 is expressed in the developing pancreas, its absence is likely compensated by other factors after ablation from either the mesenchymal or epithelial compartments. In an adult model of acute pancreatitis, we found that a lack of Tbx3 resulted in increased proliferation and fibrosis as well as an enhanced inflammatory gene programs, indicating that Tbx3 has a role in tissue homeostasis and regeneration. CONCLUSIONS TBX3 demonstrates dynamic expression patterns in the pancreas. Although TBX3 is dispensable for proper pancreatic development, its absence leads to altered organ regeneration after induction of acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Karl Melzer
- Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
- Clinic of Urology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Stem Cell Biology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Silvia Schirge
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johann Gout
- Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Stem Cell Biology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Frank Arnold
- Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Stem Cell Biology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Dharini Srinivasan
- Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Stem Cell Biology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Ingo Burtscher
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Chantal Allgöwer
- Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Stem Cell Biology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Medhanie Mulaw
- Unit for Single-cell Genomics, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Cagatay Günes
- Clinic of Urology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of b-Cell Biology, Technische Universität München, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Österbergstrasse 3, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Wagner
- Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | | | - Anne M Moon
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics (adjunct), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Hess Center for Science and Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lukas Perkhofer
- Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Stem Cell Biology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany.
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Stem Cell Biology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany.
- Core Facility Organoids, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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Li Y, Liu Q, Ma Q, Ma Z, Chen J, Yu A, Ma C, Qiu L, Shi H, Liang H, Hu M. Identification of key variants correlated with susceptibility of primary osteoporosis in the Chinese Han group. Ann Hum Genet 2023; 87:63-74. [PMID: 36479902 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by reduced bone mass and vulnerability to fractures. The genetics of osteoporosis in the Chinese population remain unclear, which hinders the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in China. This study aimed to explore the susceptibility genes and the roles played by their variants in osteoporosis. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 45 osteoporosis patients and 30 healthy individuals, and genome-wide association study was performed on array data. The expression levels of the candidate gene in different genotypes were further determined by using quantitative real-time PCR. Moreover, the differentiation capacity of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells under different genotypes from osteoporosis patients was investigated. RESULTS The most significant variant rs1891632 located in the upstream (918 bp) region of CRB2, which could down-regulate the expression levels of CRB2 in genotype-tissue expression database and played an essential role in the regulation of osteoblastic and osteoclastic differentiation during skeletal development. Another significant variant rs1061657 located within the 3'UTR region of TBX3 gene. We found that the mRNA levels of TBX3 decreased in the bMSCs of old osteoporosis patients. Interestingly, osteoblast differentiation capacity and TBX3 mRNA levels were similar between the young healthy individuals carrying derived and ancestral allele of rs1061657, whereas the differentiation capacity and TBX3 mRNA levels dramatically declined in elderly patients with osteoporosis. CONCLUSIONS The variant rs1061657 might affect the osteogenesis of bMSCs in an age-dependent manner and that TBX3 may be a key susceptibility gene for primary osteoporosis. In conclusion, CRB2 and TBX3 may influence the development of osteoporosis; additionally, rs1891632 and rs1061657, as the key variants first reported to be associated with primary osteoporosis, may potentially contribute to predicting the risk of osteoporosis (especially for older individuals) and may serve as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiao Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases & Yunnan Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuye Ma
- Orthopedics, Chongqing Jiulongpo District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaoxia Ma
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases & Yunnan Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases & Yunnan Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - An Yu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases & Yunnan Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Changguo Ma
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases & Yunnan Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Lihua Qiu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases & Yunnan Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Hong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Hongsuo Liang
- Joint Surgery Department of the Second People's Hospital of Nanning City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Min Hu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases & Yunnan Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming, China
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Peng N, Guo M, Jiang T. Ulnar-Mammary syndrome with TBX3 gene mutation in a Chinese family: A case report and literature review. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 47:1769-1774. [PMID: 36748390 PMCID: PMC10930273 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2022.220197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ulnar-Mammary syndrome (UMS) is a rare monogenic disorder caused by mutations of the TBX3 gene. This paper reported a family of UMS. The proband, a 15-year old man, was presented with mammary gland dysplasia, ulnar limb defect, short stature, and delayed growth. Whole exome sequencing revealed a 1294_1301dup mutation in exon 6 of the TBX3 gene. Sanger sequencing was used to verify other members of the family, which suggested his mother also carried the same mutation, but merely resulting in the dysplasia of her left little finger. Notably, unilateral finger involvement without any systemic organ involvement was unusual in UMS patients. The proband then was treated with recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). After a year and a half, his height and secondary sexual characteristics were significantly improved. The clinical manifestations of the disease are highly heterogeneous, which is easy to be misdiagnosed and missed. When the diagnosis is unclear, genetic testing is helpful for auxiliary diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Min Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Tiejian Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
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Solodneva EV, Kuznetsov SB, Velieva AE, Stolpovsky YA. Molecular-Genetic Bases of Mammary Gland Development Using the Example of Cattle and Other Animal Species: I. Embryonic and Pubertal Developmental Stage. RUSS J GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795422080087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wnt signaling regulates hepatocyte cell division by a transcriptional repressor cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203849119. [PMID: 35867815 PMCID: PMC9335208 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203849119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As a general model for cell cycle control, repressors keep cells quiescent until growth signals remove the inhibition. For S phase, this is exemplified by the Retinoblastoma (RB) protein and its inactivation. It was unknown whether similar mechanisms operate in the M phase. The Wnt signaling pathway is an important regulator of cell proliferation. Here, we find that Wnt induces expression of the transcription factor Tbx3, which in turn represses mitotic inhibitors E2f7 and E2f8 to permit mitotic progression. Such a cascade of transcriptional repressors may be a general mechanism for cell division control. These findings have implications for tissue homeostasis and disease, as the function for Wnt signaling in mitosis is relevant to its widespread role in stem cells and cancer. Cell proliferation is tightly controlled by inhibitors that block cell cycle progression until growth signals relieve this inhibition, allowing cells to divide. In several tissues, including the liver, cell proliferation is inhibited at mitosis by the transcriptional repressors E2F7 and E2F8, leading to formation of polyploid cells. Whether growth factors promote mitosis and cell cycle progression by relieving the E2F7/E2F8-mediated inhibition is unknown. We report here on a mechanism of cell division control in the postnatal liver, in which Wnt/β-catenin signaling maintains active hepatocyte cell division through Tbx3, a Wnt target gene. The TBX3 protein directly represses transcription of E2f7 and E2f8, thereby promoting mitosis. This cascade of sequential transcriptional repressors, initiated by Wnt signals, provides a paradigm for exploring how commonly active developmental signals impact cell cycle completion.
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Lee MY. Embryonic Programs in Cancer and Metastasis—Insights From the Mammary Gland. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:938625. [PMID: 35846378 PMCID: PMC9277484 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.938625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is characterized as a reversion of a differentiated cell to a primitive cell state that recapitulates, in many aspects, features of embryonic cells. This review explores the current knowledge of developmental mechanisms that are essential for embryonic mouse mammary gland development, with a particular focus on genes and signaling pathway components that are essential for the induction, morphogenesis, and lineage specification of the mammary gland. The roles of these same genes and signaling pathways in mammary gland or breast tumorigenesis and metastasis are then summarized. Strikingly, key embryonic developmental pathways are often reactivated or dysregulated during tumorigenesis and metastasis in processes such as aberrant proliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and stem cell potency which affects cellular lineage hierarchy. These observations are in line with findings from recent studies using lineage tracing as well as bulk- and single-cell transcriptomics that have uncovered features of embryonic cells in cancer and metastasis through the identification of cell types, cell states and characterisation of their dynamic changes. Given the many overlapping features and similarities of the molecular signatures of normal development and cancer, embryonic molecular signatures could be useful prognostic markers for cancer. In this way, the study of embryonic development will continue to complement the understanding of the mechanisms of cancer and aid in the discovery of novel therapeutic targets and strategies.
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7
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Ng CS, Lai CK, Ke HM, Lee HH, Chen CF, Tang PC, Cheng HC, Lu MJ, Li WH, Tsai IJ. Genome assembly and evolutionary analysis of the mandarin duck Aix galericulata reveal strong genome conservation among ducks. Genome Biol Evol 2022; 14:6594746. [PMID: 35640266 PMCID: PMC9189614 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evac083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mandarin duck, Aix galericulata, is popular in East Asian cultures and displays exaggerated sexual dimorphism, especially in feather traits during breeding seasons. We generated and annotated the first mandarin duck de novo assembly, which was 1.08 Gb in size and encoded 16,615 proteins. Using a phylogenomic approach calibrated with fossils and molecular divergences, we inferred that the last common ancestor of ducks occurred 13.3–26.7 Ma. The majority of the mandarin duck genome repetitive sequences belonged to the chicken repeat 1 (CR1) retroposon CR1-J2_Pass, which underwent a duck lineage-specific burst. Synteny analyses among ducks revealed infrequent chromosomal rearrangements in which breaks were enriched in LINE retrotransposons and DNA transposons. The calculation of the dN/dS ratio revealed that the majority of duck genes were under strong purifying selection. The expanded gene families in the mandarin duck are primarily involved in olfactory perception as well as the development and morphogenesis of feather and branching structures. This new reference genome will improve our understanding of the morphological and physiological characteristics of ducks and provide a valuable resource for functional genomics studies to investigate the feather traits of the mandarin duck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Siang Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Bioresource Conservation Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Kuo Lai
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Mien Ke
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Han Lee
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Feng Chen
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Chi Tang
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Chen Cheng
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Meiyeh J Lu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsiung Li
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
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8
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The Mammary Gland: Basic Structure and Molecular Signaling during Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073883. [PMID: 35409243 PMCID: PMC8998991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is a compound, branched tubuloalveolar structure and a major characteristic of mammals. The mammary gland has evolved from epidermal apocrine glands, the skin glands as an accessory reproductive organ to support postnatal survival of offspring by producing milk as a source of nutrition. The mammary gland development begins during embryogenesis as a rudimentary structure that grows into an elementary branched ductal tree and is embedded in one end of a larger mammary fat pad at birth. At the onset of ovarian function at puberty, the rudimentary ductal system undergoes dramatic morphogenetic change with ductal elongation and branching. During pregnancy, the alveolar differentiation and tertiary branching are completed, and during lactation, the mature milk-producing glands eventually develop. The early stages of mammary development are hormonal independent, whereas during puberty and pregnancy, mammary gland development is hormonal dependent. We highlight the current understanding of molecular regulators involved during different stages of mammary gland development.
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9
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Fonseca CDAD, Martelli DRB, Maia CMF, Dias VO, Carvalho AA, Júnior HM. Digital biomarker 2D:4D as a predictor of cancer: A systematic review. Early Hum Dev 2022; 164:105521. [PMID: 34922146 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2021.105521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The digital ratio between the second and fourth digits of the hands, known as 2D:4D, is sexually dimorphic. It has been suggested that a low 2D:4D indicates high exposure to prenatal testosterone and low estrogen exposure while a high 2D:4D indicates the inverse. The 2D:4D may be predictive of cancer susceptibility, and this may be particularly true in cancers that show differences between sexes in their occurrence. AIM To conduct a systematic review of published epidemiological literature examining the association between 2D:4D and cancer. METHOD This review was carried out according to criteria recommended for the systematic review of Statement PRISMA. We enrolled 25 papers involving eleven cancer topographies with 4,569 cases and 19,416 controls from Europe, America, Asia and Australia. RESULTS We noticed variations and discrepancies in the results of the association between 2D:4D and cancer among the studies, either in those that had evaluated the same or different types of cancer, or in the same or distinct lateralities. However, a high 2D:4D was considered a likely predictor of cancer risk in 11 of 25 studies, a low 2D:4D was suggested as a predictor of risk in eight papers, and five of the twenty-five studies did not demonstrate any association. CONCLUSIONS Although this biomarker has the advantage of being easy to measure, it is noted that its relationship with sex hormone levels at specific stages of life has not yet been well quantified, and it has still been questioned. Hence, it is suggested that those findings from studies involving 2D:4D as a proxy for foetal hormone exposure should be interpreted with caution, as well as those studies which claim its association with cancer. Thus, this review shows the need for a greater number of epidemiological studies using more homogeneous methodology and techniques to better investigate the strength of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia de A D Fonseca
- Health Science Program, State University of Montes Claros, Unimontes, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Medicine School, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Daniella R B Martelli
- Dental School, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Célia M F Maia
- Health Science Program, State University of Montes Claros, Unimontes, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Verônica O Dias
- Dental School, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adriana A Carvalho
- Health Science Program, State University of Montes Claros, Unimontes, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Medicine School, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Hercílio Martelli Júnior
- Health Science Program, State University of Montes Claros, Unimontes, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Dental School, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Center for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of José Rosario Vellano, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Wen H, Luo H, Yang M, Augustino SMA, Wang D, Mi S, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Xiao W, Wang Y, Yu Y. Genetic parameters and weighted single-step genome-wide association study for supernumerary teats in Holstein cattle. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:11867-11877. [PMID: 34482976 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Supernumerary teats (SNT) are a common epidermal abnormality of udders in mammals. The SNT negatively affect machine milking ability, udder health, and animal welfare and sometimes act as reservoirs for undesirable bacteria, resulting in economic losses on calves and lactating cows due to the cost of SNT removal surgery, early culling, and low milk yield. This study aimed to analyze the incidence and genetic parameter of SNT and detect SNT-related genes in Chinese Holstein cattle. In this study, the incidence of SNT was recorded in 4,670 Chinese Holstein cattle (born between 2008 and 2017) from 2 farms, including 734 genotyped cows with 114,485 SNPs. The SNT had a total frequency of 9.8% and estimated heritability of 0.22 (SE = 0.07), which were obtained using a threshold model in the studied Chinese Holstein population. Furthermore, we calculated approximate genetic correlations between SNT and the following indicator traits: 12 milk production, 28 body conformation, 5 fertility and reproduction, 5 health, and 9 longevity. Generally, the estimated correlations, such as 305-d milk yield for third parity (-0.55; SE = 0.02) and age at first calving in heifer (0.19; SE = 0.03), were low to moderate. A single-step GWAS was implemented, and 10 genes associated with SNT located in BTA4 were identified. The region (112.70-112.90 Mb) on BTA4 showed the highest genetic variance for SNT. The quantitative trait loci on BTA4 was mapped into the RARRES2 gene, which was previously shown to affect adipogenesis and hormone secretion. The WIF1 gene, which was located in BTA5, was also considered as a candidate gene for SNT. Overall, these findings provide useful information for breeders who are interested in reducing SNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wen
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture of China, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - H Luo
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture of China, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - M Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture of China, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - S M A Augustino
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture of China, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - D Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture of China, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - S Mi
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture of China, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Y Guo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Y Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture of China, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - W Xiao
- Beijing Animal Husbandry Station, No. 15A Anwaibeiyuan Road, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Y Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture of China, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China.
| | - Y Yu
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture of China, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China.
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Bovo S, Schiavo G, Kazemi H, Moscatelli G, Ribani A, Ballan M, Bonacini M, Prandi M, Dall'Olio S, Fontanesi L. Exploiting within-breed variability in the autochthonous Reggiana breed identified several candidate genes affecting pigmentation-related traits, stature and udder defects in cattle. Anim Genet 2021; 52:579-597. [PMID: 34182594 PMCID: PMC8519023 DOI: 10.1111/age.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Autochthonous cattle breeds constitute important reservoirs of genetic diversity. Reggiana is an Italian local cattle breed reared in the north of Italy for the production of a mono‐breed Parmigiano–Reggiano cheese. Reggiana cattle usually have a classical solid red coat colour and pale muzzle. As part of the strategies designed for the sustainable conservation of this genetic resource, we investigated at the genome‐wise level the within‐breed detected variability of three pigmentation‐related traits (intensity of red coat colour, based on three classes – light/diluted, normal and dark; spotted patterns/piebaldism that sometime emerge in the breed; muzzle colour – pink/pale, grey and black), stature, presence/absence and number of supernumerary teats and teat length. A total of 1776 Reggiana cattle (about two‐thirds of the extant breed population) were genotyped with the GeneSeek GGP Bovine 150k SNP array and single‐marker and haplotype‐based GWASs were carried out. The results indicated that two main groups of genetic factors affect the intensity of red coat colour: darkening genes (including EDN3 and a few other genes) and diluting genes (including PMEL and a few other genes). Muzzle colour was mainly determined by MC1R gene markers. Piebaldism was mainly associated with KIT gene markers. Stature was associated with BTA6 markers upstream of the NCAPG–LCORL genes. Teat defects were associated with TBX3/TBX5, MCC and LGR5 genes. Overall, the identified genomic regions not only can be directly used in selection plans in the Reggiana breed, but also contribute to clarifying the genetic mechanisms involved in determining exterior traits in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bovo
- Division of Animal Sciences, Department of Agricultural and Food Science, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 46, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - G Schiavo
- Division of Animal Sciences, Department of Agricultural and Food Science, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 46, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - H Kazemi
- Division of Animal Sciences, Department of Agricultural and Food Science, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 46, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - G Moscatelli
- Division of Animal Sciences, Department of Agricultural and Food Science, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 46, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - A Ribani
- Division of Animal Sciences, Department of Agricultural and Food Science, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 46, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - M Ballan
- Division of Animal Sciences, Department of Agricultural and Food Science, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 46, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - M Bonacini
- Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Bovini di Razza Reggiana (ANABORARE), Via Masaccio 11, Reggio Emilia, 42124, Italy
| | - M Prandi
- Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Bovini di Razza Reggiana (ANABORARE), Via Masaccio 11, Reggio Emilia, 42124, Italy
| | - S Dall'Olio
- Division of Animal Sciences, Department of Agricultural and Food Science, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 46, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - L Fontanesi
- Division of Animal Sciences, Department of Agricultural and Food Science, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 46, Bologna, 40127, Italy
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12
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Slepicka PF, Somasundara AVH, Dos Santos CO. The molecular basis of mammary gland development and epithelial differentiation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 114:93-112. [PMID: 33082117 PMCID: PMC8052380 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular events underpinning the development of mammalian organ systems has been increasing rapidly in recent years. With the advent of new and improved next-generation sequencing methods, we are now able to dig deeper than ever before into the genomic and epigenomic events that play critical roles in determining the fates of stem and progenitor cells during the development of an embryo into an adult. In this review, we detail and discuss the genes and pathways that are involved in mammary gland development, from embryogenesis, through maturation into an adult gland, to the role of pregnancy signals in directing the terminal maturation of the mammary gland into a milk producing organ that can nurture the offspring. We also provide an overview of the latest research in the single-cell genomics of mammary gland development, which may help us to understand the lineage commitment of mammary stem cells (MaSCs) into luminal or basal epithelial cells that constitute the mammary gland. Finally, we summarize the use of 3D organoid cultures as a model system to study the molecular events during mammary gland development. Our increased investigation of the molecular requirements for normal mammary gland development will advance the discovery of targets to predict breast cancer risk and the development of new breast cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Ferreira Slepicka
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Camila O Dos Santos
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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13
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Wang Z, Chen Y, Chen M, Zhang Y. Overexpression of Fgf8 in the epidermis inhibits hair follicle development. Exp Dermatol 2020; 30:494-502. [PMID: 33141445 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The hair follicle is a classical model for studying epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Given the critical role of fibroblast growth factor 8 (Fgf8) in embryonic development, we generated a mouse model that overexpresses Fgf8 specifically in the epidermis. Interestingly, these mutant mice exhibited stunted, smaller bodies and severe hypotrichosis. Histological analysis showed that the hair follicles in the mutants were arrested at stage 2 of hair development. The density of hair follicles in the mutant mice was also lower compared to that in the control mice. Overexpression of Fgf8 inhibited the proliferation of epidermal cells and simultaneously promoted apoptosis, leading to the arrest of hair follicle development. Further analysis showed that sonic hedgehog (Shh) and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4) were downregulated and upregulated, respectively. To summarize, our study demonstrates that FGF signalling plays an important role in the regulation of hair follicle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengsen Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, Southern Center for Biomedical Research, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yixuan Chen
- The Engineering Technological Center of Mushroom Industry, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, 363005, China
| | - Meiyang Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, Southern Center for Biomedical Research, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanding Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, Southern Center for Biomedical Research, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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14
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Dong G, Ma G, Wu R, Liu J, Liu M, Gao A, Li X, A J, Liu X, Zhang Z, Zhang B, Fu L, Dong JT. ZFHX3 Promotes the Proliferation and Tumor Growth of ER-Positive Breast Cancer Cells Likely by Enhancing Stem-Like Features and MYC and TBX3 Transcription. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113415. [PMID: 33217982 PMCID: PMC7698617 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Breast cancer is a common malignancy, but the understanding of its cellular and molecular mechanisms is limited. The ZFHX3 transcription factor regulates mammary epithelial cells’ proliferation and differentiation by interacting with estrogen and progesterone receptors. Both these receptors play crucial roles in breast cancer development, but whether ZFHX3 also impacts breast cancer is unknown. In this study, the authors aim to determine if ZFHX3 promotes breast cancer cells’ proliferation and tumor growth and explore the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Higher ZFHX3 expression is associated with worse patient survival in breast cancer, ZFHX3 promotes the proliferation and tumor growth of breast cancer cells, and several breast cancer stem cell factors appear to be involved in the role of ZFHX3 in breast cancer growth. The findings suggest that ZFHX3 is a novel oncogenic molecule promoting breast cancer development. Such a molecule could provide novel opportunities for the treatment of breast cancer. Abstract Breast cancer is a common malignancy, but the understanding of its cellular and molecular mechanisms is limited. ZFHX3, a transcription factor with many homeodomains and zinc fingers, suppresses prostatic carcinogenesis but promotes tumor growth of liver cancer cells. ZFHX3 regulates mammary epithelial cells’ proliferation and differentiation by interacting with estrogen and progesterone receptors, potent breast cancer regulators. However, whether ZFHX3 plays a role in breast carcinogenesis is unknown. Here, we found that ZFHX3 promoted the proliferation and tumor growth of breast cancer cells in culture and nude mice; and higher expression of ZFHX3 in human breast cancer specimens was associated with poorer prognosis. The knockdown of ZFHX3 in ZFHX3-high MCF-7 cells decreased, and ZFHX3 overexpression in ZFHX3-low T-47D cells increased the proportion of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) defined by mammosphere formation and the expression of CD44, CD24, and/or aldehyde dehydrogenase 1. Among several transcription factors that have been implicated in BCSCs, MYC and TBX3 were transcriptionally activated by ZFHX3 via promoter binding, as demonstrated by luciferase-reporter and ChIP assays. These findings suggest that ZFHX3 promotes breast cancer cells’ proliferation and tumor growth likely by enhancing BCSC features and upregulating MYC, TBX3, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Dong
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; (G.D.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (A.G.); (X.L.); (J.A.); (L.F.)
| | - Gui Ma
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; (G.D.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (A.G.); (X.L.); (J.A.); (L.F.)
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Human Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Shenzhen 518055, China; (R.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Jinming Liu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; (G.D.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (A.G.); (X.L.); (J.A.); (L.F.)
| | - Mingcheng Liu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; (G.D.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (A.G.); (X.L.); (J.A.); (L.F.)
- Department of Human Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Shenzhen 518055, China; (R.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Ang Gao
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; (G.D.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (A.G.); (X.L.); (J.A.); (L.F.)
| | - Xiawei Li
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; (G.D.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (A.G.); (X.L.); (J.A.); (L.F.)
- Department of Human Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Shenzhen 518055, China; (R.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Jun A
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; (G.D.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (A.G.); (X.L.); (J.A.); (L.F.)
- Department of Human Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Shenzhen 518055, China; (R.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Human Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Shenzhen 518055, China; (R.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhiqian Zhang
- Department of Human Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Shenzhen 518055, China; (R.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Baotong Zhang
- Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365-C Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Liya Fu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; (G.D.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (A.G.); (X.L.); (J.A.); (L.F.)
| | - Jin-Tang Dong
- Department of Human Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Shenzhen 518055, China; (R.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Guan D, Landi V, Luigi-Sierra MG, Delgado JV, Such X, Castelló A, Cabrera B, Mármol-Sánchez E, Fernández-Alvarez J, de la Torre Casañas JLR, Martínez A, Jordana J, Amills M. Analyzing the genomic and transcriptomic architecture of milk traits in Murciano-Granadina goats. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:35. [PMID: 32175082 PMCID: PMC7065321 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this study, we aimed to investigate the molecular basis of lactation as well as to identify the genetic factors that influence milk yield and composition in goats. To achieve these two goals, we have analyzed how the mRNA profile of the mammary gland changes in seven Murciano-Granadina goats at each of three different time points, i.e. 78 d (T1, early lactation), 216 d (T2, late lactation) and 285 d (T3, dry period) after parturition. Moreover, we have performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for seven dairy traits recorded in the 1st lactation of 822 Murciano-Granadina goats. Results The expression profiles of the mammary gland in the early (T1) and late (T2) lactation were quite similar (42 differentially expressed genes), while strong transcriptomic differences (more than one thousand differentially expressed genes) were observed between the lactating (T1/T2) and non-lactating (T3) mammary glands. A large number of differentially expressed genes were involved in pathways related with the biosynthesis of amino acids, cholesterol, triglycerides and steroids as well as with glycerophospholipid metabolism, adipocytokine signaling, lipid binding, regulation of ion transmembrane transport, calcium ion binding, metalloendopeptidase activity and complement and coagulation cascades. With regard to the second goal of the study, the performance of the GWAS allowed us to detect 24 quantitative trait loci (QTLs), including three genome-wide significant associations: QTL1 (chromosome 2, 130.72-131.01 Mb) for lactose percentage, QTL6 (chromosome 6, 78.90-93.48 Mb) for protein percentage and QTL17 (chromosome 17, 11.20 Mb) for both protein and dry matter percentages. Interestingly, QTL6 shows positional coincidence with the casein genes, which encode 80% of milk proteins. Conclusions The abrogation of lactation involves dramatic changes in the expression of genes participating in a broad array of physiological processes such as protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, calcium homeostasis, cell death and tissue remodeling, as well as immunity. We also conclude that genetic variation at the casein genes has a major impact on the milk protein content of Murciano-Granadina goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dailu Guan
- 1Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Landi
- 2Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Gracia Luigi-Sierra
- 1Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Xavier Such
- 3Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Castelló
- 1Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,3Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Betlem Cabrera
- 1Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,3Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Emilio Mármol-Sánchez
- 1Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Javier Fernández-Alvarez
- Asociación Nacional de Criadores de Caprino de Raza Murciano-Granadina (CAPRIGRAN), 18340 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Amparo Martínez
- 2Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jordi Jordana
- 3Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marcel Amills
- 1Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,3Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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16
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Hardin A, Nevonen KA, Eckalbar WL, Carbone L, Ahituv N. Comparative Genomic Characterization of the Multimammate Mouse Mastomys coucha. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 36:2805-2812. [PMID: 31424545 PMCID: PMC6878952 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastomys are the most widespread African rodent and carriers of various diseases such as the plague or Lassa virus. In addition, mastomys have rapidly gained a large number of mammary glands. Here, we generated a genome, variome, and transcriptomes for Mastomys coucha. As mastomys diverged at similar times from mouse and rat, we demonstrate their utility as a comparative genomic tool for these commonly used animal models. Furthermore, we identified over 500 mastomys accelerated regions, often residing near important mammary developmental genes or within their exons leading to protein sequence changes. Functional characterization of a noncoding mastomys accelerated region, located in the HoxD locus, showed enhancer activity in mouse developing mammary glands. Combined, our results provide genomic resources for mastomys and highlight their potential both as a comparative genomic tool and for the identification of mammary gland number determining factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Hardin
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kimberly A Nevonen
- Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Walter L Eckalbar
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Lucia Carbone
- Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR.,Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR.,Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR.,Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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17
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Khan SF, Damerell V, Omar R, Du Toit M, Khan M, Maranyane HM, Mlaza M, Bleloch J, Bellis C, Sahm BDB, Peres J, ArulJothi KN, Prince S. The roles and regulation of TBX3 in development and disease. Gene 2020; 726:144223. [PMID: 31669645 PMCID: PMC7108957 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
TBX3, a member of the ancient and evolutionary conserved T-box transcription factor family, is a critical developmental regulator of several structures including the heart, mammary glands, limbs and lungs. Indeed, mutations in the human TBX3 lead to ulnar mammary syndrome which is characterized by several clinical malformations including hypoplasia of the mammary and apocrine glands, defects of the upper limb, areola, dental structures, heart and genitalia. In contrast, TBX3 has no known function in adult tissues but is frequently overexpressed in a wide range of epithelial and mesenchymal derived cancers. This overexpression greatly impacts several hallmarks of cancer including bypass of senescence, apoptosis and anoikis, promotion of proliferation, tumour formation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastatic capabilities as well as cancer stem cell expansion. The debilitating consequences of having too little or too much TBX3 suggest that its expression levels need to be tightly regulated. While we have a reasonable understanding of the mutations that result in low levels of functional TBX3 during development, very little is known about the factors responsible for the overexpression of TBX3 in cancer. Furthermore, given the plethora of oncogenic processes that TBX3 impacts, it must be regulating several target genes but to date only a few have been identified and characterised. Interestingly, while there is compelling evidence to support oncogenic roles for TBX3, a few studies have indicated that it may also have tumour suppressor functions in certain contexts. Together, the diverse functional elasticity of TBX3 in development and cancer is thought to involve, in part, the protein partners that it interacts with and this area of research has recently received some attention. This review provides an insight into the significance of TBX3 in development and cancer and identifies research gaps that need to be explored to shed more light on this transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif F Khan
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Victoria Damerell
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rehana Omar
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michelle Du Toit
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mohsin Khan
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hapiloe Mabaruti Maranyane
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mihlali Mlaza
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jenna Bleloch
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Claire Bellis
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bianca D B Sahm
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 11030-400, Brazil
| | - Jade Peres
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - K N ArulJothi
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sharon Prince
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
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18
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Ectodysplasin target gene Fgf20 regulates mammary bud growth and ductal invasion and branching during puberty. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5049. [PMID: 28698625 PMCID: PMC5505952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04637-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary gland development begins with the appearance of epithelial placodes that invaginate, sprout, and branch to form small arborized trees by birth. The second phase of ductal growth and branching is driven by the highly invasive structures called terminal end buds (TEBs) that form at ductal tips at the onset of puberty. Ectodysplasin (Eda), a tumor necrosis factor-like ligand, is essential for the development of skin appendages including the breast. In mice, Eda regulates mammary placode formation and branching morphogenesis, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) receptors have a recognized role in mammary ductal development and stem cell maintenance, but the ligands involved are ill-defined. Here we report that Fgf20 is expressed in embryonic mammary glands and is regulated by the Eda pathway. Fgf20 deficiency does not impede mammary gland induction, but compromises mammary bud growth, as well as TEB formation, ductal outgrowth and branching during puberty. We further show that loss of Fgf20 delays formation of Eda-induced supernumerary mammary buds and normalizes the embryonic and postnatal hyperbranching phenotype of Eda overexpressing mice. These findings identify a hitherto unknown function for Fgf20 in mammary budding and branching morphogenesis.
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19
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Willmer T, Cooper A, Peres J, Omar R, Prince S. The T-Box transcription factor 3 in development and cancer. Biosci Trends 2017; 11:254-266. [DOI: 10.5582/bst.2017.01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarryn Willmer
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Anzio Road, University of Cape Town
| | - Aretha Cooper
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Anzio Road, University of Cape Town
| | - Jade Peres
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Anzio Road, University of Cape Town
| | - Rehana Omar
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Anzio Road, University of Cape Town
| | - Sharon Prince
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Anzio Road, University of Cape Town
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20
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Abstract
The mouse mammary gland is widely used as a model for human breast cancer and has greatly added to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in breast cancer development and progression. To fully appreciate the validity and limitations of the mouse model, it is essential to be aware of the similarities and also the differences that exist between the mouse mammary gland and the human breast. This introduction therefore describes the parallels and contrasts in mouse mammary gland and human breast morphogenesis from an early embryonic phase through to puberty, adulthood, pregnancy, parturition, and lactation, and finally the regressive stage of involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara McNally
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland.
| | - Torsten Stein
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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21
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Veltmaat JM. Prenatal Mammary Gland Development in the Mouse: Research Models and Techniques for Its Study from Past to Present. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1501:21-76. [PMID: 27796947 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6475-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mammary gland development starts during prenatal life, when at designated positions along the ventrolateral boundary of the embryonic or fetal trunk, surface ectodermal cells coalesce to form primordia for mammary glands, instead of differentiating into epidermis. With the wealth of genetically engineered mice available as research models, our understanding of the prenatal phase of mammary development has recently greatly advanced. This understanding includes the recognition of molecular and mechanistic parallels between prenatal and postnatal mammary morphogenesis and even tumorigenesis, much of which can moreover be extrapolated to human. This makes the murine embryonic mammary gland a useful model for a myriad of questions pertaining to normal and pathological breast development. Hence, unless indicated otherwise, this review describes embryonic mammary gland development in mouse only, and lists mouse models that have been examined for defects in embryonic mammary development. Techniques that originated in the field of developmental biology, such as explant culture and tissue recombination, were adapted specifically to research on the embryonic mammary gland. Detailed protocols for these techniques have recently been published elsewhere. This review describes how the development and adaptation of these techniques moved the field forward from insights on (comparative) morphogenesis of the embryonic mammary gland to the understanding of tissue and molecular interactions and their regulation of morphogenesis and functional development of the embryonic mammary gland. It is here furthermore illustrated how generic molecular biology and biochemistry techniques can be combined with these older, developmental biology techniques, to address relevant research questions. As such, this review should provide a solid starting point for those wishing to familiarize themselves with this fascinating and important subdomain of mammary gland biology, and guide them in designing a relevant research strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Veltmaat
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.
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22
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Control of Hoxd gene transcription in the mammary bud by hijacking a preexisting regulatory landscape. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E7720-E7729. [PMID: 27856734 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1617141113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate Hox genes encode transcription factors operating during the development of multiple organs and structures. However, the evolutionary mechanism underlying this remarkable pleiotropy remains to be fully understood. Here, we show that Hoxd8 and Hoxd9, two genes of the HoxD complex, are transcribed during mammary bud (MB) development. However, unlike in other developmental contexts, their coexpression does not rely on the same regulatory mechanism. Hoxd8 is regulated by the combined activity of closely located sequences and the most distant telomeric gene desert. On the other hand, Hoxd9 is controlled by an enhancer-rich region that is also located within the telomeric gene desert but has no impact on Hoxd8 transcription, thus constituting an exception to the global regulatory logic systematically observed at this locus. The latter DNA region is also involved in Hoxd gene regulation in other contexts and strongly interacts with Hoxd9 in all tissues analyzed thus far, indicating that its regulatory activity was already operational before the appearance of mammary glands. Within this DNA region and neighboring a strong limb enhancer, we identified a short sequence conserved in therian mammals and capable of enhancer activity in the MBs. We propose that Hoxd gene regulation in embryonic MBs evolved by hijacking a preexisting regulatory landscape that was already at work before the emergence of mammals in structures such as the limbs or the intestinal tract.
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Krstic M, Macmillan CD, Leong HS, Clifford AG, Souter LH, Dales DW, Postenka CO, Chambers AF, Tuck AB. The transcriptional regulator TBX3 promotes progression from non-invasive to invasive breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:671. [PMID: 27553211 PMCID: PMC4994202 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2697-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TBX3 is a T-box transcription factor repressor that is elevated in metastatic breast cancer and is believed to promote malignancy of tumor cells, possibly by promoting cell survival and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. METHODS The relative expression of TBX3 was assessed in the 21T cell lines which were derived from an individual patient and represent three distinct stages of breast cancer progression: 21PT, atypical ductal hyperplasia; 21NT, ductal carcinoma in situ; and 21MT-1, invasive mammary carcinoma. Two different isoforms of TBX3 (TBX3iso1 and TBX3iso2) were overexpressed to evaluate cell survival/colony forming ability, growth, and invasion in the ductal carcinoma in situ-like 21NT cell line using an in vitro Matrigel model of cancer progression. In addition, TBX3 expression was knocked down to evaluate the effects of downregulating TBX3 on the invasive mammary carcinoma-like 21MT-1 cell line. Finally, PCR array profiling was used to assess alterations in gene expression due to TBX3 overexpression in the 21NT cells. RESULTS TBX3 is abundant in the invasive 21MT-1 cell line, while being minimally expressed in the non-invasive 21NT and 21PT cell lines. Overexpression of either TBX3iso1 or TBX3iso2 in 21NT cells resulted in increased cell survival/colony forming ability, growth vs. apoptosis and invasion in Matrigel. In contrast, short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of TBX3 in the 21MT-1 cells resulted in smaller colonies, with a more regular, less dispersed (less infiltrative) morphology. Array profiling of the 21NT TBX3 iso1 and iso2 transfectants showed that there are common alterations in expression of several genes involved in signal transduction, cell cycle control/cell survival, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasiveness. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results indicate that TBX3 (isoform 1 or 2) expression can promote progression in a model of early breast cancer by altering cell properties involved in cell survival/colony formation and invasiveness, as well as key regulatory and EMT/invasiveness-related gene expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Krstic
- Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,The Pamela Greenaway-Kohlmeier Translational Breast Cancer Research Unit, London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Connor D Macmillan
- Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,The Pamela Greenaway-Kohlmeier Translational Breast Cancer Research Unit, London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Hon S Leong
- Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Allen G Clifford
- Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,The Pamela Greenaway-Kohlmeier Translational Breast Cancer Research Unit, London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Lesley H Souter
- Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,The Pamela Greenaway-Kohlmeier Translational Breast Cancer Research Unit, London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - David W Dales
- Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,The Pamela Greenaway-Kohlmeier Translational Breast Cancer Research Unit, London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Carl O Postenka
- Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,The Pamela Greenaway-Kohlmeier Translational Breast Cancer Research Unit, London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ann F Chambers
- Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,The Pamela Greenaway-Kohlmeier Translational Breast Cancer Research Unit, London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Alan B Tuck
- Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada. .,The Pamela Greenaway-Kohlmeier Translational Breast Cancer Research Unit, London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada. .,Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
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Mendes P, de Campos Gomes AC, Soares P. Digit ratio (2D:4D) is associated with breast cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER THERAPY AND ONCOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.14319/ijcto.43.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Tang J, Zhang Z, Yang B, Guo Y, Ai H, Long Y, Su Y, Cui L, Zhou L, Wang X, Zhang H, Wang C, Ren J, Huang L, Ding N. Identification of loci affecting teat number by genome-wide association studies on three pig populations. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 30:1-7. [PMID: 27165028 PMCID: PMC5205583 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Three genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and a meta-analysis of GWAS were conducted to explore the genetic mechanisms underlying variation in pig teat number. METHODS We performed three GWAS and a meta-analysis for teat number on three pig populations, including a White Duroc×Erhualian F2 resource population (n = 1,743), a Chinese Erhualian pig population (n = 320) and a Chinese Sutai pig population (n = 383). RESULTS We detected 24 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that surpassed the genome-wide significant level on Sus Scrofa chromosomes (SSC) 1, 7, and 12 in the F2 resource population, corresponding to four loci for pig teat number. We highlighted vertnin (VRTN) and lysine demethylase 6B (KDM6B) as two interesting candidate genes at the loci on SSC7 and SSC12. No significant associated SNPs were identified in the meta-analysis of GWAS. CONCLUSION The results verified the complex genetic architecture of pig teat number. The causative variants for teat number may be different in the three populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Zhiyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Bin Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yuanmei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Huashui Ai
- State Key Laboratory for Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yi Long
- State Key Laboratory for Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ying Su
- State Key Laboratory for Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Leilei Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Liyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xiaopeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Chengbin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Jun Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Lusheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Nengshui Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
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Voutilainen M, Lindfors PH, Trela E, Lönnblad D, Shirokova V, Elo T, Rysti E, Schmidt-Ullrich R, Schneider P, Mikkola ML. Ectodysplasin/NF-κB Promotes Mammary Cell Fate via Wnt/β-catenin Pathway. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005676. [PMID: 26581094 PMCID: PMC4651331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary gland development commences during embryogenesis with the establishment of a species typical number of mammary primordia on each flank of the embryo. It is thought that mammary cell fate can only be induced along the mammary line, a narrow region of the ventro-lateral skin running from the axilla to the groin. Ectodysplasin (Eda) is a tumor necrosis factor family ligand that regulates morphogenesis of several ectodermal appendages. We have previously shown that transgenic overexpression of Eda (K14-Eda mice) induces formation of supernumerary mammary placodes along the mammary line. Here, we investigate in more detail the role of Eda and its downstream mediator transcription factor NF-κB in mammary cell fate specification. We report that K14-Eda mice harbor accessory mammary glands also in the neck region indicating wider epidermal cell plasticity that previously appreciated. We show that even though NF-κB is not required for formation of endogenous mammary placodes, it is indispensable for the ability of Eda to induce supernumerary placodes. A genome-wide profiling of Eda-induced genes in mammary buds identified several Wnt pathway components as potential transcriptional targets of Eda. Using an ex vivo culture system, we show that suppression of canonical Wnt signalling leads to a dose-dependent inhibition of supernumerary placodes in K14-Eda tissue explants. Mammary glands are the most characteristic feature of all mammals. The successful growth and function of the mammary glands is vital for the survival of offspring since the secreted milk is the main nutritional source of a new-born. Ectodysplasin (Eda) is a signaling molecule that regulates the formation of skin appendages such as hair, teeth, feathers, scales, and several glands in all vertebrates studied so far. In humans, mutations in the EDA gene cause a congenital disorder characterized by sparse hair, missing teeth, and defects in exocrine glands including the breast. We have previously shown that excess Eda induces formation of supernumerary mammary glands in mice. Here, we show that Eda leads to extra mammary gland formation also in the neck, a region previously not thought to harbor capacity to support mammary development. Using Eda loss- and gain-of-function mouse models and transcriptional profiling we identify the downstream mediators of Eda. The presence of extra nipples is a fairly common developmental abnormality in humans. We suggest that misregulation of Eda or its effectors might account for some of these malformations. Further, the number and location of the mammary glands vary widely between different species. Tinkering with the Eda pathway activity could provide an evolutionary means to modulate the number of mammary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Voutilainen
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi H. Lindfors
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ewelina Trela
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Darielle Lönnblad
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vera Shirokova
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teresa Elo
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisa Rysti
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Pascal Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Marja L. Mikkola
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Carroll LS, Capecchi MR. Hoxc8 initiates an ectopic mammary program by regulating Fgf10 and Tbx3 expression and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Development 2015; 142:4056-67. [PMID: 26459221 DOI: 10.1242/dev.128298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The role of Hox genes in the formation of cutaneous accessory organs such as hair follicles and mammary glands has proved elusive, a likely consequence of overlapping function and expression among various homeobox factors. Lineage and immunohistochemical analysis of Hoxc8 in mice revealed that this midthoracic Hox gene has transient but strong regional expression in ventrolateral surface ectoderm at E10.5, much earlier than previously reported. Targeted mice were generated to conditionally misexpress Hoxc8 from the Rosa locus using select Cre drivers, which significantly expanded the domain of thoracic identity in mutant embryos. Accompanying this expansion was the induction of paired zones of ectopic mammary development in the cervical region, which generated between three and five pairs of mammary placodes anterior to the first wild-type mammary rudiment. These rudiments expressed the mammary placode markers Wnt10b and Tbx3 and were labeled by antibodies to the mammary mesenchyme markers ERα and androgen receptor. Somitic Fgf10 expression, which is required for normal mammary line formation, was upregulated in mutant cervical somites, and conditional ablation of ectodermal Tbx3 expression eliminated all normally positioned and ectopic mammary placodes. We present evidence that Hoxc8 participates in regulating the initiation stages of mammary placode morphogenesis, and suggest that this and other Hox genes are likely to have important roles during regional specification and initiation of these and other cutaneous accessory organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara S Carroll
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Mario R Capecchi
- Department of Human Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Bertolessi M, Linta L, Seufferlein T, Kleger A, Liebau S. A Fresh Look on T-Box Factor Action in Early Embryogenesis (T-Box Factors in Early Development). Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1833-51. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Bertolessi
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leonhard Linta
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Kasielska-Trojan A, Antoszewski B. Can digit ratio (2D:4D) studies be helpful in explaining the aetiology of idiopathic gynecomastia? Early Hum Dev 2015; 91:57-61. [PMID: 25543532 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aetiology of idiopathic form of gynecomastia is unknown and it has not been established if it is related to factors present at the prenatal period or if it is caused by yet unidentified environmental conditions. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to compare digit ratio (2D:4D) in men with idiopathic gynecomastia and unaffected male and female controls from the general population. METHODS The study involved 250 subjects (50 men with idiopathic gynecomastia, 100 control men and 100 control women). Eight measurements were taken: body height, waist and hip circumferences, II and IV digits' lengths (right and left), and body weight, and 4 indices were calculated: BMI, WHR, and 2D:4D for the right and left hand. RESULTS 2D:4D in men with gynecomastia ([median (I-III quartiles)]: 1.03 (1.01-1.04) for right hand and 1.03 (1.01-1.03) for left hand) was significantly different than the ratio in control men [0.97 (0.95-0.99)] for right and left hand) (p<0.0001) and similar to the ratio found in control women [1.02 (1-1.03)] for right and left hand) (p=1). Men with gynecomastia were characterized with higher values of the following variables: weight, waist and hip circumferences, BMI and WHR. Their body height was significantly greater than in women (p<0.0001) but similar to the values observed in control men (p=0.2687). CONCLUSION The findings presented in this study may influence the aetiology-related classification of gynecomastia and justify introducing the new group: "gynecomastia related to the prenatal sex hormones disturbances".
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kasielska-Trojan
- Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Clinic, Institute of Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Bogusław Antoszewski
- Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Clinic, Institute of Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Hadsell DL, Hadsell LA, Olea W, Rijnkels M, Creighton CJ, Smyth I, Short KM, Cox LL, Cox TC. In-silico QTL mapping of postpubertal mammary ductal development in the mouse uncovers potential human breast cancer risk loci. Mamm Genome 2015; 26:57-79. [PMID: 25552398 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-014-9551-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Genetic background plays a dominant role in mammary gland development and breast cancer (BrCa). Despite this, the role of genetics is only partially understood. This study used strain-dependent variation in an inbred mouse mapping panel, to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying structural variation in mammary ductal development, and determined if these QTL correlated with genomic intervals conferring BrCa susceptibility in humans. For about half of the traits, developmental variation among the complete set of strains in this study was greater (P < 0.05) than that of previously studied strains, or strains in current common use for mammary gland biology. Correlations were also detected with previously reported variation in mammary tumor latency and metastasis. In-silico genome-wide association identified 20 mammary development QTL (Mdq). Of these, five were syntenic with previously reported human BrCa loci. The most significant (P = 1 × 10(-11)) association of the study was on MMU6 and contained the genes Plxna4, Plxna4os1, and Chchd3. On MMU5, a QTL was detected (P = 8 × 10(-7)) that was syntenic to a human BrCa locus on h12q24.5 containing the genes Tbx3 and Tbx5. Intersection of linked SNP (r(2) > 0.8) with genomic and epigenomic features, and intersection of candidate genes with gene expression and survival data from human BrCa highlighted several for further study. These results support the conclusion that mammary tumorigenesis and normal ductal development are influenced by common genetic factors and that further studies of genetically diverse mice can improve our understanding of BrCa in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl L Hadsell
- Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates St. Suite 10072, Mail Stop: BCM-320, Houston, TX, 77030-2600, USA,
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Wellberg EA, Rudolph MC, Lewis AS, Padilla-Just N, Jedlicka P, Anderson SM. Modulation of tumor fatty acids, through overexpression or loss of thyroid hormone responsive protein spot 14 is associated with altered growth and metastasis. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:481. [PMID: 25472762 PMCID: PMC4303195 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-014-0481-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Spot14 (S14), encoded by the THRSP gene, regulates de novo fatty acid synthesis in the liver, adipose, and lactating mammary gland. We recently showed that S14 stimulated fatty acid synthase (FASN) activity in vitro, and increased the synthesis of fatty acids in mammary epithelial cells in vivo. Elevated de novo fatty acid synthesis is a distinguishing feature of many solid tumors compared with adjacent normal tissue. This characteristic is thought to be acquired during tumor progression, as rapidly proliferating cells have a heightened requirement for membrane phospholipids. Further, overexpression of FASN is sufficient to stimulate cell proliferation. While many studies have focused on the FASN enzyme in cancer biology, few studies have addressed the roles of proteins that modify FASN activity, such as S14. Methods Tumor fatty acids were modulated using two mouse models, mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-neu mice overexpressing S14 and MMTV-polyomavirus middle T antigen (PyMT) mice lacking S14, and associations between elevated or impaired fatty acid synthesis on tumor latency, growth, metastasis, and signaling pathways were investigated. We evaluated S14-dependent gene expression profiles in mouse tumors by microarray and used publicly available microarray datasets of human breast tumors. Results S14 overexpression in the MMTV-Neu transgenic model is associated with elevated medium-chain fatty acids, increased proliferation and a shorter tumor latency, but reduced tumor metastasis compared to controls. Loss of S14 in the MMTV-PyMT model decreased FASN activity and the synthesis of medium-chain fatty acids but did not alter tumor latency. Impaired fatty acid synthesis was associated with reduced solid tumor cell proliferation, the formation of cystic lesions in some animals, and decreased phosphorylation of Src and protein kinase B (Akt). Analysis of gene expression in these mouse and human tumors revealed a relationship between S14 status and the expression of genes associated with luminal epithelial differentiation. Conclusions This study demonstrates a potential role for S14 in regulating mammary tumor growth and fatty acid synthesis in vivo. Furthermore, these results suggest that modulating the amount of medium chain fatty acids, by changing the levels of S14, has the potential to impact malignant mammary tumor phenotypes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-014-0481-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Wellberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Michael C Rudolph
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Current Address: Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Andrew S Lewis
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Nuria Padilla-Just
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Program in Cancer Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Current Address: Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Paul Jedlicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Program in Cancer Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Steven M Anderson
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Program in Cancer Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Arendt LM, St. Laurent J, Wronski A, Caballero S, Lyle SR, Naber SP, Kuperwasser C. Human breast progenitor cell numbers are regulated by WNT and TBX3. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111442. [PMID: 25350852 PMCID: PMC4211891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although human breast development is mediated by hormonal and non-hormonal means, the mechanisms that regulate breast progenitor cell activity remain to be clarified. This limited understanding of breast progenitor cells has been due in part to the lack of appropriate model systems to detect and characterize their properties. METHODS To examine the effects of WNT signaling and TBX3 expression on progenitor activity in the breast, primary human mammary epithelial cells (MEC) were isolated from reduction mammoplasty tissues and transduced with lentivirus to overexpress WNT1 or TBX3 or reduce expression of their cognate receptors using shRNA. Changes in progenitor activity were quantified using characterized assays. We identified WNT family members expressed by cell populations within the epithelium and assessed alterations in expression of WNT family ligands by MECs in response to TBX3 overexpression and treatment with estrogen and progesterone. RESULTS Growth of MECs on collagen gels resulted in the formation of distinct luminal acinar and basal ductal colonies. Overexpression of TBX3 in MECs resulted in increased ductal colonies, while shTBX3 expression diminished both colony types. Increased WNT1 expression led to enhanced acinar colony formation, shLRP6 decreased both types of colonies. Estrogen stimulated the formation of acinar colonies in control MEC, but not shLRP6 MEC. Formation of ductal colonies was enhanced in response to progesterone. However, while shLRP6 decreased MEC responsiveness to progesterone, shTBX3 expression did not alter this response. CONCLUSIONS We identified two phenotypically distinguishable lineage-committed progenitor cells that contribute to different structural elements and are regulated via hormonal and non-hormonal mechanisms. WNT signaling regulates both types of progenitor activity. Progesterone favors the expansion of ductal progenitor cells, while estrogen stimulates the expansion of acinar progenitor cells. Paracrine WNT signaling is stimulated by estrogen and progesterone, while autocrine WNT signaling is induced by the embryonic T-box transcription factor TBX3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Arendt
- Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology Department, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jessica St. Laurent
- Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology Department, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ania Wronski
- Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology Department, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Silvia Caballero
- Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology Department, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen R. Lyle
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen P. Naber
- Department of Pathology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Charlotte Kuperwasser
- Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology Department, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kunasegaran K, Ho V, Chang TH.T, De Silva D, Bakker ML, Christoffels VM, Pietersen AM. Transcriptional repressor Tbx3 is required for the hormone-sensing cell lineage in mammary epithelium. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110191. [PMID: 25343378 PMCID: PMC4208772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional repressor Tbx3 is involved in lineage specification in several tissues during embryonic development. Germ-line mutations in the Tbx3 gene give rise to Ulnar-Mammary Syndrome (comprising reduced breast development) and Tbx3 is required for mammary epithelial cell identity in the embryo. Notably Tbx3 has been implicated in breast cancer, which develops in adult mammary epithelium, but the role of Tbx3 in distinct cell types of the adult mammary gland has not yet been characterized. Using a fluorescent reporter knock-in mouse, we show that in adult virgin mice Tbx3 is highly expressed in luminal cells that express hormone receptors, and not in luminal cells of the alveolar lineage (cells primed for milk production). Flow cytometry identified Tbx3 expression already in progenitor cells of the hormone-sensing lineage and co-immunofluorescence confirmed a strict correlation between estrogen receptor (ER) and Tbx3 expression in situ. Using in vivo reconstitution assays we demonstrate that Tbx3 is functionally relevant for this lineage because knockdown of Tbx3 in primary mammary epithelial cells prevented the formation of ER+ cells, but not luminal ER- or basal cells. Interestingly, genes that are repressed by Tbx3 in other cell types, such as E-cadherin, are not repressed in hormone-sensing cells, highlighting that transcriptional targets of Tbx3 are cell type specific. In summary, we provide the first analysis of Tbx3 expression in the adult mammary gland at a single cell level and show that Tbx3 is important for the generation of hormone-sensing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamini Kunasegaran
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Program in Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Victor Ho
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Program in Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ted H-. T. Chang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Program in Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Duvini De Silva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Program in Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Martijn L. Bakker
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alexandra M. Pietersen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Program in Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Xu RX, Wei N, Wang Y, Wang GQ, Yang GS, Pang WJ. Association of Novel Polymorphisms in Lymphoid Enhancer Binding Factor 1 (LEF-1) Gene with Number of Teats in Different Breeds of Pig. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 27:1254-62. [PMID: 25178368 PMCID: PMC4150191 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 (LEF-1) is a member of the T-cell specific factor (TCF) family, which plays a key role in the development of breast endothelial cells. Moreover, LEF-1 gene has been identified as a candidate gene for teat number trait. In the present study, we detected two novel mutations (NC_010450.3:g. 99514A>G, 119846C>T) by DNA sequencing and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in exon 4 and intron 9 of LEF-1 in Guanzhong Black, Hanjiang Black, Bamei and Large White pigs. Furthermore, we analyzed the association between the genetic variations with teat number trait in these breeds. The 99514A>G mutation showed an extremely significant statistical relevance between different genotypes and teat number trait in Guanzhong (p<0.001) and Large White (p = 0.002), and significant relevance in Hanjiang (p = 0.017); the 119846C>T mutation suggested significant association in Guanzhong Black pigs (p = 0.042) and Large White pigs (p = 0.003). The individuals with “AG” or “GG” genotype displayed more teat numbers than those with “AA”; the individuals with “TC” or “CC” genotype showed more teat numbers than those with “TT”. Our findings suggested that the 99514A>G and 119846C>T mutations of LEF-1 affected porcine teat number trait and could be used in breeding strategies to accelerate porcine teat number trait improvement of indigenous pigs breeds through molecular marker assisted selection.
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Duijvesteijn N, Veltmaat JM, Knol EF, Harlizius B. High-resolution association mapping of number of teats in pigs reveals regions controlling vertebral development. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:542. [PMID: 24981054 PMCID: PMC4092218 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selection pressure on the number of teats has been applied to be able to provide enough teats for the increase in litter size in pigs. Although many QTL were reported, they cover large chromosomal regions and the functional mutations and their underlying biological mechanisms have not yet been identified. To gain a better insight in the genetic architecture of the trait number of teats, we performed a genome-wide association study by genotyping 936 Large White pigs using the Illumina PorcineSNP60 Beadchip. The analysis is based on deregressed breeding values to account for the dense family structure and a Bayesian approach for estimation of the SNP effects. RESULTS The genome-wide association study resulted in 212 significant SNPs. In total, 39 QTL regions were defined including 170 SNPs on 13 Sus scrofa chromosomes (SSC) of which 5 regions on SSC7, 9, 10, 12 and 14 were highly significant. All significantly associated regions together explain 9.5% of the genetic variance where a QTL on SSC7 explains the most genetic variance (2.5%). For the five highly significant QTL regions, a search for candidate genes was performed. The most convincing candidate genes were VRTN and Prox2 on SSC7, MPP7, ARMC4, and MKX on SSC10, and vertebrae δ-EF1 on SSC12. All three QTL contain candidate genes which are known to be associated with vertebral development. In the new QTL regions on SSC9 and SSC14, no obvious candidate genes were identified. CONCLUSIONS Five major QTL were found at high resolution on SSC7, 9, 10, 12, and 14 of which the QTL on SSC9 and SSC14 are the first ones to be reported on these chromosomes. The significant SNPs found in this study could be used in selection to increase number of teats in pigs, so that the increasing number of live-born piglets can be nursed by the sow. This study points to common genetic mechanisms regulating number of vertebrae and number of teats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Duijvesteijn
- />TOPIGS Research Center IPG, PO Box 43, 6640AA Beuningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Veltmaat
- />Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61, Biopolis Drive, Singapore, Singapore 138673
| | - Egbert F Knol
- />TOPIGS Research Center IPG, PO Box 43, 6640AA Beuningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Harlizius
- />TOPIGS Research Center IPG, PO Box 43, 6640AA Beuningen, The Netherlands
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Hong L, Zhan-Bing M, Zhi-Yun S, Xiao-Xia S, Jun-Li Z, Zheng-Hao H. Digit ratio (2D:4D) in Chinese women with breast cancer. Am J Hum Biol 2014; 26:562-4. [PMID: 24677324 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Digit ratio, especially second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is established in utero and is positively correlated with oestrogen in men and women. It is a putative biomarker for prenatal hormone exposure and may represent an individual predisposition to certain diseases (e.g., breast cancer). The aim of the present study is to investigate whether there is a link between digit ratio (2D:4D) and breast cancer in Chinese populations. METHODS The controls we chose were healthy subjects-age and -sex matched to the patients diagnosed with breast cancer. Photocopies of the two hands of 218 women (controls: 109; patients: 109) were collected. Left hand, right hand, mean hand, and right minus left 2D:4D (Dr-l ) were analyzed. RESULTS The patients with breast cancer presented significantly higher 2D:4D than controls (left: P < 0.01; right: P < 0.05; mean: P < 0.05). The mean values of 2D:4D on the left hand were significantly higher than those on the right hand in the two groups, respectively (controls: P < 0.05; patients: P ≤ 0.01). In patients, there was a significantly negative correlation between 2D:4D (left hand: P < 0.01; right hand, mean: P < 0.05) and the presented age with breast cancer, but no association between Dr-l and age of presented disease. CONCLUSIONS Digit ratio (2D:4D) may correlate with the increased risk of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Hong
- Department of Medical Genetic and Cell Biology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics in Ningxia, Yinchuan, 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance, Ningxia Medical University, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan, 750004, China
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Macias H, Hinck L. Mammary gland development. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 1:533-57. [PMID: 22844349 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland develops through several distinct stages. The first transpires in the embryo as the ectoderm forms a mammary line that resolves into placodes. Regulated by epithelial–mesenchymal interactions, the placodes descend into the underlying mesenchyme and produce the rudimentary ductal structure of the gland present at birth. Subsequent stages of development—pubertal growth, pregnancy, lactation, and involution—occur postnatally under the regulation of hormones. Puberty initiates branching morphogenesis, which requires growth hormone (GH) and estrogen, as well as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), to create a ductal tree that fills the fat pad. Upon pregnancy, the combined actions of progesterone and prolactin generate alveoli, which secrete milk during lactation. Lack of demand for milk at weaning initiates the process of involution whereby the gland is remodeled back to its prepregnancy state. These processes require numerous signaling pathways that have distinct regulatory functions at different stages of gland development. Signaling pathways also regulate a specialized subpopulation of mammary stem cells that fuel the dramatic changes in the gland occurring with each pregnancy. Our knowledge of mammary gland development and mammary stem cell biology has significantly contributed to our understanding of breast cancer and has advanced the discovery of therapies to treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Macias
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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Chandramouli A, Hatsell SJ, Pinderhughes A, Koetz L, Cowin P. Gli activity is critical at multiple stages of embryonic mammary and nipple development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79845. [PMID: 24260306 PMCID: PMC3832531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gli3 is a transcriptional regulator of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling that functions as a repressor (Gli3R) or activator (Gli3A) depending upon cellular context. Previously, we have shown that Gli3R is required for the formation of mammary placodes #3 and #5. Here, we report that this early loss of Gli3 results in abnormal patterning of two critical regulators: Bmp4 and Tbx3, within the presumptive mammary rudiment (MR) #3 zone. We also show that Gli3 loss leads to failure to maintain mammary mesenchyme specification and loss of epithelial Wnt signaling, which impairs the later development of remaining MRs: MR#2 showed profound evagination and ectopic hairs formed within the presumptive areola; MR#4 showed mild invagination defects and males showed inappropriate retention of mammary buds in Gli3xt/xt mice. Importantly, mice genetically manipulated to misactivate Hh signaling displayed the same phenotypic spectrum demonstrating that the repressor function of Gli3R is essential during multiple stages of mammary development. In contrast, positive Hh signaling occurs during nipple development in a mesenchymal cuff around the lactiferous duct and in muscle cells of the nipple sphincter. Collectively, these data show that repression of Hh signaling by Gli3R is critical for early placodal patterning and later mammary mesenchyme specification whereas positive Hh signaling occurs during nipple development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Chandramouli
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sarah J. Hatsell
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alicia Pinderhughes
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lisa Koetz
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Pamela Cowin
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kim EJ, Lee JM, Jung HS. Fus expression patterns in developing tooth. Dev Reprod 2013; 17:215-20. [PMID: 25949136 PMCID: PMC4282289 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2013.17.3.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the RNA/DNA-binding protein FUS, Fused in sarcoma, was shown to play a role in growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis in vertebrates. Because little is known about Fus, we investigated its expression pattern in murine tooth development. In situ hybridization of mouse mandibles at specific developmental stages was performed with a DIG-labeled RNA probe. During early tooth development, Fus was detected in the dental epithelium and dental mesenchyme at 11 days postcoitum (dpc) and 12 dpc. From 14 dpc, Fus was strongly expressed in the dental papilla and the cervical loop of the dental epithelium. At postnatal day 4 (PN4), Fus expression was observed in the odontoblasts, ameloblasts, the proliferation zone of the pulp, and the cervical loop. At PN14, the expression pattern of Fus was found to be maintained in the odontoblasts and the proliferation zone of the pulp. Furthermore, Fus expression was especially strong in the Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath (HERS). Therefore, this study suggests that Fus may play a role in the HERS during root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Kim
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Research Center for Orofacial Hard Tissue Regeneration, Brain Korea 21 Project, Oral Science Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Research Center for Orofacial Hard Tissue Regeneration, Brain Korea 21 Project, Oral Science Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Sung Jung
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Research Center for Orofacial Hard Tissue Regeneration, Brain Korea 21 Project, Oral Science Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea ; Oral Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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Pond AC, Bin X, Batts T, Roarty K, Hilsenbeck S, Rosen JM. Fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling is essential for normal mammary gland development and stem cell function. Stem Cells 2013; 31:178-89. [PMID: 23097355 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling plays an important role in embryonic stem cells and adult tissue homeostasis, but the function of FGFs in mammary gland stem cells is less well defined. Both FGFR1 and FGFR2 are expressed in basal and luminal mammary epithelial cells (MECs), suggesting that together they might play a role in mammary gland development and stem cell dynamics. Previous studies have demonstrated that the deletion of FGFR2 resulted only in transient developmental defects in branching morphogenesis. Using a conditional deletion strategy, we investigated the consequences of FGFR1 deletion alone and then the simultaneous deletion of both FGFR1 and FGFR2 in the mammary epithelium. FGFR1 deletion using a keratin 14 promoter-driven Cre-recombinase resulted in an early, yet transient delay in development. However, no reduction in functional outgrowth potential was observed following limiting dilution transplantation analysis. In contrast, a significant reduction in outgrowth potential was observed upon the deletion of both FGFR1 and FGFR2 in MECs using adenovirus-Cre. Additionally, using a fluorescent reporter mouse model to monitor Cre-mediated recombination, we observed a competitive disadvantage following transplantation of both FGFR1/R2-null MECs, most prominently in the basal epithelial cells. This correlated with the complete loss of the mammary stem cell repopulating population in the FGFR1/R2-attenuated epithelium. FGFR1/R2-null MECs were partially rescued in chimeric outgrowths containing wild-type MECs, suggesting the potential importance of paracrine mechanisms involved in the maintenance of the basal epithelial stem cells. These studies document the requirement for functional FGFR signaling in mammary stem cells during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Pond
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Lee MJ, Yoon KS, Cho KW, Kim KS, Jung HS. Expression of miR-206 during the initiation of mammary gland development. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 353:425-33. [PMID: 23733266 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1653-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs that control gene expression by targeting mRNAs and triggering either translational repression or RNA degradation. The aberrant expression of miRNAs might be involved in human diseases, including cancer. The expression of miR-206 in estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α)-positive human breast cancer tissues is well known. However, the expression and regulation of miR-206 in the developing mammary gland has not yet been studied. To understand the effects of miR-206 on mammary gland development, we have profiled gene expression in scramble-transfected and miR-206-overexpressing developing mammary buds. The genes that are potentially regulated by miR-206 in the mammary epithelium and/or mesenchyme, such as Tachykinin1 and Gata3, are known to be breast cancer markers. The expression of Wnt, which is involved in gland positioning, and of the transcription factors Tbx3 and Lef1, which are essential for mammary gland development, changes after miR-206 overexpression. Using a mammary bud in vitro culture system, we have demonstrated that miR-206 acts downstream of ER-α during mammary gland growth. Thus, miR-206 might be a novel candidate for morphogenesis during the initiation of mammary gland formation and the regulation of genes related to mammary gland development and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jung Lee
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Brain Korea 21 Project, Oral Science Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei Center of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemoon-Gu, Seoul, 120-752, Korea
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Kim EJ, Jung HS, Lu P. Pleiotropic functions of fibroblast growth factor signaling in embryonic mammary gland development. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2013; 18:139-42. [PMID: 23613170 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-013-9278-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is an ectodermal appendage and a defining feature of mammals. Consistent with it being a recent evolutionary novelty, many of the molecules essential for the ontogeny and morphogenesis of various vertebrate organs, including those in the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathway, are co-opted for induction, maintenance and morphogenesis of the mammary glands. Understanding the mechanism whereby FGF signaling regulates the fundamental cell behavior during normal mammary gland develop may facilitate determination of the consequences of its deregulation during breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Kim
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Brain Korea 21 project, Oral Science Research Institute, College of Dentistry, Yonsei Center of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Veltmaat JM. Investigating molecular mechanisms of embryonic mammary gland development by bead-implantation in embryonic flank explant cultures - a protocol. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2013; 18:247-52. [PMID: 23709170 PMCID: PMC3691484 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-013-9297-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of molecular mechanisms in a particular process such as embryonic mammary gland development, can be revealed by modulation of one or several factors that purportedly act in that process. If those factors or their inhibitors are soluble, their function can be tested by loading them onto small inert beads, which are then implanted in cultured explants of the tissue of interest, in this case embryonic flanks. We here describe a protocol for such experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Veltmaat
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore.
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Propper AY, Howard BA, Veltmaat JM. Prenatal morphogenesis of mammary glands in mouse and rabbit. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2013; 18:93-104. [PMID: 23736987 PMCID: PMC3691486 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-013-9298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of prenatal morphogenesis of mammary glands has recently greatly advanced. This review focuses on morphogenesis proper, as well as cellular processes and tissue interactions involved in the progression of the embryonic mammary gland through sequential morphogenic stages in both the mouse and rabbit embryo. We provide a synthesis of both historical and more recent studies of embryonic mammary gland development, as well as arguments to revise old concepts about mechanisms of mammary line and rudiment formation. Finally, we highlight outstanding issues that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Y. Propper
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences, EA481, Université de Franche-Comté, (Emeritus), 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Beatrice A. Howard
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB UK
| | - Jacqueline M. Veltmaat
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673 Singapore
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Lee JM, Kim EJ, Jung HS. A method for electroporation to study gene function in mammary gland development. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2013; 18:233-7. [PMID: 23666358 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-013-9292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To reveal the specific functions of various genes during embryonic development, the manipulation of genes using techniques such as electroporation is of fundamental importance for providing direct evidence concerning function or downstream activation of signaling networks. In vitro embryo culture and electroporation are useful techniques to introduce foreign genes, for developmental biology studies. Among the various mammalian culture techniques, Trowell culture is suitable for studies of embryonic mammary gland development because of its stability and ease of use in conjunction with electroporation technique application. The manipulation of gene expression using electroporation is a useful technique for the functional analysis of a particular gene. In this protocol, full steps for electroporation and in vitro embryo culture have been described for use in embryonic mammary gland development research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Min Lee
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Brain Korea 21 project, Oral Science Research Institute, College of Dentistry, Yonsei Center of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Boras-Granic K, Hamel PA. Wnt-signalling in the embryonic mammary gland. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2013; 18:155-63. [PMID: 23660702 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-013-9280-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The first member of the Wnt-family ligands was identified 30 years ago as a factor in mouse mammary tumours whose expression was deregulated due to the promoter activity emanating from the proximal integration of the Mouse Mammary Tumour Virus genome (Nusse and Varmus, Embo J 31:2670-84, 2012). The Wnt-ligands invoke a number of molecular-genetic signalling cascades fundamental to the patterning of developing tissues and organs during embryogenesis as well as during postnatal development. The Wnt-signalling cascade that controls the activities of β-catenin and the T-cell Factor (Tcf)/Lympoid enhancer factor (Lef1) plays a fundamental role in control of all stages of embryonic mammary gland development. We provide here a brief overview of the known aspects of Wnt-signalling activities in the embryonic mammary gland and its interactions with other signalling cascades in this developing tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Boras-Granic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Douglas NC, Papaioannou VE. The T-box transcription factors TBX2 and TBX3 in mammary gland development and breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2013; 18:143-7. [PMID: 23624936 PMCID: PMC3692603 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-013-9282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
TBX2 and TBX3, closely related members of the T-box family of transcription factor genes, are expressed in mammary tissue in both humans and mice. Ulnar mammary syndrome (UMS), an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in TBX3, underscores the importance of TBX3 in human breast development, while abnormal mammary gland development in Tbx2 or Tbx3 mutant mice provides models for experimental investigation. In addition to their roles in mammary development, aberrant expression of TBX2 and TBX3 is associated with breast cancer. TBX2 is preferentially amplified in BRCA1/2-associated breast cancers and TBX3 overexpression has been associated with advanced stage disease and estrogen-receptor-positive breast tumors. The regulation of Tbx2 and Tbx3 and the downstream targets of these genes in development and disease are not as yet fully elucidated. However, it is clear that the two genes play unique, context-dependent roles both in mammary gland development and in mammary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataki C Douglas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), breast cancer risk factors, and breast cancer risk: a prospective cohort study. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:1631-6. [PMID: 22990654 PMCID: PMC3493764 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We aimed to assess whether 2D : 4D measures are associated with breast cancer risk. Methods: We derived the ratio of the lengths of the index and ring fingers (2D : 4D), and right minus left 2D : 4D (Δr−l) from digit lengths measured from photocopies of participants’ hands collected during a recent follow-up of the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study, a prospective study including 24 469 women. Of the 9044 women with available data, we identified 573 incident breast cancer cases. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for a one standard deviation difference in 2D : 4D measures were obtained from Weibull survival models, and linear regression models were used to examine potential associations between 2D : 4D measures and age at menarche and menopause. Results: We found a direct association between left 2D : 4D and breast cancer risk, an inverse association between Δr−l and risk of breast cancer, but no association between right 2D : 4D and breast cancer risk. Among breast cancer cases, both right 2D : 4D and Δr−l were inversely associated with age at diagnosis. We also observed associations between both right 2D : 4D and Δr−l and age at menopause, with increasing digit ratio measures related to earlier mean age at menopause. Conclusion: Digit ratio measures might be associated with breast cancer risk and age at onset of breast cancer. If confirmed in other studies, this suggests that lower exposure or sensitivity to prenatal testosterone might be associated with lower risk of breast cancer.
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Differential modulation of the oligodendrocyte transcriptome by sonic hedgehog and bone morphogenetic protein 4 via opposing effects on histone acetylation. J Neurosci 2012; 32:6651-64. [PMID: 22573687 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4876-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) into mature oligodendrocytes is regulated by the interplay between extrinsic signals and intrinsic epigenetic determinants. In this study, we analyze the effect that the extracellular ligands sonic hedgehog (Shh) and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), have on histone acetylation and gene expression in cultured OPCs. Shh treatment favored the progression toward oligodendrocytes by decreasing histone acetylation and inducing peripheral chromatin condensation. BMP4 treatment, in contrast, inhibited the progression toward oligodendrocytes and favored astrogliogenesis by favoring global histone acetylation and retaining euchromatin. Pharmacological treatment or silencing of histone deacetylase 1 (Hdac1) or histone deacetylase 2 (Hdac2) in OPCs did not affect BMP4-dependent astrogliogenesis, while it prevented Shh-induced oligodendrocyte differentiation and favored the expression of astrocytic genes. Transcriptional profiling of treated OPCs, revealed that BMP4-inhibition of oligodendrocyte differentiation was accompanied by increased levels of Wnt (Tbx3) and Notch-target genes (Jag1, Hes1, Hes5, Hey1, and Hey2), decreased recruitment of Hdac and increased histone acetylation at these loci. Similar upregulation of Notch-target genes and increased histone acetylation were observed in the corpus callosum of mice infused with BMP4 during cuprizone-induced demyelination. We conclude that Shh and Bmp4 differentially regulate histone acetylation and chromatin structure in OPCs and that BMP4 acts as a potent inducer of gene expression, including Notch and Wnt target genes, thereby enhancing the crosstalk among signaling pathways that are known to inhibit myelination and repair.
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