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Verhulst NO, Cavegn JC, Mathis A. Spatial repellency and vapour toxicity of transfluthrin against the biting midges Culicoides nubeculosus and C. sonorensis (Ceratopogonidae). CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 1:100002. [PMID: 36003605 PMCID: PMC9387480 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2020.100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biting midges (Diptera; Ceratopogonidae; Culicoides spp.) are biological vectors of disease agents, and they cause nuisance and insect bite hypersensitivity. Currently there are no effective means to control biting midges as screening is impractical and the application of insecticides or repellents is of limited efficacy. Spatial repellents have the advantage over contact repellents that they can create a vector-free environment. Studies have shown the efficacy of spatial repellents to protect humans against mosquitoes, also outdoors, but no data are available for biting midges. We tested the spatial repellency and toxicity (knockdown effect) of the volatile pyrethroid transfluthrin against the laboratory-reared biting midges Culicoides nubeculosus (Meigen) and Culicoides sonorensis (Wirth and Jones) and the mosquito Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) in a high-throughput tube setup. Observations were made 15, 30 and 60 min. after application of the repellent. In addition to transfluthrin, the non-volatile pyrethroid permethrin and DEET, the gold standard of repellents, were included. Spatial repellency by transfluthrin was observed against both biting midge species and Ae. aegypti, already at the first observation after 15 min. and at much lower concentrations than DEET. Permethrin was spatially repellent only to C. sonorensis at the highest concentration tested (10 μg/cm2). Knockdown of biting midges and mosquitoes by transfluthrin, both by vapour or contact toxicity, was observed even at low concentrations. DEET had little to no effect on the knockdown of the insects, neither by direct contact nor vapour toxicity, while permethrin caused a high proportion of knockdown when direct contact was possible. In case these results can be confirmed in field experiments, spatial repellents could become a novel tool in integrated control programmes to reduce biting by Culicoides spp.
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Chapman GE, Baylis M, Archer DC. Survey of UK horse owners' knowledge of equine arboviruses and disease vectors. Vet Rec 2018; 183:159. [PMID: 29764954 PMCID: PMC6089202 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Increased globalisation and climate change have led to concern about the increasing risk of arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) outbreaks globally. An outbreak of equine arboviral disease in northern Europe could impact significantly on equine welfare, and result in economic losses. Early identification of arboviral disease by horse owners may help limit disease spread. In order to determine what horse owners understand about arboviral diseases of horses and their vectors, the authors undertook an open, cross-sectional online survey of UK horse owners. The questionnaire was distributed using social media and a press release and was active between May and July 2016. There were 466 respondents, of whom 327 completed the survey in full. High proportions of respondents correctly identified photographic images of biting midges (71.2 per cent) and mosquitoes (65.4 per cent), yet few were aware that they transmit equine infectious diseases (31.4 per cent and 35.9 per cent, respectively). Of the total number of respondents, only 7.4 per cent and 16.2 per cent correctly named a disease transmitted by biting midges and mosquitoes, respectively. Only 13.1 per cent and 12.5 per cent of participants identified specific clinical signs of African horse sickness (AHS) and West Nile virus (WNV), respectively. This study demonstrates that in the event of heightened disease risk educational campaigns directed towards horse owners need to be implemented, focussing on disease awareness, clinical signs and effective disease prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Elaine Chapman
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthew Baylis
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Debra C Archer
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Benelli G, Buttazzoni L, Canale A, D'Andrea A, Del Serrone P, Delrio G, Foxi C, Mariani S, Savini G, Vadivalagan C, Murugan K, Toniolo C, Nicoletti M, Serafini M. Bluetongue outbreaks: Looking for effective control strategies against Culicoides vectors. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:263-270. [PMID: 28577491 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Several arthropod-borne diseases are now rising with increasing impact and risks for public health, due to environmental changes and resistance to pesticides currently marketed. In addition to community surveillance programs and a careful management of herds, a next-generation of effective products is urgently needed to control the spread of these diseases, with special reference to arboviral ones. Natural product research can afford alternative solutions. Recently, a re-emerging of bluetongue disease is ongoing in Italy. Bluetongue is a viral disease that affects ruminants and is spread through the bite of bloodsucking insects, especially Culicoides species. In this review, we focused on the importance of vector control programs for prevention or bluetongue outbreaks, outlining the lack of effective tools in the fight against Culicoides vectors. Then, we analyzed a field case study in Sardinia (Italy) concerning the utilization of the neem cake (Azadirachta indica), to control young instar populations of Culicoides biting midges, the vectors of bluetongue virus. Neem cake is a cheap and eco-friendly by-product obtained from the extraction of neem oil. Overall, we propose that the employ of neem extraction by-products as aqueous formulations in muddy sites close to livestock grazing areas may represent an effective tool in the fight against the spread of bluetongue virus in the Mediterranean areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Luca Buttazzoni
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, CREA, Centro di Ricerca per la Zootecnia e l'Acquacoltura, CREA ZA, Sede di Monterotondo, Via Salaria 31, 00015 Monterotondo Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Canale
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Armando D'Andrea
- C. R. ENEA Casaccia, UTEE, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, S. M. Galeria, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Del Serrone
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, CREA, Centro di Ricerca per la Zootecnia e l'Acquacoltura, CREA ZA, Sede di Monterotondo, Via Salaria 31, 00015 Monterotondo Rome, Italy
| | - Gavino Delrio
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Patologia Vegetale ed Entomologia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Enrico de Nicola, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Cipriano Foxi
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Patologia Vegetale ed Entomologia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Enrico de Nicola, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Susanna Mariani
- C. R. ENEA Casaccia, UTEE, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, S. M. Galeria, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Chithravel Vadivalagan
- Division of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kadarkarai Murugan
- Division of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India; Thiruvalluvar University (State University), Serkkadu, Vellore 632 115, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chiara Toniolo
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Nicoletti
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Serafini
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Abstract
The performance of different bluetongue control measures related to both vaccination and protection from bluetongue virus (BTV) vectors was assessed. By means of a mathematical model, it was concluded that when vaccination is applied on 95% of animals even for 3 years, bluetongue cannot be eradicated and is able to re‐emerge. Only after 5 years of vaccination, the infection may be close to the eradication levels. In the absence of vaccination, the disease can persist for several years, reaching an endemic condition with low level of prevalence of infection. Among the mechanisms for bluetongue persistence, the persistence in the wildlife, the transplacental transmission in the host, the duration of viraemia and the possible vertical transmission in vectors were assessed. The criteria of the current surveillance scheme in place in the EU for demonstration of the virus absence need revision, because it was highlighted that under the current surveillance policy bluetongue circulation might occur undetected. For the safe movement of animals, newborn ruminants from vaccinated mothers with neutralising antibodies can be considered protected against infection, although a protective titre threshold cannot be identified. The presence of colostral antibodies interferes with the vaccine immunisation in the newborn for more than 3 months after birth, whereas the minimum time after vaccination of animal to be considered immune can be up to 48 days. The knowledge about vectors ecology, mechanisms of over‐wintering and criteria for the seasonally vector‐free period was updated. Some Culicoides species are active throughout the year and an absolute vector‐free period may not exist at least in some areas in Europe. To date, there is no evidence that the use of insecticides and repellents reduce the transmission of BTV in the field, although this may reduce host/vector contact. By only using pour‐on insecticides, protection of animals is lower than the one provided by vector‐proof establishments. This publication is linked to the following EFSA Supporting Publications article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.EN-1182/full, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.EN-1171/full
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González M, Venter GJ, López S, Iturrondobeitia JC, Goldarazena A. Laboratory and field evaluations of chemical and plant-derived potential repellents against Culicoides biting midges in northern Spain. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 28:421-431. [PMID: 25079042 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of 23 compounds in repelling Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), particularly Culicoides obsoletus (Meigen) females, was determined by means of a Y-tube olfactometer. The 10 most effective compounds were further evaluated in landing bioassays. The six most promising compounds (including chemical and plant-derived repellents) were evaluated at 10% and 25% concentrations in field assays using Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps. At least three compounds showed promising results against Culicoides biting midges with the methodologies used. Whereas olfactometer assays indicated DEET at 1 µg/µL to be the most effective repellent, filter paper landing bioassays showed plant-derived oils to be better. Light traps fitted with polyester mesh impregnated with a mixture of octanoic, decanoic and nonanoic fatty acids at 10% and 25% concentrations collected 2.2 and 3.6 times fewer midges than control traps and were as effective as DEET, which is presently considered the reference standard insect repellent. The best plant-derived product was lemon eucalyptus oil. Although these have been reported as safe potential repellents, the present results indicate DEET and the mixture of organic fatty acids to be superior and longer lasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M González
- Entomology Laboratory, Basque Institute of Agricultural Research and Development, NEIKER-TECNALIA, Vitoria, Spain
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Carpenter S, Groschup MH, Garros C, Felippe-Bauer ML, Purse BV. Culicoides biting midges, arboviruses and public health in Europe. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:102-13. [PMID: 23933421 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of multiple strains of bluetongue virus (BTV) and the recent discovery of Schmallenberg virus (SBV) in Europe have highlighted the fact that exotic Culicoides-borne arboviruses from remote geographic areas can enter and spread rapidly in this region. This review considers the potential for this phenomenon to impact on human health in Europe, by examining evidence of the role of Culicoides biting midges in the zoonotic transmission and person-to-person spread of arboviruses worldwide. To date, the only arbovirus identified as being primarily transmitted by Culicoides to and between humans is Oropouche virus (OROV). This member of the genus Orthobunyavirus causes major epidemics of febrile illness in human populations of South and Central America and the Caribbean. We examine factors promoting sustained outbreaks of OROV in Brazil from an entomological perspective and assess aspects of the epidemiology of this arbovirus that are currently poorly understood, but may influence the risk of incursion into Europe. We then review the secondary and rarely reported role of Culicoides in the transmission of high-profile zoonotic infections, while critically reviewing evidence of this phenomenon in endemic transmission and place this in context with the presence of other potential vector groups in Europe. Scenarios for the incursions of Culicoides-borne human-to-human transmitted and zoonotic arboviruses are then discussed, along with control measures that could be employed to reduce their impact. These measures are placed in the context of legislative measures used during current and ongoing outbreaks of Culicoides-borne arboviruses in Europe, involving both veterinary and public health sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Carpenter
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
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Kebede Y, Gebre-Michael T, Balkew M. Laboratory and field evaluation of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) and Chinaberry (Melia azedarach L.) oils as repellents against Phlebotomus orientalis and P. bergeroti (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Ethiopia. Acta Trop 2010; 113:145-50. [PMID: 19854142 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The study evaluated the efficacy of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) and Chinaberry (Melia azedarach L.) seed oils as repellents against laboratory and field populations of some sandflies in Ethiopia. In the laboratory, concentrations of 2% and 5% neem oil in coconut oil tested against Phlebotomus orientalis (vector of visceral leishmaniasis) provided 96.28% (95% CI=95.60-96.97) protection up to a mean time of 7h and 20 min and 98.26% (95% CI=93.46-104. 07) protection up to 9h, respectively. Similarly, M. azedarach oil at 2% concentration produced 95.13% (95% CI=90.74-99.52) protection for the same duration (7h and 20 min), while the 5% oil gave 96.20 (95% CI=86.98-105.41) protection for 8h and 20 min against the same species with no significant difference in percentage protection between the two oils at 2% and 5% concentrations. In the field tests with only neem oil (A. indica) against field populations of P. orientalis and P. bergeroti, similar high level of repellencies were recorded with about the same duration of protection. Application of both neem and Chinaberry oils can be safe and low-cost means of personal protection against sandfly bites in endemic areas of Ethiopia, if the community is advised and encouraged to grow the plants abundantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Kebede
- Jimma University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Page P, Labuschagne K, Nurton J, Venter G, Guthrie A. Duration of repellency of N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide, citronella oil and cypermethrin against Culicoides species when applied to polyester mesh. Vet Parasitol 2009; 163:105-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health an Welfare (AHAW) on the EFSA Selfmandate on bluetongue origin and occurrence. EFSA J 2007. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2007.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on request from the Commission on bluetongue vectors and vaccines. EFSA J 2007. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2007.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Cook SM, Khan ZR, Pickett JA. The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2007; 52:375-400. [PMID: 16968206 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Push-pull strategies involve the behavioral manipulation of insect pests and their natural enemies via the integration of stimuli that act to make the protected resource unattractive or unsuitable to the pests (push) while luring them toward an attractive source (pull) from where the pests are subsequently removed. The push and pull components are generally nontoxic. Therefore, the strategies are usually integrated with methods for population reduction, preferably biological control. Push-pull strategies maximize efficacy of behavior-manipulating stimuli through the additive and synergistic effects of integrating their use. By orchestrating a predictable distribution of pests, efficiency of population-reducing components can also be increased. The strategy is a useful tool for integrated pest management programs reducing pesticide input. We describe the principles of the strategy, list the potential components, and present case studies reviewing work on the development and use of push-pull strategies in each of the major areas of pest control.
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Mands V, Kline DL, Blackwell A. Culicoides midge trap enhancement with animal odour baits in Scotland. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2004; 18:336-342. [PMID: 15641999 DOI: 10.1111/j.0269-283x.2004.00516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Examples of the commercial trap Mosquito Magnet Pro (MMP emitting attractant 1-octen-3-ol in carbon dioxide 500 mL/min generated from propane fuel), were run 24 h/day on the Isle of Skye, Scotland, during June-August 2001 and evaluated for catching Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). From 30 days trapping, the catch averaged 2626 +/- 1358 Culicoides females/trap/day (mean +/- SE, range 558 +/- 139 to 6088 +/- 3597, for five sets of six consecutive nights), predominantly the pest Culicoides impunctatus Goetghebuer (68% overall), plus C. vexans (Staeger) > C. delta Edwards > C. pulicaris (L.) > C. lupicaris Downs & Kettle > C. albicans (Winnertz) > other Culicoides spp. Attempts were made to enhance the odour baiting system by adding hexane-extracts (2.1 mg/day) of hair samples from large host animals, resulting in the following effects on Culicoides collections: sheep - 53 %, red deer - 26 %, calf + 20%, pony + 40%, water buffalo + 262%, with greatest increases for C. impunctatus and C. pulicaris. Serial concentrations of these animal extracts (10(-1) - 10(-3) x 2.2 g/mL) were assayed on parous female C. impunctatus response in a Y-tube olfactometer (air-flow 150 mL/min), and by electroantennogram (EAG) on Culicoides nubeculosus Meigen laboratory-reared parous females. Positive behavioural responses to host odours were dose-dependent: the water buffalo extract being most active (threshold 0.22 g/mL), similar to deer, whereas other host extracts were > or = 10-fold less active. Correspondingly, the EAG threshold was lowest for water buffalo, 10-fold greater for deer, calf and pony, but not detected for sheep. If the active component(s) of these host extracts can be identified and synthesized, they might be employed to improve the capture of Culicoides midges for local control by removal trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mands
- Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
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