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Suvarna V, Sawant N, Desai N. A Review on Recent Advances in Mannose-Functionalized Targeted Nanocarrier Delivery Systems in Cancer and Infective Therapeutics. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2023; 40:43-82. [PMID: 36734913 DOI: 10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2022041853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Unmodified nanocarriers used in the chemotherapy of cancers and various infectious diseases exhibit prolonged blood circulation time, prevent enzymatic degradation and increase chemical stability of encapsulated therapeutics. However, off-target effect and lack of specificity associated with unmodified nanoparticles (NPs) limit their applications in the health care system. Mannose (Man) receptors with significant overexpression on antigen-presenting cells and macrophages are among the most admired targets for cancer and anti-infective therapeutics. Therefore, development of Man functionalized nanocarriers targeting Man receptors, for target specific drug delivery in the chemotherapy have been extensively studied. Present review expounds diverse Man-conjugated NPs with their potential for targeted drug delivery, improved biodistribution profiles and localization. Additionally, the review gives detailed account of the interactions of mannosylated NPs with various biological systems and their characterization not discussed in earlier published reports is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanti Suvarna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Quality Assurance, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Niserga Sawant
- C.U. Shah College of Pharmacy, SNDT Women's University, Santacruz (W), Mumbai 400049, Maharashtra, India
| | - Namita Desai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, C. U. Shah College of Pharmacy, SNDT Women's University, Santacruz (W), Mumbai - 400049, Maharashtra, India
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2
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Munson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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3
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Soares DCF, Poletto F, Eberhardt MJ, Domingues SC, De Sousa FB, Tebaldi ML. Polymer-hybrid nanosystems for antiviral applications: Current advances. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 146:112249. [PMID: 34972632 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of many new viruses in recent times has resulted in a significant scientific challenge for discovering drugs and vaccines that effectively treat and prevent viral diseases. Nanotechnology has opened doors to prevent the spread of several diseases, including those caused by viruses. Polymer-hybrid nanodevices are a class of nanotechnology platforms for biomedical applications that present synergistic properties among their components, with improved performance compared to conventional forms of therapy. Considering the growing interest in this emerging field and the promising technological advantages of polymer-hybrid nanodevices, this work presents the current status of these systems in the context of prevention and treatment of viral diseases. A brief description of the different types of polymer-hybrid nanodevices highlighting some peculiar characteristics such as their composition, biodistribution, delivery of antigens, and overall immune responses in systemic tissues are discussed. Finally, the work presents the future trends for new nanotechnological hybrid materials based on polymers and perspectives for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernanda Poletto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Marcelo J Eberhardt
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Stephanie Calazans Domingues
- Laboratório de Bioengenharia - Universidade Federal de Itajubá (UNIFEI) - Campus Itabira, Itabira, MG 35903-087, Brazil
| | - Frederico B De Sousa
- Laboratório de Sistemas Poliméricos e Supramoleculares (LSPS) - Instituto de Física e Química, Universidade Federal de Itajubá (UNIFEI), Itajubá, MG 37500-903, Brazil
| | - Marli Luiza Tebaldi
- Laboratório de Bioengenharia - Universidade Federal de Itajubá (UNIFEI) - Campus Itabira, Itabira, MG 35903-087, Brazil
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4
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Wibowo D, Jorritsma SHT, Gonzaga ZJ, Evert B, Chen S, Rehm BHA. Polymeric nanoparticle vaccines to combat emerging and pandemic threats. Biomaterials 2020; 268:120597. [PMID: 33360074 PMCID: PMC7834201 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines are more advantageous than live attenuated vaccines in terms of safety and scale-up manufacture. However, this often comes as a trade-off to their efficacy. Over the years, polymeric nanoparticles have been developed to improve vaccine potency, by engineering their physicochemical properties to incorporate multiple immunological cues to mimic pathogenic microbes and viruses. This review covers recent advances in polymeric nanostructures developed toward particulate vaccines. It focuses on the impact of microbe mimicry (e.g. size, charge, hydrophobicity, and surface chemistry) on modulation of the nanoparticles’ delivery, trafficking, and targeting antigen-presenting cells to elicit potent humoral and cellular immune responses. This review also provides up-to-date progresses on rational designs of a wide variety of polymeric nanostructures that are loaded with antigens and immunostimulatory molecules, ranging from particles, micelles, nanogels, and polymersomes to advanced core-shell structures where polymeric particles are coated with lipids, cell membranes, or proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wibowo
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan QLD, 4111, Australia.
| | - Sytze H T Jorritsma
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Zennia Jean Gonzaga
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Benjamin Evert
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Shuxiong Chen
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Bernd H A Rehm
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan QLD, 4111, Australia.
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5
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Simón-Vázquez R, Peleteiro M, González-Fernández Á. Polymeric nanostructure vaccines: applications and challenges. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:1007-1023. [PMID: 32476491 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1776259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of biocompatible polymers, from natural or synthetic sources, opened the door for a new era in vaccine research. These polymers offer the possibility to develop nanostructured antigen carriers that can be easily internalized by antigen-presenting cells, due to their nanometric size. Besides, the incorporation of an adjuvant allows increasing and modulating the immune response for both, polymers with or without self-adjuvant properties. AREAS COVERED The historical background and the state-of-the-art in the use of polymers as antigen carriers are addressed in the first part of this review. Then, an overview of the immunology of vaccination is provided. Finally, the main advances in the field, based on the prototypes that are licensed or undergoing clinical trials, but also the challenges that limit the translation of many polymer-based nanostructure vaccines with promising preclinical results, are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Polymeric nanostructured vaccines have a great potential in modern vaccinology. However, the translation into the market is hampered due to several limitations. Studies on correlates of protection to provide suitable biomarkers, new and better methods of synthesis to produce more reproducible nanovaccines, a deeper knowledge in the immune system and in the physiopathology of the infectious diseases will surely improve and boost the field in the next years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Simón-Vázquez
- Immunology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario Lagoas Marcosende , Vigo, Spain.,Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-GS), Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Estrada Clara Campoamor , Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Mercedes Peleteiro
- Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-GS), Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Estrada Clara Campoamor , Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.,Flow Cytometry Core Facility, CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario Lagoas Marcosende, Vigo, Spain
| | - África González-Fernández
- Immunology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario Lagoas Marcosende , Vigo, Spain.,Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-GS), Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Estrada Clara Campoamor , Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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6
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Ferreira DW, Ulecia-Morón C, Alvarado-Vázquez PA, Cunnane K, Moracho-Vilriales C, Grosick RL, Cunha TM, Romero-Sandoval EA. CD163 overexpression using a macrophage-directed gene therapy approach improves wound healing in ex vivo and in vivo human skin models. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151862. [PMID: 31711674 PMCID: PMC7864009 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Large tissue damage or wounds cause serious comorbidities and represent a major burden for patients, families, and health systems. Due to the pivotal role of immune cells in the proper resolution of inflammation and tissue repair, we focus our current study on the interaction of macrophages with skin cells, and specifically on the effects of CD163 gene induction in macrophages in wound healing. We hypothesize that the over-expression of the scavenger receptor gene CD163 in human macrophages would result in a more efficient wound healing process. Using 3D human wounded skin organotypic tissues, we observed that CD163 overexpression in THP-1 and human primary macrophages induced a more efficient re-epithelization when compared to control cells. Using human primary skin cells and an in vitro scratch assay we observed that CD163 overexpression in THP-1 macrophages promoted a more rapid and efficient wound healing process through a unique interaction with fibroblasts. The addition of CD163-blocking antibody, but not isotype control, blocked the efficient wound healing process induced by CD163 overexpression in macrophages. We found that the co-culture of skin cells and CD163 overexpressing macrophages reduced monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and enhanced tumor growth factor (TGF)-α, without altering interleukin (IL)-6 or TGF-β. Our findings show that CD163 induces a more efficient wound healing and seems to promote a wound milieu with a pro-resolution molecular profile. Our studies set the foundation to study this approach in in vivo clinically relevant settings to test its effects in wound healing processes such as acute major injuries, large surgeries, or chronic ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wilson Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, 3900 Bandeirantes Ave., Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil; Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Ave - BST3, 6th floor, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
| | - Cristina Ulecia-Morón
- Center for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n., 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Perla Abigail Alvarado-Vázquez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Uppsala, 75123, Sweden.
| | - Katharine Cunnane
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Carolina Moracho-Vilriales
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 N Broad St., Clinton, SC, 29325, USA.
| | - Rachel L Grosick
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 N Broad St., Clinton, SC, 29325, USA.
| | - Thiago Mattar Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, 3900 Bandeirantes Ave., Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.
| | - E Alfonso Romero-Sandoval
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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7
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Ko EJ, Robert-Guroff M. Dendritic Cells in HIV/SIV Prophylactic and Therapeutic Vaccination. Viruses 2019; 12:v12010024. [PMID: 31878130 PMCID: PMC7019216 DOI: 10.3390/v12010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are involved in human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV and SIV) pathogenesis but also play a critical role in orchestrating innate and adaptive vaccine-specific immune responses. Effective HIV/SIV vaccines require strong antigen-specific CD4 T cell responses, cytotoxic activity of CD8 T cells, and neutralizing/non-neutralizing antibody production at mucosal and systemic sites. To develop a protective HIV/SIV vaccine, vaccine regimens including DCs themselves, protein, DNA, mRNA, virus vectors, and various combinations have been evaluated in different animal and human models. Recent studies have shown that DCs enhanced prophylactic HIV/SIV vaccine efficacy by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines, improving T cell responses, and recruiting effector cells to target tissues. DCs are also targets for therapeutic HIV/SIV vaccines due to their ability to reverse latency, present antigen, and augment T and B cell immunity. Here, we review the complex interactions of DCs over the course of HIV/SIV prophylactic and therapeutic immunizations, providing new insights into development of advanced DC-targeted HIV/SIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ju Ko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Correspondence: (E.-J.K.); (M.R.-G.)
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Correspondence: (E.-J.K.); (M.R.-G.)
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8
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Basu S, Venable RM, Rice B, Ogharandukun E, Klauda JB, Pastor RW, Chandran PL. Mannobiose‐Grafting Shifts PEI Charge and Biphasic Dependence on pH. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saswati Basu
- Department of Chemical Engineering Howard University Washington DC
| | - Richard M. Venable
- Laboratory of Computational Biology National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD
| | - Bria Rice
- Department of Chemical Engineering Howard University Washington DC
| | | | - Jeffery B. Klauda
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Biophysics Program University of Maryland College Park Maryland
| | - Richard W. Pastor
- Laboratory of Computational Biology National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD
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9
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Mannose Receptor and Targeting Strategies. TARGETED INTRACELLULAR DRUG DELIVERY BY RECEPTOR MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29168-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Lybaert L, Vermaelen K, De Geest BG, Nuhn L. Immunoengineering through cancer vaccines – A personalized and multi-step vaccine approach towards precise cancer immunity. J Control Release 2018; 289:125-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Chen C, Yang Z, Tang X. Chemical modifications of nucleic acid drugs and their delivery systems for gene-based therapy. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:829-869. [PMID: 29315675 DOI: 10.1002/med.21479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gene-based therapy is one of essential therapeutic strategies for precision medicine through targeting specific genes in specific cells of target tissues. However, there still exist many problems that need to be solved, such as safety, stability, selectivity, delivery, as well as immunity. Currently, the key challenges of gene-based therapy for clinical potential applications are the safe and effective nucleic acid drugs as well as their safe and efficient gene delivery systems. In this review, we first focus on current nucleic acid drugs and their formulation in clinical trials and on the market, including antisense oligonucleotide, siRNA, aptamer, and plasmid nucleic acid drugs. Subsequently, we summarize different chemical modifications of nucleic acid drugs as well as their delivery systems for gene-based therapeutics in vivo based on nucleic acid chemistry and nanotechnology methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinjing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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12
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Haidari G, Cope A, Miller A, Venables S, Yan C, Ridgers H, Reijonen K, Hannaman D, Spentzou A, Hayes P, Bouliotis G, Vogt A, Joseph S, Combadiere B, McCormack S, Shattock RJ. Combined skin and muscle vaccination differentially impact the quality of effector T cell functions: the CUTHIVAC-001 randomized trial. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13011. [PMID: 29026141 PMCID: PMC5638927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting of different tissues via transcutaneous (TC), intradermal (ID) and intramuscular (IM) injection has the potential to tailor the immune response to DNA vaccination. In this Phase I randomised controlled clinical trial in HIV-1 negative volunteers we investigate whether the site and mode of DNA vaccination influences the quality of the cellular immune responses. We adopted a strategy of concurrent immunization combining IM injection with either ID or TC administration. As a third arm we assessed the response to IM injection administered with electroporation (EP). The DNA plasmid encoded a MultiHIV B clade fusion protein designed to induce cellular immunity. The vaccine and regimens were well tolerated. We observed differential shaping of vaccine induced virus-specific CD4 + and CD8 + cell-mediated immune responses. DNA given by IM + EP promoted strong IFN-γ responses and potent viral inhibition. ID + IM without EP resulted in a similar pattern of response but of lower magnitude. By contrast TC + IM (without EP) shifted responses towards a more Th-17 dominated phenotype, associated with mucosal and epidermal protection. Whilst preliminary, these results offer new perspectives for differential shaping of desired cellular immunity required to fight the wide range of complex and diverse infectious diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Haidari
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Section of Virology, Group of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Cope
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Section of Virology, Group of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Miller
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Section of Virology, Group of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - S Venables
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Section of Virology, Group of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - C Yan
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Section of Virology, Group of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - H Ridgers
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Section of Virology, Group of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - D Hannaman
- Ichor Medical Systems Inc, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - A Spentzou
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Section of Virology, Group of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - P Hayes
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, United Kingdom
| | - G Bouliotis
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Section of Virology, Group of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Vogt
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Joseph
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - B Combadiere
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, U1135, CNRS, ERL 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 91 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - S McCormack
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - R J Shattock
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Section of Virology, Group of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom.
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13
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Shen C, Li J, Zhang Y, Li Y, Shen G, Zhu J, Tao J. Polyethylenimine-based micro/nanoparticles as vaccine adjuvants. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:5443-5460. [PMID: 28814862 PMCID: PMC5546778 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s137980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines have shown great success in treating and preventing tumors and infections, while adjuvants are always demanded to ensure potent immune responses. Polyethylenimine (PEI), as one of the well-studied cationic polymers, has been used as a transfection reagent for decades. However, increasing evidence has shown that PEI-based particles are also capable of acting as adjuvants. In this paper, we briefly review the physicochemical properties and the broad applications of PEI in different fields, and elaborate on the intracellular processes of PEI-based vaccines. In addition, we sum up the proof of their in vivo and clinical applications. We also highlight some mechanisms proposed for the intrinsic immunoactivation function of PEI, followed by the challenges and future perspectives of the applications of PEI in the vaccines, as well as some strategies to elicit the desirable immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuce Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guanxin Shen
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jintao Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Tao
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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14
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Abstract
There are many classes of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), with wide-ranging functionalities (e.g., RNA editing, mediation of mRNA splicing, ribosomal function). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) are implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes, including the regulation of gene expression. Incorrect expression or mutation of lncRNAs has been reported to be associated with several disease conditions, such a malignant transformation in humans. Importantly, pivotal players in tumorigenesis and cancer progression, such as c-Myc, may be regulated by lncRNA at promoter level. The function of lncRNA can be reduced with antisense oligonucleotides that sequester or degrade mature lncRNAs. In alternative, lncRNA transcription can be blocked by small interference RNA (RNAi), which had acquired, recently, broad interested in clinical applications. In vivo-jetPEI™ is a linear polyethylenimine mediating nucleic acid (DNA, shRNA, siRNA, oligonucelotides) delivery with high efficiency. Different in vivo delivery routes have been validated: intravenous (IV), intraperitoneal (IP), intratumoral, subcutaneous, topical, and intrathecal. High levels of nucleic acid delivery are achieved into a broad range of tissues, such as lung, salivary glands, heart, spleen, liver, and prostate upon systemic administration. In addition, in vivo-jetPEI™ is also an efficient carrier for local gene and siRNA delivery such as intratumoral or topical application on the skin. After systemic injection, siRNA can be detected and the levels can be validated in target tissues by qRT-PCR. Targeting promoter-associated lncRNAs with siRNAs (small interfering RNAs) in vivo is becoming an exciting breakthrough for the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Civenni
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics, IOR, Institute of Oncology Research, Via Vela 6, Bellinzona, 6500, Switzerland.
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15
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Lü JM, Liang Z, Wang X, Gu J, Yao Q, Chen C. New polymer of lactic-co-glycolic acid-modified polyethylenimine for nucleic acid delivery. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:1971-91. [PMID: 27456396 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop an improved delivery system for nucleic acids. MATERIALS & METHODS We designed, synthesized and characterized a new polymer of lactic-co-glycolic acid-modified polyethylenimine (LGA-PEI). Functions of LGA-PEI polymer were determined. RESULTS The new LGA-PEI polymer spontaneously formed nanoparticles (NPs) with DNA or RNA, and showed higher DNA or RNA loading efficiency, higher or comparable transfection efficacy, and lower cytotoxicity in several cell types including PANC-1, Jurkat and HEK293 cells, when compared with lipofectamine 2000, branched or linear PEI (25 kDa). In nude mouse models, LGA-PEI showed higher delivery efficiency of plasmid DNA or miRNA mimic into pancreatic and ovarian xenograft tumors. LGA-PEI/DNA NPs showed much lower toxicity than control PEI NPs in mouse models. CONCLUSION The new LGA-PEI polymer is a safer and more effective system to deliver DNA or RNA than PEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Lü
- Division of Surgical Research, Michael E DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhengdong Liang
- Division of Surgical Research, Michael E DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Division of Surgical Research, Michael E DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jianhua Gu
- AFM/SEM Core Facility, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qizhi Yao
- Division of Surgical Research, Michael E DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Changyi Chen
- Division of Surgical Research, Michael E DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Foldvari M, Chen DW, Nafissi N, Calderon D, Narsineni L, Rafiee A. Non-viral gene therapy: Gains and challenges of non-invasive administration methods. J Control Release 2015; 240:165-190. [PMID: 26686079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is becoming an influential part of the rapidly increasing armamentarium of biopharmaceuticals for improving health and combating diseases. Currently, three gene therapy treatments are approved by regulatory agencies. While these treatments utilize viral vectors, non-viral alternative technologies are also being developed to improve the safety profile and manufacturability of gene carrier formulations. We present an overview of gene-based therapies focusing on non-viral gene delivery systems and the genetic therapeutic tools that will further revolutionize medical treatment with primary focus on the range and development of non-invasive delivery systems for dermal, transdermal, ocular and pulmonary administrations and perspectives on other administration methods such as intranasal, oral, buccal, vaginal, rectal and otic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Foldvari
- School of Pharmacy, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Ding Wen Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Nafiseh Nafissi
- School of Pharmacy, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Daniella Calderon
- School of Pharmacy, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Lokesh Narsineni
- School of Pharmacy, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Amirreza Rafiee
- School of Pharmacy, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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Adhikary RR, More P, Banerjee R. Smart nanoparticles as targeting platforms for HIV infections. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:7520-7534. [PMID: 25874901 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr01285f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
While Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infections are reducing in incidence with the advent of Highly Active Anti-retroviral Therapy (HAART), there remain a number of challenges including the existence of reservoirs, drug resistance and anatomical barriers to antiretroviral therapy. To overcome these, smart nanoparticles with stimuli responsive release are proposed for delivery of anti-retroviral agents. The paper highlights the strategic similarities between the design of smart antiretroviral nanocarriers and those optimized for cancer chemotherapy. This includes the development of nanoparticles capable of passive and active targeting as well as those that are responsive to various internal and external triggers. For antiretroviral therapy, the relevant triggers for stimuli responsive release of drugs include semen, enzymes, endosomal escape, temperature and magnetic field. Deriving from the experience of cancer chemotherapy, additional potential triggers are light and ultrasound which remain hitherto unexplored in HIV therapy. In addition, the roles of nanomicrobicides (nanogels) and virus mimetic nanoparticles are discussed from the point of view of prevention of HIV transmission. The challenges associated with translation of smart nanoparticles for HIV infections to realize the Millennium Development Goal of combating HIV infections are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Rajat Adhikary
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India.
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A novel non-integrative single-cycle chimeric HIV lentivector DNA vaccine. Vaccine 2015; 33:2273-2282. [PMID: 25825333 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Novel HIV vaccine vectors and strategies are needed to control HIV/AIDS epidemic in humans and eradicate the infection. DNA vaccines alone failed to induce immune responses robust enough to control HIV-1. Development of lentivirus-based DNA vaccines deficient for integration and with a limited replication capacity is an innovative and promising approach. This type of vaccine mimics the early stages of virus infection/replication like the live-attenuated viruses but lacks the inconvenient integration and persistence associated with disease. We developed a novel lentivector DNA vaccine "CAL-SHIV-IN(-)" that undergoes a single round of replication in the absence of integration resulting in augmented expression of vaccine antigens in vivo. Vaccine gene expression is under control of the LTRs of a naturally attenuated lentivirus, Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) the natural goat lentivirus. The safety of this vaccine prototype was increased by the removal of the integrase coding sequences from the pol gene. We examined the functional properties of this lentivector DNA in cell culture and the immunogenicity in mouse models. Viral proteins were expressed in transfected cells, assembled into viral particles that were able to transduce once target permissive cells. Unlike the parental replication-competent SHIV-KU2 that was detected in DNA samples from any of the serial passage infected cells, CAL-SHIV-IN(-) DNA was detected only in target cells of the first round of infection, hence demonstrating the single cycle replication of the vaccine. A single dose DNA immunization of humanized NOD/SCID/β2 mice showed a substantial increase of IFN-γ-ELISPOT in splenocytes compared to the former replication and integration defective Δ4SHIV-KU2 DNA vaccine.
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19
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Cabrera JR, Viejo-Borbolla A, Martinez-Martín N, Blanco S, Wandosell F, Alcamí A. Secreted herpes simplex virus-2 glycoprotein G modifies NGF-TrkA signaling to attract free nerve endings to the site of infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004571. [PMID: 25611061 PMCID: PMC4303327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 are highly prevalent viruses that cause a variety of diseases, from cold sores to encephalitis. Both viruses establish latency in peripheral neurons but the molecular mechanisms facilitating the infection of neurons are not fully understood. Using surface plasmon resonance and crosslinking assays, we show that glycoprotein G (gG) from HSV-2, known to modulate immune mediators (chemokines), also interacts with neurotrophic factors, with high affinity. In our experimental model, HSV-2 secreted gG (SgG2) increases nerve growth factor (NGF)-dependent axonal growth of sympathetic neurons ex vivo, and modifies tropomyosin related kinase (Trk)A-mediated signaling. SgG2 alters TrkA recruitment to lipid rafts and decreases TrkA internalization. We could show, with microfluidic devices, that SgG2 reduced NGF-induced TrkA retrograde transport. In vivo, both HSV-2 infection and SgG2 expression in mouse hindpaw epidermis enhance axonal growth modifying the termination zone of the NGF-dependent peptidergic free nerve endings. This constitutes, to our knowledge, the discovery of the first viral protein that modulates neurotrophins, an activity that may facilitate HSV-2 infection of neurons. This dual function of the chemokine-binding protein SgG2 uncovers a novel strategy developed by HSV-2 to modulate factors from both the immune and nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rubén Cabrera
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Abel Viejo-Borbolla
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadia Martinez-Martín
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Soledad Blanco
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Wandosell
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Alcamí
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Chandran PL, Dimitriadis EK, Lisziewicz J, Speransky V, Horkay F. DNA nanoparticles with core-shell morphology. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:7653-60. [PMID: 25137385 PMCID: PMC4348574 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00908h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mannobiose-modified polyethylenimines (PEI) are used in gene therapy to generate nanoparticles of DNA that can be targeted to the antigen-presenting cells of the immune system. We report that the sugar modification alters the DNA organization within the nanoparticles from homogenous to shell-like packing. The depth-dependent packing of DNA within the nanoparticles was probed using AFM nano-indentation. Unmodified PEI-DNA nanoparticles display linear elastic properties and depth-independent mechanics, characteristic of homogenous materials. Mannobiose-modified nanoparticles, however, showed distinct force regimes that were dependent on indentation depth, with 'buckling'-like response that is reproducible and not due to particle failure. By comparison with theoretical studies of spherical shell mechanics, the structure of mannobiosylated particles was deduced to be a thin shell with wall thickness in the order of few nanometers, and a fluid-filled core. The shell-core structure is also consistent with observations of nanoparticle denting in altered solution conditions, with measurements of nanoparticle water content from AFM images, and with images of DNA distribution in Transmission Electron Microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi L. Chandran
- Section on Tissue Biophysics and Biomimetics, PPITS, NICHD
- Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science Shared Resource, NIBIB, Bldg 13, 13 South Drive, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Emilios K. Dimitriadis
- Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science Shared Resource, NIBIB, Bldg 13, 13 South Drive, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Vlad Speransky
- Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science Shared Resource, NIBIB, Bldg 13, 13 South Drive, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ferenc Horkay
- Section on Tissue Biophysics and Biomimetics, PPITS, NICHD
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21
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Bhatnagar A, Wang Y, Mease RC, Gabrielson M, Sysa P, Minn I, Green G, Simmons B, Gabrielson K, Sarkar S, Fisher PB, Pomper MG. AEG-1 promoter-mediated imaging of prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5772-81. [PMID: 25145668 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new imaging method for detecting prostate cancer, whether localized or disseminated and metastatic to soft tissues and bone. The method relies on the use of imaging reporter genes under the control of the promoter of AEG-1 (MTDH), which is selectively active only in malignant cells. Through a systemic, nanoparticle-based delivery of the imaging construct, lesions can be identified through bioluminescence imaging and single-photon emission computed tomography in the PC3-ML murine model of prostate cancer at high sensitivity. This approach is applicable for the detection of prostate cancer metastases, including bone lesions for which there is no current reliable agent for noninvasive clinical imaging. Furthermore, the approach compares favorably with accepted and emerging clinical standards, including PET with [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose and [(18)F]sodium fluoride. Our results offer a preclinical proof of concept that rationalizes clinical evaluation in patients with advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akrita Bhatnagar
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ronnie C Mease
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Matthew Gabrielson
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Polina Sysa
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Il Minn
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gilbert Green
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brian Simmons
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kathleen Gabrielson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Siddik Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia. VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia. VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.
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22
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Immunotherapy with an HIV-DNA Vaccine in Children and Adults. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:563-80. [PMID: 26344746 PMCID: PMC4494215 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2030563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic HIV immunization is intended to induce new HIV-specific cellular immune responses and to reduce viral load, possibly permitting extended periods without antiretroviral drugs. A multigene, multi-subtype A, B, C HIV-DNA vaccine (HIVIS) has been used in clinical trials in both children and adults with the aim of improving and broadening the infected individuals' immune responses. Despite the different country locations, different regimens and the necessary variations in assays performed, this is, to our knowledge, the first attempt to compare children's and adults' responses to a particular HIV vaccine. Ten vertically HIV-infected children aged 4-16 years were immunized during antiretroviral therapy (ART). Another ten children were blindly recruited as controls. Both groups continued their antiretroviral treatment during and after vaccinations. Twelve chronically HIV-infected adults were vaccinated, followed by repeated structured therapy interruptions (STI) of their antiretroviral treatment. The adult group included four controls, receiving placebo vaccinations. The HIV-DNA vaccine was generally well tolerated, and no serious adverse events were registered in any group. In the HIV-infected children, an increased specific immune response to Gag and RT proteins was detected by antigen-specific lymphoproliferation. Moreover, the frequency of HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell lymphocytes releasing perforin was significantly higher in the vaccinees than the controls. In the HIV-infected adults, increased CD8+ T-cell responses to Gag, RT and viral protease peptides were detected. No augmentation of HIV-specific lymphoproliferative responses were detected in adults after vaccination. In conclusion, the HIV-DNA vaccine can elicit new HIV-specific cellular immune responses, particularly to Gag antigens, in both HIV-infected children and adults. Vaccinated children mounted transient new HIV-specific immune responses, including both CD4+ T-cell lymphoproliferation and late CD8+ T-cell responses. In the adult cohort, primarily CD8+ T-cell responses related to MHC class I alleles were noted. However, no clinical benefits with respect to viral load reduction were ascribable to the vaccinations alone. No severe adverse effects related to the vaccine were found in either cohort, and no virological failures or drug resistances were detected.
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23
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Tőke ER, Lőrincz O, Csiszovszki Z, Somogyi E, Felföldi G, Molnár L, Szipőcs R, Kolonics A, Malissen B, Lori F, Trocio J, Bakare N, Horkay F, Romani N, Tripp CH, Stoitzner P, Lisziewicz J. Exploitation of Langerhans cells for in vivo DNA vaccine delivery into the lymph nodes. Gene Ther 2014; 21:566-74. [PMID: 24694539 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is no clinically available cancer immunotherapy that exploits Langerhans cells (LCs), the epidermal precursors of dendritic cells (DCs) that are the natural agent of antigen delivery. We developed a DNA formulation with a polymer and obtained synthetic 'pathogen-like' nanoparticles that preferentially targeted LCs in epidermal cultures. These nanoparticles applied topically under a patch-elicited robust immune responses in human subjects. To demonstrate the mechanism of action of this novel vaccination strategy in live animals, we assembled a high-resolution two-photon laser scanning-microscope. Nanoparticles applied on the native skin poorly penetrated and poorly induced LC motility. The combination of nanoparticle administration and skin treatment was essential both for efficient loading the vaccine into the epidermis and for potent activation of the LCs to migrate into the lymph nodes. LCs in the epidermis picked up nanoparticles and accumulated them in the nuclear region demonstrating an effective nuclear DNA delivery in vivo. Tissue distribution studies revealed that the majority of the DNA was targeted to the lymph nodes. Preclinical toxicity of the LC-targeting DNA vaccine was limited to mild and transient local erythema caused by the skin treatment. This novel, clinically proven LC-targeting DNA vaccine platform technology broadens the options on DC-targeting vaccines to generate therapeutic immunity against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Tőke
- Genetic Immunity Kft, H-1045 Budapest, Hungary
| | - O Lőrincz
- Genetic Immunity Kft, H-1045 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - E Somogyi
- Genetic Immunity Kft, H-1045 Budapest, Hungary
| | - G Felföldi
- Genetic Immunity Kft, H-1045 Budapest, Hungary
| | - L Molnár
- Genetic Immunity Kft, H-1045 Budapest, Hungary
| | - R Szipőcs
- 1] Wigner RCP of HAS, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary [2] R&D Ultrafast Lasers Ltd, H-1539 Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Kolonics
- 1] Wigner RCP of HAS, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary [2] R&D Ultrafast Lasers Ltd, H-1539 Budapest, Hungary
| | - B Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - F Lori
- Research Institute for Genetic and Human Therapy (RIGHT), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J Trocio
- Research Institute for Genetic and Human Therapy (RIGHT), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - N Bakare
- Research Institute for Genetic and Human Therapy (RIGHT), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - F Horkay
- Section on Tissue Biophysics and Biomimetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - N Romani
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C H Tripp
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - P Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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De Filette M, Soehle S, Ulbert S, Richner J, Diamond MS, Sinigaglia A, Barzon L, Roels S, Lisziewicz J, Lorincz O, Sanders NN. Vaccination of mice using the West Nile virus E-protein in a DNA prime-protein boost strategy stimulates cell-mediated immunity and protects mice against a lethal challenge. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87837. [PMID: 24503579 PMCID: PMC3913677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, Europe and the United States. There is currently no antiviral treatment or human vaccine available to treat or prevent WNV infection. DNA plasmid-based vaccines represent a new approach for controlling infectious diseases. In rodents, DNA vaccines have been shown to induce B cell and cytotoxic T cell responses and protect against a wide range of infections. In this study, we formulated a plasmid DNA vector expressing the ectodomain of the E-protein of WNV into nanoparticles by using linear polyethyleneimine (lPEI) covalently bound to mannose and examined the potential of this vaccine to protect against lethal WNV infection in mice. Mice were immunized twice (prime – boost regime) with the WNV DNA vaccine formulated with lPEI-mannose using different administration routes (intramuscular, intradermal and topical). In parallel a heterologous boost with purified recombinant WNV envelope (E) protein was evaluated. While no significant E-protein specific humoral response was generated after DNA immunization, protein boosting of DNA-primed mice resulted in a marked increase in total neutralizing antibody titer. In addition, E-specific IL-4 T-cell immune responses were detected by ELISPOT after protein boost and CD8+ specific IFN-γ expression was observed by flow cytometry. Challenge experiments using the heterologous immunization regime revealed protective immunity to homologous and virulent WNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina De Filette
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Silke Soehle
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Ulbert
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Justin Richner
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Luisa Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefan Roels
- Operational Direction Interactions and Surveillance, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA/CERVA), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julianna Lisziewicz
- Genetic Immunity, Budapest, Hungary and McLean, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Orsolya Lorincz
- Genetic Immunity, Budapest, Hungary and McLean, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Niek N. Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of repeated doses of dermavir, a candidate therapeutic HIV vaccine, in HIV-infected patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy: results of the ACTG 5176 trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 64:351-9. [PMID: 24169120 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3182a99590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-specific cellular immune responses are associated with control of viremia and delayed disease progression. An effective therapeutic vaccine could mimic these effects and reduce the need for continued antiretroviral therapy. DermaVir, a topically administered plasmid DNA-nanomedicine expressing HIV (CladeB) virus-like particles consisting of 15 antigens, induces predominantly central memory T-cell responses. METHODS Treated HIV-infected adults (HIV RNA <50 and CD4 >350) were randomized to placebo or escalating DermaVir doses (0.1 or 0.4 mg of plasmid DNA at weeks 1, 7, and 13 in the low- and intermediate-dose groups and 0.8 mg at weeks 0, 1, 6, 7, 12, and 13 in the high-dose group), n = 5-6 evaluable subjects per group. Immunogenicity was assessed by a 12-day cultured interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay at baseline and at weeks 9, 17, and 37 using 1 Tat/Rev and 3 overlapping Gag peptide pools (p17, p24, and p15). RESULTS Groups were comparable at baseline. The study intervention was well tolerated, without dose-limiting toxicities. Most responses were highest at week 17 (4 weeks after last vaccination) when Gag p24 responses were significantly greater among intermediate-dose group compared with control subjects [median (IQR): 67,600 (5633-74,368) versus 1194 (9-1667)] net spot-forming units per million cells, P = 0.032. In the intermediate-dose group, there was also a marginal Gag p15 response increase from baseline to week 17 [2859 (1867-56,933), P = 0.06], and this change was significantly greater than in the placebo group [0 (-713 to 297), P = 0.016]. CONCLUSIONS DermaVir administration was associated with a trend toward greater HIV-specific, predominantly central memory T-cell responses. The intermediate DermaVir dose tended to show the greatest immunogenicity, consistent with previous studies in different HIV-infected patient populations.
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Garaczi E, Szabó K, Francziszti L, Csiszovszki Z, Lőrincz O, Tőke ER, Molnár L, Bitai T, Jánossy T, Bata-Csörgő Z, Kemény L, Lisziewicz J. DermAll nanomedicine for allergen-specific immunotherapy. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 9:1245-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bolhassani A, Javanzad S, Saleh T, Hashemi M, Aghasadeghi MR, Sadat SM. Polymeric nanoparticles: potent vectors for vaccine delivery targeting cancer and infectious diseases. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 10:321-32. [PMID: 24128651 PMCID: PMC4185908 DOI: 10.4161/hv.26796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocarriers with various compositions and biological properties have been extensively applied for in vitro/in vivo drug and gene delivery. The family of nanocarriers includes polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based carriers (liposomes/micelles), dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, and gold nanoparticles (nanoshells/nanocages). Among different delivery systems, polymeric carriers have several properties such as: easy to synthesize, inexpensive, biocompatible, biodegradable, non-immunogenic, non-toxic, and water soluble. In addition, cationic polymers seem to produce more stable complexes led to a more protection during cellular trafficking than cationic lipids. Nanoparticles often show significant adjuvant effects in vaccine delivery since they may be easily taken up by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Natural polymers such as polysaccharides and synthetic polymers have demonstrated great potential to form vaccine nanoparticles. The development of new adjuvants or delivery systems for DNA and protein immunization is an expanding research field. This review describes polymeric carriers especially PLGA, chitosan, and PEI as vaccine delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDs; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Javanzad
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDs; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran, Iran
- Department of genetics; Islamic Azad University; Tehran Medical Branch; Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Saleh
- Department of Nanobiotechnology; Faculty of Biological Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of genetics; Islamic Azad University; Tehran Medical Branch; Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Mehdi Sadat
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDs; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran, Iran
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Horkay
- Section on Tissue Biophysics and Biomimetics; NICHD, National Institutes of Health; 13 South Drive; Bethesda; MD; 20892; USA
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Buonaguro L, Tagliamonte M, Visciano ML, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM. Developments in virus-like particle-based vaccines for HIV. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:119-127. [PMID: 23414404 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) hold great promise for the development of effective and affordable vaccines. VLPs, indeed, are suitable for presentation and efficient delivery to antigen-presenting cells of linear as well as conformational antigens. This will ultimately result in a crosspresentation with both MHC class I and II molecules to prime CD4(+) T-helper and CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells. This review describes an update on the development and use of VLPs as vaccine approaches for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Buonaguro
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori 'Fond Pascale', Via Mariano Semmola 142, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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Lisziewicz J, Tőke ER. Nanomedicine applications towards the cure of HIV. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 9:28-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Taylor CA, Liu Z, Tang TC, Zheng Q, Francis S, Wang TW, Ye B, Lust JA, Dondero R, Thompson JE. Modulation of eIF5A expression using SNS01 nanoparticles inhibits NF-κB activity and tumor growth in murine models of multiple myeloma. Mol Ther 2012; 20:1305-14. [PMID: 22588272 PMCID: PMC3392975 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the first-line treatment of multiple myeloma, almost all patients eventually experience relapse with drug-resistant disease. New therapeutic modalities are needed, and to this end, SNS01, a therapeutic nanoparticle, is being investigated for treatment of multiple myeloma. The antitumoral activity of SNS01 is based upon modulation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), a highly conserved protein that is involved in many cellular processes including proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and inflammation. eIF5A is regulated by post-translational hypusine modification, and overexpression of hypusination-resistant mutants of eIF5A induces apoptosis in many types of cancer cells. SNS01 is a polyethylenimine (PEI)-based nanoparticle that contains both a B-cell-specific expression plasmid expressing a non-hypusinable mutant of eIF5A and a small interfering RNA (siRNA) which depletes endogenous hypusinated eIF5A. Reducing hypusine-modified eIF5A levels was found to inhibit phosphorylation and activity of ERK MAPK and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and thus sensitize myeloma cells to apoptosis resulting from transfection of a plasmid expressing eIF5A(K50R). SNS01 exhibited significant antitumoral activity in both KAS-6/1 (95% inhibition; P < 0.05) and RPMI 8226 (59% inhibition; P < 0.05) multiple myeloma xenograft models following systemic administration. These results highlight the potential of using this approach as a new therapeutic strategy for multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Taylor
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhongda Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Terence C Tang
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qifa Zheng
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Francis
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tzann-Wei Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bin Ye
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - John A Lust
- Department of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - John E Thompson
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Senesco Technologies, Bridgewater, New Jersey, USA
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Lisziewicz J, Bakare N, Calarota SA, Bánhegyi D, Szlávik J, Ujhelyi E, Tőke ER, Molnár L, Lisziewicz Z, Autran B, Lori F. Single DermaVir immunization: dose-dependent expansion of precursor/memory T cells against all HIV antigens in HIV-1 infected individuals. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35416. [PMID: 22590502 PMCID: PMC3348904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The GIHU004 study was designed to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of three doses of DermaVir immunization in HIV-infected subjects on fully suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Methodology/Principal Findings This first-in-human dose escalation study was conducted with three topical DermaVir doses targeted to epidermal Langerhans cells to express fifteen HIV antigens in draining lymph nodes: 0.1 mg DNA targeted to two, 0.4 mg and 0.8 mg DNA targeted to four lymph nodes. Particularly, in the medium dose cohort 0.1 mg DNA was targeted per draining lymph node via ∼8 million Langerhans cells located in 80 cm2 epidermis area. The 28-days study with 48-week safety follow-up evaluated HIV-specific T cell responses against Gag p17, Gag p24 and Gag p15, Tat and Rev antigens. DermaVir-associated side effects were mild, transient and not dose-dependent. Boosting of HIV-specific effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing IFN-gamma and IL-2 was detected against several antigens in every subject of the medium dose cohort. The striking result was the dose-dependent expansion of HIV-specific precursor/memory T cells with high proliferation capacity. In low, medium and high dose cohorts this HIV-specific T cell population increased by 325-, 136,202 and 50,759 counts after 4 weeks, and by 3,899, 9,878 and 18,382 counts after one year, respectively, compared to baseline. Conclusions/Significance Single immunization with the DermaVir candidate therapeutic vaccine was safe and immunogenic in HIV-infected individuals. Based on the potent induction of Gag, Tat and Rev-specific memory T cells, especially in the medium dose cohort, we speculate that DermaVir boost T cell responses specific to all the 15 HIV antigens expressed from the single DNA. For durable immune reactivity repeated DermaVir immunization might be required since the frequency of DermaVir-boosted HIV-specific memory T cells decreased during the 48-week follow up. Trial Registration ClinicalTrial.gov NCT00712530.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianna Lisziewicz
- Genetic Immunity, Budapest, Hungary and Genetic Immunity Inc, Mclean, Virginia, United States of America.
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Lori F. DermaVir: a plasmid DNA-based nanomedicine therapeutic vaccine for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 10:1371-84. [PMID: 21988301 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The HIV global pandemic continues to rage with over 33 million people living with the disease. Although multidrug therapy has improved the prognosis for those infected by the virus, it has not eradicated the infection. Immunological therapies, including therapeutic vaccines, are needed to supplement drug therapy in the search for a 'functional cure' for HIV. DermaVir (Genetic Immunity Kft, Budapest, Hungary and McLean, Virginia, USA), an experimental HIV/AIDS therapeutic vaccine, combines three key elements of rational therapeutic vaccine design: a single plasmid DNA (pDNA) immunogen expressing 15 HIV antigens, a synthetic pDNA nanomedicine formulation and a dendritic cell-targeting topical-vaccine administration. DermaVir's novel mechanism of action, natural transport by epidermal Langerhans cells to the lymph nodes to express the pDNA-encoded HIV antigens and induce precursor/memory T cells with high proliferation capacity, has been consistently demonstrated in mouse, rabbit, primate and human subjects. Safety, immunogenicity and preliminary efficacy of DermaVir have been clinically demonstrated in HIV-infected human subjects. The DermaVir technology platform for dendritic cell-based therapeutic vaccination might offer a new treatment paradigm for cancer and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Lori
- ViroStatics srl, Viale Umberto I, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
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Ji W, Panus D, Palumbo RN, Tang R, Wang C. Poly(2-aminoethyl methacrylate) with well-defined chain length for DNA vaccine delivery to dendritic cells. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:4373-85. [PMID: 22082257 DOI: 10.1021/bm201360v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Poly(2-aminoethyl methacrylate) (PAEM) homopolymers with defined chain length and narrow molecular weight distribution were synthesized using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), and a comprehensive study was conducted to evaluate the colloidal properties of PAEM/plasmid DNA polyplexes, the uptake and subcellular trafficking of polyplexes in antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs), and the biological performance of PAEM as a potential DNA vaccine carrier. PAEM of different chain length (45, 75, and 150 repeating units) showed varying strength in condensing plasmid DNA into narrowly dispersed nanoparticles with very low cytotoxicity. Longer polymer chain length resulted in higher levels of overall cellular uptake and nuclear uptake of plasmid DNA, but shorter polymer chains favored intracellular and intranuclear release of free plasmid from the polyplexes. Despite its simple chemical structure, PAEM transfected DCs very efficiently in vitro in media with or without serum and led to phenotypic maturation of DCs. When a model antigen-encoding ovalbumin plasmid was used, transfected DCs stimulated the activation of naïve CD8(+) T cells to produce high levels of interferon-γ. The efficiency of transfection, DC maturation, and CD8(+) T cell activation showed varying degrees of polymer chain-length dependence. These structurally defined cationic polymers may have much potential as efficient DNA vaccine carriers and immunostimulatory adjuvants. They may also serve as a model material system for elucidating structural and intracellular mechanisms of polymer-mediated DNA vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihang Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Abstract
SiRNA is the trigger of RNA interference, a mechanism discovered in the late 1990s. To release the therapeutic potential of this versatile but large and fragile molecule, excipients are used which either interact by electrostatic interaction, passively encapsulate siRNA or are covalently attached to enable specific and safe delivery of the drug substance. Controlling the delicate balance between protective complexation and release of siRNA at the right point and time is done by understanding excipients–siRNA interactions. These can be lipids, polymers such as PEI, PLGA, Chitosans, Cyclodextrins, as well as aptamers and peptides. This review describes the mechanisms of interaction of the most commonly used siRNA delivery vehicles, and looks at the results of their clinical and preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bruno
- Novartis Pharma AG, Technical Research & Development (TRD), Pharmaceutical and Analytical Development (PHAD), CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland.
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36
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Abstract
The living epidermis and dermis are rich in antigen presenting cells (APCs). Their activation can elicit a strong humoral and cellular immune response as well as mucosal immunity. Therefore, the skin is a very attractive site for vaccination, and an intradermal application of antigen may be much more effective than a subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. However, the stratum corneum (SC) is a most effective barrier against the invasion of topically applied vaccines. Products which have reached the stage of clinical testing, avoid this problem by injecting the nano‐vaccine intradermally or by employing a barrier disrupting method and applying the vaccine to a relatively large skin area. Needle‐free vaccination is desirable from a number of aspects: ease of application, improved patient acceptance and less risk of infection among them. Nanocarriers can be designed in a way that they can overcome the SC. Also incorporation into nanocarriers protects instable antigen from degradation, improves uptake and processing by APCs, and facilitates endosomal escape and nuclear delivery of DNA vaccines. In addition, sustained release systems may build a depot in the tissue gradually releasing antigen which may avoid booster doses. Therefore, nanoformulations of vaccines for transcutaneous immunization are currently a very dynamic field of research. Among the huge variety of nanocarrier systems that are investigated hopes lie on ultra‐flexible liposomes, superfine rigid nanoparticles and nanocarriers, which are taken up by hair follicles. The potential and pitfalls associated with these three classes of carriers will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffi Hansen
- Department of Drug Delivery, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland-HIPS, Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research-HZI, Saarbruecken, Germany.
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Lőrincz O, Tőke ER, Somogyi E, Horkay F, Chandran PL, Douglas JF, Szebeni J, Lisziewicz J. Structure and biological activity of pathogen-like synthetic nanomedicines. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 8:497-506. [PMID: 21839051 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Here we characterize the structure, stability and intracellular mode of action of DermaVir nanomedicine that is under clinical development for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. This nanomedicine comprises pathogen-like pDNA/PEIm nanoparticles (NPs) having the structure and function resembling spherical viruses that naturally evolved to deliver nucleic acids to the cells. Atomic force microscopy demonstrated spherical 100 - 200 nm NPs with a smooth polymer surface protecting the pDNA in the core. Optical absorption determined both the NP structural stability and biological activity relevant to their ability to escape from the endosome and release the pDNA at the nucleus. Salt, pH and temperature influence nanomedicine shelf-life and intracellular stability. This approach facilitates the development of diverse polyplex nanomedicines where the delivered pDNA-expressed antigens induce immune responses to kill infected cells. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR The authors investigated DermaVir nanomedicine comprised of pathogen-like pDNA/PEIm nanoparticles with structure and function resembling spherical viruses. DermaVir delivery of pDNA expresses antigens that induce immune responses to kill HIV infected cells.
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Abstract
This review provides a detailed look at the attributes and immunologic mechanisms of plasmid DNA vaccines and their utility as laboratory tools as well as potential human vaccines. The immunogenicity and efficacy of DNA vaccines in a variety of preclinical models is used to illustrate how they differ from traditional vaccines in novel ways due to the in situ antigen production and the ease with which they are constructed. The ability to make new DNA vaccines without needing to handle a virulent pathogen or to adapt the pathogen for manufacturing purposes demonstrates the potential value of this vaccine technology for use against emerging and epidemic pathogens. Similarly, personalized anti-tumor DNA vaccines can also readily be made from a biopsy. Because DNA vaccines bias the T-helper (Th) cell response to a Th1 phenotype, DNA vaccines are also under development for vaccines against allergy and autoimmune diseases. The licensure of four animal health products, including two prophylactic vaccines against infectious diseases, one immunotherapy for cancer, and one gene therapy delivery of a hormone for a food animal, provides evidence of the efficacy of DNA vaccines in multiple species including horses and pigs. The size of these target animals provides evidence that the somewhat disappointing immunogenicity of DNA vaccines in a number of human clinical trials is not due simply to the larger mass of humans compared with most laboratory animals. The insights gained from the mechanisms of protection in the animal vaccines, the advances in the delivery and expression technologies for increasing the potency of DNA vaccines, and encouragingly potent human immune responses in certain clinical trials, provide insights for future efforts to develop DNA vaccines into a broadly useful vaccine and immunotherapy platform with applications for human and animal health.
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Amplified antigen-specific immune responses in HIV-1 infected individuals in a double blind DNA immunization and therapy interruption trial. Vaccine 2011; 29:5558-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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A plasmid DNA immunogen expressing fifteen protein antigens and complex virus-like particles (VLP+) mimicking naturally occurring HIV. Vaccine 2011; 29:744-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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van den Berg JH, Nuijen B, Schumacher TN, Haanen JBAG, Storm G, Beijnen JH, Hennink WE. Synthetic vehicles for DNA vaccination. J Drug Target 2010; 18:1-14. [PMID: 19814658 DOI: 10.3109/10611860903278023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccination is an attractive immunization method able to induce robust cellular immune responses in pre-clinical models. However, clinical DNA vaccination trials performed thus far have resulted in marginal responses. Consequently, strategies are currently under development to improve the efficacy of DNA vaccines. A promising strategy is the use of synthetic particle formulations as carrier systems for DNA vaccines. This review discusses commonly used synthetic carriers for DNA vaccination and provides an overview of in vivo studies that use this strategy. Future recommendations on particle characteristics, target cell types and evaluation models are suggested for the potential improvement of current and novel particle delivery systems. Finally, hurdles which need to be tackled for clinical evaluation of these systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost H van den Berg
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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42
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Cafaro A, Macchia I, Maggiorella MT, Titti F, Ensoli B. Innovative approaches to develop prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against HIV/AIDS. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 655:189-242. [PMID: 20047043 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1132-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) emerged in the human population in the summer of 1981. According to the latest United Nations estimates, worldwide over 33 million people are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the prevalence rates continue to rise globally. To control the alarming spread of HIV, an urgent need exists for developing a safe and effective vaccine that prevents individuals from becoming infected or progressing to disease. To be effective, an HIV/AIDS vaccine should induce broad and long-lasting humoral and cellular immune responses, at both mucosal and systemic level. However, the nature of protective immune responses remains largely elusive and this represents one of the major roadblocks preventing the development of an effective vaccine. Here we summarize our present understanding of the factors responsible for resistance to infection or control of progression to disease in human and monkey that may be relevant to vaccine development and briefly review recent approaches which are currently being tested in clinical trials. Finally, the rationale and the current status of novel strategies based on nonstructural HIV-1 proteins, such as Tat, Nef and Rev, used alone or in combination with modified structural HIV-1 Env proteins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Cafaro
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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43
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das Neves J, Amiji MM, Bahia MF, Sarmento B. Nanotechnology-based systems for the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:458-77. [PMID: 19914314 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The HIV/AIDS pandemic is an increasing global burden with devastating health-related and socioeconomic effects. The widespread use of antiretroviral therapy has dramatically improved life quality and expectancy of infected individuals, but limitations of currently available drug regimens and dosage forms, alongside with the extraordinary adapting capacity of the virus, have impaired further success. Alongside, circumventing the escalating number of new infections can only be attained with effective and practical preventative strategies. Recent advances in the field of drug delivery are providing evidence that engineered nanosystems may contribute importantly for the enhancement of current antiretroviral therapy. Additionally, groundwork is also being carried out in the field nanotechnology-based systems for developing preventative solutions for HIV transmission. This manuscript reviews recent advances in the field of nanotechnology-based systems for the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS. Particular attention is given to antiretroviral drug targeting to HIV reservoirs and the usefulness of nanosystems for developing topical microbicides and vaccines.
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Tang R, Palumbo RN, Nagarajan L, Krogstad E, Wang C. Well-defined block copolymers for gene delivery to dendritic cells: probing the effect of polycation chain-length. J Control Release 2010; 142:229-37. [PMID: 19874858 PMCID: PMC2823989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of safe and efficient polymer carriers for DNA vaccine delivery requires mechanistic understanding of structure-function relationship of the polymer carriers and their interaction with antigen-presenting cells. Here we have synthesized a series of diblock copolymers with well-defined chain-length using atom transfer radical polymerization and characterized the influence of polycation chain-length on the physico-chemical properties of the polymer/DNA complexes as well as the interaction with dendritic cells. The copolymers consist of a hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) block and a cationic poly(aminoethyl methacrylate) (PAEM) block. The average degree of polymerization (DP) of the PAEM block was varied among 19, 39, and 75, with nearly uniform distribution. With increasing PAEM chain-length, polyplexes formed by the diblock copolymers and plasmid DNA had smaller average particle size and showed higher stability against electrostatic destabilization by salt and heparin. The polymers were not toxic to mouse dendritic cells (DCs) and only displayed chain-length-dependent toxicity at a high concentration (1mg/mL). In vitro gene transfection efficiency and polyplex uptake in DCs were also found to correlate with chain-length of the PAEM block with the longer polymer chain favoring transfection and cellular uptake. The polyplexes induced a modest up-regulation of surface markers for DC maturation that was not significantly dependent on PAEM chain-length. Finally, the polyplex prepared from the longest PAEM block (DP of 75) achieved an average of 20% enhancement over non-condensed anionic dextran in terms of uptake by DCs in the draining lymph nodes 24h after subcutaneous injection into mice. Insights gained from studying such structurally well-defined polymer carriers and their interaction with dendritic cells may contribute to improved design of practically useful DNA vaccine delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupei Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - R. Noelle Palumbo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lakshmi Nagarajan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Emily Krogstad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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45
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Immune responses to polyethylenimine-mannose-delivered plasmid DNA encoding a Fasciola gigantica fatty acid binding protein in mice. J Helminthol 2009; 84:149-55. [PMID: 19723356 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x0999037x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola gigantica fatty acid binding protein (FABP) was evaluated for evoking an immune response in mice, by delivering the gene coding for this protein with mannosylated-polyethylenimine (PEI) to peritoneal cells. Mice were immunized with 50 microg recombinant plasmid DNA (Group I) or DNA-PEI-mannose (a 22 kDa linear cationic polymer with mannose ligand) (Group II) via the intraperitoneal route. Antibody studies showed no significant humoral immune response evoked to this DNA immunization with either PEI-mannose-delivered or naked DNA. However, on protein boosting of these DNA-primed mice there was a significant enhancement of antibody titre. Flow cytometric bead array was used to measure quantities of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) cytokines. Overexpression of T-helper 1 (Th1) cytokines such as IFN-gamma and TNF, with a lower but significant expression of the T-helper 2 (Th2) cytokine IL-5 was detected. Gene delivery using polyethylenimine-mannose ligand showed significant expression of IFN-gamma and TNF (P < 0.05), but no significant difference in IL-2, IL-4 and IL-5 (P>0.05) cytokine expression was observed between naked-DNA- and mannosylated PEI-DNA-delivered mice. Naked- or PEI-delivered-DNA immunization produced insignificant levels of IL-2 and IL-4 (P>0.05) cytokines in both groups of mice.
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46
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Laddy DJ, Weiner DB. From Plasmids to Protection: A Review of DNA Vaccines Against Infectious Diseases. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 25:99-123. [PMID: 16818367 DOI: 10.1080/08830180600785827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The field of DNA vaccine development began over 16 years ago with the observation that plasmid DNA could be injected into and expressed in vivo and drive adaptive immune responses. Since then, there has been great interest in developing this technology to create a new generation of vaccines with the ability to elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses from an inherently innocuous injection. However, DNA vaccines have yet to proceed past phase I/II clinical trials in humans--primarily due to a desire to induce more potent immune responses. This review will examine how DNA vaccines function to induce an immune response and how this information might be useful in future vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominick J Laddy
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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47
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Nguyen DN, Green JJ, Chan JM, Longer R, Anderson DG. Polymeric Materials for Gene Delivery and DNA Vaccination. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2009; 21:847-867. [PMID: 28413262 PMCID: PMC5391878 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200801478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Gene delivery holds great potential for the treatment of many different diseases. Vaccination with DNA holds particular promise, and may provide a solution to many technical challenges that hinder traditional vaccine systems including rapid development and production and induction of robust cell-mediated immune responses. However, few candidate DNA vaccines have progressed past preclinical development and none have been approved for human use. This Review focuses on the recent progress and challenges facing materials design for nonviral DNA vaccine drug delivery systems. In particular, we highlight work on new polymeric materials and their effects on protective immune activation, gene delivery, and current efforts to optimize polymeric delivery systems for DNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Nguyen
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, E25 Room 342, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Jordan J Green
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, E25 Room 342, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Juliana M Chan
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, E25 Room 342, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Robert Longer
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, E25 Room 342, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, E25 Room 342, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) have profound abilities to induce and coordinate T-cell immunity. This makes them ideal biological agents for use in immunotherapeutic strategies to augment T-cell immunity to HIV infection. Current clinical trials are administering DC-HIV antigen preparations carried out ex vivo as proof of principle that DC immunotherapy is safe and efficacious in HIV-infected patients. These trials are largely dependent on preclinical studies that will provide knowledge and guidance about the types of DC, form of HIV antigen, method of DC maturation, route of DC administration, measures of anti-HIV immune function and ultimately control of HIV replication. Additionally, promising immunotherapy approaches are being developed based on targeting of DC with HIV antigens in vivo. The objective is to define a safe and effective strategy for enhancing control of HIV infection in patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Bonnet ME, Erbacher P, Bolcato-Bellemin AL. Systemic delivery of DNA or siRNA mediated by linear polyethylenimine (L-PEI) does not induce an inflammatory response. Pharm Res 2008; 25:2972-82. [PMID: 18709489 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9693-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The success of nucleic acid therapies depends upon delivery vehicle's ability to selectively and efficiently deliver therapeutic nucleic acids to target organ with minimal toxicity. The cationic polymer polyethylenimine (PEI) has been widely used for nucleic acid delivery due to its versatility and efficiency. In particular, the last generation of linear PEI (L-PEI) is being more efficient in vivo than the first generation of branched PEI. This led to several clinical trials including phase II bladder cancer therapy and human immunodeficiency virus immunotherapy. When moving towards to the clinic, it is crucial to identify potential side-effects induced by the delivery vehicle. MATERIALS AND METHODS For this purpose we have analyzed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12/IL-23, IFN-beta and IL-1beta] and hepatic enzyme levels (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase) in the blood serum of mice after systemic injection of DNA or siRNAs delivered with L-PEI. RESULTS Our data show no major production of pro-inflammatory cytokines or hepatic enzymes after injection of DNA or oligonucleotides active for RNA interference (siRNAs or sticky siRNAs) complexed with L-PEI. Only a slight induction of IFN-gamma was measured after DNA delivery, which is probably induced by the CpG mediated response. CONCLUSION Taken together our data highlight that linear polyethylenimine is a delivery reagent of choice for nucleic acid therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Elise Bonnet
- Polyplus-transfection SA, Bioparc, BP90018, Boulevard Sébastien Brandt, Illkirch Cedex, France
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Irache JM, Salman HH, Gamazo C, Espuelas S. Mannose-targeted systems for the delivery of therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008; 5:703-24. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.5.6.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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