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Wang Q, Wang H, Dwivedi Y. Integrated Long Noncoding RNA and Messenger RNA Expression Analysis Identifies Molecules Specifically Associated With Resiliency and Susceptibility to Depression and Antidepressant Response. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 4:100365. [PMID: 39257693 PMCID: PMC11385423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2024.100365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Depression involves maladaptive processes impairing an individual's ability to interface with the environment appropriately. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are gaining traction for their role in higher-order brain functioning. Recently, we reported that lncRNA coexpression modules may underlie abnormal responses to stress in rats showing depression-like behavior. The current study explored the global expression regulation of lncRNAs and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in the hippocampus of rats showing susceptibility (learned helplessness [LH]) or resiliency (non-LH) to depression and fluoxetine response to LH (LH+FLX). Methods Multiple comparison analysis was performed with an analysis of variance via the aov and summary function in the R platform to identify the differential expression of mRNAs and lncRNAs among LH, non-LH, tested control, and LH+FLX groups. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis was used to identify distinctive modules and pathways associated with each phenotype. A machine learning analysis was conducted to screen the critical target genes. Based on the combined analysis, the regulatory effects of lncRNAs on mRNA expression were explored. Results Multiple comparison analyses revealed differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs with each phenotype. Integrated bioinformatics analysis identified novel transcripts, specific modules, and regulatory pairs of mRNA-lncRNA in each phenotype. In addition, the machine learning approach predicted lncRNA-regulated Spp2 and Olr25 genes in developing LH behavior, whereas joint analysis of mRNA-lncRNA pairs identified Mboat7, Lmod1, I l 18, and Rfx5 genes in depression-like behavior and Adam6 and Tpra1 in antidepressant response. Conclusions The study shows a novel role for lncRNAs in the development of specific depression phenotypes and in identifying newer targets for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huizhen Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yogesh Dwivedi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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2
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Scanes E, Kutti T, Fang JKH, Johnston EL, Ross PM, Bannister RJ. The long-lived deep-sea bivalve Acesta excavata is sensitive to the dual stressors of sediment and warming. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 202:116323. [PMID: 38598927 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Human influence in the deep-sea is increasing as mining and drilling operations expand, and waters warm because of climate change. Here, we investigate how the long-lived deep-sea bivalve, Acesta excavata responds to sediment pollution and/or acute elevated temperatures. A. excavata were exposed to suspended sediment, acute warming, and a combination of the two treatments for 40 days. We measured O2 consumption, NH4+ release, Total Organic Carbon (TOC), and lysosomal membrane stability (LMS). We found suspended sediment and warming interacted to decrease O:N ratios, while sediment as a single stressor increased the release of TOC and warming increased NH4+ release in A. excavata. Warming also increased levels of LMS. We found A. excavata used protein catabolism to meet elevated energetic demands indicating a low tolerance to stress. A. excavata has limited capacity for physiological responses to the stressors of warming and sediment which may lead to decreased fitness of A. excavata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Scanes
- School of Life and Environmental Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006, NSW, Australia; Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, NSW, Australia.
| | - Tina Kutti
- Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - James K H Fang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, and Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong; Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Emma L Johnston
- School of Life and Environmental Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006, NSW, Australia; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong; Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Pauline M Ross
- School of Life and Environmental Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006, NSW, Australia
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Lee RPT, Lin YR, Huang CY, Nan FH. Effects of Nutrient Source, Temperature, and Salinity on the Growth and Survival of Three Giant Clam Species (Tridacnidae). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1054. [PMID: 38612294 PMCID: PMC11010924 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The habitats of giant clams are undergoing environmental changes, and giant clam populations are declining. The present study was conducted to facilitate clam conservation. We conducted three 18-week trials to investigate the effects of nutrient, temperature, and salinity on the growth performance and survival rates (SRs) of juvenile Tridacna noae, adult Tridacna crocea, and subadult Tridacna derasa, respectively. Regarding nutrient sources, no significant differences were observed in shell length gain, specific growth rate, or SR between clams fed with Chaetoceros muelleri or commercial feed (hw nanotip) and those in a control group (juvenile phototrophs). Regarding temperature, clams cultivated at 27 °C exhibited significantly better growth performance and SR than did those cultivated at 19 °C or 31 °C (p < 0.05). By week 6, all clams in the 19 °C and 31 °C groups had died, indicating that suboptimal growth temperatures have severe adverse effects. Regarding salinity, clams cultivated at 34‱ exhibited significantly higher length gains and specific growth rates than did those cultivated at 20‱ or 25‱ (p < 0.05). SR was not significantly affected by salinity. Understanding how environmental factors affect giant clam populations may help researchers devise effective clam conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 202301, Taiwan; (R.P.-T.L.); (Y.-R.L.)
| | - Fan-Hua Nan
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 202301, Taiwan; (R.P.-T.L.); (Y.-R.L.)
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4
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Nkurikiyimfura O, Waheed A, Fang H, Yuan X, Chen L, Wang YP, Lu G, Zhan J, Yang L. Fitness difference between two synonymous mutations of Phytophthora infestans ATP6 gene. BMC Ecol Evol 2024; 24:36. [PMID: 38494489 PMCID: PMC10946160 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-024-02223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sequence variation produced by mutation provides the ultimate source of natural selection for species adaptation. Unlike nonsynonymous mutation, synonymous mutations are generally considered to be selectively neutral but accumulating evidence suggests they also contribute to species adaptation by regulating the flow of genetic information and the development of functional traits. In this study, we analysed sequence characteristics of ATP6, a housekeeping gene from 139 Phytophthora infestans isolates, and compared the fitness components including metabolic rate, temperature sensitivity, aggressiveness, and fungicide tolerance among synonymous mutations. RESULTS We found that the housekeeping gene exhibited low genetic variation and was represented by two major synonymous mutants at similar frequency (0.496 and 0.468, respectively). The two synonymous mutants were generated by a single nucleotide substitution but differed significantly in fitness as well as temperature-mediated spatial distribution and expression. The synonymous mutant ending in AT was more common in cold regions and was more expressed at lower experimental temperature than the synonymous mutant ending in GC and vice versa. CONCLUSION Our results are consistent with the argument that synonymous mutations can modulate the adaptive evolution of species including pathogens and have important implications for sustainable disease management, especially under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswald Nkurikiyimfura
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Hanmei Fang
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Xiaoxian Yuan
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Lixia Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Yan-Ping Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Characteristic Horticultural Biological Resources, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Guodong Lu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 75007, Sweden.
| | - Lina Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
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Elevated aerial temperature modulates digestive enzyme activities in Mytilus californianus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 265:110825. [PMID: 36572236 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The marine intertidal mussel Mytilus californianus aggregates to form beds along the Pacific shores of North America. As a sessile organism it must cope with fluctuations in temperature during low-tide aerial exposure, which elevates maintenance costs and negatively affects its overall energy budget. The function of its digestive gland is to release enzymes that break apart ingested polymers for subsequent nutrient absorption. The effects of elevated aerial warming acclimation on the functioning of digestive gland enzymes are not well studied. In this study we asked whether digestive gland carbohydases and proteases could be overstimulated in warm condition to possibly mitigate the costs related to the heat-shock response. We compared mussels acclimated to a + 9 °C heat-shock during daily low-tide aerial exposure to mussels acclimated to isothermal tidal conditions in a simulated intertidal system. The results showed fairly consistent activities of cellulase, trypsin, and amino-peptidase across tidal variation and between thermal treatments; however, amylase activity was lower in warmed versus cool mussels across low and high-tide. We also observed the expression of heat-shock genes in gill tissue during warm tidal conditions, suggestive that moderate temperatures during aerial exposure can induce a stress response.
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6
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Bueno EM, McIlhenny CL, Chen YH. Cross-protection interactions in insect pests: Implications for pest management in a changing climate. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:9-20. [PMID: 36127854 PMCID: PMC10092685 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural insect pests display an exceptional ability to adapt quickly to natural and anthropogenic stressors. Emerging evidence suggests that frequent and varied sources of stress play an important role in driving protective physiological responses; therefore, intensively managed agroecosystems combined with climatic shifts might be an ideal crucible for stress adaptation. Cross-protection, where responses to one stressor offers protection against another type of stressor, has been well documented in many insect species, yet the molecular and epigenetic underpinnings that drive overlapping protective responses in insect pests remain unclear. In this perspective, we discuss cross-protection mechanisms and provide an argument for its potential role in increasing tolerance to a wide range of natural and anthropogenic stressors in agricultural insect pests. By drawing from existing literature on single and multiple stressor studies, we outline the processes that facilitate cross-protective interactions, including epigenetic modifications, which are understudied in insect stress responses. Finally, we discuss the implications of cross-protection for insect pest management, focusing on the consequences of cross-protection between insecticides and elevated temperatures associated with climate change. Given the multiple ways that insect pests are intensively managed in agroecosystems, we suggest that examining the role of multiple stressors can be important in understanding the wide adaptability of agricultural insect pests. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika M. Bueno
- Department of Plant and Soil ScienceUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
| | - Casey L. McIlhenny
- Department of Plant and Soil ScienceUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
| | - Yolanda H. Chen
- Department of Plant and Soil ScienceUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Gund Institute for EnvironmentUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
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7
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Fu D, Liu J, Pan YN, Zhu JY, Xiao F, Liu M, Xiao R. Three Heat Shock Protein Genes and Antioxidant Enzymes Protect Pardosa pseudoannulata (Araneae: Lycosidae) from High Temperature Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12821. [PMID: 36361611 PMCID: PMC9655195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pardosa pseudoannulata (P. pseudoannulata) is an essential natural predatory enemy in rice ecosystems. The fluctuating climate may cause them to experience heat stress, whereas heat shock proteins (HSPs) and antioxidant enzymes help resist heat damage. Herein, we cloned and characterized the full-length genes PpHSP27, PpHSP60, and PpHSC70 from P. pseudoannulata. Changes in gene expression levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione transferase (GST) activities in adult male and female P. pseudoannulata were measured at different stress exposure times and temperatures. We found that the abovementioned HSP genes belong to the sHSP, HSP60, and HSP70 families. The expression of the three HSP genes and the activities of SOD, CAT, and GST were significantly upregulated with the increasing stress temperature and time. The knockdown of the three HSP genes via RNA interference significantly decreased the survival rate of male and female P. pseudoannulata during high temperature stress. Thus, PpHSP27, PpHSP60, and PpHSC70 play an important role in the heat tolerance of P. pseudoannulata, and SOD, CAT, and GST enable recovery heat stress-induced oxidative damage. Their changes and regulation during high temperature stress can improve spiders' adaptability in the field and enhance the biological control of environmental pests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rong Xiao
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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8
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Silva CJM, Machado AL, Campos D, M V M Soares A, Pestana JLT. Combined effects of polyethylene microplastics and natural stressors on Chironomus riparius life-history traits. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 213:113641. [PMID: 35716817 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that ingestion of microplastics causes adverse effects in aquatic organisms, including sediment-dwelling invertebrates. Most studies focus on evaluating the effects of plastic particles alone without testing the mediating effects of different natural stressors and thus lacking realistic exposure scenarios. The present study addresses the interactive effects of exposure to polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs; 2.5 g/kg) in the midge Chironomus riparius life history traits under different temperatures (15, 20 and 25 °C), a salinity gradient (0, 1 and 3 g L-1 sodium chloride - NaCl) and different levels of food (0.5, 0.25 and 0.125 mg macerated fish food larva-1day-1). By the analyses of linear models and independent action models applied to different life-history traits, such as larval growth, development time and imagoes body weight, the present work reveals that under temperatures lower than 20 °C or severe food shortage (<0.25 mg macerated fish food larva-1day-1), microplastics' effects can be stronger than those observed at standard toxicity test conditions (20 °C and 0.5 mg food larva-1day-1). Additionally, we also found that, in general, toxicity induced by PE-MPs to C. riparius larvae was reduced under warmer temperature (25 °C) and salinity. As observed, MPs toxicity can be mediated by natural stressors, which underlines the importance of co-exposure studies. In this sense, these results contribute to a more accurate risk assessment of microplastics. Despite the complex interactions between microplastics and natural factors here tested, were not found evidence that the deleterious effects of PE-MPs on C. riparius life cycle history are aggravated under increased temperature, food shortage, or salinisation of freshwaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J M Silva
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana L Machado
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Diana Campos
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João L T Pestana
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Remus A, Hauschild L, Létourneau-Montminy MP, Pomar C. Estimating Amino Acid Requirements in Real-Time for Precision-Fed Pigs: The Challenge of Variability among Individuals. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123354. [PMID: 34944131 PMCID: PMC8698096 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Precision feeding considers the difference in amino acid requirements among pigs and over time by providing daily tailored diets. This practice allows improving environmental and economic performances. Future systems should focus on maximizing nutrient use efficiency to move towards “green” pig production. This study explored a new method of providing amino acids to maximize their use, mainly focusing on understanding variations in the protein metabolism response among individuals to minimize variation in growth response. This study showed that even pigs fed the same amino acid level might use these nutrients differently, especially in protein deposition. Logically, pigs with the greatest protein deposition are the ones that use amino acids the most efficiently, thus exhibiting the lowest nitrogen excretion. This study helped identify some of the factors affecting the efficiency of nitrogen use in pigs. By improving the understanding of pigs’ nutrient response, pig production can become more resource-efficient. Abstract This study aimed to measure protein deposition (PD) in pigs fed with daily tailored diets where either dietary lysine (Lys) or threonine (Thr) were provided at independent levels (ignoring an ideal ratio). A total of 95 growing pigs (35 kg body weight (BW)) with electronic ear tags granting them access to automatic feeders were randomly assigned to treatments. The setup was an unbalanced 2 × 5 factorial arrangement with Lys and Thr provided at five levels (i.e., 60%, 80%, 100%, 120%, and 140% of the estimated individual requirements of Lys and Thr), resulting in 25 treatments for 21 days. The observed PD variation to Lys and Thr provisions was large, with Lys and Thr intake explaining only 11% of the variation. Cluster analysis discriminated pigs with low (167 g/d, n = 16), medium (191 g/d, n = 38), and high (213 g/d, n = 37) PD, but with a similar amino acid intake. Differences in PD were associated with differences in nutrient efficiency of utilization. Providing Lys and Thr in a factorial mode, ignoring an ideal ratio, did not decrease the variability in PD. Future research efforts should focus on identifying and investigating the sources of interindividual variability—a necessary step before final recommendations can be made for AA in precision-fed pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Remus
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), University of São Paulo State (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, São Paulo, Brazil;
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (C.P.)
| | - Luciano Hauschild
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), University of São Paulo State (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | | | - Candido Pomar
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), University of São Paulo State (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, São Paulo, Brazil;
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (C.P.)
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Nguyen HQ, Kim Y, Jang Y. De Novo Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Potential Thermal Adaptation Mechanisms in the Cicada Hyalessa fuscata. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102785. [PMID: 34679807 PMCID: PMC8532856 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In metropolitan Seoul and its vicinity, cicadas of the species Hyalessa fuscata living in warmer areas could tolerate the heat better than those living in cooler areas, but genetic mechanisms involved in better heat tolerance remained unclear. In this study, we examined differences in gene expression of cicadas living in a warm urban area, a cool urban area and a suburban area in three experimental treatments: no heating, 10 min heating and heating until the cicadas lost their mobility. Cicadas from the warm urban area changed their gene expressions the most. Activated genes were mostly related to heat shock, energy metabolism, and detoxification. These results suggested that under heat stress, cicadas inhabiting warm areas could differentially express genes to increase their thermal tolerance. Abstract In metropolitan Seoul, populations of the cicada Hyalessa fuscata in hotter urban heat islands (“high UHIs”) exhibit higher thermal tolerance than those in cooler UHIs (“low UHIs”). We hypothesized that heat stress may activate the expression of genes that facilitate greater thermal tolerance in high-UHI cicadas than in those from cooler areas. Differences in the transcriptomes of adult female cicadas from high-UHI, low-UHI, and suburban areas were analyzed at the unheated level, after acute heat stress, and after heat torpor. No noticeable differences in unheated gene expression patterns were observed. After 10 min of acute heat stress, however, low-UHI and suburban cicadas expressed more heat shock protein genes than high-UHI counterparts. More specifically, remarkable changes in the gene expression of cicadas across areas were observed after heat torpor stimulus, as represented by a large number of up- and downregulated genes in the heat torpor groups compared with the 10 min acute heat stress and control groups. High-UHI cicadas expressed the most differentially expressed genes, followed by the low-UHI and suburban cicadas. There was a notable increase in the expression of heat shock, metabolism, and detoxification genes; meanwhile, immune-related, signal transduction, and protein turnover genes were downregulated in high-UHI cicadas versus the other cicada groups. These results suggested that under heat stress, cicadas inhabiting high-UHIs could rapidly express genes related to heat shock, energy metabolism, and detoxification to protect cells from stress-induced damage and to increase their thermal tolerance toward heat stress. The downregulation of apoptosis mechanisms in high-UHI cicadas suggested that there was less cellular damage, which likely contributed to their high tolerance of heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoa Quynh Nguyen
- Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, Ewha Womans University, Ewhayeodaegil-52, Seoul 03760, Korea; (H.Q.N.); (Y.K.)
- Department of Life Sciences and Division of Ecoscience, Ewha Womans University, Ewhayeodaegil-52, Seoul 03760, Korea
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, No. 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Yuseob Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, Ewha Womans University, Ewhayeodaegil-52, Seoul 03760, Korea; (H.Q.N.); (Y.K.)
- Department of Life Sciences and Division of Ecoscience, Ewha Womans University, Ewhayeodaegil-52, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yikweon Jang
- Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, Ewha Womans University, Ewhayeodaegil-52, Seoul 03760, Korea; (H.Q.N.); (Y.K.)
- Department of Life Sciences and Division of Ecoscience, Ewha Womans University, Ewhayeodaegil-52, Seoul 03760, Korea
- Correspondence:
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11
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Brito TDF, Pinto NS, Phifer CC, Knowlton JL, Contrera FAL, Maués MM, Silva DP. Orchid bees (Apidae, Euglossini) from Oil Palm Plantations in Eastern Amazon Have Larger but Not Asymmetrical Wings. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:388-397. [PMID: 33792857 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-021-00864-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic variation in both morphology and symmetry of individuals may appear due to environmental stress caused by land-use changes. Here, we evaluated fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and wing size variations of two orchid bee species, Euglossa ignita Smith, 1874 and Eulaema meriana (Olivier, 1789), comparing 11 wing traits. We sampled the individuals from legal reserves (LR), areas of permanent protection (APP), and oil palm plantations (PALM) in Eastern Amazonia. We calculated FA as the absolute difference between the wing measurements made in the right and left wings of specimens and both species' wing size. We corrected each FA measure for possible directional asymmetry bias by subtracting the mean value of the mean FA signed difference to each FA measure. We compared FA and the size of each wing trait of each species between land-use types using one-way ANOVAs. We found no effect of FA between land-use types, but we observed individuals of both species from PALM areas having larger wings than those from LR areas. Our results demonstrate that there seems to be a pressure exerted by land-use change associated with palm oil cultivation favoring individuals with larger wings, although both species had shown substantial permeability of oil palm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaline de Freitas Brito
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Pará/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Biologia e Ecologia de Abelhas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Nelson S Pinto
- Centro Universitário UniAraguaia, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Colin C Phifer
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | | | - Felipe A L Contrera
- Laboratório de Biologia e Ecologia de Abelhas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Márcia M Maués
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Daniel P Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto Federal Goiano, Urutaí, Goiás, Brazil
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de Oliveira TCT, Monteiro AB, Faria LDB. Can multitrophic interactions shape morphometry, allometry, and fluctuating asymmetry of seed-feeding insects? PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241913. [PMID: 33175854 PMCID: PMC7657534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Body size is commonly associated with biological features such as reproductive capacity, competition, and resource acquisition. Many studies have tried to understand how these isolated factors can affect the body pattern of individuals. However, little is known about how interactions among species in multitrophic communities determine the body shape of individuals exploiting the same resource. Here, we evaluate the effect of fruit infestation, parasitism rate, and seed biomass on size, allometric and asymmetric patterns of morphological structures of insects that exploit the same resource. To test it, we measured 750 individuals associated with the plant Senegalia tenuifolia (Fabaceae), previously collected over three consecutive years. Negative allometry was maintained for all species, suggesting that with increasing body size the body structure did not grow proportionally. Despite this, some variations in allometric slopes suggest that interactions in a multitrophic food web can shape the development of these species. Also, we observed a higher confidence interval at higher categories of infestation and parasitism rate, suggesting a great variability in the allometric scaling. We did not observe fluctuating asymmetry for any category or species, but we found some changes in morphological structures, depending on the variables tested. These findings show that both allometry and morphological trait measurements are the most indicated in studies focused on interactions and morphometry. Finally, we show that, except for the fluctuating asymmetry, each species and morphological structure respond differently to interactions, even if the individuals play the same functional role within the food web.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucas Del Bianco Faria
- Department of Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Natural Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
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13
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Wang X, Huang Z, Wang C, Qi C, Gu Z, Li E, Qin JG, Chen L. A Comparative Study on Growth and Metabolism of Eriocheir sinensis Juveniles Under Chronically Low and High pH Stress. Front Physiol 2020; 11:885. [PMID: 32792987 PMCID: PMC7385324 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study elucidates the effects of chronic pH stress on the growth and metabolic response of juvenile Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. Crabs were exposed under normal pH (control, pH = 8.0 ± 0.20), low pH (pH = 6.5 ± 0.20), and high pH (pH = 9.5 ± 0.20) in an 8-week trial. Both low and high pH suppressed weight gain but low pH had more adverse effects. No difference was observed on survival, crude lipid, and protein. Acidic stress significantly reduced protein efficiency. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content in hepatopancreas was highest at low pH. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in hepatopancreas and total hemocyte counts (THC) in the stress groups were higher than that in the control. Crabs under high pH had the highest ACP and AKP activities, but there was no significant difference between the control and low pH groups. In the transcriptome analysis, 500.0M clean reads were obtained from the control, low pH, and high pH groups, and assembled into 83,025 transcripts. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were analyzed to obtain the significantly changed pathways involving differently expressed genes. Ten and eight pathways in metabolism were significantly changed in low pH vs control and high pH vs control groups, respectively. According to the reported functions of these pathways, most of them participated in carbohydrate metabolism. The metabolism pathway analysis indicates the increases of stress resistance, glucose metabolism, and molting activities under chronically pH stress. This study suggests that low pH has more negative impact on crab growth, and oxidative phosphorylation is the main source of energy source under low pH stress, while aerobic glycolysis supplies most energy under high pH stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Wang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhipeng Huang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunling Wang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changle Qi
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhimin Gu
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquaculture Genetic and Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, China
| | - Erchao Li
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Aquaculture, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jian G Qin
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Liqiao Chen
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Détrée C, Navarro JM, Font A, Gonzalez M. Species vulnerability under climate change: Study of two sea urchins at their distribution margin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 728:138850. [PMID: 32570334 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to develop powerful predictions on the impact of climate change on marine organisms, it is critical to understand how abiotic drivers such as temperature can directly and indirectly affect marine organisms. Here, we evaluated and compared the physiological vulnerability of the leading-edge populations of two species of sea urchins Loxechinus albus and Pseudechinus magellanicus in response to predicted ocean warming and food limitation. After exposing sea urchins to a 60-day experimental period to contrasting temperature (1 °C, 7 °C and 14 °C corresponding respectively to the actual average summer temperature in Antarctica, the control treatment temperature and the predicted future temperature in the Strait of Magellan) and diet levels (ad libitum or food limitation), sea urchin stress tolerance was assessed. Sea urchins' physiology was measured at the organismal and sub-cellular level by studying the organisms energy balance (behavior, growth, gonad index, ingestion rate, O2 uptake, energy reserves) and the expression of genes associated with aerobic metabolism. Our results showed that at their distribution edge, and despite their distinct geographical repartition, both species might be resilient to ocean warming. However, the combination of ocean warming and food limitation reduced the stress tolerance of sea urchins. In a warming ocean, another strategy could be to migrate toward the pole to a cooler environment but incubation at 1 °C resulted in a diminution of both species' aerobic scope. Overall, if these engineer species are unable to acclimate to food limitation under future climate, population fitness could be affected with ecological and economic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Détrée
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Jorge M Navarro
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alejandro Font
- Scientific Department, Chilean Antarctic Institute, Plaza Muñoz Gamero Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Marcelo Gonzalez
- Scientific Department, Chilean Antarctic Institute, Plaza Muñoz Gamero Punta Arenas, Chile
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15
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Heye K, Graumnitz S, Rybicki M, Schür C, Völker J, Wick A, Oehlmann J, Jungmann D, Oetken M. Laboratory-to-field extrapolation: Increase in carbamazepine toxicity in a higher tier, multiple-stress experiment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 183:109481. [PMID: 31442800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity and environmental risk of chemicals, such as the antiepileptic drug carbamazepine (CBZ), is commonly assessed using standardized laboratory tests and laboratory-to-field extrapolation. To investigate the toxicity of CBZ to aquatic key organisms in a more complex and environmentally relevant scenario, we conducted a 32-day multiple-stress experiment in artificial indoor streams. We exposed the non-biting midge Chironomus riparius, the blackworm Lumbriculus variegatus, and the New Zealand mud snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum to 80 and 400 μg CBZ/L in six artificial indoor streams. In addition to hydraulic stress, species' interaction, and low organic content in the sediment, organisms were co-exposed to the herbicide terbutryn (TBY) as a second chemical stressor at a concentration of 6 μg/L. The exposure to CBZ under multiple stress conditions resulted in a 10- to more than 25-fold higher toxicity in C. riparius and P. antipodarum when compared to a previous, standardized laboratory experiment. The co-exposure to TBY enhanced the adverse effects of CBZ on snails (reduced production of embryos). This effect was additive as the single exposure to TBY also reduced the reproduction of snails, most likely through the reduction of biofilm biomass. The emergence of C. riparius declined at a CBZ concentration of 400 μg/L (without the co-exposure to TBY) and at 80 μg/L in combination with TBY. The difference in sensitivity between laboratory and indoor stream experiments is indicative of a potential underestimation of risk when toxicity data are extrapolated to field conditions. The present results suggest the inclusion of non-chemical and chemical stressors in environmental hazard and risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Heye
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Vali Consulting GmbH, Im Technologiepark 5, 69469 Weinheim, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Graumnitz
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Hydrobiology, Zellescher Weg 40, 01217, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marcus Rybicki
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Hydrobiology, Zellescher Weg 40, 01217, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph Schür
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Johannes Völker
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Norwegien University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arne Wick
- German Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dirk Jungmann
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Hydrobiology, Zellescher Weg 40, 01217, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Oetken
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Chevrier C, Nguyen TM, Bressac C. Heat shock sensitivity of adult male fertility in the parasitoid wasp Anisopteromalus calandrae (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae). J Therm Biol 2019; 85:102419. [PMID: 31657760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.102419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In insects, decreased reproduction is a sublethal consequence of high temperatures, with males being more sensitive to this in many species. In hymenoptera, arrhenotokous parthenogenesis means that female offspring are produced using sperm and are thus diploid, while males are haploid. Consequently, sperm stocks in males and females (after copulation) are a key regulator of the sex ratio. Anisopteromalus calandrae is a parasitoid wasp in which males can suffer from subfertility due to a drastic decrease in sperm count after exposure to high temperatures during a critical early pupal stage. However, in this species spermatogenesis continues during adulthood, therefore the heat sensitivity of adult males remains to be studied. Laboratory studies were conducted on virgin and previously mated young adult males under control (30 °C) and heat shock (10 min at 48 °C) conditions to exhaust their initial sperm stock. After heat shock, in both virgin and already mated males, the individual sperm potential was half that of controls. Both groups continuously produced sperm, but sperm stock of heat shocked males' never reached that of the controls. Heat shock reduced survival at 10 days only in previously experienced males but had no impact on the mating ability in competition for a female compared to controls. Despite a reduced sperm count, heat shocked males had fully fertile spermatozoa. Such a physiological response to heat shock in a species with continuous sperm production could be of major interest for both wild populations in a context of temperature variations and parasitoid wasps introduced for agronomical purposes.
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17
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Arossa S, Martin C, Rossbach S, Duarte CM. Microplastic removal by Red Sea giant clam (Tridacna maxima). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:1257-1266. [PMID: 31252123 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study assesses for the first time the ingestion of microplastics by giant clams and evaluates their importance as a sink for this pollutant. A total of 24 individuals of two size classes were collected from the Red Sea and then exposed for 12 days to 4 concentrations of polyethylene microbeads ranging from 53 to 500 μm. Experiments revealed that clams actively take up microplastic from the water column and the average of beads retained inside the animal was ∼7.55 ± 1.89 beads individual -1 day -1 (5.76 ± 1.16 MPs/g dw). However, the digestive tract itself cannot be considered the only sink of microbeads in Tridacnids. Indeed, shells play a key role as well. The abundance of microplastic adhering to the shells, which was estimated directly, was positively correlated to the concentration of beads found in the surrounding seawater. Therefore, clams' shells contribute to the removal of 66.03 ± 2.50% of the microplastic present in the water column. Furthermore, stress responses to the exposure to polyethylene were investigated. Gross Primary Production:Respiration (GPP:R) ratio decreased throughout of the experiment, but no significant difference was found between treatments and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Arossa
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Cecilia Martin
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Susann Rossbach
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Heye K, Lotz T, Wick A, Oehlmann J. Interactive effects of biotic and abiotic environmental stressors on carbamazepine toxicity in the non-biting midge Chironomus riparius. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 156:92-101. [PMID: 30904714 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of contaminants in freshwater ecosystems can increase in combination with environmental stress, leading to a potential underestimation of risk in conventional assessments. The number of multiple-stress experiments in ecotoxicology is growing constantly, but pharmaceuticals have mostly been disregarded. As an omnipresent pharmaceutical in the water cycle, the antiepileptic drug carbamazepine (CBZ) was chosen as test substance for our 28-day binary stress experiments with the non-biting midge Chironomus riparius. Elevated population densities, food limitation, temperature, and a reduction of organic matter (OM) were chosen as relevant environmental stressors. In five stress intensities, they were combined with the 10% lethal concentration (LC10) of CBZ to investigate the joint effect of stress and CBZ exposure. We were able to demonstrate that the toxicity of CBZ increased with higher larval densities and reduced OM. Mortality of the midges exposed to CBZ increased by a factor of 1.69 with 100 larvae per vessel and by a factor of 2.87 at 0.25% OM compared to the conventional test protocol, while the stressors alone did not reduce survival. Conventional low-stress laboratory tests as conducted for the risk assessment of chemicals would have underestimated the toxicity of CBZ. Even though it is necessary that more than binary stressor combinations are included in future experiments, the present results extend our knowledge about the toxicity of pharmaceuticals, such as CBZ, in stressful environments and emphasize the importance of including pharmaceuticals in multiple stress experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Heye
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Lotz
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Arne Wick
- German Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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No compromise between metabolism and behavior of decorator crabs in reduced pH conditions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6262. [PMID: 31000765 PMCID: PMC6472338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42696-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Many marine calcifiers experience metabolic costs when exposed to experimental ocean acidification conditions, potentially limiting the energy available to support regulatory processes and behaviors. Decorator crabs expend energy on decoration camouflage and may face acute trade-offs under environmental stress. We hypothesized that under reduced pH conditions, decorator crabs will be energy limited and allocate energy towards growth and calcification at the expense of decoration behavior. Decorator crabs, Pelia tumida, were exposed to ambient (8.01) and reduced (7.74) pH conditions for five weeks. Half of the animals in each treatment were given sponge to decorate with. Animals were analyzed for changes in body mass, exoskeleton mineral content (Ca and Mg), organic content (a proxy for metabolism), and decoration behavior (sponge mass and percent cover). Overall, decorator crabs showed no signs of energy limitation under reduced pH conditions. Exoskeleton mineral content, body mass, and organic content of crabs remained the same across pH and decoration treatments, with no effect of reduced pH on decoration behavior. Despite being a relatively inactive, osmoconforming species, Pelia tumida is able to maintain multiple regulatory processes and behavior when exposed to environmental pH stress, which underscores the complexity of responses within Crustacea to ocean acidification conditions.
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Torres‐Martínez L, McCarten N, Emery NC. The adaptive potential of plant populations in response to extreme climate events. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:866-874. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Torres‐Martínez
- Department of Biological Sciences Purdue University 915 W. State Street West Lafayette IN47907‐2054 USA
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology University of California Riverside CA92521 USA
| | - Niall McCarten
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources University of California Davis CA95616 USA
| | - Nancy C. Emery
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado Boulder Campus Box 334 Boulder CO80309‐0334 USA
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Montaño-Campaz ML, Gomes-Dias L, Toro Restrepo BE, García-Merchán VH. Incidence of deformities and variation in shape of mentum and wing of Chironomus columbiensis (Diptera, Chironomidae) as tools to assess aquatic contamination. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210348. [PMID: 30629652 PMCID: PMC6328103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Constantly, aquatic ecosystems are under pressure by complex mixtures of contaminants whose effects are not always easy to evaluate. Due to this, organisms are sought in which early warning signs may be detected upon the presence of potentially toxic xenobiotic substances. Thereby, the study evaluated the incidence of deformities and other morphometric variations in the mentum and wing of Chironomus columbiensis exposed to water from some of the Colombian Andes affected by mining, agriculture, and cattle raising. Populations of C. columbiensis were subjected throughout their life cycle (24 days) for two generations (F1 and F2). Five treatments were carried out in controlled laboratory conditions (water from the site without impact, site of mining mercury, mining mercury + cyanide, cattle raising, and agriculture) and the respective control (reconstituted water). Thereafter, the percentage of deformities in the mentum was calculated, and for the morphometric analysis 29 landmarks were digitized for the mentum and 12 for the wing. As a result, four types of deformities were registered in the C. columbiensis mentum, like absence of teeth, increased number of teeth, fusion and space between teeth, none of them detected in the individuals from the control. Additionally, the highest incidence of deformity in F1 occurred in the treatment of mining mercury, while for F2 this took place in the treatments of mining mercury + cyanide, cattle raising and agriculture. Differences were also found with respect to the morphometric variations of the mentum and wing of C. columbiensis among the control and the treatments with water from the creeks intervened. The treatments of mining mercury + cyanide and agriculture had the highest morphological variation in the mentum and wing of C. columbiensis. The results suggest that the anthropogenic impacts evaluated generate alterations in the oral apparatus of the larval state of C. columbiensis and in the adult state provoke alterations in the wing shape (increased width and reduced basal area). These deformities may be related to multiple stress factors, among them the xenobiotics metabolized by the organisms under conditions of environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Leoncio Montaño-Campaz
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Grupo de investigación BIONAT (Biodiversidad y Recursos Naturales), Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Lucimar Gomes-Dias
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Grupo de investigación BIONAT (Biodiversidad y Recursos Naturales), Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Beatriz Edilma Toro Restrepo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Grupo de investigación BIONAT (Biodiversidad y Recursos Naturales), Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Víctor Hugo García-Merchán
- Grupo de Investigación en Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO), Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Quindío, Colombia
- * E-mail:
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Influence of Salinity on Physiological Response of the Bearded Horse Mussel Modiolus barbatus and Noah’s Ark Shell Arca noae. EKOLÓGIA (BRATISLAVA) 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/eko-2018-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Bearded horse mussel Modiolus barbatus and Noah’s ark shell Arca noae are a species of interest for the diversifying shellfish aquaculture on the south-eastern coast of the Adriatic. In this study, oxygen consumption (OC), total ammonia excretion (TAM) and clearance rate (CR) responses to the changes in seawater salinity (37, 30, 25 and 20) were investigated in the laboratory. There is a statistically significant influence of salinity on oxygen consumption and TAM excretion of Noah’s ark shell, while the time of exposure to different salinities is significantly correlated to TAM excretion by the bearded horse mussel. Mean OC of Noah’s ark shell ranged from 0.14 ± 0.06 to 0.54 ± 0.27 mg O2g−1h−1 and that of bearded horse mussel from 0.18 ± 0.17 to 0.26 ± 0.14 mg O2g−1h−1. Mean values of TAM excretion of Noah’s ark shell ranged from 2.14 ± 1.52 to 7.22 ± 6.04 μmol g−1 h−1 and for bearded horse mussel from 0.98 ± 0.53 to 2.78 ± 2.96 μmol g−1 h−1. Salinity and exposure time have a significant influence on the CR of Noah’s ark shell, whilst salinity has been found to be the determining factor for the bearded horse mussels’ CR. Mean values of Noah’s ark shell CR ranged from 0.96 ± 0.54 to 4.18 ± 1.15 l h−1g−1 and for bearded horse mussel from 2.43 ± 0.99 to 4.23 ± 0.84 l h−1g−1. Higher oxygen consumption to total ammonia excretion (O:N) ratios at lower salinities indicated the use of proteins as a metabolic substrate for both species. Noah’s ark shell has greater energy expenditure related to respiration and TAM excretion than the bearded horse mussel.
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Abstract
Evolutionary rescue describes a situation where adaptive evolution prevents the extinction of a population facing a stressing environment. Models of evolutionary rescue could in principle be used to predict the level of stress beyond which extinction becomes likely for species of conservation concern, or, conversely, the treatment levels most likely to limit the emergence of resistant pests or pathogens. Stress levels are known to affect both the rate of population decline (demographic effect) and the speed of adaptation (evolutionary effect), but the latter aspect has received less attention. Here, we address this issue using Fisher's geometric model of adaptation. In this model, the fitness effects of mutations depend both on the genotype and the environment in which they arise. In particular, the model introduces a dependence between the level of stress, the proportion of rescue mutants, and their costs before the onset of stress. We obtain analytic results under a strong-selection-weak-mutation regime, which we compare to simulations. We show that the effect of the environment on evolutionary rescue can be summarized into a single composite parameter quantifying the effective stress level, which is amenable to empirical measurement. We describe a narrow characteristic stress window over which the rescue probability drops from very likely to very unlikely as the level of stress increases. This drop is sharper than in previous models, as a result of the decreasing proportion of stress-resistant mutations as stress increases. We discuss how to test these predictions with rescue experiments across gradients of stress.
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Parker LM, Scanes E, O'Connor WA, Coleman RA, Byrne M, Pörtner HO, Ross PM. Ocean acidification narrows the acute thermal and salinity tolerance of the Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 122:263-271. [PMID: 28733041 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Coastal and estuarine environments are characterised by acute changes in temperature and salinity. Organisms living within these environments are adapted to withstand such changes, yet near-future ocean acidification (OA) may challenge their physiological capacity to respond. We tested the impact of CO2-induced OA on the acute thermal and salinity tolerance, energy metabolism and acid-base regulation capacity of the oyster Saccostrea glomerata. Adult S. glomerata were acclimated to three CO2 levels (ambient 380μatm, moderate 856μatm, high 1500μatm) for 5weeks (24°C, salinity 34.6) before being exposed to a series of acute temperature (15-33°C) and salinity (34.2-20) treatments. Oysters acclimated to elevated CO2 showed a significant metabolic depression and extracellular acidosis with acute exposure to elevated temperature and reduced salinity, especially at the highest CO2 of 1500μatm. Our results suggest that the acute thermal and salinity tolerance of S. glomerata and thus its distribution will reduce as OA continues to worsen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Parker
- Centre for the Ecological Impacts for Coastal Cities, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Elliot Scanes
- Centre for the Ecological Impacts for Coastal Cities, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Wayne A O'Connor
- Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Taylors Beach, NSW 2316, Australia
| | - Ross A Coleman
- Centre for the Ecological Impacts for Coastal Cities, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Maria Byrne
- Centre for the Ecological Impacts for Coastal Cities, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Medical Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hans-O Pörtner
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Hermann von Helmholtz Association of National Research Centres e. V. (HGF), Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Pauline M Ross
- Centre for the Ecological Impacts for Coastal Cities, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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25
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Henning M, Fox GR, Kaplan J, Damasio H, Damasio A. A Potential Role for mu-Opioids in Mediating the Positive Effects of Gratitude. Front Psychol 2017; 8:868. [PMID: 28680408 PMCID: PMC5478726 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gratitude is a complex emotional feeling associated with universally desirable positive effects in personal, social, and physiological domains. Why or how gratitude achieves these functional outcomes is not clear. Toward the goal of identifying its' underlying physiological processes, we recently investigated the neural correlates of gratitude. In our study, participants were exposed to gratitude-inducing stimuli, and rated each according to how much gratitude it provoked. As expected, self-reported gratitude intensity correlated with brain activity in distinct regions of the medial pre-frontal cortex associated with social reward and moral cognition. Here we draw from our data and existing literature to offer a theoretical foundation for the physiological correlates of gratitude. We propose that mu-opioid signaling (1) accompanies the mental experience of gratitude, and (2) may account for the positive effects of gratitude on social relationships, subjective wellbeing, and physiological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Henning
- Psychology, Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, United States.,Performance Science Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Glenn R Fox
- Psychology, Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, United States.,Performance Science Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jonas Kaplan
- Psychology, Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hanna Damasio
- Psychology, Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Antonio Damasio
- Psychology, Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, United States
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26
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Mulvey M, Keller GP, Meffe GK. SINGLE- AND MULTIPLE-LOCUS GENOTYPES AND LIFE-HISTORY RESPONSES OF GAMBUSIA HOLBROOKI
REARED AT TWO TEMPERATURES. Evolution 2017; 48:1810-1819. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1994.tb02216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/1993] [Accepted: 01/11/1994] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Mulvey
- University of Georgia; Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Drawer E; Aiken South Carolina 29802
| | - Gwen P. Keller
- University of Georgia; Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Drawer E; Aiken South Carolina 29802
| | - Gary K. Meffe
- University of Georgia; Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Drawer E; Aiken South Carolina 29802
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27
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Koehn RK. HETEROZYGOSITY AND GROWTH IN MARINE BIVALVES: COMMENTS ON THE PAPER BY ZOUROS, ROMERO-DOREY, AND MALLET (1988). Evolution 2017; 44:213-216. [PMID: 28568217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1990.tb04292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/1988] [Accepted: 10/13/1989] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard K. Koehn
- Department of Anatomy; St. George's Hospital Medical School; Cranmer Terrace, Tooting SW17 ORE London U.K
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28
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Patarnello T, Battaglia B. GLUCOSEPHOSPHATE ISOMERASE AND FITNESS: EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON GENOTYPE DEPENDENT MORTALITY AND ENZYME ACTIVITY IN TWO SPECIES OF THE GENUS GAMMARUS (CRUSTACEA: AMPHIPODA). Evolution 2017; 46:1568-1573. [PMID: 28568985 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1992.tb01148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/1991] [Accepted: 02/14/1992] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomaso Patarnello
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via Trieste 75, 35121, Padova, ITALY
| | - Bruno Battaglia
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via Trieste 75, 35121, Padova, ITALY
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29
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Crommenacker J, Hammers M, Woude J, Louter M, Santema P, Richardson DS, Komdeur J. Oxidative status and fitness components in the Seychelles warbler. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janske Crommenacker
- Behavioural & Physiological Ecology Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen P.O. Box 11103 9700 CC Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Hammers
- Behavioural & Physiological Ecology Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen P.O. Box 11103 9700 CC Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Jildou Woude
- Behavioural & Physiological Ecology Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen P.O. Box 11103 9700 CC Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Marina Louter
- School of Biological Sciences Flinders University G.P.O. Box 2100 Adelaide 5001 Australia
| | - Peter Santema
- Department of Behavioural Ecology & Evolutionary Genetics Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Eberhard‐Gwinner‐Strasse 7 82319 Seewiesen Germany
| | - David S. Richardson
- Nature Seychelles PO Box 1310, Victoria Mahé Republic of Seychelles
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Jan Komdeur
- Behavioural & Physiological Ecology Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen P.O. Box 11103 9700 CC Groningen The Netherlands
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30
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Bentley BP, Haas BJ, Tedeschi JN, Berry O. Loggerhead sea turtle embryos (Caretta caretta) regulate expression of stress response and developmental genes when exposed to a biologically realistic heat stress. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:2978-2992. [PMID: 28267875 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oviparous reptile embryos are expected to breach their critical thermal maxima if temperatures reach those predicted under current climate change models due to the lack of the maternal buffering processes and parental care. Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) are integral in the molecular response to thermal stress, and their expression is heritable, but the roles of other candidate families such as the heat-shock factors (HSFs) have not been determined in reptiles. Here, we subject embryonic sea turtles (Caretta caretta) to a biologically realistic thermal stress and employ de novo transcriptomic profiling of brain tissue to investigate the underlying molecular response. From a reference transcriptome of 302 293 transcripts, 179 were identified as differentially expressed between treatments. As anticipated, genes enriched in the heat-shock treatment were primarily associated with the Hsp families, or were genes whose products play similar protein editing and chaperone functions (e.g. bag3, MYOC and serpinh1). Unexpectedly, genes encoding the HSFs were not significantly upregulated under thermal stress, indicating their presence in unstressed cells in an inactive state. Genes that were downregulated under thermal stress were less well functionally defined but were associated with stress response, development and cellular organization, suggesting that developmental processes may be compromised at realistically high temperatures. These results confirm that genes from the Hsp families play vital roles in the thermal tolerance of developing reptile embryos and, in addition with a number of other genes, should be targets for evaluating the capacity of oviparous reptiles to respond adaptively to the effects of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair P Bentley
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology (M092), University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia.,Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Floreat, 6014, Australia
| | - Brian J Haas
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jamie N Tedeschi
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology (M092), University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Oliver Berry
- Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Floreat, 6014, Australia
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31
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Scanes E, Parker LM, O'Connor WA, Stapp LS, Ross PM. Intertidal oysters reach their physiological limit in a future high-CO2 world. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:765-774. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.151365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Sessile marine molluscs living in the intertidal zone experience periods of internal acidosis when exposed to air (emersion) during low tide. Relative to other marine organisms, molluscs have been identified as vulnerable to future ocean acidification; however, paradoxically it has also been shown that molluscs exposed to high CO2 environments are more resilient compared with those molluscs naive to CO2 exposure. Two competing hypotheses were tested using a novel experimental design incorporating tidal simulations to predict the future intertidal limit of oysters in a high-CO2 world; either high-shore oysters will be more tolerant of elevated PCO2 because of their regular acidosis, or elevated PCO2 will cause high-shore oysters to reach their limit. Sydney rock oysters, Saccostrea glomerata, were collected from the high-intertidal and subtidal areas of the shore and exposed in an orthogonal design to either an intertidal or a subtidal treatment at ambient or elevated PCO2, and physiological variables were measured. The combined treatment of tidal emersion and elevated PCO2 interacted synergistically to reduce the haemolymph pH (pHe) of oysters, and increase the PCO2 in the haemolymph (Pe,CO2) and standard metabolic rate. Oysters in the intertidal treatment also had lower condition and growth. Oysters showed a high degree of plasticity, and little evidence was found that intertidal oysters were more resilient than subtidal oysters. It is concluded that in a high-CO2 world the upper vertical limit of oyster distribution on the shore may be reduced. These results suggest that previous studies on intertidal organisms that lacked tidal simulations may have underestimated the effects of elevated PCO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Scanes
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2750, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Laura M. Parker
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Wayne A. O'Connor
- Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Research Institute, Taylors Beach Road, Taylors Beach, NSW 2316, Australia
| | - Laura S. Stapp
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven D-27570, Germany
| | - Pauline M. Ross
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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32
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Artificial selection on chill-coma recovery time in Drosophila melanogaster: Direct and correlated responses to selection. J Therm Biol 2016; 59:77-85. [PMID: 27264892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Artificial selection can be used to create populations with extreme phenotypic responses to environmental stressors. When artificial selection is applied to a single component of a stress response, this selection may result in correlated responses in other stress responses, a phenomenon called cross-tolerance, which is ultimately controlled by the genetic correlations among traits. We selected for extreme responses to cold tolerance by selecting for chill-coma recovery time from a single temperate population of Drosophila melanogaster. Chill-coma recovery time is a common metric of low, but non-lethal, cold temperature tolerance. Replicated divergent artificial selection was applied to a genetically variable base population for 31 generations, resulting in two cold resistant, two cold susceptible, and two unselected control lines. To quantify the relationship between selection on chill-coma recovery and other metrics of thermal performance, we also measured survivorship after acute cold exposure, survivorship after chronic cold exposure, survivorship after cold exposure following a pre-treatment period (rapid cold hardening), starvation tolerance, and heat tolerance. We find that chill-coma recovery time is heritable within this population and that there is an asymmetric response to increased and decreased chill-coma recovery time. Surprisingly, we found no cross-tolerances between selection on chill-coma recovery time and the other environmental stress response traits. These results suggest that although artificial selection has dramatically altered chill-coma recovery time, the correlated response to selection on other stress response phenotypes has been negligible. The lack of a correlated response suggests that chill-coma recovery time in these selection lines is likely genetically independent from measures of cold survivorship tested here.
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33
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Parejo D, Danchin E. Stress intensity and developmental stability: An experiment in Drosophila melanogaster. ECOSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2004.11682832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deseada Parejo
- Laboratoire de Fonctionnement et Évolution des Systèmes Écologiques, CNRS-UMR 7625, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 7 quai St-Bernard, Bât. A, 7e étage, Case 237, F–75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Etienne Danchin
- Laboratoire de Fonctionnement et Évolution des Systèmes Écologiques, CNRS-UMR 7625, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 7 quai St-Bernard, Bât. A, 7e étage, Case 237, F–75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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34
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Lajus D, Yurtseva A, Birch G, Booth DJ. Fluctuating asymmetry as a pollution monitor: The Australian estuarine smooth toadfish Tetractenos glaber (Teleostei: Tetraodontidae). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 101:758-767. [PMID: 26443385 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between pollution level in estuarine sediment and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of resident smooth toadfish Tetractenos glaber was evaluated. A total of 188 fish from Sydney and Hawkesbury River estuaries (5 locations from each) were analysed for 28 bilateral skull bone characters. Sediment pollution was quantified based on analysis of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) and organochlorine pesticides (DDT, DDD, DDE, chlordane, dieldrin, lindane). Sediment toxicity was characterized using the mean quotient approach (MERMQ) and ranged from low to moderate level for heavy metals and from low to severe for organochlorides. The mean shape and directional asymmetry of fish bones differed among locations, suggesting a response to local environments. FA was positively correlated with organochlorine pesticides across locations, but not with heavy metals. These results suggest that fish FA could be a useful estimator of stress caused by organic toxicity based on the MERMQ approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Lajus
- Department of Ichthyology and Hydrobiology, Saint-Petersburg State University, 16 linia V.O. 29, St. Petersburg 199178, Russia.
| | - Anastasia Yurtseva
- Department of Ichthyology and Hydrobiology, Saint-Petersburg State University, 16 linia V.O. 29, St. Petersburg 199178, Russia.
| | - Gavin Birch
- Environmental Geology Group, School of Geosciences, Sydney University, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - David J Booth
- Fish Ecology Lab, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
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35
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Fasola E, Ribeiro R, Lopes I. Microevolution due to pollution in amphibians: A review on the genetic erosion hypothesis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 204:181-190. [PMID: 25969378 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The loss of genetic diversity, due to exposure to chemical contamination (genetic erosion), is a major threat to population viability. Genetic erosion is the loss of genetic variation: the loss of alleles determining the value of a specific trait or set of traits. Almost a third of the known amphibian species is considered to be endangered and a decrease of genetic variability can push them to the verge of extinction. This review indicates that loss of genetic variation due to chemical contamination has effects on: 1) fitness, 2) environmental plasticity, 3) co-tolerance mechanisms, 4) trade-off mechanisms, and 5) tolerance to pathogens in amphibian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fasola
- Department of Biology & CESAM (Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar), University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - R Ribeiro
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - I Lopes
- Department of Biology & CESAM (Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar), University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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36
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Kalajdzic P, Kenig B, Andjelkovic M. Drosophila subobscura flies adapted to low lead concentration carry no fitness cost. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 204:90-98. [PMID: 25935609 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
As a response to the long-term presence of heavy metals in the environment, populations can evolve resistance. Its maintenance may have detrimental effect on population's fitness, causing a fitness cost. Lead is one of the widely distributed elements in the environment exhibiting high toxicity on organisms. By analyzing developmental stages viability and developmental time, we evaluated fitness cost in Drosophila subobscura flies adapted to low lead concentration and control flies derived from the same wild population, as well as their hybrids. Significant changes in specific developmental stages viability were detected in both lines, as well as their hybrids, suggesting complex response to low lead concentration. The results show that a long-term exposure to low lead concentration may have a significant impact on a population's survival, especially in a changing environment conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Predrag Kalajdzic
- Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Winchesterstr. 2, 35394 Gießen, Germany.
| | - Bojan Kenig
- Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marko Andjelkovic
- Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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37
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Kenig B, Kurbalija Novičić Z, Patenković A, Stamenković-Radak M, Anđelković M. Adaptive Role of Inversion Polymorphism of Drosophila subobscura in Lead Stressed Environment. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131270. [PMID: 26102201 PMCID: PMC4478027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Local adaptation to environmental stress at different levels of genetic polymorphism in various plants and animals has been documented through evolution of heavy metal tolerance. We used samples of Drosophila subobscura populations from two differently polluted environments to analyze the change of chromosomal inversion polymorphism as genetic marker during laboratory exposure to lead. Exposure to environmental contamination can affect the genetic content within a particular inversion and produce targets for selection in populations from different environments. The aims were to discover whether the inversion polymorphism is shaped by the local natural environments, and if lead as a selection pressure would cause adaptive divergence of two populations during the multigenerational laboratory experiment. The results showed that populations retain signatures from past contamination events, and that heavy metal pollution can cause adaptive changes in population. Differences in inversion polymorphism between the two populations increased over generations under lead contamination in the laboratory. The inversion polymorphism of population originating from the more polluted natural environment was more stable during the experiment, both under conditions with and without lead. Therefore, results showed that inversion polymorphism as a genetic marker reflects a strong signature of adaptation to the local environment, and that historical demographic events and selection are important for both prediction of evolutionary potential and long-term viability of natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Kenig
- Department of Genetics of Populations and Ecogenotoxicology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorana Kurbalija Novičić
- Department of Genetics of Populations and Ecogenotoxicology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Patenković
- Department of Genetics of Populations and Ecogenotoxicology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Stamenković-Radak
- Department of Genetics of Populations and Ecogenotoxicology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Chair of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Anđelković
- Department of Genetics of Populations and Ecogenotoxicology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Chair of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
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38
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Schou MF, Kristensen TN, Loeschcke V. Trait-specific consequences of inbreeding on adaptive phenotypic plasticity. Ecol Evol 2014; 5:1-6. [PMID: 25628859 PMCID: PMC4298428 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental changes may stress organisms and stimulate an adaptive phenotypic response. Effects of inbreeding often interact with the environment and can decrease fitness of inbred individuals exposed to stress more so than that of outbred individuals. Such an interaction may stem from a reduced ability of inbred individuals to respond plastically to environmental stress; however, this hypothesis has rarely been tested. In this study, we mimicked the genetic constitution of natural inbred populations by rearing replicate Drosophila melanogaster populations for 25 generations at a reduced population size (10 individuals). The replicate inbred populations, as well as control populations reared at a population size of 500, were exposed to a benign developmental temperature and two developmental temperatures at the lower and upper margins of their viable range. Flies developed at the three temperatures were assessed for traits known to vary across temperatures, namely abdominal pigmentation, wing size, and wing shape. We found no significant difference in phenotypic plasticity in pigmentation or in wing size between inbred and control populations, but a significantly higher plasticity in wing shape across temperatures in inbred compared to control populations. Given that the norms of reaction for the noninbred control populations are adaptive, we conclude that a reduced ability to induce an adaptive phenotypic response to temperature changes is not a general consequence of inbreeding and thus not a general explanation of inbreeding–environment interaction effects on fitness components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads F Schou
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Torsten N Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Aalborg University Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Volker Loeschcke
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
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39
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Jensen P, Overgaard J, Loeschcke V, Schou MF, Malte H, Kristensen TN. Inbreeding effects on standard metabolic rate investigated at cold, benign and hot temperatures in Drosophila melanogaster. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 62:11-20. [PMID: 24456661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Inbreeding increases homozygosity, which is known to affect the mean and variance of fitness components such as growth, fecundity and mortality rate. Across inbred lines inbreeding depression is typically observed and the variance between lines is increased in inbred compared to outbred lines. It has been suggested that damage incurred from increased homozygosity entails energetic cost associated with cellular repair. However, little is known about the effects of inbreeding on standard metabolic rate. Using stop-flow respirometry we performed repeated measurements of metabolic rate in replicated lines of inbred and outbred Drosophila melanogaster at stressful low, benign and stressful high temperatures. The lowest measurements of metabolic rate in our study are always associated with the low activity period of the diurnal cycle and these measurements therefore serve as good estimates of standard metabolic rate. Due to the potentially added costs of genetic stress in inbred lines we hypothesized that inbred individuals have increased metabolic rate compared to outbred controls and that this is more pronounced at stressful temperatures due to synergistic inbreeding by environment interactions. Contrary to our hypothesis we found no significant difference in metabolic rate between inbred and outbred lines and no interaction between inbreeding and temperature. Inbreeding however effected the variance; the variance in metabolic rate was higher between the inbred lines compared to the outbred control lines with some inbred lines having very high or low standard metabolic rate. Thus genetic drift and not inbreeding per se seem to explain variation in metabolic rate in populations of different size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palle Jensen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Johannes Overgaard
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Volker Loeschcke
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mads Fristrup Schou
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Hans Malte
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Torsten Nygaard Kristensen
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Sohngaardsholmsvej 57, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
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40
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Hoekstra LA, Siddiq MA, Montooth KL. Pleiotropic effects of a mitochondrial-nuclear incompatibility depend upon the accelerating effect of temperature in Drosophila. Genetics 2013; 195:1129-39. [PMID: 24026098 PMCID: PMC3813842 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.113.154914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between mitochondrial and nuclear gene products that underlie eukaryotic energy metabolism can cause the fitness effects of mutations in one genome to be conditional on variation in the other genome. In ectotherms, the effects of these interactions are likely to depend upon the thermal environment, because increasing temperature accelerates molecular rates. We find that temperature strongly modifies the pleiotropic phenotypic effects of an incompatible interaction between a Drosophila melanogaster polymorphism in the nuclear-encoded, mitochondrial tyrosyl-transfer (t)RNA synthetase and a D. simulans polymorphism in the mitochondrially encoded tRNA(Tyr). The incompatible mitochondrial-nuclear genotype extends development time, decreases larval survivorship, and reduces pupation height, indicative of decreased energetic performance. These deleterious effects are ameliorated when larvae develop at 16° and exacerbated at warmer temperatures, leading to complete sterility in both sexes at 28°. The incompatible genotype has a normal metabolic rate at 16° but a significantly elevated rate at 25°, consistent with the hypothesis that inefficient energy metabolism extends development in this genotype at warmer temperatures. Furthermore, the incompatibility decreases metabolic plasticity of larvae developed at 16°, indicating that cooler development temperatures do not completely mitigate the deleterious effects of this genetic interaction. Our results suggest that the epistatic fitness effects of metabolic mutations may generally be conditional on the thermal environment. The expression of epistatic interactions in some environments, but not others, weakens the efficacy of selection in removing deleterious epistatic variants from populations and may promote the accumulation of incompatibilities whose fitness effects will depend upon the environment in which hybrids occur.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Nucleus/genetics
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
- Drosophila/genetics
- Drosophila/growth & development
- Drosophila/physiology
- Drosophila Proteins/genetics
- Drosophila Proteins/metabolism
- Drosophila melanogaster/genetics
- Drosophila melanogaster/growth & development
- Drosophila melanogaster/physiology
- Epistasis, Genetic
- Evolution, Molecular
- Female
- Fertility/genetics
- Fertility/physiology
- Genes, Insect
- Genetic Fitness
- Hot Temperature
- Larva/genetics
- Larva/growth & development
- Larva/metabolism
- Male
- Mitochondria/genetics
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mutation
- RNA, Transfer, Tyr/chemistry
- RNA, Transfer, Tyr/genetics
- RNA, Transfer, Tyr/metabolism
- Selection, Genetic
- Species Specificity
- Tyrosine-tRNA Ligase/genetics
- Tyrosine-tRNA Ligase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A. Hoekstra
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
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41
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Dedourge-Geffard O, Charron L, Hofbauer C, Gaillet V, Palais F, Lacaze E, Geffard A, Geffard O. Temporal patterns of digestive enzyme activities and feeding rate in gammarids (Gammarus fossarum) exposed to inland polluted waters. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 97:139-146. [PMID: 23932430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to use digestive enzyme activities in Gammarus fossarum as biomarkers during active biomonitoring. Standardised gammarids were transplanted for 7 days to five sites in the Riou Mort watershed contaminated by polymetallic pollution. This experiment was conducted on seven different dates from February 2009 to June 2010. Feeding rates were tracked, along with amylase, cellulase and trypsin activities. We found that feeding rate and digestive capacity were reduced in the most polluted site, "Joany," in comparison with the reference site "Up.Lot". The results suggested that trypsin was more sensitive than the other two carbohydrases. In the four other sites, seasonal differences were observed during the 2yr but no clear pattern can be established. This study highlights the ability of G. fossarum to demonstrate environmental disturbances and suggests the use of a caging process in certain seasons. Caging organisms and feeding ad libitum is advantageous, as it reduces inter-individual variability and removes dependence on the native food fluctuations. However, confounding factors other than temperature were present, and the interpretation of digestive enzyme activities is complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Dedourge-Geffard
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Interactions Animal-Environnement EA 4689, UFR SEN, Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France.
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42
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Trans-generational effects of mild heat stress on the life history traits of an aphid parasitoid. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54306. [PMID: 23405079 PMCID: PMC3566165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature changes are common in nature and insects are particularly exposed and sensitive to such variations which can be potential stresses, ultimately affecting life history traits and overall fitness. Braconids have been widely used to study the effects of temperature on host-parasitoid interactions and the present work focused on the solitary endoparasitoid Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae Aphidiidae), an efficient biological control agent commercially used against aphids such as the potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas (Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae). Contrary to previous studies using heat shocks at extreme temperatures, we evaluated the effects of mild heat stresses by transferring young parasitoid adults from the constant temperature of 20°C to either a warm (25°C) or hot (28°C) temperature, for either 1 h or 48 h. Such treatments are consistent with situations commonly experienced by parasitoids when moved from their rearing conditions to greenhouses or field conditions. The effects were evaluated both on the heat stressed A. ervi adults (G0) (immediate effects) and on their first generation (G1) progeny (trans-generational effects). G0 wasps’ mortality was significantly affected by the temperature in interaction with the duration of the stress. Longevity of G0 wasps surviving the heat stress was negatively affected by the temperature and females lived longer than males. Heat stress applied to A. ervi parents also had consequences on their G1 progeny whose developmental time, rates of mummification and percentage of parasitoid completing total development were negatively affected. Surprisingly, the egg load at emergence of the G1 female progeny was increased when their mothers had been submitted to a mild heat stress of 25°C or 28°C. These results clearly demonstrate trans-generational phenotypic plasticity, showing that adaptation to thermal stresses may be achieved via maternal effects. This study also sheds light on the complexity of insect responses and underlying mechanisms to fluctuating conditions in their natural environment.
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Arambourou H, Beisel JN, Branchu P, Debat V. Patterns of fluctuating asymmetry and shape variation in Chironomus riparius (Diptera, Chironomidae) exposed to nonylphenol or lead. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48844. [PMID: 23133660 PMCID: PMC3487765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Deformities and fluctuating asymmetry in chironomid larvae have been proposed as sensitive indicators of biological stress and are commonly used to assess the ecological impact of human activities. In particular, they have been associated in Chironomus riparius, the most commonly used species, with heavy metal and pesticide river pollution. In this study, the effect of lead and 4-nonylphenol on mouthpart morphological variation of Chironomus riparius larvae was investigated by traditional and geometric morphometrics. For this purpose, first to fourth instar larvae were exposed to sediment spiked with lead (from 3.0 to 456.9 mg/kg dry weight) or 4-NP (from 0.1 to 198.8 mg/kg dry weight). Mentum phenotypic response to pollutants was assessed by four parameters: (1) the frequency of deformities, (2) fluctuating asymmetry of mentum length, (3) fluctuating asymmetry of mentum shape and (4) the mentum mean shape changes. Despite the bioaccumulation of pollutants in the chironomid’s body, no significant differences between control and stressed groups were found for mouthpart deformities and fluctuating asymmetry of mentum length. Slight effects on mentum shape fluctuating asymmetry were observed for two stressed groups. Significant mean shape changes, consisting of tooth size increase and tooth closing, were detected for lead and 4-NP exposure respectively. Those variations, however, were negligible in comparison to mentum shape changes due to genetic effects. These results suggest that the use of mentum variation as an indicator of toxic stress in Chironomus riparius should be considered cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Arambourou
- CETE Ile de France, Unité qualité des eaux et des sols, IFSTTAR-ERA n°35, Trappes, France.
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44
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Runcie DE, Garfield DA, Babbitt CC, Wygoda JA, Mukherjee S, Wray GA. Genetics of gene expression responses to temperature stress in a sea urchin gene network. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:4547-62. [PMID: 22856327 PMCID: PMC3866972 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Stress responses play an important role in shaping species distributions and robustness to climate change. We investigated how stress responses alter the contribution of additive genetic variation to gene expression during development of the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, under increased temperatures that model realistic climate change scenarios. We first measured gene expression responses in the embryos by RNA-seq to characterize molecular signatures of mild, chronic temperature stress in an unbiased manner. We found that an increase from 12 to 18 °C caused widespread alterations in gene expression including in genes involved in protein folding, RNA processing and development. To understand the quantitative genetic architecture of this response, we then focused on a well-characterized gene network involved in endomesoderm and ectoderm specification. Using a breeding design with wild-caught individuals, we measured genetic and gene-environment interaction effects on 72 genes within this network. We found genetic or maternal effects in 33 of these genes and that the genetic effects were correlated in the network. Fourteen network genes also responded to higher temperatures, but we found no significant genotype-environment interactions in any of the genes. This absence may be owing to an effective buffering of the temperature perturbations within the network. In support of this hypothesis, perturbations to regulatory genes did not affect the expression of the genes that they regulate. Together, these results provide novel insights into the relationship between environmental change and developmental evolution and suggest that climate change may not expose large amounts of cryptic genetic variation to selection in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Runcie
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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45
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Vignes F, Fedele M, Pinna M, Mancinelli G, Basset A. Variability of Lekanesphaera monodi metabolic rates with habitat trophic status. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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46
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The effect of mating on starvation resistance in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Evol Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-011-9540-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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47
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Jansen M, Coors A, Stoks R, De Meester L. Evolutionary ecotoxicology of pesticide resistance: a case study in Daphnia. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2011; 20:543-551. [PMID: 21380529 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0627-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Natural populations that are exposed to pesticides in their environment may at the same time be exposed to natural stressors like parasites and predators, which may interact with pesticide exposure. This may not only impact target pest species but also a wide variety of non-target species. This review reports on a joint research program in the water flea Daphnia magna, a non-target species often used as model organism in ecology and ecotoxicology. The focus is on different aspects that are of key importance to understand the evolutionary ecology of pesticide exposure: (1) the capacity of natural populations to genetically adapt to pesticide exposure (2) the added complexity of synergistic effects caused by simultaneous exposure to natural stressors, and (3) the potential interference of evolutionary costs of adaptation to pesticide exposure. Our results showed that natural populations were able to rapidly evolve resistance to the pesticide carbaryl but at the expense of fitness costs. Individuals selected for carbaryl resistance had higher survival rates when exposed to the pesticide but also a greater susceptibility to the challenge imposed by the bacterial endoparasite Pasteuria ramosa. The evolved resistance to carbaryl was in some cases only expressed in the absence of fish kairomones. Further, it became clear that the responses to both exposure to single and combined stressors was for several life history variables strongly dependent upon past exposure to carbaryl. This indicates that past exposures to pesticides are important and can not be neglected when evaluating responses to current stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Jansen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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48
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Zizzari ZV, Ellers J. Effects of exposure to short-term heat stress on male reproductive fitness in a soil arthropod. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 57:421-6. [PMID: 21215753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ambient temperature is a key environmental factor influencing a variety of aspects of the ecology and evolution of ectotherms. Reproductive traits have been suggested to be more sensitive to thermal stress than other life history traits. This study investigated the direct and indirect effects of heat shock on male reproductive success in the widespread springtail Orchesella cincta. Male springtails were exposed to four temperature treatments: heat hardening (35.2°C for 1h), heat shock (37.2°C for 1h), heat hardening+heat shock (35.2°C for 1h, followed 15h later by 37.2°C for 1h), and control (20°C). The heat shock gene Hsp70 showed high expression in all the heat treatments, indicating that the treatments indeed induced thermal stress. Significant mortality was only found in the treatment with heat shock, both with and without heat hardening. A direct effect of heat treatment was found on time to first reproduction, which was significantly longer after heat shock (with or without heat hardening) than in the control treatment. There was no difference among treatments in the number of spermatophores produced in the first reproductive instar. Heat treatment also had indirect effects on male reproductive success. Females chose significantly more spermatophores from control males than from males that received heat shock, heat hardening or both. A high percentage of spermatophores produced by heat shocked males caused reproductive failure in females, but no significant differences among treatments were found. Our results suggest that not all traits were equally affected by the heat stress. Heat hardening did not protect reproductive traits against the negative effects of heat shock. The indirect effects of heat shock on reproduction may be equally important as the direct effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Valentina Zizzari
- Department of Animal Ecology, Institute of Ecological Science, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Yap CK, Chong CM, Tan SG. Allozyme polymorphisms in horseshoe crabs, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda, collected from polluted and unpolluted intertidal areas in Peninsular Malaysia. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2011; 174:389-400. [PMID: 20437264 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-010-1464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
It has been widely reported that allozyme frequency variation is a potential indicator of heavy metal-induced impacts in aquatic populations. In the present study, wild populations of horseshoe crab (Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda) were collected from contaminated and uncontaminated sites of Peninsular Malaysia. By adopting horizontal starch gel electrophoresis, seven enzyme systems were used to study allozyme polymorphisms. Nine polymorphic loci were observed in C. rotundicauda. The relationships of allozyme variations with the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn in sediments and in muscle tissues of horseshoe crabs were determined. Based on genetic distance, the lower mean value of Nei's D (0.017) indicated that both of the contaminated populations of Kg. Pasir Puteh and Kuala Juru were very closely related when compared to the relatively uncontaminated Pantai Lido population. Higher heterozygosities were shown by the contaminated populations when compared to the uncontaminated population. Different allelic frequencies could be observed for the aldolase (ALD; E.C. 2.7.5.1) locus between the contaminated and uncontaminated populations of C. rotundicauda. The dendrogram of genetic relationships of the three populations of C. rotundicauda showed the same clustering pattern as the dendrograms are based on heavy metals in the sediments and in the horseshoe crabs' abdominal muscles. From the F statistics, the present study showed that the three populations of horseshoe crabs were considered to have undergone moderate genetic differentiation with a mean F (ST) value of 0.092 .The current results suggest that allozyme polymorphism in horseshoe crabs is a potential biomonitoring tool for metal contamination, although further validation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Yap
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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50
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Saastamoinen M, van der Sterren D, Vastenhout N, Zwaan BJ, Brakefield PM. Predictive adaptive responses: Condition-dependent impact of adult nutrition and flight in the tropical butterfly Bicyclus anynana. Am Nat 2010; 176:686-98. [PMID: 20955012 DOI: 10.1086/657038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The experience of environmental stress during development can substantially affect an organism's life history. These effects are often mainly negative, but a growing number of studies suggest that under certain environmental conditions early experience of such stress may yield individuals that are less sensitive to environmental stress later on in life. We used the butterfly Bicyclus anynana to study the effects of limited larval and adult food and forced flight on individual performance measured as reproduction and adult life span. Larvae exposed to food stress showed longer development and produced smaller adults. Thus, they were not able to fully compensate for the food deprivation during development. Females that experienced food stress during development did not increase tolerance for adult food limitation. However, females exposed to food stress during development coped better with forced flight compared with the control group. The apparent absence of costs of flight in poor-quality females may be a by-product of an altered body allocation, as females experiencing both food stress treatments had increased thorax ratios, compared with controls, and increased flight performances. The results reveal an important plasticity component to variation in flight performance and suggest that the cost of flight depends on an individual's internal condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo Saastamoinen
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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