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El-Sapagh S, Allam NG, El-Sayed MNED, El-Hefnawy AA, Korbecka-Glinka G, Shala AY. Effects of Silybum marianum L. Seed Extracts on Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) Bacteria. Molecules 2023; 29:64. [PMID: 38202647 PMCID: PMC10779956 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Wound infections became a great challenge, especially after the emergence of bacterial resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Medicinal plants can be the source of alternative antibacterial agents effective against multi drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. This research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different Silybum marianum seed extracts in fighting MDR bacteria that infect wounds. First, thirty purified bacterial cultures obtained from superficial, infected wounds were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests. The selected MDR isolates were then used to test the antimicrobial effects of different S. marianum seed extracts. The most potent extract was evaluated for its impact on the ultrastructure of the cells of sensitive bacterial isolates using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The bioactive ingredients of this extract were analyzed by means of gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Then, in-silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties were predicted for the main components. The results indicated that four out of 30 bacterial isolates were considered MDR bacteria. Primary morphological features of colonies, secondary (automatic) identification using the Biomerieux Vitek 2 System, and 16S rRNA sequencing of the four isolates confirmed that they represent Staphylococcus aureus, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. Among different extracts of S. marianum seeds, ethanol extract showed the strongest inhibitory effect on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values between 9.375 and 1.172 mg/mL. However, at concentrations four times higher, this extract was unable to kill bacterial cells, indicating that it had a bacteriostatic effect on the tested MDR strains. TEM revealed denaturation and distorted cell ultrastructure in S. aureus and S. maltophilia after exposure to ethanol extract. In addition, GC-MS analysis of the ethanol extract identified nine compounds known to have important biological activities, and ADMET analysis showed good drug-likeness for two of these compounds. Consequently, S. marianum seeds could be a good source of alternative bacteriostatic agents effective against MDR bacterial strains that cause wound infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa El-Sapagh
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (S.E.-S.)
| | - Nanis G. Allam
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (S.E.-S.)
| | | | - Asmaa Ahmed El-Hefnawy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (S.E.-S.)
| | - Grażyna Korbecka-Glinka
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation—State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Awad Y. Shala
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt;
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Eid MA, Momeh GN, El-Shanshoury AERR, Allam NG, Gaafar RM. Comprehensive analysis of soybean cultivars' response to SMV infection: genotypic association, molecular characterization, and defense gene expressions. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:102. [PMID: 37847328 PMCID: PMC10581962 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00558-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is a devastating disease that threatens soybean plants worldwide. The different soybean genotypes displayed different responses to SMV strains. This study aimed to investigate the response of different selected soybean cultivars to SMV infection in Egypt based on their specific genetic makeup. RESULT The symptoms of SMV infection and the viral concentration were evaluated in eight soybean cultivars (Giza 21, Giza 22, Giza 35, Giza 82, Giza 111, Crawford, H4L4, and PI416937) using ELISA assay. The results indicated that Giza 21 and Giza 35 were moderately tolerant to SMV infection, while Giza 82 was the least tolerant cultivar. Giza 22, Giza 111, and PI416937 were less tolerant; however, H4L4 and Crawford were identified as the most tolerant cultivars against SMV infection. The chi-square analysis showed a significant association between the different selected cultivars and their response against SMV infection. The PCR test showed the presence of RSV1 (3gG2), RSV1 (5gG3), and RSV3 loci, and the absence of the RSV4 locus gene. The expression analysis of the selected defense genes (EDS1, PAD4, EDR1, ERF1, and JAR) showed variations in the fold changes between infected and non-infected soybean cultivars, suggesting that these genes might play a crucial role in this pathosystem. Additionally, there was a strong positive association between the expression levels of EDR1 and ERF1. CONCLUSION The study found the presence of RSV1 (3gG2), RSV1 (5gG3), and RSV3 loci in selected soybean cultivars, but not RSV4. The analysis of gene expression indicated that certain defense genes may play a vital role in the pathosystem. This research is the first of its kind in Egypt to genotype soybean cultivars regarding different RSV loci. The findings could be beneficial for further research on understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in SMV infection and its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Eid
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Gehan N Momeh
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | | | - Nanis G Allam
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Reda M Gaafar
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
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Elmetwalli A, Allam NG, Hassan MG, Albalawi AN, Shalaby A, El-Said KS, Salama AF. Evaluation of Bacillus aryabhattai B8W22 peroxidase for phenol removal in waste water effluents. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:119. [PMID: 37120512 PMCID: PMC10148497 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02850-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental contamination by phenol has been reported in both aquatic and atmospheric environments. This study aimed to separate and purify the peroxidase enzyme from bacteria that degrade phenol from wastewater sources. An enrichment culture of MSM was used to screen 25 bacterial isolates from different water samples for peroxidase production, six of the isolates exhibited high levels of peroxidase enzyme activity. Qualitative analysis of peroxidase revealed that isolate No. 4 had the highest halo zones (Poly-R478: 14.79 ± 0.78 mm, Azure B: 8.81 ± 0.61 mm). The promising isolate was identified as Bacillus aryabhattai B8W22 by 16S rRNA gene sequencing with accession number OP458197. As carbon and nitrogen sources, mannitol and sodium nitrate were utilized to achieve maximum peroxidase production. A 30-h incubation period was used with pH 6.0, 30 °C, mannitol, and sodium nitrate, respectively, for maximal production of peroxidase. Purified peroxidase enzyme showed 0.012 U/mg specific activity, and SDS-PAGE analysis indicated a molecular weight of 66 kDa. The purified enzyme exhibits maximum activity and thermal stability at pH values of 4.0 and 8.0, respectively, with maximum activity at 30 °C and complete thermal stability at 40 °C. In the purified enzyme, the Km value was 6.942 mg/ml and the Vmax value was 4.132 mol/ml/hr, respectively. The results demonstrated that Bacillus aryabhattai B8W22 has promising potential for degrading phenols from various phenol-polluted wastewater sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Elmetwalli
- Department of Clinical Trial Research Unit and Drug Discovery, Egyptian Liver Research Institute and Hospital (ELRIAH), Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Nanis G Allam
- Microbiology Division, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Mervat G Hassan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, 33516, Egypt
| | - Aisha Nawaf Albalawi
- Department of Biology , University of Haql College, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azza Shalaby
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Karim Samy El-Said
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Afrah Fatthi Salama
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
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Ismail GA, Allam NG, El-Gemizy WM, Salem MA. The role of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized by Anabaena variabilis and Spirulina platensis cyanobacteria for malachite green removal from wastewater. Environ Technol 2021; 42:4475-4489. [PMID: 32449499 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1766576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using two species of cyanobacteria, Anabaena variabilis (Kütz) and Spirulina platensis (Gomont) was investigated and evaluated for dye removing capacity. The formation of AgNPs was detected by the change in colour using UV-Vis spectroscopy and further characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The obtained AgNPs were spherical to oval with average particle size of 17.9 and 26.4 nm for S. platensis and A. variabilis, respectively. These AgNPs were applied as bio-sorbent for the removal of malachite green (MG) dye released into wastewater. Within the tested initial concentration range of MG, the reaction exhibited first order kinetics model as monitored via UV spectroscopy. As the dye concentration decreased, the removal efficiency increased to reach 93% for S. platensis and 82% for A. variabilis AgNPs. The results also indicated that increased AgNPs concentration enhanced the MG removal with an efficiency up to 88% and 81% for S. platensis and A. variabilis AgNPs, respectively. The smaller particle diameter and larger specific surface area of S. platensis AgNPs enabled boosted catalytic activity for dye removal than those of A. variabilis. After the treatment with AgNPs, the resultant dye- AgNPs-free effluent proved non-toxic to Triticum aestivum L (Giza 171) seedlings, implying their safety for cultivation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehan A Ismail
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Nanis G Allam
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Walaa M El-Gemizy
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Salem
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Khalil MA, El Maghraby GM, Sonbol FI, Allam NG, Ateya PS, Ali SS. Enhanced Efficacy of Some Antibiotics in Presence of Silver Nanoparticles Against Multidrug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Recovered From Burn Wound Infections. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:648560. [PMID: 34616370 PMCID: PMC8488261 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.648560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Burn wound infections with multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are shown in many countries as severe widespread health threats. Consequently, attention has been devoted to new nanoparticle-based materials in the field of antimicrobial chemotherapy for burn wound infections. This study aimed to evaluate both in vitro and in vivo efficacies of nanoparticle–antibiotic combinations as new classes of materials subjected against MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Out of 40 Gram-negative isolates, 23 P. aeruginosa were recovered from patients with burn wound infections attending different hospitals in Tanta, Egypt. The susceptibility test revealed that 95.7% of P. aeruginosa isolates were MDR with a high incidence of resistance against carbenicillin. Antibacterial activities of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) against the isolates examined showed various inhibition zone diameters ranging from 11 to 17 mm. Strong synergistic efficacy of neomycin was reported in combination with Ag-NPs against MDR P. aeruginosa P8 and P14 isolates. The in vivo effectiveness of various pharmaceutical formulations prepared from a combination of neomycin antibiotic with Ag-NPs in the treatment of induced bacterially infected mice burns showed that maximum healing activity along with faster wound contraction reported with the combination of neomycin-Ag-NPs in the spray formulation. Generally, data indicated that incorporating Ag-NPs in combination with certain antibiotics may be a new, promising application for wound treatments, especially burns infected with MDR P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha A Khalil
- Biology Department, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia.,Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Gamal M El Maghraby
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Fatma I Sonbol
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Nanis G Allam
- Biology Department, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Perihan S Ateya
- Biology Department, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameh S Ali
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.,Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
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Allam NG, El-Sheekh MM, Sarhan NI, Alfakharany GS. A new trend in the medication of hepatocyte cytoxicity in mice: protective role of probiotic bacteria. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:1555-1564. [PMID: 32844344 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10420-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Liver toxicity is affected by several factors, including certain medications, fumes emission from factories, materials used in industries, and exposure to chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Some preselected probiotic bacteria strains have been widely employed in different medical researches due to their antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory characters, and hepatoprotective factor. The present study was aimed to evaluate the protective role of probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum DSMZ 20174) and their ameliorative effects against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. The cell cycle of hepatocytes and the expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) were assessed by flow cytometry as indicators for apoptosis. The antioxidant activity of probiotic bacteria was estimated by measuring lipid peroxidation (LPO) and scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH). The results showed that the treatment of CCl4-administered mice by supernatant from Lactobacillus plantarum DSMZ 20174 induced an amelioration in CCl4-induced increases in serum activity of the liver enzymes and decreases in LPO and DPPH. After treatment with probiotics, the liver histopathological studies showed abundant infiltration and accumulation of mononuclear cells and fibroblast, indicating a positive effect ameliorating the damage previously induced by CCl4. In sum, the results of the present work indicate the protective effects of Lactobacillus plantarum against hepatotoxicity through antioxidant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanis G Allam
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Mostafa M El-Sheekh
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Naglaa I Sarhan
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Ghada S Alfakharany
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
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Salahuddin N, Elbarbary A, Allam NG, Hashim AF. 5-Phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol/polyamide-montmorillonite microbicides nanocomposites as drug delivery system. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nehal Salahuddin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Tanta University; Tanta Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elbarbary
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Tanta University; Tanta Egypt
| | - Nanis G. Allam
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science; Tanta University; Tanta Egypt
| | - Ayat F. Hashim
- Food Industries and Nutrition Division; National Research Center (NRC); Giza Egypt
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G. Allam N, M Ali EM, Shabanna S, Abd-Elrahman E. Protective Efficacy of Streptococcus Thermophilus Against Acute Cadmium Toxicity in Mice. Iran J Pharm Res 2018; 17:695-707. [PMID: 29881427 PMCID: PMC5985187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal, wide occupational and an environmental pollutant, affecting human health. Probiotics especially lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have the capacity to bind, remove and to decrease tissue cadmium levels. The objective was to evaluate the potency of Cd binding capacity, antioxidative properties of probiotic bacteria against cadmium in-vitro and its probable detoxification effect against Cd-induced toxicity in mice. To asses this objective, resistance against cadmium and antioxidative properties (via DPPH radical scavenging and inhibition of lipid peroxidation) were estimated for thirteen probiotic bacteria. Streptococcus thermophilus was selected among investigated bacteria as it had the highest MIC against cadmium and remarkable antioxidant activities for treatment of Cd toxicity in Swiss albino mice by preventive and therapeutic protocols. Blood cadmium levels, reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and histopathological changes in the liver of mice were estimated at 6, 24 and 48 h post to acute Cd exposure (oral dose with 50 mg/kg body weight). On exposure to Cd a significant increase in blood Cd, MDA and reducing in GSH levels were observed. S. thermophilus offered a significant protective effect against Cd toxicity by decreasing the cadmium levels in blood and attenuation alterations in the levels of GSH and MDA and improved hepatic histopathological changes caused by Cd toxicity. These results indicated the protective action of S. thermophilus against acute cadmium toxicity as well as their beneficial health effects and suggested its use as a safe and efficacious nutritional dietary supplement to reduce cadmium toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanis G. Allam
- Microbiology unit, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Ehab Mostafa M Ali
- Biochemistry unit, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Samya Shabanna
- Microbiology unit, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Elsayed Abd-Elrahman
- Microbiology unit, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
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Salahuddin N, Elbarbary A, Allam NG, Hashim AF. Chitosan modified with 1,3,4-oxa(thia)diazole derivatives with high efficacy to heal burn infection byStaphylococcus aureus. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911517728293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nehal Salahuddin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elbarbary
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Nanis G Allam
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Ayat F Hashim
- Food Industry and Nutrition Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
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Salahuddin N, Elbarbary A, Allam NG, Hashim AF. Polyamide-montmorillonite nanocomposites as a drug delivery system: Preparation, release of 1,3,4-oxa(thia)diazoles, and antimicrobial activity. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nehal Salahuddin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Tanta University; Tanta 31527 Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elbarbary
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Tanta University; Tanta 31527 Egypt
| | - Nanis G. Allam
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science; Tanta University; Tanta 31527 Egypt
| | - Ayat F. Hashim
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center; Giza Egypt
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Abstract
Microbiological studies were carried out on microbial contamination and antimicrobial activity of sea cucumber Holothuria polii collected from Mediterranean Sea at Abu-kir shore of Alexandria, Egypt. The obtained results revealed the presence of isolates of five human Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, representing five genera were identified to species level, including, Esherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella sp. and Shigella sp. In addition, an yeast Candida albicans was isolated. The pathogenic bacteria were identified using API 20E strip system (BioMereux). All collected H. polii specimens were healthy with no external signs of infection. Histopathological study of the tegument, intestine and gonads showed no abnormal changes. The antimicrobial activity of two tegumental ethanol extracts (A and B, differ in the method of dehydration) were tested against wide range of pathogenic bacteria and fungi, including intestinal, skin and nosocomial pathogens and one plant fungal pathogen. The results revealed a remarkable antifungal activity of the extract B at 2.5 mg/ml MIC90, especially on Aspergillus niger, Scloretium sp, C. albicans, Aspergillus flavus and Malassezia furfur, and limited antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria ( Salmonella choleraesuis ATCC 14028 and Aeromonas hydrophila). The domain of bacterial and limited fungal contamination confirms the results that showed strong antifungal activity of investigated extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla EE Omran
- Invertebrate Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Nanis G Allam
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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