1
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Golawska S, Charalambidou I, Surmacki A, Golawski A. Tourism influences escape behavior of lizards in relationship with human clothing color. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16869. [PMID: 39043804 PMCID: PMC11266688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Increased tourism pressure modifies animal behavior, including alterations in anti-predator responses and foraging activity. In areas with high tourist presence, animals may become accustomed to increased human activity and adjust the intensity of some defensive responses. An animal's anti-predation ability is usually estimated by measuring its Alert Initiation Distance (AID) and Flight Initiation Distance (FID). Both indexes are affected by multiple factors including the color of the observer's clothing. Animal behavior is also influenced by human presence, and individuals may become accustomed to increased human presence, e.g. in tourist areas. In this study, we analysed the escape behavior of the endemic Cyprus rock agama (Laudakia cypriaca) in relation to the observers clothing color. Our results showed that AIDs and FIDs of agamas in tourist areas were significantly shorter than those in non-tourist areas. Moreover, in non-tourist areas, AIDs and FIDs of agamas were significantly longer when the observer wore red clothes, compared to green and grey clothes. Our results may be helpful in planning research taking into account various colored clothing based on expected reptilian reactions. Furthermore, our results may determine the proximity at which humans interact with animals, considering clothing color, to prevent negative impacts especially on rare and protected lizard species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Golawska
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Siedlce, Prusa 14, 08-110, Siedlce, Poland
| | - Iris Charalambidou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Adrian Surmacki
- Department of Avian Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Artur Golawski
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Siedlce, Prusa 14, 08-110, Siedlce, Poland.
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2
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Kosciolek C, Desurmont GA, Thomann T, Zamprogna A, Caron V. Toward a push-pull strategy against invasive snails using chemical and visual stimuli. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11511. [PMID: 38769354 PMCID: PMC11106284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Four invasive Mediterranean snails, i.e., Theba pisana (Müller, 1774), Cernuella virgata (da Costa, 1778), Cochlicella acuta (Müller, 1774) and Cochlicella barbara (Linnaeus, 1758) cost $170 million yearly to the grain industry in Australia. Their impact is mainly due to their estivation behavior: snails climb on cereal and legume stalks to rest during summer, which coincides with harvest, causing grain contamination issues in crops such as wheat, barley and canola. Diverse management methods have been developed to regulate snail populations, with limited success. Our study investigates the potential for a push-pull strategy to divert invasive snails from cultivated fields. A "push" part (i.e. using a repellent stimuli) was based on the use of a chemical deterrent repelling snails from the cultivated field, and a "pull" part (i.e. using an attractive stimuli) was based on offering attractive estivation supports for snails to aggregate outside the cultivated field. First, artificial estivation supports of different colors were tested under laboratory and field conditions and showed that red supports were the most attractive for these snails. Second, different substances were tested as potential snail deterrents (garlic, coffee, coffee grounds, copper). Garlic extracts were the most powerful snail deterrent and were shown to effectively protect an estivation support and food source from snails under laboratory conditions. These results, which were highly consistent for the four species, illustrate the potential of a push-pull strategy against invasive snails in Australia. It is the first attempt to develop a push-pull strategy relying on both visual and chemical stimuli to achieve results, as well as manipulating the estivation behavior of a pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Kosciolek
- CSIRO European Laboratory, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34980, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Gaylord A Desurmont
- European Biological Control Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 810 Avenue de Baillarguet, 34980, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Thierry Thomann
- CSIRO European Laboratory, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34980, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Alberto Zamprogna
- CSIRO European Laboratory, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34980, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Valérie Caron
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Clunies Ross Street, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Kirinari Street, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia.
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3
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Casorso JG, DePasquale AN, Romero Morales S, Cheves Hernandez S, Lopez Navarro R, Hockings KJ, Carrigan MA, Melin AD. Seed dispersal syndrome predicts ethanol concentration of fruits in a tropical dry forest. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230804. [PMID: 37464751 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying fruit traits and their interactions with seed dispersers can improve how we interpret patterns of biodiversity, ecosystem function and evolution. Mounting evidence suggests that fruit ethanol is common and variable, and may exert selective pressures on seed dispersers. To test this, we comprehensively assess fruit ethanol content in a wild ecosystem and explore sources of variation. We hypothesize that both phylogeny and seed dispersal syndrome explain variation in ethanol levels, and we predict that fruits with mammalian dispersal traits will contain higher levels of ethanol than those with bird dispersal traits. We measured ripe fruit ethanol content in species with mammal- (n = 16), bird- (n = 14) or mixed-dispersal (n = 7) syndromes in a Costa Rican tropical dry forest. Seventy-eight per cent of fruit species yielded measurable ethanol concentrations. We detected a phylogenetic signal in maximum ethanol levels (Pagel's λ = 0.82). Controlling for phylogeny, we observed greater ethanol concentrations in mammal-dispersed fruits, indicating that dispersal syndrome helps explain variation in ethanol content, and that mammals may be more exposed to ethanol in their diets than birds. Our findings further our understanding of wild fruit ethanol and its potential role as a selective pressure on frugivore sensory systems and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia G Casorso
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Allegra N DePasquale
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Amanda D Melin
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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4
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Villoutreix R, de Carvalho CF, Feder JL, Gompert Z, Nosil P. Disruptive selection and the evolution of discrete color morphs in Timema stick insects. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabm8157. [PMID: 37000882 PMCID: PMC10065444 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm8157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A major unresolved issue in biology is why phenotypic and genetic variation is sometimes continuous, yet other times packaged into discrete units of diversity, such as morphs, ecotypes, and species. In theory, ecological discontinuities can impose strong disruptive selection that promotes the evolution of discrete forms, but direct tests of this hypothesis are lacking. Here, we show that Timema stick insects exhibit genetically determined color morphs that range from weakly to strongly discontinuous. Color data from nature and a manipulative field experiment demonstrate that greater morph differentiation is associated with shifts from host plants exhibiting more continuous color variation to those exhibiting greater coloration distance between green leaves and brown stems, the latter of which generates strong disruptive selection. Our results show how ecological factors can promote discrete variation, and we further present results on how this can have variable effects on the genetic differentiation that promotes speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clarissa F. de Carvalho
- CEFE, Université Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, UNIFESP, Diadema 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey L. Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | | | - Patrik Nosil
- CEFE, Université Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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5
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Hazell RJ, Sam K, Sreekar R, Yama S, Koagouw W, Stewart AJA, Peck MR. Bird preferences for fruit size, but not color, vary in accordance with fruit traits along a tropical elevational gradient. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9835. [PMID: 36818525 PMCID: PMC9929344 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Birds constitute one of the most important seed dispersal agents globally, especially in the tropics. The feeding preferences of frugivorous birds are, therefore, potentially of great ecological importance. A number of laboratory-based and observational studies have attempted to ascertain the preferences of certain bird species for certain fruit traits. However, little attention has been paid to community-wide preferences of frugivorous birds and the impact this may have on fruit traits on a broader scale. Here, we used artificial fruits of different colors and sizes to investigate community-wide fruit trait preferences of birds at three sites along an elevational gradient in Papua New Guinea. We recorded attack rates on artificial fruits as visible impressions made by a bird's beak during a feeding attempt. We also measured the colors and sizes of real fruits at each site, and the gape widths of frugivorous birds, allowing for comparisons between bird feeding preferences and bird and fruit traits. Regardless of elevation, red and purple fruits were universally preferred to green and attacked at similar rates to one another, despite strong elevational patterns in real fruit color. However, elevation had a significant effect on fruit size preferences. A weak, non-significant preference for large fruits was recorded at 700 m, while medium fruits were strongly preferred at 1700 m and small fruits at 2700 m. These patterns mirror those of both real fruit size and frugivorous bird gape width along the gradient, suggesting the potential for selective pressure of birds on fruit size at different elevations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Hazell
- Department of Evolution, Behaviour and Environment, School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Katerina Sam
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of EntomologyCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic,Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Rachakonda Sreekar
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of EntomologyCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Samson Yama
- New Guinea Binatang Research CentreMadangPapua New Guinea
| | - Wulan Koagouw
- National Research and Innovation AgencyCentral JakartaIndonesia
| | - Alan J. A. Stewart
- Department of Evolution, Behaviour and Environment, School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Mika R. Peck
- Department of Evolution, Behaviour and Environment, School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
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6
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Sinnott-Armstrong MA, Middleton R, Ogawa Y, Jacucci G, Moyroud E, Glover BJ, Rudall PJ, Vignolini S, Donoghue MJ. Multiple origins of lipid-based structural colors contribute to a gradient of fruit colors in Viburnum (Adoxaceae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:643-655. [PMID: 36229924 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Structural color is poorly known in plants relative to animals. In fruits, only a handful of cases have been described, including in Viburnum tinus where the blue color results from a disordered multilayered reflector made of lipid droplets. Here, we examine the broader evolutionary context of fruit structural color across the genus Viburnum. We obtained fresh and herbarium fruit material from 30 Viburnum species spanning the phylogeny and used transmission electron microscopy, optical simulations, and ancestral state reconstruction to identify the presence/absence of photonic structures in each species, understand the mechanism producing structural color in newly identified species, relate the development of cell wall structure to reflectance in Viburnum dentatum, and describe the evolution of cell wall architecture across Viburnum. We identify at least two (possibly three) origins of blue fruit color in Viburnum in species which produce large photonic structures made of lipid droplets embedded in the cell wall and which reflect blue light. Examining the full spectrum of mechanisms producing color in pl, including structural color as well as pigments, will yield further insights into the diversity, ecology, and evolution of fruit color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda A Sinnott-Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, PO Box 208106, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Rox Middleton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Av, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Yu Ogawa
- CERMAV, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Gianni Jacucci
- UMR 8552, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Collège de France, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Normale Supérieure-Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Edwige Moyroud
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 ILR, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Beverley J Glover
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | | | - Silvia Vignolini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Michael J Donoghue
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, PO Box 208106, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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7
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Rickenback J, Pennington RT, Lehmann CER. Diversity in habit expands the environmental niche of
Ziziphus
(Rhamnaceae). Biotropica 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jess Rickenback
- School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
- Tropical Diversity Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - R. Toby Pennington
- Tropical Diversity Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Exeter UK
| | - Caroline E. R. Lehmann
- School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
- Tropical Diversity Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
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8
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Tedore C, Tedore K, Westcott D, Suttner C, Nilsson DE. The role of detectability in the evolution of avian-dispersed fruit color. Vision Res 2022; 196:108046. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2022.108046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Oliveira PD, Benevides CR, Greco AV, Leão LCS, Rodarte ATDA, Lima HAD. Fruiting phenology and dispersal syndromes in a sandy coastal plain in southeastern Brazil. RODRIGUÉSIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860202273047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Fruits have a wide variety of morphological and phenological characteristics that have been related to environmental conditions and seed dispersal mode. In this paper, we describe the fruit morphology, the fruiting phenology and infer dispersal patterns of 52 species from restinga of Maricá, Rio de Janeiro, in order to understand the richness and temporal variation of these resources in the community. Fleshy, indehiscent, and colored fruits, typical of zoochory, predominate in the restinga (77.8%). Anemochoric fruits represent 13.3%. In 42% of zoochoric species, fruits go through three to five colors until maturity, and different stages of ripeness can be observed on the same plant. A constant supply of zoochoric and anemochoric fruits was observed throughout the year. Unlike flowering, there were no significant correlations between fruiting activity and intensity and abiotic factors. For the community studied, the fruiting pattern observed also contrasts with flowering, due to the lower seasonality, and intensity suggesting that biotic factors, such as seed dispersers (in the case of zoochoric fruits) may have relevance in determining fruit ripening and seed dispersal periods in coastal environments.
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10
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Teodosio-Faustino IA, Chávez-González E, Ruelas Inzunza E. In a Neotropical Periurban Park, Fruit Consumption by Birds Seems to Be a Random Process. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.630150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Frugivory interactions between birds and fruit-bearing plants are shaped by the abundance of its interacting species, their temporal overlap, the matching of their morphologies, as well as fruit and seed characteristics. Our study evaluates the role of seven factors of fruits and plants in determining the frequency of whole-fruit consumption by birds. We studied the frugivory network of a Neotropical periurban park in Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico, and quantified relative abundance and phenology of birds and fruit, as well as fruit morphology, chromatic and achromatic contrast, and nutritional content. Using a maximum likelihood approach, we compared the observed interaction network with 62 single- and multiple-variable probabilistic models. Our network is composed of 11 plants and 17 birds involved in 81 frugivory interactions. This network is nested, modular, and relatively specialized. However, the frequency of pairwise interactions is not explained by the variables examined in our probabilistic models and found the null model has the best performance. This indicates that no single predictor or combination of them is better at explaining the observed frequency of pairwise interactions than the null model. The subsequent four top-ranking models, with ΔAIC values < 100, are single-variable ones: carbohydrate content, lipid content, chromatic contrast, and morphology. Two- and three-variable models show the poorest fit to observed data. The lack of a deterministic pattern does not support any of our predictions nor neutral- or niche-based processes shaping the observed pattern of fruit consumption in our interaction network. It may also mean that fruit consumption by birds in this periurban park is a random process. Although our study failed to find a pattern, our work exemplifies how investigations done in urban settings, poor in species and interactions, can help us understand the role of disturbance in the organization of frugivory networks and the processes governing their structure.
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11
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Moré M, Ibañez AC, Drewniak ME, Cocucci AA, Raguso RA. Flower Diversification Across "Pollinator Climates": Sensory Aspects of Corolla Color Evolution in the Florally Diverse South American Genus Jaborosa (Solanaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:601975. [PMID: 33365042 PMCID: PMC7750315 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.601975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flower phenotype may diverge within plant lineages when moving across "pollinator climates" (geographic differences in pollinator abundance or preference). Here we explored the potential importance of pollinators as drivers of floral color diversification in the nightshade genus Jaborosa, taking into account color perception capabilities of the actual pollinators (nocturnal hawkmoths vs. saprophilous flies) under a geographic perspective. We analyzed the association between transitions across environments and perceptual color axes using comparative methods. Our results revealed two major evolutionary themes in Jaborosa: (1) a "warm subtropical sphingophilous clade" composed of three hawkmoth-pollinated species found in humid lowland habitats, with large white flowers that clustered together in the visual space of a model hawkmoth (Manduca sexta) and a "cool-temperate brood-deceptive clade" composed of largely fly-pollinated species with small dark flowers found at high altitudes (Andes) or latitudes (Patagonian Steppe), that clustered together in the visual space of a model blowfly (Lucilia sp.) and a syrphid fly (Eristalis tenax). Our findings suggest that the ability of plants to colonize newly formed environments during Andean orogeny and the ecological changes that followed were concomitant with transitions in flower color as perceived by different pollinator functional groups. Our findings suggest that habitat and pollination mode are inextricably linked in the history of this South American plant lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Moré
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana C. Ibañez
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M. Eugenia Drewniak
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea A. Cocucci
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Robert A. Raguso
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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12
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Chen Z, Niu Y, Liu CQ, Sun H. Red flowers differ in shades between pollination systems and across continents. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:837-848. [PMID: 32478385 PMCID: PMC7539362 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Floral colour is a primary signal in plant-pollinator interactions. The association between red flowers and bird pollination is well known, explained by the 'bee avoidance' and 'bird attraction' hypotheses. Nevertheless, the relative importance of these two hypotheses has rarely been investigated on a large scale, even in terms of colour perception per se. METHODS We collected reflectance spectra for 130 red flower species from different continents and ascertained their pollination systems. The spectra were analysed using colour vision models for bees and (three types of) birds, to estimate colour perception by these pollinators. The differences in colour conspicuousness (chromatic and achromatic contrast, purity) and in spectral properties between pollination systems and across continents were analysed. KEY RESULTS Compared with other floral colours, red flowers are very conspicuous to birds and much less conspicuous to bees. The red flowers pollinated by bees and by birds are more conspicuous to their respective pollinators. Compared with the bird flowers in the Old World, the New World ones are less conspicuous to bees and may be more conspicuous not only to violet-sensitive but also to ultraviolet-sensitive birds. These differences can be explained by the different properties of the secondary reflectance peak (SP). SP intensity is higher in red flowers pollinated by bees than those pollinated by birds (especially New World bird flowers). A transition from high SP to low SP in red flowers can induce chromatic contrast changes, with a greater effect on reducing attraction to bees than enhancing attraction to birds. CONCLUSIONS Shades of red flowers differ between pollination systems. Moreover, red bird flowers are more specialized in the New World than in the Old World. The evolution towards colour specialization is more likely to result in higher efficiency of bee avoidance than bird attraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Niu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chang-Qiu Liu
- Center for Gardens and Horticultural Studies, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Hang Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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13
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Fehr V, Buitenwerf R, Svenning J. Non‐native palms (Arecaceae) as generators of novel ecosystems: A global assessment. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Fehr
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE) Department of Biology Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Department of Biology Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Robert Buitenwerf
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE) Department of Biology Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Department of Biology Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Jens‐Christian Svenning
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE) Department of Biology Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Department of Biology Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
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14
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Chen J, Thomas DC, Saunders RMK. Correlated evolution of diaspore traits and potential frugivore-mediated selection in a fleshy-fruited tropical lineage (Artabotrys, Annonaceae). Evolution 2020; 74:2020-2032. [PMID: 32562267 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dispersal syndromes are often defined by reference to fruit traits that are associated with distinct frugivore guilds. Studies rarely examine the relationship between seed traits and frugivores or test the alternative hypothesis that traits are shaped by climatic variables. We assess whether the evolution of seed size and physical defense are correlated with dispersal-related traits and climatic variables in Artabotrys, a fleshy-fruited tropical lineage. Diaspore traits and WorldClim bioclimatic variables were compiled for 43 species. Correlated evolution was evaluated using phylogenetic regression and model-fitting approaches. The best-fitting multioptima Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model suggests that lineages with smooth testa and thin pericarp (SP) have evolved toward smaller seeds with a thinner testa, whereas lineages with rough testa and/or thick pericarp have evolved toward larger seeds with a thicker testa. A smooth testa facilitates spitting and/or swallowing of intact seeds while fruits with thin pericarp may be preferentially consumed by frugivores with less destructive oral processing, enabling lower investment in seed physical defense in SP lineages. Moreover, small seeds are more likely to be swallowed intact with a food bolus. The effect of climate on seed size and physical defense is equivocal and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Chen
- Division of Ecology & Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.,Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, 259569, Singapore
| | - Daniel C Thomas
- Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, 259569, Singapore
| | - Richard M K Saunders
- Division of Ecology & Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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15
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Lomáscolo SB, Levey DJ. Differentiation during fig ontogeny suggests opposing selection by mutualists. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:718-736. [PMID: 32015838 PMCID: PMC6988548 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dioecy allows separation of female and male functions and therefore facilitates separate co-evolutionary pathways with pollinators and seed dispersers. In monoecious figs, pollinators' offspring develop inside the syconium by consuming some of the seeds. Flower-stage syconia must attract pollinators, then ripen and attract seed dispersers. In dioecious figs, male ("gall") figs produce pollen but not viable seeds, as the pollinators' larvae eat all seeds, while female ("seed") figs produce mostly viable seeds, as pollinators cannot oviposit in the ovules. Hence, gall and seed figs are under selection to attract pollinators, but only seed figs must attract seed dispersers. We test the hypothesis that seed and gall syconia at the flower stage will be similar, while at the fruiting stage they will differ. Likewise, monoecious syconia will be more similar to seed than gall figs because they must attract both pollinators and seed dispersers. We quantified syconium characteristics for 24 dioecious and 11 monoecious fig species and recorded frugivore visits. We show that seed and gall syconia are similar at the flower stage but differ at the fruit stage; monoecious syconia are more similar to seed syconia than they are to gall syconia; seed and gall syconia differentiate through their ontogeny from flower to fruit stages; and frugivores visit more monoecious and seed syconia than gall syconia. We suggest that similarity at the flower stage likely enhances pollination in both seed and gall figs and that differentiation after pollination likely enhances attractiveness to seed dispersers of syconia containing viable seeds. These ontogenetic differences between monoecious and dioecious species provide evidence of divergent responses to selection by pollinators and seed dispersers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia B. Lomáscolo
- Instituto de Ecología RegionalCONICET‐Universidad Nacional de TucumánResidencia Universitaria Horco MolleYerba BuenaArgentina
| | - Douglas J. Levey
- Population and Community Ecology Division of Environmental BiologyNational Science FoundationAlexandriaVirginia
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16
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Chery JG, Acevedo-Rodríguez P, Rothfels CJ, Specht CD. Phylogeny of Paullinia L. (Paullinieae: Sapindaceae), a diverse genus of lianas with dynamic fruit evolution. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 140:106577. [PMID: 31415869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Paullinia L. is a genus of c. 220 mostly Neotropical forest-dwelling lianas that display a wide diversity of fruit morphologies. Paullinia resembles other members of the Paullinieae tribe in being a climber with stipulate compound leaves and paired inflorescence tendrils. However, it is distinct in having capsular fruits with woody, coriaceous, or crustaceous pericarps. While consistent in this basic plan, the pericarps of Paullinia fruits are otherwise highly variable-in some species they are winged, whereas in others they are without wings or covered with spines. With the exception of the water-dispersed indehiscent spiny fruits of some members of Paullinia sect. Castanella, all species are dehiscent, opening their capsules while they are still attached to the branch, to reveal arillate animal-dispersed seeds. Here we present a molecular phylogeny of Paullinia derived from 11 molecular markers, including nine newly-developed single-copy nuclear markers amplified by microfluidics PCR. This is the first broadly sampled molecular phylogeny for the genus. Paullinia is supported as monophyletic and is sister to Cardiospermum L., which together are sister to Serjania Mill + Urvillea Kunth. We apply this novel phylogenetic hypothesis to test previous infrageneric classifications and to infer that unwinged fruits represent the ancestral condition, from which there were repeated evolutionary transitions and reversals. However, because the seeds of both winged and unwinged fruits are dispersed by animals, we conclude that the repeated transitions in fruit morphology may relate to visual display strategies to attract animal dispersers, and do not represent transitions to wind dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce G Chery
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16803, USA.
| | - Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, 10th and Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Carl J Rothfels
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chelsea D Specht
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences and L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
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17
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How do fruit productivity, fruit traits and dietary specialization affect the role of birds in a mutualistic network? JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467419000178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMany plant traits might explain the different ecological and network roles of fruit-eating birds. We assessed the relationship of plant productivity, fruit traits (colour, seed size and nutritional quality) and dietary specialization, with the network roles of fruit-eating birds (number of partners, centrality and selectivity) in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. We classified bird species according to their dietary specialization into three categories: obligate, partial and opportunistic fruit-eating birds. To test if network roles changed according to dietary specialization, fruit productivity and traits, we used a generalized linear model analysis. The selected 14 species of plant interacted with 52 bird species, which consumed 2199 fruits. The most central and generalist fruit-eating bird, Turdus albicolis, interacted with plants that produced more fruits, such as Miconia cinerascens, and had, on average, larger seeds, such as Myrcia splendens. The most selective birds interacted with fruits with a higher concentration of lipids and less intense colour, and plants that produced fewer fruits. Obligate fruit-eating birds, such as Patagioenas plumbea, were more selective than partial and opportunistic birds. Different plant traits are therefore related to the different network roles of fruit-eating birds in the Atlantic Forest, which are also dependent on bird dietary specialization.
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18
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de Camargo MGG, Lunau K, Batalha MA, Brings S, de Brito VLG, Morellato LPC. How flower colour signals allure bees and hummingbirds: a community-level test of the bee avoidance hypothesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1112-1122. [PMID: 30444536 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Colour signals are the main floral trait for plant-pollinator communication. Owing to visual specificities, flower visitors exert different selective pressures on flower colour signals of plant communities. Although they evolved to attract pollinators, matching their visual sensitivity and colour preferences, floral signals may also evolve to avoid less efficient pollinators and antagonistic flower visitors. We evaluated evidence for the bee avoidance hypothesis in a Neotropical community pollinated mainly by bees and hummingbirds, the campo rupestre. We analysed flower reflectance spectra, compared colour variables of bee-pollinated flowers (bee-flowers; 244 species) and hummingbird-pollinated flowers (hummingbird-flowers; 39 species), and looked for evidence of bee sensorial exclusion in hummingbird-flowers. Flowers were equally contrasting for hummingbirds. Hummingbird-flowers were less conspicuous to bees, reflecting mainly long wavelengths and avoiding red-blind visitors. Bee-flowers reflected more short wavelengths, were more conspicuous to bees (higher contrasts and spectral purity) than hummingbird-flowers and displayed floral guides more frequently, favouring flower attractiveness, discrimination and handling by bees. Along with no phylogenetic signal, the differences in colour signal strategies between bee- and hummingbird-flowers are the first evidence of the bee avoidance hypothesis at a community level and reinforce the role of pollinators as a selective pressure driving flower colour diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriela Gutierrez de Camargo
- Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Fenologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, 13506-900, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Klaus Lunau
- Department Biology, Institute of Sensory Ecology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marco Antônio Batalha
- Department of Botany, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sebastian Brings
- Department Biology, Institute of Sensory Ecology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Leonor Patrícia Cerdeira Morellato
- Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Fenologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, 13506-900, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brasil
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19
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Galván I. Correlated Evolution of White Spots on Ears and Closed Habitat Preferences in Felids. J MAMM EVOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-019-09464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Rizzi M, Rodrigues FL, Medeiros L, Ortega I, Rodrigues L, Monteiro DS, Kessler F, Proietti MC. Ingestion of plastic marine litter by sea turtles in southern Brazil: abundance, characteristics and potential selectivity. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 140:536-548. [PMID: 30803675 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The ingestion of plastic marine litter (PML) by sea turtles is widespread and concerning, and the five species that occur in the southwestern Atlantic - green, loggerhead, olive ridley, leatherback and hawksbill - are vulnerable to this pollution. Here, we quantified and characterized PML ingested by these species in southern Brazil, and observed PML ingestion in 49 of 86 sampled individuals (~57.0%). Green turtles presented the highest rates and variety of ingested plastics, and such ingestion has been high at least since 1997. Omnivorous turtles presented higher PML ingestion than carnivorous ones. Loggerheads displayed a negative correlation between body size and number of ingested items. Green turtles ingested mostly flexible transparent and flexible/hard white plastics; loggerheads ate mainly flexible, hard and foam fragments, in white and black/brown colors. These results help us better understand PML ingestion by sea turtles, highlighting the seriousness of this threat and providing information for prevention and mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Rizzi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica - PPGOB, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, CEP 96201-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
| | - Fábio L Rodrigues
- Centro de Estudos Costeiros, Limnológicos e Marinhos (CECLIMAR), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Campus Litoral Norte, 95625-000 Imbé, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciana Medeiros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica - PPGOB, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, CEP 96201-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Ileana Ortega
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica - PPGOB, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, CEP 96201-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica - PPGOB, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, CEP 96201-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Danielle S Monteiro
- Núcleo de Educação e Monitoramento Ambiental - NEMA, Rua Maria Araújo, 450 - Cassino, CEP 96207-480 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe Kessler
- Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, CEP 96201-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Maíra C Proietti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica - PPGOB, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, CEP 96201-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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21
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Hirota SK, Miki N, Yasumoto AA, Yahara T. UV bullseye contrast of Hemerocallis flowers attracts hawkmoths but not swallowtail butterflies. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:52-64. [PMID: 30680095 PMCID: PMC6342183 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The color and patterns of animal-pollinated flowers are known to have effects on pollinator attraction. In this study, the relative importance of flower color and color contrast patterns on pollinator attraction was examined in two pollinator groups, swallowtail butterflies and hawkmoths using two Hemerocallis species; butterfly-pollinated H. fulva and hawkmoth-pollinated H. citrina, having reddish and yellowish flowers in human vision, respectively. Flowers of both species have UV bullseye patterns, composed of UV-absorbing centers and UV-reflecting peripheries, known to function as a typical nectar guide, but UV reflectance was significantly more intense in the peripheries of H. citrina flowers than in those of H. fulva flowers. Comparison based on the visual systems of butterflies and hawkmoths showed that the color contrast of the bullseye pattern in H. citrina was more intense than that in H. fulva. To evaluate the relative importance of flower color and the color contrast of bullseye pattern on pollinator attraction, we performed a series of observations using experimental arrays consisting of Hemerocallis species and their hybrids. As a result, swallowtail butterflies and crepuscular/nocturnal hawkmoths showed contrasting preferences for flower color and patterns: butterflies preferred H. fulva-like colored flower whereas the preference of hawkmoths was affected by the color contrast of the bullseye pattern rather than flower color. Both crepuscular and nocturnal hawkmoths consistently preferred flowers with stronger contrast of the UV bullseye pattern, whereas the preference of hawkmoths for flower color was incoherent. Our finding suggests that hawkmoths can use UV-absorbing/reflecting bullseye patterns for foraging under light-limited environments and that the intensified bullseye contrast of H. citrina evolved as an adaptation to hawkmoths. Our results also showed the difference of visual systems between pollinators, which may have promoted floral divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun K. Hirota
- Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTohoku UniversityOsakiJapan
| | - Nozomu Miki
- Graduate School of Systems Life SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Akiko A. Yasumoto
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Tetsukazu Yahara
- Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
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22
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Little CM, Chapman TW, Hillier NK. Effect of Color and Contrast of Highbush Blueberries to Host-Finding Behavior by Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:1242-1251. [PMID: 30010732 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvy102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila suzukii Matsumara (Diptera: Drosophilidae) has become a serious pest in soft-skin fruits and berries, infesting both ripe and ripening fruits. Crop damage in highbush blueberry has been particularly severe. During blueberry fruit development, fruits of various degrees of ripeness are present simultaneously. In addition, foliage color changes as the season progresses. We investigated the influence of blueberry fruit and leaf color on host-finding behavior in D. suzukii. Opposing shifts between reflectance spectra of ripening fruits and senescing leaves increased contrast between ripe fruit and senesced foliage. Developmental changes in contrast between fruit color and leaf color may act as a visual contextual cue in finding suitable host fruits. Opposing shifts in reflectance spectra of ripening fruits and senescing leaves increased the contrast between ripe fruit and senesced foliage. These opposing changes in color may contribute to the attractiveness of blueberry fruit as a late season host for D. suzukii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Little
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Thomas W Chapman
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - N Kirk Hillier
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
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23
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Palacio FX, Ordano M. The Strength and Drivers of Bird-Mediated Selection on Fruit Crop Size: A Meta-Analysis. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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24
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Abstract
Large, fruit-eating vertebrates have been lost from many of the world's ecosystems. The ecological consequences of this defaunation can be severe, but the evolutionary consequences are nearly unknown because it remains unclear whether frugivores exert strong selection on fruit traits. I assessed the macroevolution of fruit traits in response to variation in the diversity and size of seed-dispersing vertebrates. Across the Indo-Malay Archipelago, many of the same plant lineages have been exposed to very different assemblages of seed-dispersing vertebrates. Phylogenetic analysis of >400 plant species in 41 genera and five families revealed that average fruit size tracks the taxonomic and functional diversity of frugivorous birds and mammals. Fruit size was 40.2-46.5% smaller in the Moluccas and Sulawesi (respectively), with relatively depauperate assemblages of mostly small-bodied animals, than in the Sunda Region (Borneo, Sumatra, and Peninsular Malaysia), with a highly diverse suite of large and small animals. Fruit color, however, was unrelated to vertebrate diversity or to the representation of birds versus mammals in the frugivore assemblage. Overhunting of large animals, nearly ubiquitous in tropical forests, could strongly alter selection pressures on plants, resulting in widespread, although trait-specific, morphologic changes.
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25
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Kelley LA, Clayton NS. California scrub-jays reduce visual cues available to potential pilferers by matching food colour to caching substrate. Biol Lett 2017; 13:rsbl.2017.0242. [DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Some animals hide food to consume later; however, these caches are susceptible to theft by conspecifics and heterospecifics. Caching animals can use protective strategies to minimize sensory cues available to potential pilferers, such as caching in shaded areas and in quiet substrate. Background matching (where object patterning matches the visual background) is commonly seen in prey animals to reduce conspicuousness, and caching animals may also use this tactic to hide caches, for example, by hiding coloured food in a similar coloured substrate. We tested whether California scrub-jays (
Aphelocoma californica
) camouflage their food in this way by offering them caching substrates that either matched or did not match the colour of food available for caching. We also determined whether this caching behaviour was sensitive to social context by allowing the birds to cache when a conspecific potential pilferer could be both heard and seen (acoustic and visual cues present), or unseen (acoustic cues only). When caching events could be both heard and seen by a potential pilferer, birds cached randomly in matching and non-matching substrates. However, they preferentially hid food in the substrate that matched the food colour when only acoustic cues were present. This is a novel cache protection strategy that also appears to be sensitive to social context. We conclude that studies of cache protection strategies should consider the perceptual capabilities of the cacher and potential pilferers.
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26
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Ordano M, Blendinger PG, Lomáscolo SB, Chacoff NP, Sánchez MS, Núñez Montellano MG, Jiménez J, Ruggera RA, Valoy M. The role of trait combination in the conspicuousness of fruit display among bird‐dispersed plants. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Ordano
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (UEL) Fundación Miguel Lillo (FML) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Miguel Lillo 251 San Miguel de Tucumán T4000JFE Tucumán Argentina
- Fundación Miguel Lillo Miguel Lillo 251 San Miguel de Tucumán T4000JFE Tucumán Argentina
| | - Pedro G. Blendinger
- Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER) Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Yerba Buena CC 34, 4107 Tucumán Argentina
| | - Silvia B. Lomáscolo
- Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER) Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Yerba Buena CC 34, 4107 Tucumán Argentina
| | - Natacha P. Chacoff
- Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER) Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Yerba Buena CC 34, 4107 Tucumán Argentina
| | - Mariano S. Sánchez
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical (IBS) nodo Iguazú Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Bertoni 85 Puerto Iguazú N3370BFA Misiones Argentina
| | - María G. Núñez Montellano
- Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA (IBIGEO) Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) 9 de Julio 14 Rosario de Lerma A4405BBB Salta Argentina
| | - Julieta Jiménez
- Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER) Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Yerba Buena CC 34, 4107 Tucumán Argentina
| | - Román A. Ruggera
- Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas (INECOA) Universidad Nacional de Jujuy (UNJu) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Alberdi 47 San Salvador de Jujuy Y4600DTA Jujuy Argentina
| | - Mariana Valoy
- Fundación Miguel Lillo Miguel Lillo 251 San Miguel de Tucumán T4000JFE Tucumán Argentina
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27
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Koski TM, Kalpio M, Laaksonen T, Sirkiä PM, Kallio HP, Yang B, Linderborg KM, Klemola T. Effects of Insect Herbivory on Bilberry Production and Removal of Berries by Frugivores. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:422-432. [PMID: 28374224 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0838-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary purpose of a fleshy fruit is to attract seed dispersers and get the seeds dispersed by frugivorous animals. For this reason, fruits should be highly rewarding to these mutualists. However, insect herbivory can alter plant reproductive success e.g. by decreasing fruit yield or affecting the attractiveness of the fruits to mutualistic seed dispersers. Under natural conditions, we tested the effects of experimental larval-defoliation on berry ripening and consumption of a non-cultivated dwarf shrub, the bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), which produces animal-dispersed berries with high sugar and anthocyanin concentration. Bilberry ramets with high fruit yield were most likely to have their berries foraged, indicating that frugivores made foraging choices based on the abundance of berries. Moreover, the probability for berries being foraged was the lowest for non-defoliated ramets that grew adjacent to larval-defoliated ramets, even though larval-defoliation did not affect the biochemical composition (total concentrations of anthocyanins, sugars and organic acids) or the probability of ripening of berries. We hypothesise that the lower probability for berries being foraged in these ramets may be a consequence of rhizome- or volatile-mediated communication between ramets, resulting in a priming effect of the herbivore defence and lower attractiveness of the non-defoliated ramets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuuli-Marjaana Koski
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, FI, Finland.
| | - Marika Kalpio
- Section of Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, FI, Finland
| | - Toni Laaksonen
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, FI, Finland
| | - Päivi M Sirkiä
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, FI, Finland.,Finnish Natural History Museum, Zoology Unit, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, FI, Finland
| | - Heikki P Kallio
- Section of Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, FI, Finland.,Centre for Environmental Research, Kevo Subarctic Research Institute, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, FI, Finland
| | - Baoru Yang
- Section of Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, FI, Finland
| | - Kaisa M Linderborg
- Section of Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, FI, Finland
| | - Tero Klemola
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, FI, Finland
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28
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Does flower and fruit conspicuousness affect plant fitness? Contrast, color coupling and the interplay of pollination and seed dispersal in two Vaccinium species. Evol Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-016-9864-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Diaz-Barradas M, Costa C, Correia O, León-González A, Navarro-Zafra I, Zunzunegui M, Alvarez-Cansino L, Martín-Cordero C. Pentacyclic triterpenes responsible for photoprotection of Corema album (L.) D.Don white berries. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Brown GR, Matthews IM. A review of extensive variation in the design of pitfall traps and a proposal for a standard pitfall trap design for monitoring ground-active arthropod biodiversity. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:3953-64. [PMID: 27247760 PMCID: PMC4867678 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand change in global biodiversity patterns requires large-scale, long-term monitoring. The ability to draw meaningful comparison across studies is severely hampered by extensive variation in the design of the sampling equipment and how it is used. Here, we present a meta-analysis and description highlighting this variation in a common, widely used entomological survey technique. We report a decline in the completeness of methodological reporting over a 20-year period, while there has been no clear reduction in the methodological variation between researchers using pitfall traps for arthropod sampling. There is a growing need for improved comparability between studies to facilitate the generation of large-scale, long-term biodiversity datasets. However, our results show that, counterproductive to this goal, over the last 20 years there has little progress in reducing the methodological variation. We propose a standardized pitfall trap design for the study of ground-active arthropods. In addition, we provide a table to promote a more standardized reporting of the key methodological variables. Widespread adoption of more standardized methods and reporting would facilitate more nuanced analysis of biodiversity change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R Brown
- Centre for Biological Diversity University of St Andrews Sir Harold Mitchell Building St Andrews KY16 9TH UK
| | - Iain M Matthews
- Centre for Biological Diversity University of St Andrews Sir Harold Mitchell Building St Andrews KY16 9TH UK
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Gagetti BL, Piratelli AJ, Piña-Rodrigues FCM. Fruit color preference by birds and applications to ecological restoration. BRAZ J BIOL 2016; 76:955-966. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.05115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Ecological restoration aims to retrieve not only the structure but also the functionality of ecosystems. Frugivorous birds may play an important role in this process due to their efficiency in seed dispersal. Color perception in these animals is highly developed, and then the colors of fleshy fruits may provide important clues for choosing plant species for restoration plans. This study aims to integrate bird color preferences and restoration of degraded areas, with an objective to evaluate the potential attractiveness to birds by colored fruits. We carried out an experiment with 384 artificial fruits made of edible modeling clay with the following colors: black, blue, green and red, with 96 fruits of each color in six sites, including four restored areas and two second-growth forest fragments. We also tested the possible effect of light intensity on fruit consumption by color. A total of 120 (38.6%) were assumed to be consumed by birds, and the fruit consumption varied in response to the location and light incidence. Consumption of black and blue fruits was not related to site by chance. Notwithstanding, red and black fruits were consumed significantly more than any other colors, emphasizing bird preference to these colors, regardless of location. Enrichment with shade tolerant shrubs or forest species with black or red fruits may be an alternative way to manage established restorations. In recently established or new restorations, one may introduce pioneer shrubs or short-lived forest species which have blue fruits, but also those having black or red ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. L. Gagetti
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Brazil; Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Brazil
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Llorente B, D’Andrea L, Rodríguez-Concepción M. Evolutionary Recycling of Light Signaling Components in Fleshy Fruits: New Insights on the Role of Pigments to Monitor Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:263. [PMID: 27014289 PMCID: PMC4780243 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Besides an essential source of energy, light provides environmental information to plants. Photosensory pathways are thought to have occurred early in plant evolution, probably at the time of the Archaeplastida ancestor, or perhaps even earlier. Manipulation of individual components of light perception and signaling networks in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) affects the metabolism of ripening fruit at several levels. Most strikingly, recent experiments have shown that some of the molecular mechanisms originally devoted to sense and respond to environmental light cues have been re-adapted during evolution to provide plants with useful information on fruit ripening progression. In particular, the presence of chlorophylls in green fruit can strongly influence the spectral composition of the light filtered through the fruit pericarp. The concomitant changes in light quality can be perceived and transduced by phytochromes (PHYs) and PHY-interacting factors, respectively, to regulate gene expression and in turn modulate the production of carotenoids, a family of metabolites that are relevant for the final pigmentation of ripe fruits. We raise the hypothesis that the evolutionary recycling of light-signaling components to finely adjust pigmentation to the actual ripening stage of the fruit may have represented a selective advantage for primeval fleshy-fruited plants even before the extinction of dinosaurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briardo Llorente
- *Correspondence: Briardo Llorente, ; Manuel Rodríguez-Concepción,
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Vasconcellos-Neto J, Ramos RR, Pinto LP. The impact of anthropogenic food supply on fruit consumption by dusky-legged guan (Penelope obscura Temminck, 1815): potential effects on seed dispersal in an Atlantic forest area. BRAZ J BIOL 2015; 75:1008-17. [PMID: 26675919 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.05714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Frugivorous birds are important seed dispersers and influence the recruitment of many plant species in the rainforest. The efficiency of this dispersal generally depends on environment quality, bird species, richness and diversity of resources, and low levels of anthropogenic disturbance. In this study, we compared the sighting number of dusky-legged guans (Penelope obscura) by km and their movement in two areas of Serra do Japi, one around the administrative base (Base) where birds received anthropogenic food and a pristine area (DAE) with no anthropogenic resource. We also compared the richness of native seeds in feces of birds living in these two areas. Although the abundance of P. obscura was higher in the Base, these individuals moved less, dispersed 80% fewer species of plants and consumed 30% fewer seeds than individuals from DAE. The rarefaction indicated a low richness in the frugivorous diet of birds from the Base when compared to the populations from DAE. We conclude that human food supply can interfere in the behavior of these birds and in the richness of native seeds dispersed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vasconcellos-Neto
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - R R Ramos
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - L P Pinto
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Schaefer HM, Ruxton GD. Signal Diversity, Sexual Selection, and Speciation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Communication is ubiquitous. Developing a framework for the diversity of signals has important consequences for understanding alternative models of sexual selection and the processes contributing to speciation. In this article we review how models of neutral evolution in the perceptual space of signal perceivers provide a first step toward constructing a framework for signal diversity. We discuss how the distinction between additive and multiplicative effects of multimodal signaling represents a second step. We then assess how signal efficiency, reliability, and the aesthetics of perceivers provide distinct mechanisms for signals to be effective, thereby partly explaining signal diversity. Understanding the relative contribution of each of these mechanisms to the effectiveness of mate choice signals unravels the relative importance of alternative models of sexual selection. It can also help to distinguish whether divergence of communication is a driver or a consequence of speciation. Throughout the review we emphasize the importance of verification and learning in repeated interactions for understanding variation in signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Martin Schaefer
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Graeme D. Ruxton
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, United Kingdom
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Li PS, Thomas DC, Saunders RMK. Phylogenetic Reconstruction, Morphological Diversification and Generic Delimitation of Disepalum (Annonaceae). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143481. [PMID: 26630651 PMCID: PMC4668016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Taxonomic delimitation of Disepalum (Annonaceae) is contentious, with some researchers favoring a narrow circumscription following segregation of the genus Enicosanthellum. We reconstruct the phylogeny of Disepalum and related taxa based on four chloroplast and two nuclear DNA regions as a framework for clarifying taxonomic delimitation and assessing evolutionary transitions in key morphological characters. Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods resulted in a consistent, well-resolved and strongly supported topology. Disepalum s.l. is monophyletic and strongly supported, with Disepalum s.str. and Enicosanthellum retrieved as sister groups. Although this topology is consistent with both taxonomic delimitations, the distribution of morphological synapomorphies provides greater support for the inclusion of Enicosanthellum within Disepalum s.l. We propose a novel infrageneric classification with two subgenera. Subgen. Disepalum (= Disepalum s.str.) is supported by numerous synapomorphies, including the reduction of the calyx to two sepals and connation of petals. Subgen. Enicosanthellum lacks obvious morphological synapomorphies, but possesses several diagnostic characters (symplesiomorphies), including a trimerous calyx and free petals in two whorls. We evaluate changes in petal morphology in relation to hypotheses of the genetic control of floral development and suggest that the compression of two petal whorls into one and the associated fusion of contiguous petals may be associated with the loss of the pollination chamber, which in turn may be associated with a shift in primary pollinator. We also suggest that the formation of pollen octads may be selectively advantageous when pollinator visits are infrequent, although this would only be applicable if multiple ovules could be fertilized by each octad; since the flowers are apocarpous, this would require an extragynoecial compitum to enable intercarpellary growth of pollen tubes. We furthermore infer that the monocarp fruit stalks are likely to have evolved independently from those in other Annonaceae genera and may facilitate effective dispersal by providing a color contrast within the fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui-Sze Li
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Daniel C. Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Richard M. K. Saunders
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Renoult JP, Kelber A, Schaefer HM. Colour spaces in ecology and evolutionary biology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 92:292-315. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien P. Renoult
- Institute of Arts Creations Theories & Aesthetics, CNRS-University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne; 47 r. des bergers 75015 Paris France
| | - Almut Kelber
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology; Lund University; Helgonavägen 3 22362 Lund Sweden
| | - H. Martin Schaefer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg; Hauptstrasse 1 79104 Freiburg Germany
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de Camargo MGG, Schaefer HM, Habermann G, Cazetta E, Soares NC, Morellato LPC. Bicolored display of Miconia albicans fruits: Evaluating visual and physiological functions of fruit colors. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:1453-1461. [PMID: 26391709 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Most bird-dispersed fruits are green when unripe and become colored and conspicuous when ripe, signaling that fruits are ready to be consumed and dispersed. The color pattern for fruits of Miconia albicans (Melastomataceae), however, is the opposite, with reddish unripe and green ripe fruits. We (1) verified the maintenance over time of its bicolored display, (2) tested the communicative function of unripe fruits, (3) tested the photoprotective role of anthocyanins in unripe fruits, and (4) verified whether green ripe fruits can assimilate carbon. METHODS Using a paired experiment, we tested whether detection of ripe fruits was higher on infructescences with unripe and ripe fruits compared with infructescences with only ripe fruits. We also measured and compared gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and heat dissipation of covered (to prevent anthocyanin synthesis) and uncovered ripe and unripe fruits. KEY RESULTS Although the bicolored display was maintained over time, unripe fruits had no influence on bird detection and removal of ripe fruits. Ripe and unripe fruits did not assimilate CO2, but they respired instead. CONCLUSIONS Since the communicative function of unripe fruits was not confirmed, seed dispersers are unlikely to select the display with bicolored fruits. Because of the absence of photosynthetic activity in ripe and unripe fruits and enhanced photoprotective mechanisms in ripe fruits rather than in unripe fruits, we could not confirm the photoprotective role of anthocyanins in unripe fruits. As an alternative hypothesis, we suggest that the bicolored fruit display could be an adaptation to diversify seed dispersal vectors instead of restricting dispersal to birds and that anthocyanins in unripe fruits may have a defense role against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriela G de Camargo
- Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Fenologia, Grupo de Fenologia e Dispersão de Sementes, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24A 1515, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil; fax: 55 19 3526-4201
| | - H Martin Schaefer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Hauptstr. 1 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gustavo Habermann
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Av. 24-A 1515, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil; fax: 55 19 3526-4201
| | - Eliana Cazetta
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado km 16, CEP 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil; fax: 55 73 3680 5226
| | - Natalia Costa Soares
- Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Fenologia, Grupo de Fenologia e Dispersão de Sementes, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24A 1515, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil; fax: 55 19 3526-4201
| | - Leonor Patrícia C Morellato
- Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Fenologia, Grupo de Fenologia e Dispersão de Sementes, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24A 1515, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil; fax: 55 19 3526-4201
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Stournaras KE, Prum RO, Schaefer HM. Fruit advertisement strategies in two Neotropical plant–seed disperser markets. Evol Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-015-9766-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Clapperton BK, Day TD, Morgan DKJ, Huddart F, Cox N, Matthews LR. Palatability and efficacy to possums and rats of pest control baits containing bird repellents. NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2015.1029496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Larrinaga AR. Inter-specific and intra-specific variability in fruit color preference in two species of Turdus. Integr Zool 2015; 6:244-58. [PMID: 21910844 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-4877.2011.00249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
One of the main hypotheses proposed to explain the evolution of fruit color deals with a preference of avian frugivores for specific colors, mainly black and red, which are the most common fruit colors in many of the studied habitats. I analyzed fruit color preferences by wild birds belonging to 2 species of the highly frugivorous genus Turdus (Eurasian Blackbird Turdus merula Linnaeus, 1758 and Redwing Turdus iliacus Linnaeus, 1758) by means of captivity experiments with artificial fruits. Despite important within-individual (i.e. temporal) and among-individual variability, consistent patterns of species-specific color preferences emerged. Eurasian Blackbirds tended to prefer red over blue, green and black, whereas Redwings seemed to prefer black over the rest. Green was systematically avoided by both species, suggesting that it might signal unripeness of fruits. Both preferred colors have been previously reported as the most common among fleshy-fruited plants. The high variability, both within and between individuals, in preferences suggests that they can be subject to changes through experience and learning and, therefore, are not likely to drive the evolution of fruit color. The main differences between both species could be related to the most common fruit color they fed upon during the last months before capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier R Larrinaga
- Ecology Area, Biology College, University of Santiago de Compostela, South Campus, s/n, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain.
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Bird fruit preferences match the frequency of fruit colours in tropical Asia. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5627. [PMID: 25033283 PMCID: PMC4102077 DOI: 10.1038/srep05627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While many factors explain the colour of fleshy fruits, it is thought that black and red fruits are common in part because frugivorous birds prefer these colours. We examined this still controversial hypothesis at a tropical Asian field site, using artificial fruits, fresh fruits, four wild-caught resident frugivorous bird species, and hand-raised naïve birds from three of the same species. We demonstrate that all birds favored red artificial fruits more than yellow, blue, black and green, although the artificial black colour was found subsequently to be similar to the artificial blue colour in its spectral reflectance. Wild-caught birds preferred both black and red fleshy natural fruits, whereas hand-raised naïve birds preferred black to red natural fleshy fruits and to those of other colours. All birds avoided artificial and naturally ripe green fruits. The inter-individual variation in colour choice was low and the preferences were constant over time, supporting the hypothesis that bird colour preferences are a contributing factor driving fruit colour evolution in tropical Asia.
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Schuyler QA, Wilcox C, Townsend K, Hardesty BD, Marshall NJ. Mistaken identity? Visual similarities of marine debris to natural prey items of sea turtles. BMC Ecol 2014; 14:14. [PMID: 24886170 PMCID: PMC4032385 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785-14-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are two predominant hypotheses as to why animals ingest plastic: 1) they are opportunistic feeders, eating plastic when they encounter it, and 2) they eat plastic because it resembles prey items. To assess which hypothesis is most likely, we created a model sea turtle visual system and used it to analyse debris samples from beach surveys and from necropsied turtles. We investigated colour, contrast, and luminance of the debris items as they would appear to the turtle. We also incorporated measures of texture and translucency to determine which of the two hypotheses is more plausible as a driver of selectivity in green sea turtles. Results Turtles preferred more flexible and translucent items to what was available in the environment, lending support to the hypothesis that they prefer debris that resembles prey, particularly jellyfish. They also ate fewer blue items, suggesting that such items may be less conspicuous against the background of open water where they forage. Conclusions Using visual modelling we determined the characteristics that drive ingestion of marine debris by sea turtles, from the point of view of the turtles themselves. This technique can be utilized to determine debris preferences of other visual predators, and help to more effectively focus management or remediation actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qamar A Schuyler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St, Lucia, Australia.
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Renoult JP, Valido A, Jordano P, Schaefer HM. Adaptation of flower and fruit colours to multiple, distinct mutualists. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:678-686. [PMID: 26012880 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Communication in plant-animal mutualisms frequently involves multiple perceivers. A fundamental uncertainty is whether and how species adapt to communicate with groups of mutualists having distinct sensory abilities. We quantified the colour conspicuousness of flowers and fruits originating from one European and two South American plant communities, using visual models of pollinators (bee and fly) and seed dispersers (bird, primate and marten). We show that flowers are more conspicuous than fruits to pollinators, and the reverse to seed dispersers. In addition, flowers are more conspicuous to pollinators than to seed dispersers and the reverse for fruits. Thus, despite marked differences in the visual systems of mutualists, flower and fruit colours have evolved to attract multiple, distinct mutualists but not unintended perceivers. We show that this adaptation is facilitated by a limited correlation between flower and fruit colours, and by the fact that colour signals as coded at the photoreceptor level are more similar within than between functional groups (pollinators and seed dispersers). Overall, these results provide the first quantitative demonstration that flower and fruit colours are adaptations allowing plants to communicate simultaneously with distinct groups of mutualists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien P Renoult
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alfredo Valido
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), C/Américo Vespucio s/n, Isla de La Cartuja, Sevilla, E-41092, Spain
| | - Pedro Jordano
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), C/Américo Vespucio s/n, Isla de La Cartuja, Sevilla, E-41092, Spain
| | - H Martin Schaefer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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Hodgkison R, Ayasse M, Häberlein C, Schulz S, Zubaid A, Mustapha WAW, Kunz TH, Kalko EKV. Fruit bats and bat fruits: the evolution of fruit scent in relation to the foraging behaviour of bats in the New and Old World tropics. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manfred Ayasse
- Institute for Experimental Ecology; Ulm University; Ulm; Germany
| | - Christopher Häberlein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina Braunschweig; Braunschweig; Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina Braunschweig; Braunschweig; Germany
| | - Akbar Zubaid
- Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitaran dan Sumber Alam; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Bangi; Malaysia
| | - Wan Aida W. Mustapha
- Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitaran dan Sumber Alam; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Bangi; Malaysia
| | - Thomas H. Kunz
- Center for Ecology and Conservation Biology; Boston University; Boston; Massachusetts; USA
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Stournaras KE, Lo E, Böhning-Gaese K, Cazetta E, Matthias Dehling D, Schleuning M, Stoddard MC, Donoghue MJ, Prum RO, Martin Schaefer H. How colorful are fruits? Limited color diversity in fleshy fruits on local and global scales. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:617-629. [PMID: 23374020 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The colors of fleshy fruits are considered to be a signal to seed-dispersing animals, but their diversity remains poorly understood. Using an avian color space to derive a sensory morphospace for fruit color, we tested four hypotheses of fruit color diversity: fruit colors occupy a limited area of the color space; they are less diverse than flower colors; fruit colors within localities are similar to each other; and fruit color diversity reflects phylogeny. The global fruit color diversity of 948 primarily bird-dispersed plant species and the color diversity of localities were compared with null models of random, unconstrained evolution of fruit color. Fruit color diversity was further compared with the diversity of 1300 flower colors. Tests of phylogenetic effects on fruit color were used to assess the degree of correspondence with phylogeny. Global and local fruit color diversity was limited compared with null models and fruits have achieved only half the color diversity of flowers. Interestingly, we found little indication of phylogenetic conservatism. Constraints resulting from the chemical properties of pigments probably limit global fruit and flower color diversity. Different types of selection on fruits and flowers may further explain the smaller color diversity of fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliope E Stournaras
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, PO Box 208105, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Eugenia Lo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, PO Box 208105, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Katrin Böhning-Gaese
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Eliana Cazetta
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia, CEP 45662-900, Brazil
| | - D Matthias Dehling
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Matthias Schleuning
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Mary Caswell Stoddard
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Michael J Donoghue
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, PO Box 208105, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Richard O Prum
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, PO Box 208105, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - H Martin Schaefer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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Camargo MGG, Cazetta E, Schaefer HM, Morellato LPC. Fruit color and contrast in seasonal habitats - a case study from a cerrado savanna. OIKOS 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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47
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Aronsson M, Gamberale-Stille G. Evidence of signaling benefits to contrasting internal color boundaries in warning coloration. Behav Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ars170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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48
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Duan Q, Quan RC. [Natural fruit colour selection by frugivorous birds in Xishuangbanna]. DONG WU XUE YAN JIU = ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2012; 33:427-32. [PMID: 23019022 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1141.2012.05427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Black and red are the most common colors of fruit, but the reason behind this has been subject to debate. Food preferences of avian frugivores for certain colors of food have been proposed as a selection mechanism that explains these traits, but there is little evidence supporting this hypothesis. Here, we conducted a lab experiment using four colors of natural fruit to evaluate color preferences of five avian species, and we also conducted this experiment in open area and understory habitats. Our results showed that red and black fruits were selected most often in lab experiment; in field experiment, red and black fruits were also the most preferred food, but the total amount of consumed fruits differed significantly between open areas and understory habitats. Our study suggested that differences in color preferences among frugivores may potentially reflect the diversity of fruit color and frequency in Xishuangbanna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Duan
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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Behbahaninia H, McGraw KJ, Butler MW, Toomey MB. Food color preferences against a dark, textured background vary in relation to sex and age in house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus). BEHAVIOUR 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/156853912x626141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMany animals consume colorful foods, because bright coloration either enhances conspicuousness of food items or signals nutritional rewards. A comparatively under-studied aspect of food color preferences is the role of the background environment in shaping food detectability and choices. Previous work with house finches (
Carpodacus mexicanus), for example, showed that individuals preferred red and green food items and avoided yellow ones. However, this study of desert, ground-feeding birds was done with seeds presented against an artificial white background that is unlikely to reflect natural conditions. Therefore, we performed a similar experiment, but quantified selection of colorful foods using a different visual environment that better mimicked natural conditions. We mixed dark, inedible distractor pellets (i.e., analogous to natural desert sand and rocks) with sunflower kernels that were colored red, green, yellow, or orange to test for differences in foraging patterns by sex, age, and expression of male plumage coloration in non-molting house finches. This food presentation resulted in yellow seeds having a significantly greater chromatic, but not achromatic, contrast with the background than red or green seeds. Under these conditions, all birds consumed yellow, and to a lesser extent red, seeds most often, and both adult males and females had a strong preference for yellow kernels; adult males also tended to prefer green kernels, but females tended not to prefer green kernels. Juveniles showed no significant preferences for any seed color, and adult male plumage coloration was not related to seed color preference. Therefore, in contrast to studies using different foraging environments, house finches tended to prefer yellow seeds, supporting models that suggest that visual background and contrast may be more important than color per se in visually mediated foraging decisions of birds. Moreover, the fact that adult males and females differed in food color preference has not been reported previously in songbirds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin J. McGraw
- Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Michael W. Butler
- Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Matthew B. Toomey
- Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Borges RM, Ranganathan Y, Krishnan A, Ghara M, Pramanik G. When should fig fruit produce volatiles? Pattern in a ripening process. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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