1
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Kang NH, Hyun MK, Bang SY. Reference chemical database for the development and validation of in vitro alternatives to skin irritation and comparison of the performance of RhE models. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 98:105851. [PMID: 38789065 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
After EU ban on animal testing for cosmetics in 2013, there has been an increasing global interest in alternatives test methods. To development for alternatives test method, we need to get the toxic data about in vitro and in vivo of chemicals. However, database sometimes provide limited in vivo and in vitro data on chemicals. Further, the data generated using the OECD TG439 (in vitro skin irritation) are scattered in difference databases, and it is not easy to navigate through them. Therefore, we complied 'Reference Chemical Database System for Skin Irritation Alternative Test (RCDS-Skin Irritation)' to allow easy, one-stop access to test chemical information. We established the systematic RCDS-Skin Irritation by collecting physiochemical properties, CAS number, human data, and in vivo (OECD TG404) data from overseas chemicals database including European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) etc., and in vitro data using Reconstructed human Epidermis (RhE) (OECD TG439). As a result, we developed the RCDS-Skin Irritation that contains information on 149 chemicals including the data we generated by performing tests using EpiDerm™ SIT, SkinEthic™ RHE and KeraSkin™ SIT. Therefore, the RCDS-Skin Irritation established based on our study will provide insight for safety assessment of chemicals and for development of alternative test methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Hee Kang
- Korean Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (KoCVAM), Nonclinical Resource Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si 28159, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Kyung Hyun
- Korean Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (KoCVAM), Nonclinical Resource Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Young Bang
- Korean Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (KoCVAM), Nonclinical Resource Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si 28159, Republic of Korea
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2
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Magrode N, Poomanee W, Kiattisin K, Ampasavate C. Microemulsions and Nanoemulsions for Topical Delivery of Tripeptide-3: From Design of Experiment to Anti-Sebum Efficacy on Facial Skin. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:554. [PMID: 38675215 PMCID: PMC11053593 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The targeted delivery of a hydrophilic Tripeptide-3 to the skin using microemulsions or nanoemulsions for facial oil reduction was the focus of this study. The impact factors affecting oil/water transparent dispersion formation, such as the surfactant system, HLB value, and co-solvent, were identified through the water titration method and pseudoternary phase diagram plots. The interfacial tension between caprylic/capric triglyceride (CCT oil) and water was significantly reduced by the surfactant/co-surfactant combination (Smix) of Cremophore® RH40 and a double-tails co-surfactant, polyglycerol-3-diisostearate, at an HLB of 13 together with a water-to-co-solvent (PG) ratio of 1:1. A two-level full factorial design of experiment (FFD-DoE) emphasized the independent variables of the HLB value, co-solvent, and CCT oil contents affecting the optimal compositions for micro- or nanoemulsion formation. The low-energy spontaneous emulsification of the optimized combination at a low Smix content (10%) yielded the translucent oil-in-water Tripeptide-3 nanoemulsions with an internal droplet size of 25.7 ± 1.20 nm, a narrow polydispersity index of 0.237 ± 0.129, and 70.6 ± 0.58% transmittance. The in vitro skin permeation study revealed a significantly higher skin penetration and retention of the Tripeptide-3 nanoemulsions compared to the high surfactant microemulsions and coarse emulsions. Skin irritation and oil control efficacy were evaluated in healthy volunteers before and after product application for 28 days. The obtained nanoemulsions not only decreased sebum production but also enhanced skin moisture levels. In conclusion, the meticulously designed nanoemulsions, incorporating suitable excipients, show a promising delivery system for hydrophilic peptides to control sebum overproduction in oily facial skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nontachai Magrode
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.M.); (W.P.); (K.K.)
| | - Worrapan Poomanee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.M.); (W.P.); (K.K.)
| | - Kanokwan Kiattisin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.M.); (W.P.); (K.K.)
| | - Chadarat Ampasavate
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.M.); (W.P.); (K.K.)
- Center for Excellence in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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3
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Zhang S, Zhang Q, Xu R, Ma J, Fang L. Realizing zero-order controlled transdermal drug permeation through competing doubly ionic H-bond in patch. Int J Pharm 2023; 645:123410. [PMID: 37703958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) was an effective way to realize controlled drug delivery. However, realizing zero-order controlled drug skin delivery was still challenging in the drug-in-adhesive patch. This study provided a strategy to accomplish this delivery form by stabilizing the drug concentration in adhesive through concentration-dependent competitive interaction. Clonidine (CLO) and Granisetron (GRA) were chosen as the model drugs which were of high skin permeability, and polydimethylaminoethyl acrylate (EA) as an excipient to interact with hydroxyphenyl adhesive (HP). Drug release, permeation and pharmacokinetic study were conducted to evaluate the controlled effect of HP-EA. The molecular interaction was characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR and XPS. Dynamic simulation and molecular docking further clarified the competitive interaction involved in the release process. Both the drug skin permeation study of CLO and GRA patch based on the HP-EA adhesive showed good zero-order fitting with r of 0.994 and 0.998, compared with non-functional adhesive (0-PSA). Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic study of the CLO patch showed a plateau phase for around 52 h without influencing the area under concentration-time curve (AUC), indicating that the HP-EA could realize zero-order drug skin delivery. The mechanism study revealed that EA serving as a 'buffer component' promoted the conversion of the ionic CLO to the neutrals the as the neutrals released, which stabilized '1% neutrals CLO concentration'. In conclusion, the drug delivery system based on the concentration-dependent competitive interaction broadened our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in zero-order controlled release in transdermal patches which would promote the development of zero-order drug delivery in TDDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Quanzhi Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Runmei Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Junyao Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China.
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4
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Chen Y, Zhang LL, Wang W, Wang G. Recent updates on bioactive properties of α-terpineol. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2023.2196515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
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5
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Zhang S, Liu C, Song Y, Ruan J, Quan P, Fang L. High drug-loading and controlled-release hydroxyphenyl-polyacrylate adhesive for transdermal patch. J Control Release 2023; 353:475-489. [PMID: 36473608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Long-acting transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) requires high drug-loading and drug controlled-release. To simultaneously improve drug-polymer miscibility and realize drug controlled-release, this work aimed to develop a new pressure sensitive adhesive modified with hydroxyphenyl (HP-PSA) by introducing doubly ionic H-bond into drug-PSA interaction. Eight model drugs divided into R3N, R2NH and no N type were chosen to understand the characteristics of the HP-PSA and inner mechanism. The results showed that the doubly ionic H-bond between R3N and R2NH type drugs and HP-PSA, differing from the ionic bond and neutral H-bond, was a reversible and relatively strong interaction. It could significantly enhance their drug-loading by 1.5 to 7 times and control drug release rate to its 1/5 to 1/2 without altering its total release properties, outperforming the commercial Duro-Tak® 87-2510 and Duro-Tak® 87-2852 adhesives. According to the pharmacokinetics results, the high drug-loading patches based on HP-PSA achieved a sustainable plasma drug concentration avoiding burst release, and over 2 times area under concentration-time curve (AUC) as well as 6 times mean residence time (MRT) revealed its potential to realize long-acting drug delivery. Additionally, its safety and mechanical features were satisfied. The mechanism study showed that the repulsion of the ionic drugs in HP-PSA increased drug-loading, and the relatively strong interaction could also control drug release. The incomplete H-bond transfer determined its reversibility, thus making the drug release percentage up to that of non-functional PSA. In conclusion, the high drug-loading efficiency and drug controlled-release capacity of HP-PSA, as well as its unique interaction, would contribute to the development of TDDS. Moreover, the construction of the doubly ionic H-bond would provide further inspiration for various drug delivery systems in the non-polar environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Yilin Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Jiuheng Ruan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Peng Quan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China.
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Plyduang T, Sermkeaw N. Development and Evaluation of a Hydrogel containing Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng Extract for Topical Applications. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Namfa Sermkeaw
- Walailak University, Thailand; Walailak University, Thailand
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7
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Romeo D, Nowack B, Wick P. Combined in vitro-in vivo dosimetry enables the extrapolation of in vitro doses to human exposure levels: A proof of concept based on a meta-analysis of in vitro and in vivo titanium dioxide toxicity data. NANOIMPACT 2022; 25:100376. [PMID: 35559882 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating the potential risks of nanomaterials on human health is fundamental to assure their safety. To do so, Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) relies mostly on animal studies to provide information about nanomaterials toxicity. The scarcity of such data, due to the shift of the nanotoxicology field away from a phenomenological, animal-based approach and towards a mechanistic understanding based on in vitro studies, represents a challenge for HHRA. Implementing in vitro data in the HHRA methodology requires an extrapolation strategy; combining in vitro dosimetry and lung dosimetry can be an option to estimate the toxic effects on lung cells caused by inhaled nanomaterials. Since the two dosimetry models have rarely been used together, we developed a combined dosimetry model (CoDo) that estimates the air concentrations corresponding to the in vitro doses, extrapolating in this way in vitro doses to human doses. Applying the model to a data set of in vitro and in vivo toxicity data about titanium dioxide, we demonstrated CoDo's multiple applications. First, we confirmed that most in vitro doses are much higher than realistic human exposures, considering the Swiss Occupational Exposure Limit as benchmark. The comparison of the Benchmark Doses (BMD) extrapolated from in vitro and in vivo data, using the surface area dose metric, showed that despite both types of data had a quite wide range, animal data were overall more precise. The high variability of the results may be due both to the dis-homogeneity of the original data (different cell lines, particle properties, etc.) and to the high level of uncertainty in the extrapolation procedure caused by both model assumptions and experimental conditions. Moreover, while the surface area BMDs from studies on rodents and rodent cells were comparable, human co-cultures showed less susceptibility and had higher BMDs regardless of the titanium dioxide type. Last, a Support Vector Machine classification model built on the in vitro data set was able to predict the BMD-derived human exposure level range for viability effects based on the particle properties and experimental conditions with an accuracy of 85%, while for cytokine release in vitro and neutrophil influx in vivo the model had a lower performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daina Romeo
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Bernd Nowack
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Wick
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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8
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Khalil MA, El Maghraby GM, Sonbol FI, Allam NG, Ateya PS, Ali SS. Enhanced Efficacy of Some Antibiotics in Presence of Silver Nanoparticles Against Multidrug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Recovered From Burn Wound Infections. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:648560. [PMID: 34616370 PMCID: PMC8488261 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.648560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Burn wound infections with multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are shown in many countries as severe widespread health threats. Consequently, attention has been devoted to new nanoparticle-based materials in the field of antimicrobial chemotherapy for burn wound infections. This study aimed to evaluate both in vitro and in vivo efficacies of nanoparticle–antibiotic combinations as new classes of materials subjected against MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Out of 40 Gram-negative isolates, 23 P. aeruginosa were recovered from patients with burn wound infections attending different hospitals in Tanta, Egypt. The susceptibility test revealed that 95.7% of P. aeruginosa isolates were MDR with a high incidence of resistance against carbenicillin. Antibacterial activities of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) against the isolates examined showed various inhibition zone diameters ranging from 11 to 17 mm. Strong synergistic efficacy of neomycin was reported in combination with Ag-NPs against MDR P. aeruginosa P8 and P14 isolates. The in vivo effectiveness of various pharmaceutical formulations prepared from a combination of neomycin antibiotic with Ag-NPs in the treatment of induced bacterially infected mice burns showed that maximum healing activity along with faster wound contraction reported with the combination of neomycin-Ag-NPs in the spray formulation. Generally, data indicated that incorporating Ag-NPs in combination with certain antibiotics may be a new, promising application for wound treatments, especially burns infected with MDR P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha A Khalil
- Biology Department, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia.,Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Gamal M El Maghraby
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Fatma I Sonbol
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Nanis G Allam
- Biology Department, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Perihan S Ateya
- Biology Department, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameh S Ali
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.,Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
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9
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Junkum A, Maleewong W, Saeung A, Champakaew D, Chansang A, Amornlerdpison D, Aldred AK, Chaithong U, Jitpakdi A, Riyong D, Pitasawat B. Ligusticum sinense Nanoemulsion Gel as Potential Repellent against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles minimus, and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12070596. [PMID: 34208936 PMCID: PMC8305398 DOI: 10.3390/insects12070596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ligusticum sinense Oliv. cv. is a species of Umbelliferae (Apiaceae), a large plant family in the order Apiales. In this study, L. sinense hexane extract nanoemulsion gel (LHE-NEG) was investigated for mosquito repellency and compared to the standard chemical, N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), with the goal of developing a natural alternative to synthetic repellents in protecting against mosquito vectors. The results demonstrated that LHE-NEG afforded remarkable repellency against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles minimus, and Culex quinquefasciatus, with median protection times (MPTs) of 5.5 (4.5-6.0), 11.5 (8.5-12.5), and 11.25 (8.5-12.5) h, respectively, which was comparable to those of DEET-nanoemulsion gel (DEET-NEG: 8.5 (7.0-9.0), 12.0 (10.0-12.5), and 12.5 (10.0-13.5) h, respectively). Evaluation of skin irritation in 30 human volunteers revealed no potential irritant from LHE-NEG. The physical and biological stability of LHE-NEG were determined after being kept under heating/cooling cycle conditions. The stored samples of LHE-NEG exhibited some changes in appearance and differing degrees of repellency between those kept for 3 and 6 heating/cooling cycles, thus providing slightly shorter MPTs of 4.25 (4.0-4.5) and 3.25 (2.5-3.5) h, respectively, when compared to those of 5.0 (4.5-6.0) h in fresh preparation. These findings encourage commercially developed LHE-based products as an alternative to conventional synthetic repellents in preventing mosquito bites and helping to interrupt mosquito-borne disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuluck Junkum
- Center of Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (A.S.); (A.C.); (U.C.); (A.J.); (D.R.); (B.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Department of Parasitology and Excellence in Medical Innovation, and Technology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Atiporn Saeung
- Center of Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (A.S.); (A.C.); (U.C.); (A.J.); (D.R.); (B.P.)
| | - Danita Champakaew
- School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand;
| | - Arpaporn Chansang
- Center of Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (A.S.); (A.C.); (U.C.); (A.J.); (D.R.); (B.P.)
| | - Doungporn Amornlerdpison
- Center of Excellence in Agricultural Innovation for Graduate Entrepreneur, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand;
| | - Arunee Kongdee Aldred
- Program in Industrial Chemistry and Textile Technology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand;
| | - Udom Chaithong
- Center of Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (A.S.); (A.C.); (U.C.); (A.J.); (D.R.); (B.P.)
| | - Atchariya Jitpakdi
- Center of Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (A.S.); (A.C.); (U.C.); (A.J.); (D.R.); (B.P.)
| | - Doungrat Riyong
- Center of Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (A.S.); (A.C.); (U.C.); (A.J.); (D.R.); (B.P.)
| | - Benjawan Pitasawat
- Center of Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (A.S.); (A.C.); (U.C.); (A.J.); (D.R.); (B.P.)
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Cristofoli M, Kung CP, Hadgraft J, Lane ME, Sil BC. Ion Pairs for Transdermal and Dermal Drug Delivery: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:909. [PMID: 34202939 PMCID: PMC8234378 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion pairing is a strategy used to increase the permeation of topically applied ionised drugs. Formation occurs when the electrostatic energy of attraction between oppositely charged ions exceeds their mean thermal energy, making it possible for them to draw together and attain a critical distance. These ions then behave as a neutral species, allowing them to partition more readily into a lipid environment. Partition coefficient studies may be used to determine the potential of ions to pair and partition into an organic phase but cannot be relied upon to predict flux. Early researchers indicated that temperature, size of ions and dielectric constant of the solvent system all contributed to the formation of ion pairs. While size is important, this may be outweighed by improved lipophilicity of the counter ion due to increased length of the carbon chain. Organic counter ions are more effective than inorganic moieties in forming ion pairs. In addition to being used to increase permeation, ion pairs have been used to control and even prevent permeation of the active ingredient. They have also been used to stabilise solid lipid nanoparticle formulations. Ion pairs have been used in conjunction with permeation enhancers, and permeation enhancers have been used as counter ions in ion pairing. This review attempts to show the various ways in which ion pairs have been used in drug delivery via the skin. It also endeavours to extract and consolidate common approaches in order to inform future formulations for topical and transdermal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mignon Cristofoli
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK;
| | - Chin-Ping Kung
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (C.-P.K.); (J.H.); (M.E.L.)
| | - Jonathan Hadgraft
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (C.-P.K.); (J.H.); (M.E.L.)
| | - Majella E. Lane
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (C.-P.K.); (J.H.); (M.E.L.)
| | - Bruno C. Sil
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK;
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Matarrese P, Beauchef G, Peno-Mazzarino L, Lati E, Fitoussi R, Vié K. Assessment of an ex vivo irritation test performed on human skin explants and comparison of its results with those of a 24-/48-h human patch test for the evaluation of cosmetics. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 70:105030. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Basketter DA, Kimber I, Ezendam J. Predictive Tests for Irritants and Allergens: Human, Animal, and In Vitro Tests. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Thomas N, Rusdin A, Tulsyahra M, Wathoni N, Kuswandi A. Accelerated wound healing ability of Jatropha sap by iota carrageenan-poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogel film. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2020; 11:226-232. [PMID: 33425709 PMCID: PMC7784936 DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_11_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Jatropha sap (JTS), an important fluid carried in xylem and phloem tubes of Jatropha multifida L. plant, has good wound healing property. However, physicochemical stability of JTS needs to be improved in order for it to be useful as a topical wound-healing agent. In this study, we developed an iota carrageenan-polyvinyl alcohol (IC-PVA) hydrogel film (HF) as a carrier of JTS and evaluated its wound-healing ability. The characterization of JTS secondary metabolites by ultraviolet-Vis spectrophotometry suggested presence of flavonoid, saponin, and alkaloids in the sap. We successfully extracted IC from Euchima spinosum using alkaline solvent at 80°C-90°C with calcium chloride as the precipitator. The result of computer simulation using Discovery Studio software and Autodock Tools showed the presence of hydrogen bonding interaction of IC-PVA. IC-PVA/JTS HF with excellent physical properties including high swelling ratio (246.32%) and high gel fraction (16.75%). In addition, irritation test in mice confirmed the absence of hypersensitivity reaction, redness, and allergic reactions. Interestingly, IC-PVA/JTS HF significantly accelerated wound healing when compared to the nontreated group/control with 98% wound closure by 10 days. These results suggest that IC-PVA HF has improves wound-healing ability of JTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurain Thomas
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sports and Health, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, Gorontalo, Indonesia
| | - Agus Rusdin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sports and Health, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, Gorontalo, Indonesia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Technology Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Madania Tulsyahra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sports and Health, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, Gorontalo, Indonesia
| | - Nasrul Wathoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Technology Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Asep Kuswandi
- Tasikmalaya Health Polytechnic of Ministry of Health, Tasikmalaya, Indonesia
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14
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Abstract
In Brazil, efforts towards the regulatory acceptance and implementation of innovative methods to replace experimental animal use in various fields began to gather force in 2008, with the approval of Law No. 11,794/2008 (the Arouca Law). This law represented a milestone, as it created the National Council for the Control of Animal Experimentation (CONCEA) to deal with the ethical and legal issues related to the use of laboratory animals. In 2014, CONCEA put together a framework for expanding the implementation of non-animal methodologies for use in research and education. It also promoted the regulatory acceptance in Brazil of 24 test guidelines, including 15 in vitro approaches. It should be emphasised that, in Brazilian legislation, replacement is generally based on the toxicological endpoint and not on the category of product, as tends to be the case in other countries (e.g. cosmetics in the European Union). The resolution-dependent deadlines for the obligatory replacement of in vivo methods with the CONCEA-approved tests are 2019 and 2021. Brazil has advanced considerably towards the replacement of animal experimentation, and in certain aspects, this has been in a highly progressive manner. However, there is still a lot of work to be done, especially considering the current political scenario with reduced investment in research, development and innovation. The chronology of significant events following the approval of the Arouca Law, which have contributed to the promotion of the Three Rs alternatives in Brazil, will be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Ivan de Ávila
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology - Tox In, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, State of Goiás, Brazil
| | - Marize Campos Valadares
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology - Tox In, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, State of Goiás, Brazil
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15
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Kim TW, Che JH, Yun JW. Use of stem cells as alternative methods to animal experimentation in predictive toxicology. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 105:15-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Predictive Tests for Irritants and Allergens: Human, Animal, and In Vitro Tests. Contact Dermatitis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_13-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Sugiyama M, Akita M, Alépée N, Fujishiro M, Hagino S, Handa Y, Ikeda H, Imai N, Jitsukawa S, Katoh M, Kurihara K, Kyotani D, Nomura S, Okamoto Y, Okumura H, Omori T, Sugibayashi K, Todo H, Toyoda A, Ohno Y. Comparative assessment of 24-hr primary skin irritation test and human patch test data with in vitro skin irritation tests according to OECD Test Guideline 439 (for quasi-drugs in Japan). J Toxicol Sci 2018; 43:751-768. [PMID: 30518713 DOI: 10.2131/jts.43.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Test Guideline (TG) 439 is an in vitro test method of reconstructed human epidermis (RhE), which was developed for hazard identification of irritating chemicals in accordance with a primary skin irritation test using rabbits with 4-hr exposure. A regulation for quasi-drugs in Japan requires data from primary skin irritation tests using rabbits to undergo 24-hr exposure, and this is used as an evidence for 24-hr closed patch tests in humans. In this study with the same chemicals, primary skin irritation test data using rabbits undergoing 24-hr exposure and a 24-hr occlusive human patch test data were analyzed by comparing the results obtained with four test methods adopted in OECD TG 439. The performances of in vitro test methods showed a positive predictive value of 72.7-85.7% to predict the results of 24-hr primary rabbit skin irritation test knowing that its positive predictive value was 57.1% against humans only. The prediction factors of in vitro test methods were higher for the human patch test data with a sensitivity reaching 60 to 80%. Three surfactants gave false negatives in some of the RhE methods evaluated with the human patch test, but in each case, they were correctly classified as positive when evaluated at double concentration. Therefore, the approach of setting the margin to 2 was effective in eliminating false negatives. This suggests that in vitro test methods are useful for assessing skin irritation potential without animal testing for the application of quasi-drugs in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Sugiyama
- Working Group on Alternatives to Primary Skin Irritation Test, Japanese Society of Alternatives to Animal Experiments (JSAAE).,Shiseido Global Innovation Center
| | - Masaharu Akita
- Working Group on Alternatives to Primary Skin Irritation Test, Japanese Society of Alternatives to Animal Experiments (JSAAE).,Faculty of Family and Consumer Sciences, Kamakura Women's University
| | | | | | - Shigenobu Hagino
- Working Group on Alternatives to Primary Skin Irritation Test, Japanese Society of Alternatives to Animal Experiments (JSAAE).,Shiseido Global Innovation Center
| | | | - Hidefumi Ikeda
- Working Group on Alternatives to Primary Skin Irritation Test, Japanese Society of Alternatives to Animal Experiments (JSAAE).,Mandom Corp
| | - Noriyasu Imai
- Working Group on Alternatives to Primary Skin Irritation Test, Japanese Society of Alternatives to Animal Experiments (JSAAE).,KOSÉ Corp., Ltd
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuko Okamoto
- Working Group on Alternatives to Primary Skin Irritation Test, Japanese Society of Alternatives to Animal Experiments (JSAAE)
| | - Hidenobu Okumura
- Working Group on Alternatives to Primary Skin Irritation Test, Japanese Society of Alternatives to Animal Experiments (JSAAE).,Institute of Beauty and Health Science
| | - Takashi Omori
- Working Group on Alternatives to Primary Skin Irritation Test, Japanese Society of Alternatives to Animal Experiments (JSAAE).,Division of Biostatistics, Department of Social/Comunity Medicine and Health Science, Kobe University School of Medicine
| | - Kenji Sugibayashi
- Working Group on Alternatives to Primary Skin Irritation Test, Japanese Society of Alternatives to Animal Experiments (JSAAE).,Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Hiroaki Todo
- Working Group on Alternatives to Primary Skin Irritation Test, Japanese Society of Alternatives to Animal Experiments (JSAAE).,Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Akemi Toyoda
- Working Group on Alternatives to Primary Skin Irritation Test, Japanese Society of Alternatives to Animal Experiments (JSAAE).,Pola Chemical Industries, Inc
| | - Yasuo Ohno
- Working Group on Alternatives to Primary Skin Irritation Test, Japanese Society of Alternatives to Animal Experiments (JSAAE).,Kihara Memorial Yokohama Foundation
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18
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Kandárová H, Bendova H, Letasiova S, Coleman KP, De Jong WH, Jírova D. Evaluation of the medical devices benchmark materials in the controlled human patch testing and in the RhE in vitro skin irritation protocol. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 50:433-438. [PMID: 29462660 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Kandárová
- MatTek In vitro Life Science Laboratories, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Hana Bendova
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Silvia Letasiova
- MatTek In vitro Life Science Laboratories, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Wim H De Jong
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dagmar Jírova
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
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19
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Salahuddin N, Elbarbary A, Allam NG, Hashim AF. Chitosan modified with 1,3,4-oxa(thia)diazole derivatives with high efficacy to heal burn infection byStaphylococcus aureus. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911517728293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nehal Salahuddin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elbarbary
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Nanis G Allam
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Ayat F Hashim
- Food Industry and Nutrition Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
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20
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Regulatory accepted but out of domain: In vitro skin irritation tests for agrochemical formulations. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 89:125-130. [PMID: 28734851 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several in vitro methods have gained regulatory acceptance for the prediction of skin irritation and corrosion. However, the test guidelines for the majority of in vitro methods do not state whether they are applicable to agrochemical formulations. Hence, we would like to share the results from our routine skin corrosion and irritation testing of agrochemical formulations in which both in vitro (according to OECD TG 431 and OECD TG 439) and in vivo (according to OECD TG 404) tests were conducted as regulatory requirements. The in vitro skin irritation test did not correlate well with the CLP classification by in vivo results (44% sensitivity, 60% specificity, and 54% accuracy, based on 65 data pairs). This indicates a lack of applicability of the current protocol of the in vitro skin irritation test for agrochemical formulations. The data set did not contain formulations which were skin corrosive in vivo and hence its applicability could not be assessed. The correlation of in vitro skin corrosion testing to formulations which were not corrosive in vivo was, however, high (95% specificity based on 81 data pairs).
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21
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Comparative assessment of local tolerance of alcohols commonly used in alcohol-based hand rubs for hand hygiene. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 44:142-153. [PMID: 28700953 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hand hygiene plays a key role in nosocomial infection prevention. To achieve users' adherence, products' dermal tolerance is essential. We aimed at making a comparative assessment of skin irritation and phototoxicity of the 3 alcohols commonly used in alcohol-based hand rubs (Ethanol, Propan-2-ol, Propan-1-ol) at 60, 70, 80 or 85% w/w in water or with co-formulates (hydrating, emollient and skin protective agents). In vitro validated OECD methods 439 and 432 were used. For irritation, EpiSkin™ Small Model was the chosen Reconstructed Human Epidermis (RhE). For phototoxicity, co-formulates alone or in mixture with and without alcohol were tested using BALB/c 3T3 cell cultures. Whilst Ethanol and Propan-2-ol could not be differentiated and displayed good skin tolerance profiles, Propan-1-ol based products lead to significant viability impairments of RhE at 60, 70 or 80% and at 60% in the presence of co-formulates. However, these results could not be reproduced in another RhE model. Taking also into account bibliographic data on Propan-1-ol, this suggests that our results are probably related to a lack of specificity of the used RhE. Therefore, it can be relevant in case of significant results to use two different RhE models before performing any classification and/or performing any complementary tests.
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22
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Roque LV, Dias IS, Cruz N, Rebelo A, Roberto A, Rijo P, Reis CP. Design of Finasteride-Loaded Nanoparticles for Potential Treatment of Alopecia. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 30:197-204. [DOI: 10.1159/000475473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Srivilai J, Phimnuan P, Jaisabai J, Luangtoomma N, Waranuch N, Khorana N, Wisuitiprot W, Scholfield CN, Champachaisri K, Ingkaninan K. Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. essential oil slows hair-growth and lightens skin in axillae; a randomised, double blinded trial. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 25:29-38. [PMID: 28190468 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgenic hair-growth contributes to secondary gender characteristics but can be troublesome in women. Inhibiting axillary hair-growth via 5-α-reductases using the Thai medicinal plant, Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. is an attractive treatment strategy. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE C. aeruginosa essential oil (CA-oil) formulated as a lotion is an efficacious and safe inhibitor of axillary hair growth. STUDY DESIGN This trial was a single center, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled 10 weeks, intervention in 60 women (18-23 years) and 2 weeks washout with axillary hair length was the primary end-point. METHODS Bioactive-enriched essential oil of C. aeruginosa was formulated with a base lotion. All participants were pre-challenged with lotions by 4-h patch irritation tests to exclude skin reactions. Participants were randomly allocated to use either 1 or 5%w/w CA-oil lotion on one axilla and base-lotion (placebo) to the other for 10 weeks followed by placebo in both axillae for 2 weeks. Every week, the axillae were photographed to measure hair lengths, shaved, and roll-on applicators containing appropriate lotion replaced. Also, skin melanin by spectrophotometry and hair density were measured. RESULTS From weeks 5-11 of trial, 1 and 5%w/w CA-oil retarded growth by 13 ± 1.5% and 16 ± 0.9% respectively, while placebo was ineffective. CA-oil had no influence on hair density. Both concentrations of CA-oil rapidly and equally effectively brightened skin within 3 weeks which persisted 2 weeks after treatment ceased while placebo darkened the skin. Adherence appeared good as judged by consistency of lotion consumption and between axillae. Participants were satisfied with the treatment and reported reduced hairiness, freedom from any discomforts, but product odour attracted some negative comment. No adverse reactions ascribed to CA-oil were detected or reported. CONCLUSION This study points to a safe and efficacious dual action on retarding hair-growth and skin lightening by CA-oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukkarin Srivilai
- Bioscreening Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Preeyawass Phimnuan
- Bioscreening Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Jaisabai
- Bioscreening Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Nantakarn Luangtoomma
- Bioscreening Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Neti Waranuch
- Cosmetic and Natural Product Research Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Nantaka Khorana
- Bioscreening Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Wudtichai Wisuitiprot
- Department of Thai Traditional Medicine, Sirindhorn College of Public Health Phitsanulok 65130, Thailand
| | - C Norman Scholfield
- Bioscreening Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Katechan Champachaisri
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Kornkanok Ingkaninan
- Bioscreening Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand.
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24
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Mewes KR, Fischer A, Zöller NN, Laubach V, Bernd A, Jacobs A, van Rompay A, Liebsch M, Pirow R, Petersohn D. Catch-up validation study of an in vitro skin irritation test method based on an open source reconstructed epidermis (phase I). Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 36:238-253. [PMID: 27432483 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new in vitro skin irritation test based on an open source reconstructed epidermis (OS-REp) with openly accessible protocols for tissue production and test performance. Due to structural, mechanistic and procedural similarity, a blinded catch-up validation study for skin irritation according to OECD Performance Standards (PS) was conducted in three laboratories to promote regulatory acceptance, with OS-REp models produced at a single production site only. While overall sensitivity and predictive capacity met the PS requirements, overall specificity was only 57%. A thorough analysis of the test results led to the assumption that some of the false-positive classifications could have been evoked by volatile skin-irritating chemicals tested in the same culture plate as the non-irritants falsely predicted as irritants. With GC/MS and biological approaches the cross-contamination effect was confirmed and the experimental set-up adapted accordingly. Retesting of the affected chemicals with the improved experimental set-up and otherwise identical protocol resulted in correct classifications as non-irritants. Taking these re-test results into account, 93% overall sensitivity, 70% specificity and 82% accuracy was achieved, which is in accordance with the OECD PS. A sufficient reliability of the method was indicated by a within-laboratory-reproducibility of 85-95% and a between-laboratory-reproducibility of 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Mewes
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Henkelstr. 67, 40589 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - A Fischer
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Henkelstr. 67, 40589 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - N N Zöller
- Goethe-University, Medical School, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - V Laubach
- Goethe-University, Medical School, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - A Bernd
- Goethe-University, Medical School, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - A Jacobs
- VITO NV Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - A van Rompay
- VITO NV Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - M Liebsch
- Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - R Pirow
- Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - D Petersohn
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Henkelstr. 67, 40589 Düsseldorf, Germany
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25
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Horita K, Tomita C, Yasoshima M, Matsunaga K. Optimal evaluation time point for patch testing to predict skin irritation of commercial topical drugs. J Dermatol 2015; 42:851-60. [PMID: 25982127 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To develop patch testing (PT) that better reflects the skin irritation resulting from repeated applications, we methodically classified PT results and examined correlations between these results with results from repeated application tests. A total of 115 commercial topical drugs were used for patch testing. In two groups of 30 healthy individuals with normal back skin, 55 or 60 commercial topical drugs were applied to the back for 24 h. Skin reactions were scored for each group at 2 and 24 h after patch removal. Based on time-dependent changes in skin reaction at each evaluation time, PT results were classified into six different types. For repeated application testing, a total of 17 products with different types of PT results were selected. A total of 104 healthy individuals divided into three groups (n = 22-52 each) received application of 6-7 test materials, differing for each group, for 3 weeks on both arms. Incidences of positive symptoms induced by repeated drug application excluding transient erythema showed a greater correlation with reaction levels at 24 h after patch removal than 2 h after patch removal. Many test materials that triggered a high incidence of positive symptoms after repeated application also exhibited erythema or greater reaction up to 24 h after patch removal. PT offers a useful test system for predicting skin irritation that develops after repeated application of topical drug. Moreover, assessment at 24 h after patch removal is suggested as the optimal evaluation time point to reflect the results of repeated application tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotomi Horita
- Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan.,Research Laboratory, Ikedamohando, Toyama, Japan
| | | | | | - Kayoko Matsunaga
- Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
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26
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Regulatory toxicology in the twenty-first century: challenges, perspectives and possible solutions. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:823-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Microemulsion-based antifungal gel delivery to nail for the treatment of onychomycosis: formulation, optimization, and efficacy studies. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2015; 2:463-76. [PMID: 25787325 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-012-0109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Onychomycosis is the most common nail disease affecting nail plate and nail bed. Onychomycosis causes onycholysis which creates cavity between the nail plate and nail bed, where drug formulations could be applied, providing a direct contact of drug with the nail bed facilitating drug delivery on the infected area. The purpose of the present study was to design and evaluate the potential of microemulsion-based gel as colloidal carrier for itraconazole for delivery into onycholytic nails for effective treatment of onychomycosis. Itraconazole-loaded microemulsions were prepared and optimized using D-optimal design. The microemulsion containing 6.24 % oil, 36 % Smix, and 57.76 % water was selected as the optimized batch (MEI). The globule size and drug loading of the optimized batch were 48.2 nm and 12.13 mg/ml, respectively. Diffused reflectance FTIR studies were performed to study drug-excipient incompatibility. Ex vivo permeation studies were carried out using bovine hoof and human cadaver skin as models for nail plate and nail bed, respectively. Microemulsion-based itraconazole gel (MBGI) showed better penetration and retention in human skin as well as bovine hoof as compared to commercial preparation (market formulation, MFI). The cumulative amount of itraconazole permeated from the MBGI after 12 h was 73.39 ± 3.55 μg cm(-2) which was 1.8 times more than MF. MBGI showed significantly higher ex vivo antifungal activity (P < 0.05) against Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum when compared to MFI. Stability studies showed that MBGI was stable at refrigeration and room temperature for 3 months. It was concluded that drug-loaded gel could be a promising formulation for effective treatment of onychomycosis.
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28
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Martínez A, Rojas N, García L, González F, Domínguez M, Catalán A. In vitro activity of terpenes against Candida albicans and ultrastructural alterations. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2014; 118:553-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Salahuddin N, Elbarbary A, Allam NG, Hashim AF. Polyamide-montmorillonite nanocomposites as a drug delivery system: Preparation, release of 1,3,4-oxa(thia)diazoles, and antimicrobial activity. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nehal Salahuddin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Tanta University; Tanta 31527 Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elbarbary
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Tanta University; Tanta 31527 Egypt
| | - Nanis G. Allam
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science; Tanta University; Tanta 31527 Egypt
| | - Ayat F. Hashim
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center; Giza Egypt
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30
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Horita K, Tanoue C, Yasoshima M, Ohtani T, Matsunaga K. Study of the usefulness of patch testing and use test to predict the safety of commercial topical drugs. J Dermatol 2014; 41:505-13. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kotomi Horita
- Department of Dermatology; Fujita Health University School of Medicine; Toyoake Japan
- Research Laboratory; Ikedamohando; Nakaniikawa Japan
| | - Chiaki Tanoue
- Research Laboratory; Ikedamohando; Nakaniikawa Japan
| | | | - Takao Ohtani
- Department of Dermatology; Fujita Health University School of Medicine; Toyoake Japan
- Department of Dermatology; Kariya Orthopedic Hospital; Kariya Japan
| | - Kayoko Matsunaga
- Department of Dermatology; Fujita Health University School of Medicine; Toyoake Japan
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31
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Huang CM, Xu H, Wang CC, Elmets CA. Proteomic characterization of skin and epidermis in response to environmental agents. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 2:809-20. [PMID: 16209658 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2.5.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The skin and its outer epidermis layer in particular, prevent access of various environmental agents including potential allergens, irritants, carcinogens, ultraviolet radiation and microbes. Cells in the epidermis make a significant contribution to innate as well as adaptive immune reactions in skin. The skin immunity thus provides a biologic defense in response to hazardous environmental agents. Although proteomics has been utilized to establish skin proteomes and investigate skin responses to some environmental agents, it has not been extensively used to address the complexity of skin responses to various environments. This review summarizes cutaneous genes and proteins that have been characterized as related to skin exposure to environmental agents. In parallel, this review emphasizes functional proteomics and systems biology, which are believed to be an important future direction toward characterizing the skin proteome-environmental interaction and developing successful therapeutic strategies for skin diseases caused by environmental insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, USA.
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Casas JW, Lewerenz GM, Rankin EA, Willoughby JA, Blakeman LC, McKim JM, Coleman KP. In vitro human skin irritation test for evaluation of medical device extracts. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:2175-83. [PMID: 23999410 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if the EpiDerm™ reconstructed human skin model (MatTek Corp.) could be an acceptable alternative to the ISO 10993-required rabbit skin irritation test for assessing medical device biocompatibility. Eleven medical device polymers were tested. Four extracts were prepared per polymer, two each with saline and sesame oil; half were spiked with two R-38 irritants, lactic acid for saline extracts and heptanoic acid for the sesame oil extracts. Tissue viability was assessed by MTT reduction and the proinflammatory response was assessed by IL-1α release. LOAELs of 2% for lactic acid in saline and 0.7% for heptanoic acid in sesame oil were determined. A cell viability reduction of >50% was indicative of skin irritation. Cells exposed to saline extracts spiked with 3.25% lactic acid had significantly reduced mean cell viabilities (12.6-17.2%). Cells exposed to sesame oil extracts spiked with 1.25% heptanoic acid also exhibited reduced mean cell viabilities (25.5%-41.7%). All spiked cells released substantial amounts of IL-1α (253.5-387.4pg/ml) signifying a proinflammatory response. These results indicate that the EpiDerm™ model may be a suitable in vitro replacement for the assessment of the irritation potential of medical device extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Casas
- Medtronic, Inc., 11520 Yellow Pine St. N. W., C202, Minneapolis, MN 55448, USA.
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Ishii S, Ishii K, Nakadate M, Yamasaki K. Correlation study in skin and eye irritation between rabbits and humans based on published literatures. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 55:596-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kolle SN, Sullivan KM, Mehling A, van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. Erratum to “Applicability of in vitro tests for skin irritation and corrosion to regulatory classification schemes: Substantiating test strategies with data from routine studies” [Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. (2012) 402–414]. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 65:366-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kanto H, Washizaki K, Ito M, Matsunaga K, Akamatsu H, Kawai K, Katoh N, Natsuaki M, Yoshimura I, Kojima H, Okamoto Y, Okuda M, Kuwahara H, Sugiyama M, Kinoshita S, Mori F. Optimal patch application time in the evaluation of skin irritation. J Dermatol 2013; 40:363-9. [PMID: 23414058 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the optimum application for evaluating skin irritation response by using samples of irritants commonly used as additives in cosmetics and other common household products. We studied 47 volunteers (16 men and 31 women). We selected three types of surfactant, one moisturizer, one anti-infective agent and one oil solution. Using Finn chambers on Scanpor tape, we performed the patch test. A total of 0.015 mL of each sample was applied to the Finn chamber. For liquids, circular filter paper was soaked in 0.015 mL of the sample. Samples were placed on the upper back of participants, and closed for 4, 24 or 48 h. A patch application time of 24 h is sufficient to detect primary skin irritation from irritants in cosmetics and other common household products. In addition, we found that skin irritation reactions were strongest at 24 h after patch removal and that the reaction tended to be weaker at 48 h after patch removal. Patch testing to evaluate irritants should be performed by means of a 24-h patch test with a follow-up reading at 24 h after patch removal. An application time of 24 h places less of a burden on patients than a 48-h patch test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Kanto
- First Department of Dermatology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Patel HK, Barot BS, Parejiya PB, Shelat PK, Shukla A. Topical delivery of clobetasol propionate loaded microemulsion based gel for effective treatment of vitiligo: Ex vivo permeation and skin irritation studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 102:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Differentiation of skin sensitizers from irritant chemicals by interleukin-1α and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 in murine keratinocytes. Toxicol Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Choi YJ, Sim WC, Choi HK, Lee SH, Lee BH. α-Terpineol induces fatty liver in mice mediated by the AMP-activated kinase and sterol response element binding protein pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 55:129-36. [PMID: 23274539 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The use of herbal medicines in disease prevention and treatment is growing rapidly worldwide, without careful consideration of safety issues. α-Terpineol is a monoterpene alcoholic component of Melaleuca alternifolia, Salvia officinalis and Carthamus tinctorius that is used widely as a flavor and essential oil in food. The present study showed that α-terpineol induces fatty liver via the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mTOR-sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) pathway. α-Terpineol-treated hepatocytes had significantly increased neutral lipid accumulation. α-Terpineol suppressed AMPK phosphorylation, and increased p70S6 kinase (p70S6K) phosphorylation and SREBP-1 activation. It also increased luciferase activity in cells transfected with LXRE-tk-Luc and SRE-tk-Luc. Inhibition of mTOR signaling by co-treatment with rapamycin or co-transfection with dominant negative p70S6K blocked completely the effects of α-terpineol. α-Terpineol oral administration to mice for 2weeks led to decreased AMPK phosphorylation and increased SREBP-1 activation in the liver, followed by hepatic lipid accumulation. Conversely, rapamycin co-treatment reversed α-terpineol-induced SREBP-1 activation and fatty liver in mice. These data provide evidence that α-terpineol causes fatty liver, an effect mediated by the AMPK/mTOR/SREBP-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Jin Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Kolle SN, Sullivan KM, Mehling A, van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. Applicability of in vitro tests for skin irritation and corrosion to regulatory classification schemes: Substantiating test strategies with data from routine studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 64:402-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Review of skin irritation/corrosion Hazards on the basis of human data: A regulatory perspective. Interdiscip Toxicol 2012; 5:98-104. [PMID: 23118595 PMCID: PMC3485661 DOI: 10.2478/v10102-012-0017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory classification of skin irritation has historically been based on rabbit data, however current toxicology processes are transitioning to in vitro alternatives. The in vitro assays have to provide sufficient level of sensitivity as well as specificity to be accepted as replacement methods for the existing in vivo assays. This is usually achieved by comparing the in vitro results to classifications obtained in animals. Significant drawback of this approach is that neither in vivo nor in vitro methods are calibrated against human hazard data and results obtained in these assays may not correspond to situation in human.The main objective of this review was to establish an extended database of substances classified according to their human hazard to serve for further development of alternative methods relevant to human health as well as resource for improved regulatory classification. The literature has been reviewed to assemble all the available information on the testing of substances in the human 4 h human patch test, which is the only standardized protocol in humans matching the exposure conditions of the regulatory accepted in vivo rabbit skin irritation test.A total of 81 substances tested according to the defined 4 h human patch test protocol were found and collated into a dataset together with their existing in vivo classifications published in the literature. While about 50% of the substances in the database are classified as irritating based on the rabbit skin test, on using the 4 h HPT test, less than 20% were identified as acutely irritant to human skin. Based on the presented data, it can be concluded that the rabbit skin irritation test largely over-predicts human responses for the evaluated chemicals. Correct classification of the acute skin irritation hazard will only be possible if newly developed in vitro toxicology methods will be calibrated to produce results relevant to man.
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Scognamiglio J, Jones L, Vitale D, Letizia C, Api A. Fragrance material review on benzyl alcohol. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50 Suppl 2:S140-60. [PMID: 22036973 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Belsito D, Bickers D, Bruze M, Calow P, Dagli ML, Fryer AD, Greim H, Miyachi Y, Saurat JH, Sipes IG. A toxicological and dermatological assessment of aryl alkyl alcohols when used as fragrance ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50 Suppl 2:S52-99. [PMID: 22051184 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kolle SN, Kandárová H, Wareing B, van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. In-house validation of the EpiOcular(TM) eye irritation test and its combination with the bovine corneal opacity and permeability test for the assessment of ocular irritation. Altern Lab Anim 2011; 39:365-387. [PMID: 21942548 DOI: 10.1177/026119291103900410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
In 2009, the Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (BCOP) test was accepted by the regulatory bodies for the identification of corrosive and severe ocular irritants (Global Harmonised System [GHS] Category 1). However, no in vitro test is currently accepted for the differentiation of ocular irritants (GHS Category 2) and non-irritants (GHS No Category). Human reconstructed tissue models have been suggested for incorporation into a tiered testing strategy to ultimately replace the Draize rabbit eye irritation test (OECD TG 405). The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the EpiOcular(TM) reconstructed cornea-like tissue model and the COLIPA pre-validated EpiOcular Eye Irritation Test (EpiOcular-EIT) could be used as suitable components of this testing strategy. The in-house validation of the EpiOcular-EIT was performed by using 60 test substances, including a broad variety of chemicals and formulations for which in vivo data (from the Draize rabbit eye irritation test) were available. The test substances fell into the following categories: 18 severe irritants/corrosives (Category 1), 21 irritants (Category 2), and 21 non-irritants (No Category). Test substances that decreased tissue viability to ≤ 60% (compared to the negative control tissue) were considered to be eye irritants (Category 1/2). Test substances resulting in tissue viability of > 60% were considered to be non-irritants (No Category). For the assessed dataset and the classification cut-off of 60% viability, the EpiOcular-EIT provided 98% and 84% sensitivity, 64% and 90% specificity, and 85% and 86% overall accuracy for the literature reference and BASF proprietary substances, respectively. Applying a 50% tissue viability cut-off to distinguish between irritants and non-irritants resulted in 93% and 82% sensitivity, 68% and 100% specificity, and 84% and 88% accuracy for the literature reference and BASF proprietary substances, respectively. Further, in the EpiOcular-EIT (60% cut-off), 100% of severely irritating substances under-predicted by the BCOP assay were classified as Category 1/2. The results obtained in this study, based on 60 test substances, indicate that the EpiOcular-EIT and the BCOP assay can be combined in a testing strategy to identify strong/severe eye irritants (Category 1), moderate and mild eye irritants (Category 2), and non-irritants (No Category) in routine testing. In particular, when the bottom-up strategy with the 60% viability cut-off was employed, none of the severely irritating substances (Category 1) were under-predicted to be non-irritant. Sensitivity for Category 1/2 substances was 100% for literature reference substances and 89% for BASF SE proprietary substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne N Kolle
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Hartung T. From alternative methods to a new toxicology. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 77:338-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kumari S, Harjai K, Chhibber S. Bacteriophage versus antimicrobial agents for the treatment of murine burn wound infection caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae B5055. J Med Microbiol 2010; 60:205-210. [PMID: 20965914 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.018580-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was planned to evaluate the efficacy of silver nitrate and gentamicin in the treatment of burn wound infection and to compare it with phage therapy using an isolated and well-characterized Klebsiella-specific phage, Kpn5. A full-thickness burn wound was induced in mice and infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae B5055 via the topical route. Different concentrations of silver nitrate or gentamicin were applied topically daily after establishment of infection. Phage Kpn5 mixed in hydrogel was also applied topically at an m.o.i. of 200 on the burn wound site. The efficacy of these antimicrobial agents was assessed on the basis of percentage survival of infected mice following treatment. The results showed that a single dose of phage Kpn5 resulted in a significant reduction in mortality (P<0.001). Daily applications of silver nitrate and gentamicin at 0.5 % and 1000 mg l(-1), respectively, provided significant protection (P<0.001) compared to lower concentrations of the two agents. However, the level of protection given by these two agents was lower than that given by the phage therapy. The results strongly suggest that phage Kpn5 has therapeutic utility in treating burn wound infection in mice as a single topical application of this phage was able to rescue mice from infection caused by K. pneumoniae B5055 in comparison to multiple applications of silver nitrate and gentamicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Kumari
- Basic Medical Sciences Building, Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Kusum Harjai
- Basic Medical Sciences Building, Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Sanjay Chhibber
- Basic Medical Sciences Building, Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Rasmussen C, Gratz K, Liebel F, Southall M, Garay M, Bhattacharyya S, Simon N, Vander Zanden M, Van Winkle K, Pirnstill J, Pirnstill S, Comer A, Allen-Hoffmann BL. The StrataTest® human skin model, a consistent in vitro alternative for toxicological testing. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:2021-9. [PMID: 20688150 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional in vitro skin models provide an alternative to animal testing for assessing tissue damage caused by chemical or physical agents and for the identification and characterization of agents formulated to mitigate this damage. The StrataTest® human skin model made with pathogen-free NIKS® keratinocyte progenitors is a fully-stratified tissue containing epidermal and dermal components that possesses barrier function as determined by measurements of electrical impedance. Independent batches of skin tissues responded consistently to known chemical irritants even after refrigerated storage for up to 7 days. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected after exposure of skin tissues to ozone, cigarette smoke or ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Pretreatment with the antioxidant parthenolide-depleted (PD)-Feverfew extract prevented cigarette smoke-induced or UV irradiation-mediated increases in ROS. Interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) secretion increased in a dose dependent manner following UV irradiation but cytokine release was abrogated by pretreatment with a UVA/UVB sunscreen. Similarly, immunohistochemical detection showed increased thymidine dimer formation in UV-irradiated skin tissue that was prevented with sunscreen pretreatment. These results demonstrate that the StrataTest® human skin model is broadly applicable to a wide range of in vitro toxicological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Rasmussen
- Stratatech Corporation, 505 S. Rosa Rd. Madison, WI 53719, USA
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Jírová D, Basketter D, Liebsch M, Bendová H, Kejlová K, Marriott M, Kandárová H. Comparison of human skin irritation patch test data within vitroskin irritation assays and animal data. Contact Dermatitis 2010; 62:109-16. [PMID: 20136894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kandárová H, Hayden P, Klausner M, Kubilus J, Kearney P, Sheasgreen J. In vitro skin irritation testing: Improving the sensitivity of the EpiDerm skin irritation test protocol. Altern Lab Anim 2009; 37:671-689. [PMID: 20105002 DOI: 10.1177/026119290903700611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
A skin irritation test (SIT) utilising a common protocol for two in vitro reconstructed human epidermal (RhE) models, EPISKIN and EpiDerm, was developed, optimised and evaluated as a replacement for the in vivo rabbit skin irritation test in an ECVAM-sponsored validation study. In 2007, both RhE models were recognised by an independent peer-review panel and the ECVAM Scientific Advisory Committee (ESAC) as validated for use with the common SIT protocol. The EPISKIN SIT was endorsed as a full replacement of the in vivo rabbit test. Since the EpiDerm SIT proved to be less sensitive than the in vivo test and the EPISKIN SIT, the test was recognised as a validated component of a tiered testing strategy, in which positive results are accepted and negative results require further confirmation. The ESAC, in its April 2007 statement, also recommended increasing the sensitivity of the EpiDerm SIT, in order to gain the full acceptance. Analysis of the EpiDerm and EPISKIN data from the ECVAM validation study indicated that the lower sensitivity of the EpiDerm SIT might be linked to the more robust barrier properties of the EpiDerm model. This hypothesis was also in line with results published previously. To overcome the relatively low sensitivity of the EpiDerm protocol as a hindrance to full regulatory acceptance, a modification of exposure conditions was introduced into the protocol to achieve better agreement with the in vivo rabbit data. In the Modified EpiDerm SIT protocol, the test chemical exposure time was increased from 15 minutes to 60 minutes. In addition, part of the exposure was performed at 37 degrees C. When the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) viability assay endpoint was used for classification, a significant increase of sensitivity was obtained (86.1%), whilst maintaining the high specificity of the method (76.3%). With the change to the EU classification system, which now uses higher cut-off for the classification of irritants, the sensitivity of the Modified EpiDerm SIT increased to above 90%. The measurement of interleukin (IL)-1alpha release did not further contribute to improvement of the method. The results demonstrate that the modified EpiDerm SIT protocol has the required sensitivity and specificity to be accepted as a stand alone method for complete replacement of the in vivo rabbit test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hartung
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA.
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