1
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Schwarz R, Stark G, Antonopolous A, Itescu Y, Pafilis P, Chapple DG, Meiri S. Specialist versus Generalist at the Intraspecific Level: Functional Morphology and Substrate Preference of Mediodactylus kotschyi Geckos. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:62-75. [PMID: 34010416 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Populations of the same species occupying different microhabitats can either exhibit generalized traits across them or display intraspecific variability, adapting to each microhabitat in order to maximize performance. Intraspecific variability contributes to the generation of diversity, following selection and adaptation, and understanding such variability is important for comprehending how individuals choose their microhabitats. Compared with interspecific variability, however, intraspecific variability in functional morphology and its relationship with microhabitat preference and use have been relatively little studied. Here we examined whether populations of the gecko Mediodactylus kotschyi that differ in the substrates they occupy display habitat-specific behaviors and differing morphologies associated with functional adaptation to their microhabitats. We collected 207 geckos from under or on rocks or on trees from seven populations in Greece. On large islands individuals occupy both substrates; whereas small islets are devoid of trees and the geckos are restricted to rocks, while on the mainland they are only found on trees. We determined gecko substrate preferences in the laboratory, together with their clinging abilities to the different substrates. We measured their limbs, digits, and claws and assessed how these measurements relate to clinging ability. Geckos from all populations preferred the tree made available to them, but this preference was not statistically significant. Geckos from both large and small islands clung better to the tree than to the rock in the laboratory, while those from the mainland clung similarly to both substrates. Geckos collected from trees had longer manual digits and hind limbs. Geckos collected from large and small islands had taller (longer on the dorso-ventral axis; henceforth "deeper") claws. Longer digits and deeper but shorter claws were associated with a better ability to cling to rocks. Our findings suggest that while M. kotschyi is potentially preferentially arboreal, due to the great variation and plasticity it possesses, it can successfully also exploit the habitats available on the smallest, treeless islets in the Aegean Sea. Our study suggests that the dichotomous use of generalist versus specialist in describing species' habitat use is oversimplified, and we suggest the use of a generalist-specialist gradient instead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Schwarz
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Gavin Stark
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Antonis Antonopolous
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 157 72, Greece
| | - Yuval Itescu
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin 12587, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Panayiotis Pafilis
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 157 72, Greece
| | - David G Chapple
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Shai Meiri
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.,The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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2
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Not all fine-branch locomotion is equal: Grasping morphology determines locomotor performance on narrow supports. J Hum Evol 2020; 142:102767. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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3
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Winchell KM, Maayan I, Fredette JR, Revell LJ. Linking locomotor performance to morphological shifts in urban lizards. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2018.0229. [PMID: 29875296 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban habitats are drastically modified from their natural state, creating unique challenges and selection pressures for organisms that reside in them. We compared locomotor performance of Anolis lizards from urban and forest habitats on tracks differing in angle and substrate, and found that using artificial substrates came at a cost: lizards ran substantially slower and frequently lost traction on man-made surfaces compared to bark. We found that various morphological traits were positively correlated with sprint speed and that these same traits were significantly larger in urban compared to forest lizards. We found that urban lizards ran faster on both man-made and natural surfaces, suggesting similar mechanisms improve locomotor performance on both classes of substrate. Thus, lizards in urban areas may be under selection to run faster on all flat surfaces, while forest lizards face competing demands of running, jumping and clinging to narrow perches. Novel locomotor challenges posed by urban habitats likely have fitness consequences for lizards that cannot effectively use man-made surfaces, providing a mechanistic basis for observed phenotypic shifts in urban populations of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Winchell
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Inbar Maayan
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jason R Fredette
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Liam J Revell
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA 02125, USA.,Programa de Biología, Universidad del Rosario, Cra. 26 No. 63B-48, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
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4
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Kumar C, Palacios A, Surapaneni VA, Bold G, Thielen M, Licht E, Higham TE, Speck T, Le Houérou V. Replicating the complexity of natural surfaces: technique validation and applications for biomimetics, ecology and evolution. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20180265. [PMID: 30967061 PMCID: PMC6335282 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The surfaces of animals, plants and abiotic structures are not only important for organismal survival, but they have also inspired countless biomimetic and industrial applications. Additionally, the surfaces of animals and plants exhibit an unprecedented level of diversity, and animals often move on the surface of plants. Replicating these surfaces offers a number of advantages, such as preserving a surface that is likely to degrade over time, controlling for non-structural aspects of surfaces, such as compliance and chemistry, and being able to produce large areas of a small surface. In this paper, we compare three replication techniques among a number of species of plants, a technical surface and a rock. We then use two model parameters (cross-covariance function ratio and relative topography difference) to develop a unique method for quantitatively evaluating the quality of the replication. Finally, we outline future directions that can employ highly accurate surface replications, including ecological and evolutionary studies, biomechanical experiments, industrial applications and improving haptic properties of bioinspired surfaces. The recent advances associated with surface replication and imaging technology have formed a foundation on which to incorporate surface information into biological sciences and to improve industrial and biomimetic applications. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bioinspired materials and surfaces for green science and technology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charchit Kumar
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS UPR022, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Plant Biomechanics Group and Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- FIT, Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alejandro Palacios
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS UPR022, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Plant Biomechanics Group and Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Venkata A. Surapaneni
- Plant Biomechanics Group and Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- FMF, Freiburg Materials Research Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Georg Bold
- Plant Biomechanics Group and Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- FIT, Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marc Thielen
- Plant Biomechanics Group and Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- FMF, Freiburg Materials Research Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Erik Licht
- Basell Deutschland GmbH, LyondellBasell Industries, Frankfurt a.M, Germany
| | - Timothy E. Higham
- Plant Biomechanics Group and Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group and Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- FIT, Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Freiburg, Germany
- FMF, Freiburg Materials Research Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vincent Le Houérou
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS UPR022, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- ICube, UMR7357, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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5
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Foster KL, Garland T, Schmitz L, Higham TE. Skink ecomorphology: forelimb and hind limb lengths, but not static stability, correlate with habitat use and demonstrate multiple solutions. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L Foster
- University of California, Riverside, University Ave., Riverside, CA, USA
- University of Ottawa, Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Theodore Garland
- University of California, Riverside, University Ave., Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Lars Schmitz
- W.M. Keck Science Department, Claremont McKenna, Scripps, and Pitzer Colleges, N Mills Ave., Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Timothy E Higham
- University of California, Riverside, University Ave., Riverside, CA, USA
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6
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Gómez Alés R, Acosta JC, Astudillo V, Córdoba M, Blanco GM, Miles D. Effect of temperature on the locomotor performance of species in a lizard assemblage in the Puna region of Argentina. J Comp Physiol B 2018; 188:977-990. [PMID: 30288595 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-018-1185-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Locomotion is relevant to the ecology of reptiles because of its presumed influence on an organism's Darwinian fitness. Moreover, in ectothermic species, physiological performance capacity is affected by body temperature. We analyzed two components of locomotor performance in three species of lizards, Phymaturus extrilidus, Liolaemus parvus, and Liolaemus ruibali, in the Puna environment of Argentina. First, we estimated the thermal sensitivity of locomotion by measuring sprint speed at four different body temperatures. We included two measures of sprint speed: initial velocity and long sprint for sustained runs. Based on these data, we calculated the optimal temperature for performance and the optimal performance breadth. We also estimated endurance capacity at a single temperature. Maximum sprint speed for L. parvus was greater than L. ruibali and P. extrilidus in both initial velocity and long sprint. In contrast, L. parvus exhibited lower levels of endurance than L. ruibali and P. extrilidus. However, endurance in L. ruibali exceeded that of P. extrilidus. The species differed in the optimal temperature for the initial velocity with the lowest for L. ruibali (31.8 °C) followed by P. extrilidus (33.25 °C) and then L. parvus (36.25 °C). The optimal temperature for long sprint varied between 32 and 36 °C for all species. We found that all species attained maximum performance at body temperatures commonly experienced during daily activity, which was higher than the thermal quality of the environment. We found evidence for thermal sensitivity in locomotor performance in these species. However, we also show that the broad thermal breadth of performance suggests that the lizards are capable of sustaining near optimal levels of locomotor performance at ambient temperatures that would appear to be suboptimal. Thus, this lizard assemblage is capable of coping with the highly variable climatic conditions in the Puna region of Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Gómez Alés
- DIBIOVA (Gabinete Diversidad y Biología de Vertebrados del Árido), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Ignacio de la Roza 590 (O), Rivadavia, J5402DCS, San Juan, Argentina. .,CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), San Juan, Argentina.
| | - Juan Carlos Acosta
- DIBIOVA (Gabinete Diversidad y Biología de Vertebrados del Árido), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Ignacio de la Roza 590 (O), Rivadavia, J5402DCS, San Juan, Argentina.,CIGEOBIO-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Ignacio de la Roza 590 (O), Rivadavia, J5402DCS, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Astudillo
- DIBIOVA (Gabinete Diversidad y Biología de Vertebrados del Árido), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Ignacio de la Roza 590 (O), Rivadavia, J5402DCS, San Juan, Argentina.,CIGEOBIO-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Ignacio de la Roza 590 (O), Rivadavia, J5402DCS, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Mariela Córdoba
- DIBIOVA (Gabinete Diversidad y Biología de Vertebrados del Árido), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Ignacio de la Roza 590 (O), Rivadavia, J5402DCS, San Juan, Argentina.,CIGEOBIO-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Ignacio de la Roza 590 (O), Rivadavia, J5402DCS, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Graciela Mirta Blanco
- DIBIOVA (Gabinete Diversidad y Biología de Vertebrados del Árido), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Ignacio de la Roza 590 (O), Rivadavia, J5402DCS, San Juan, Argentina.,CIGEOBIO-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Ignacio de la Roza 590 (O), Rivadavia, J5402DCS, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Donald Miles
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Ohio Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
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7
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Hagey TJ, Harte S, Vickers M, Harmon LJ, Schwarzkopf L. There's more than one way to climb a tree: Limb length and microhabitat use in lizards with toe pads. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184641. [PMID: 28953920 PMCID: PMC5617165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecomorphology links microhabitat and morphology. By comparing ecomorphological associations across clades, we can investigate the extent to which evolution can produce similar solutions in response to similar challenges. While Anolis lizards represent a well-studied example of repeated convergent evolution, very few studies have investigated the ecomorphology of geckos. Similar to anoles, gekkonid lizards have independently evolved adhesive toe pads and many species are scansorial. We quantified gecko and anole limb length and microhabitat use, finding that geckos tend to have shorter limbs than anoles. Combining these measurements with microhabitat observations of geckos in Queensland, Australia, we observed geckos using similar microhabitats as reported for anoles, but geckos with relatively longer limbs were using narrower perches, differing from patterns observed in anoles and other lizards. We also observed arboreal geckos with relatively shorter proximal limb segments as compared to rock-dwelling and terrestrial geckos, similar to patterns observed for other lizards. We conclude that although both geckos and anoles have adhesive pads and use similar microhabitats, their locomotor systems likely complement their adhesive pads in unique ways and result in different ecomorphological patterns, reinforcing the idea that species with convergent morphologies still have idiosyncratic characteristics due to their own separate evolutionary histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J. Hagey
- BEACON Center for Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Scott Harte
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mathew Vickers
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Biology and Climate Change, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Luke J. Harmon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Lin Schwarzkopf
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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8
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Effects of age- and sex-specific density on behaviour and survival in a territorial lizard (Anolis sagrei). Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Winchell KM, Reynolds RG, Prado-Irwin SR, Puente-Rolón AR, Revell LJ. Phenotypic shifts in urban areas in the tropical lizard Anolis cristatellus. Evolution 2016; 70:1009-22. [PMID: 27074746 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Urbanization is an increasingly important dimension of global change, and urban areas likely impose significant natural selection on the species that reside within them. Although many species of plants and animals can survive in urban areas, so far relatively little research has investigated whether such populations have adapted (in an evolutionary sense) to their newfound milieu. Even less of this work has taken place in tropical regions, many of which have experienced dramatic growth and intensification of urbanization in recent decades. In the present study, we focus on the neotropical lizard, Anolis cristatellus. We tested whether lizard ecology and morphology differ between urban and natural areas in three of the most populous municipalities on the island of Puerto Rico. We found that environmental conditions including temperature, humidity, and substrate availability differ dramatically between neighboring urban and natural areas. We also found that lizards in urban areas use artificial substrates a large proportion of the time, and that these substrates tend to be broader than substrates in natural forest. Finally, our morphological data showed that lizards in urban areas have longer limbs relative to their body size, as well as more subdigital scales called lamellae, when compared to lizards from nearby forested habitats. This shift in phenotype is exactly in the direction predicted based on habitat differences between our urban and natural study sites, combined with our results on how substrates are being used by lizards in these areas. Findings from a common-garden rearing experiment using individuals from one of our three pairs of populations provide evidence that trait differences between urban and natural sites may be genetically based. Taken together, our data suggest that anoles in urban areas are under significant differential natural selection and may be evolutionarily adapting to their human-modified environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Winchell
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, 02125.
| | - R Graham Reynolds
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Asheville, Asheville, North Carolina, 28804
| | - Sofia R Prado-Irwin
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Alberto R Puente-Rolón
- Departamento de Ciencias y Tecnología, Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico, Recinto Arecibo, Arecibo, Puerto Rico, 00614
| | - Liam J Revell
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, 02125
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10
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Kolbe JJ, Battles AC, Avilés‐Rodríguez KJ. City slickers: poor performance does not deter
Anolis
lizards from using artificial substrates in human‐modified habitats. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason J. Kolbe
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode IslandUSA
| | - Andrew C. Battles
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode IslandUSA
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11
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Olberding JP, Herrel A, Higham TE, Garland T. Limb segment contributions to the evolution of hind limb length in phrynosomatid lizards. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P. Olberding
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue; SCA110, Tampa FL 33620 USA
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité; Muséum National d’ Histoire Naturelle; Paris France
- Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates; Ghent University; K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35 B-9000 Gent Belgium
| | - Timothy E. Higham
- Department of Biology; University of California; 900 University Avenue Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Biology; University of California; 900 University Avenue Riverside CA 92521 USA
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12
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Camargo NF, Sano NY, Ribeiro JF, Vieira EM. Contrasting the realized and fundamental niche of the arboreal walking performance of neotropical rodents. J Mammal 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyv166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Evaluation of the fundamental niche under controlled conditions can provide relevant information about physiological, evolutionary, and ecological aspects of an organism, without the influence of external factors. We investigated how allometric, phylogenetic, and adaptive components contribute to arboreal walking performance by 7 sigmodontine rodents of the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado). We captured the rodents in the field and evaluated their performances by measuring stride length, stride frequency, and velocity on 5 horizontal supports: flat board and cylindrical plastic tubes with diameters of 5.0, 3.5, 2.5, and 2.0cm. Arboreal rodents exhibited higher velocities than terrestrial species by increasing stride frequency and decreasing stride length on supports with smaller diameters. However, terrestrial species decreased both stride frequency and stride length or tended to maintain stride length and vary stride frequency. Our results reveal a strong association between realized arboreal walking performances (as inferred by proportion of arboreal captures) and stride length and frequency. However, performance metrics were weakly related to body mass and exhibited no phylogenetic effects. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that dynamically stable arboreal walking is facilitated by increased velocity. Arboreal walking performance is likely related to ecological factors rather than phylogenetic constraints.
A avaliação do nicho fundamental por meio de condições controladas pode fornecer informações relevantes sobre aspectos fisiológicos, evolutivos e ecológicos de diferentes organismos, excluindo a influência de fatores externos. Considerando tal abordagem, nós investigamos como componentes alométricos, filogenéticos e adaptativos podem contribuir para a habilidade de locomoção arborícola em sete espécies de roedores sigmodontíneos do Cerrado. Os roedores foram capturados no campo e tiveram suas performances avaliadas por meio de medidas de tamanho de passos, frequência de passos e velocidade em cinco suportes horizontais distintos: tábua, e tubos cilíndricos de plástico com diâmetros de 5,0, 3,5, 2,5 e 2,0cm. Nossos resultados revelaram que roedores arborícolas apresentaram maiores velocidades em comparação com roedores mais terrestres. Adicionalmente, as espécies arborícolas mantiveram ou aumentaram a velocidade em suportes com menores diâmetros, enquanto que os roedores terrestres tenderam a reduzir a velocidade. Para as espécies arborícolas, tais velocidades foram obtidas por meio do aumento da frequência de passos e diminuição do tamanho dos passos. Entretanto, espécies primariamente terrestres diminuíram tanto a frequência quanto o tamanho dos passos, ou tenderam a manter a o tamanho de passos e variar a frequência de passos. Nossos resultados revelaram uma forte associação entre capturas acima do solo e o tamanho e frequência de passos. Contudo, tais aspectos da habilidade de locomoção tiveram fraca relação com a massa corporal e não tiveram relação com a filogenia das espécies analisadas. Nossos resultados corroboram a hipótese de que roedores necessitam aumentar velocidade como forma de manter a locomoção arborícola dinamicamente estável. Entretanto, a habilidade de locomoção é provavelmente mais relacionada com fatores ecológicos do que com restrições filogenéticas.
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13
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Sathe EA, Husak JF. Sprint sensitivity and locomotor trade-offs in green anole (Anolis carolinensis) lizards. J Exp Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.116053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
How well an organism completes an ecologically relevant task – its performance – is often considered a key factor in determining individual fitness. Historically, ecomorphological studies have examined how morphological traits determine individual performance in a static manner, assuming that differential fitness in a population is due indirectly to differences in morphological traits that determine a simple measure of performance. This assumption, however, ignores many ecological factors that can constrain performance in nature, such as substrate variation and individual behavior. We examined some of these complexities in the morphology–performance–fitness paradigm, primarily the impact that substrate variation has on performance. We measured maximal sprint speed of green anole lizards on four substrates that varied in size and complexity and are used by or available to individuals in nature. Performance decreased significantly from a broad substrate to a narrow substrate, and lizards were three times slower on a complex substrate than the broadest substrate. We also detected trade-offs in running on substrates with different diameters and in cluttered versus uncluttered environments. Furthermore, morphological predictors of performance varied among substrates. This indicates that natural selection may act on different morphological traits, depending on which substrates are used by individuals, as well as an individual's ability to cope with changes in substrate rather than maximal capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A. Sathe
- Department of Biology, University of St. Thomas, 2115 Summit Avenue, St Paul, MN 55105, USA
| | - Jerry F. Husak
- Department of Biology, University of St. Thomas, 2115 Summit Avenue, St Paul, MN 55105, USA
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14
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Effects of Hind-Limb Length and Perch Diameter on Clinging Performance inAnolisLizards from the British Virgin Islands. J HERPETOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1670/13-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Higham TE, Measey GJ, Birn-Jeffery AV, Herrel A, Tolley KA. Functional divergence between morphs of a dwarf chameleon: differential locomotor kinematics in relation to habitat structure. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E. Higham
- Department of Biology; University of California; 900 University Avenue Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - G. John Measey
- Centre for Invasion Biology; Department of Botany & Zoology; Stellenbosch University; Merriman Avenue Stellenbosch South Africa
| | | | - Anthony Herrel
- Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; 55 rue Buffon 75005 Paris France
- Ghent University; Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates; K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35 B-9000 Gent Belgium
| | - Krystal A. Tolley
- Applied Biodiversity Research Division; South African National Biodiversity Institute; Claremont 7735 Cape Town South Africa
- Department of Botany & Zoology; Stellenbosch University; Merriman Avenue Stellenbosch South Africa
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16
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Bonino MF, Moreno Azócar DL, Schulte JA, Abdala CS, Cruz FB. Thermal sensitivity of cold climate lizards and the importance of distributional ranges. ZOOLOGY 2015; 118:281-90. [PMID: 26066005 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the fundamental goals in macroecology is to understand the relationship among species' geographic ranges, ecophysiology, and climate; however, the mechanisms underlying the distributional geographic patterns observed remain unknown for most organisms. In the case of ectotherms this is particularly important because the knowledge of these interactions may provide a robust framework for predicting the potential consequences of climate change in these organisms. Here we studied the relationship of thermal sensitivity and thermal tolerance in Patagonian lizards and their geographic ranges, proposing that species with wider distributions have broader plasticity and thermal tolerance. We predicted that lizard thermal physiology is related to the thermal characteristics of the environment. We also explored the presence of trade-offs of some thermal traits and evaluated the potential effects of a predicted scenario of climate change for these species. We examined sixteen species of Liolaemini lizards from Patagonia representing species with different geographic range sizes. We obtained thermal tolerance data and performance curves for each species in laboratory trials. We found evidence supporting the idea that higher physiological plasticity allows species to achieve broader distribution ranges compared to species with restricted distributions. We also found a trade-off between broad levels of plasticity and higher optimum temperatures of performance. Finally, results from contrasting performance curves against the highest environmental temperatures that lizards may face in a future scenario (year 2080) suggest that the activity of species occurring at high latitudes may be unaffected by predicted climatic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo F Bonino
- Laboratorio de Fotobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), CONICET-UNCOMA, Quintral 1250, Bariloche 8400, Río Negro, Argentina.
| | - Débora L Moreno Azócar
- Laboratorio de Fotobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), CONICET-UNCOMA, Quintral 1250, Bariloche 8400, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - James A Schulte
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Cristian S Abdala
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e I. M. Lillo (UNT), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Félix B Cruz
- Laboratorio de Fotobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), CONICET-UNCOMA, Quintral 1250, Bariloche 8400, Río Negro, Argentina
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17
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Dumont ER, Samadevam K, Grosse I, Warsi OM, Baird B, Davalos LM. SELECTION FOR MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE UNDERLIES MULTIPLE CRANIAL OPTIMA IN NEW WORLD LEAF-NOSED BATS. Evolution 2014; 68:1436-49. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Dumont
- Department of Biology; University of Massachusetts Amherst; 221 Morrill Science Center; Amherst Massachusetts 01003
| | - Krishna Samadevam
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Massachusetts Amherst; 160 Governor's Drive Amherst Massachusetts 01003
| | - Ian Grosse
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Massachusetts Amherst; 160 Governor's Drive Amherst Massachusetts 01003
| | - Omar M. Warsi
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; Stony Brook University; 650 Life Sciences Building Stony Brook New York 11794
| | - Brandon Baird
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; Stony Brook University; 650 Life Sciences Building Stony Brook New York 11794
| | - Liliana M. Davalos
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; Stony Brook University; 650 Life Sciences Building Stony Brook New York 11794
- Consortium for Inter-Disciplinary Environmental Research; School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences; Stony Brook University; 129 Dana Hall Stony Brook New York 11794
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18
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Silva JM, Herrel A, Measey GJ, Vanhooydonck B, Tolley KA. Linking microhabitat structure, morphology and locomotor performance traits in a recent radiation of dwarf chameleons. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Silva
- Applied Biodiversity Research Division South African National Biodiversity Institute Private Bag X7 Claremont 7735 Cape Town South Africa
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology Stellenbosch University Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 57 rue Cuvier Case postale 55 75231 Paris Cedex 5 France
| | - G. John Measey
- Department of Zoology Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University P.O. Box 77000 Port Elizabeth 6031 South Africa
| | - Bieke Vanhooydonck
- Department of Biology University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 B‐2610 Antwerpen Belgium
| | - Krystal A. Tolley
- Applied Biodiversity Research Division South African National Biodiversity Institute Private Bag X7 Claremont 7735 Cape Town South Africa
- Department of Zoology Stellenbosch University Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 Stellenbosch South Africa
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19
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Garrido M, Pérez-Mellado V. Sprint speed is related to blood parasites, but not to ectoparasites, in an insular population of lacertid lizards. CAN J ZOOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2013-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Parasites are able to negatively affect the locomotor performance of their hosts, and consequently, their biological fitness. In this study, we examine the relationship between parasitism and burst speed in an insular population of Lilford’s Wall Lizard (Podarcis lilfordi (Günther, 1874)). Podarcis lilfordi is normally infected with haemogregarine blood parasites and mites in our study location, Aire Island (Balearic Islands, Spain). Unlike the results from other studies on lizards, we found a significant negative correlation between intensity of infection by haemogregarines and burst speed. Body condition is also significantly related to burst speed. Thus, lizards with a lower blood parasite load and better body condition show a faster sprint speed. Intensity of infection by haemoparasites shows a lack of correlation with both body condition and mite load. Our results are compared with those from other lizard species living in different habitats. We discuss the influence of insular environmental conditions on locomotor performances, such as low predation pressure, lack of competitors, and high lizard densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Garrido
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Salamanca, Campus Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - V. Pérez-Mellado
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Salamanca, Campus Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
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20
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Da Silva JM, Tolley KA. Ecomorphological variation and sexual dimorphism in a recent radiation of dwarf chameleons (Bradypodion). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Gilman CA, Irschick DJ. Foils of flexion: the effects of perch compliance on lizard locomotion and perch choice in the wild. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Casey A. Gilman
- Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst Massachusetts USA
| | - Duncan J. Irschick
- Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst Massachusetts USA
- Department of Biology University of Massachusetts at Amherst Amherst Massachusetts USA
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22
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Clemente CJ, Withers PC, Thompson G, Lloyd D. Lizard tricks: Overcoming conflicting requirements of speed vs climbing ability by altering biomechanics of the lizard stride. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:3854-62. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.089060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Adaptations promoting greater performance in one habitat are thought to reduce performance in others. However, there are many examples of where, despite habitat differences, such predicted differences in performance do not occur. One such example is the relationship between locomotory performance to habitat for varanid lizards. To explain the lack of difference in locomotor performance we examined detailed observation of the kinematics of each lizard's stride. Differences in kinematics were greatest between climbing and non-climbing species. For terrestrial lizards, the kinematics indicated that increased femur adduction, femur rotation and ankle angle all contributed positively to changes in stride length, but they were constrained for climbing species, probably due to biomechanical restrictions on the centre of mass height (to increase stability on vertical surfaces). Despite climbing species having restricted stride length, no differences have been previously reported in sprint speed between climbing and non-climbing varanids. This is best explained by climbing varanids using an alternative speed modulation strategy of varying stride frequency to avoid the potential trade-off of speed vs stability on vertical surfaces. Thus, by measuring the relevant biomechanics for lizard strides, we have shown how kinematic differences among species can mask performance differences typically associated with habitat variation.
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23
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Ritzman TB, Stroik LK, Julik E, Hutchins ED, Lasku E, Denardo DF, Wilson-Rawls J, Rawls JA, Kusumi K, Fisher RE. The Gross Anatomy of the Original and Regenerated Tail in the Green Anole (Anolis carolinensis). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012; 295:1596-608. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Tulli MJ, Abdala V, Cruz FB. Effects of different substrates on the sprint performance of lizards. J Exp Biol 2012; 215:774-84. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.065490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
The variation in substrate structure is one of the most important determinants of the locomotor abilities of lizards. Lizards are found across a range of habitats, from large rocks to loose sand, each of them with conflicting mechanical demands on locomotion. We examined the relationships among sprint speed, morphology and different types of substrate surfaces in species of lizards that exploit different structural habitats (arboreal, saxicolous, terrestrial and arenicolous) in a phylogenetic context. Our main goals were to assess which processes drive variability in morphology (i.e. phylogeny or adaptation to habitat) in order to understand how substrate structure affects sprint speed in species occupying different habitats and to determine the relationship between morphology and performance. Liolaemini lizards show that most morphological traits are constrained by phylogeny, particularly toe 3, the femur and foot. All ecological groups showed significant differences on rocky surfaces. Surprisingly, no ecological group performed better on the surface resembling its own habitat. Moreover, all groups exhibited significant differences in sprint speed among the three different types of experimental substrates and showed the best performance on sand, with the exception of the arboreal group. Despite the fact that species use different types of habitats, the highly conservative morphology of Liolaemini species and the similar levels of performance on different types of substrates suggest that they confer to the ‘jack of all trades and master of none’ principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Tulli
- CONICET – Instituto de Herpetología – Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251 (4000), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Virginia Abdala
- Fac. Cs. Naturales (UNT) – CONICET – Instituto de Herpetología – Fundación Miguel Lillo, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Felix B. Cruz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA) CONICET – UNCOMA, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
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25
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An Ecomorphological Analysis of Native and Introduced Populations of the Endemic Lizard Anolis maynardi of the Cayman Islands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3099/0006-9698-522.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Bergmann PJ, Irschick DJ. ALTERNATE PATHWAYS OF BODY SHAPE EVOLUTION TRANSLATE INTO COMMON PATTERNS OF LOCOMOTOR EVOLUTION IN TWO CLADES OF LIZARDS. Evolution 2009; 64:1569-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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GOODMAN BA. Nowhere to run: the role of habitat openness and refuge use in defining patterns of morphological and performance evolution in tropical lizards. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:1535-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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GOODMAN BRETTA, ISAAC JOANNEL. Convergent body flattening in a clade of tropical rock-using lizards (Scincidae: Lygosominae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.00988.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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30
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GOODMAN BRETTA. Divergent morphologies, performance, and escape behaviour in two tropical rock-using lizards (Reptilia: Scincidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00778.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Delciellos AC, Vieira MV. Stride lengths and frequencies of arboreal walking in seven species of didelphid marsupials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03194205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Vanhooydonck B, Herrel A, Irschick DJ. Out on a limb: the differential effect of substrate diameter on acceleration capacity inAnolislizards. J Exp Biol 2006; 209:4515-23. [PMID: 17079721 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYWe investigated how substrate diameter affects acceleration performance in three Anolis lizard species (A. sagrei, A. carolinensis and A. valencienni), representing three different ecomorphs (trunk-ground, trunk-crown, and twig, respectively). We did so by measuring maximal acceleration capacity of the three species on a broad and narrow dowel. In addition to acceleration capacity, we quantified maximal sprint speed on both dowels. Both acceleration capacity and sprint speed are affected by substrate diameter, but the way in which they are, differs among species. Acceleration capacity in the trunk-ground anole, A. sagrei,was least affected by dowel diameter, whereas it was greatly reduced on the narrow dowel in the twig anole, A. valencienni. Sprint speed on the narrow dowel, however, was reduced to the greatest extent in the fastest running species, A. sagrei, whereas sprint speed was hardly affected by dowel diameter in the slow A. valencienni. The differential effect of dowel diameter on maximal acceleration capacity cannot be explained by differences in the timing of reaching maximal acceleration, but may be due to interspecific differences in the relative positioning of the limbs on the different dowels. The differential effect of dowel diameter on sprint speed,on the other hand, may be based on interspecific differences in the relative contribution of subsequent acceleratory bouts to maximal sprint speed on the broad and narrow dowel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bieke Vanhooydonck
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 310 Dinwiddie Hall, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
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33
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HERREL ANTHONY, JOACHIM REBECCA, VANHOOYDONCK BIEKE, IRSCHICK DUNCANJ. Ecological consequences of ontogenetic changes in head shape and bite performance in the Jamaican lizardAnolis lineatopus. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00685.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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35
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36
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IRSCHICK DUNCANJ, CARLISLE ELIZABETH, ELSTROTT JUSTIN, RAMOS MARGARITA, BUCKLEY CHRISTINE, VANHOOYDONCK BIEKE, MEYERS JAY, HERREL ANTHONY. A comparison of habitat use, morphology, clinging performance and escape behaviour among two divergent green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis) populations. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Ramos M, Irschick DJ, Christenson TE. Overcoming an evolutionary conflict: removal of a reproductive organ greatly increases locomotor performance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:4883-7. [PMID: 15034176 PMCID: PMC387343 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0400324101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One potential consequence of sexual size dimorphism is conflict among characters. For example, a structure evolved for reproduction can impair performance during other activities (e.g., locomotion). Here we provide quantitative evidence for an animal overcoming an evolutionary conflict generated by differential scaling and sexual size dimorphism by obligatorily removing an undamaged reproductive organ, and thus dramatically enhancing its locomotor performance. The spider genus Tidarren (Araneae, Theridiidae) is interesting because, within several species presenting extreme sexual size dimorphism (males representing approximately 1% of the total mass of the female), males voluntarily remove one of their two disproportionately large pedipalps (modified copulatory organs; a single one represents approximately 10% of the body mass in an adult) before achieving sexual maturity. Whether the left or right pedipalp is removed appears to be random. Previous researchers have hypothesized that pedipalp removal might enhance locomotor performance, a prediction that has remained untested. We found that, for male Tidarren sisyphoides, maximum speed increased (44%) significantly and endurance increased (63%) significantly after pedipalp removal. Furthermore, spiders with one pedipalp moved approximately 300% greater distances before exhaustion and had a higher survival after exertion than those with two pedipalps. Removal of the pedipalp may have evolved in male Tidarren because of enhanced abilities to search for females (higher endurance and survival after exertion) and to out-compete rival males on the female's web (higher maximum speed). Our data also highlight how the evolution of conflicts can result in the evolution of a novel behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Ramos
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 310 Dinwiddie Hall, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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38
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BRAÑA FLORENTINO. Morphological correlates of burst speed and field movement patterns: the behavioural adjustment of locomotion in wall lizards (Podarcis muralis). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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40
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41
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Harris MA, Steudel K. The relationship between maximum jumping performance and hind limb morphology/physiology in domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus). J Exp Biol 2002; 205:3877-89. [PMID: 12432010 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.205.24.3877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYA critical role of functional morphology is to demonstrate form—function relationships that can then be used by evolutionary biologists to infer the evolutionary history of the structure in question. Tests of theoretical expectations about the effects of many aspects of morphology/physiology on locomotor performance have had very mixed results. If systems such as jumping can be shown to reliably predict performance from morphology, this would provide a foundation upon which hypotheses for the evolutionary origin of certain morphologies can be generated. The present study examined whether a relationship exists between maximum takeoff velocity(TOV) and several carefully chosen morphological and physiological traits in domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus). Based on the contributions of extensor muscle work to increasing the kinetic and potential energy of the center of mass (CM) during takeoff, we predicted that maximum TOV would be dependent upon relative limb length, relative extensor muscle mass, body mass and the percentage of fast-twitch muscle fibers. Both maximum TOV and this series of traits were measured in 18 cats. We found that variation in cat maximum TOV is significantly explained by both hind limb length and fat mass relative to lean body mass, but not by extensor muscle mass relative to lean mass or fast-twitch fiber content. The effect of body fat mass is pervasive because it reduces the proportion of muscle mass/body mass and thus increases the muscle work invested in increasing the CM potential energy as compared with kinetic energy during takeoff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Harris
- Biology Core Curriculum, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 307 Noland Hall, 250 N. Mills Street, 53706, USA.
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42
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Butler MA, Losos JB. MULTIVARIATE SEXUAL DIMORPHISM, SEXUAL SELECTION, AND ADAPTATION IN GREATER ANTILLEAN ANOLIS LIZARDS. ECOL MONOGR 2002. [DOI: 10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0541:msdssa]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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43
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Irschick DJ. Effects of behaviour and ontogeny on the locomotor performance of a West Indian lizard,Anolis lineatopus. Funct Ecol 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2435.2000.00447.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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44
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Vanhooydonck B, Van Damme R, Van Dooren TJ, Bauwens D. Proximate causes of intraspecific variation in locomotor performance in the lizard Gallotia galloti. Physiol Biochem Zool 2001; 74:937-45. [PMID: 11731985 DOI: 10.1086/324749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2001] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To understand the evolution of biological traits, information on the degree and origins of intraspecific variation is essential. Because adaptation can take place only if the trait shows heritable variation, it is important to know whether (at least) part of the trait variation is genetically based. We describe intra- and interindividual variation in three performance measures (sprint speed, climbing, and clambering speed) in juvenile Gallotia galloti lizards from three populations and examine how genetic, environmental (incubation temperature), and ontogenetic (age, size) effects interact to cause performance variation. Moreover, we test whether the three performance traits are intercorrelated phenotypically and genetically. Sprint speed is highest in juveniles incubated at the lowest temperature (26 degrees C) irrespective of population. Climbing speed differs among populations, and the differences persist at least until the lizards are 30 wk old. This suggests that the three populations experience different selective pressures. Moreover, mass, snout-vent length, and hindlimb length seem to affect climbing performance differently in the three populations. The variation in sprinting and climbing ability appears to be genetically based. Moreover, the two performance traits are intercorrelated and thus will not evolve independently from each other. Clambering speed (i.e., capacity to climb up an inclined mesh) varies among individuals, but the origin of this variation remains obscure.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vanhooydonck
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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45
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Abstract
Morphological and physiological considerations suggest that sprinting ability and endurance capacity put conflicting demands on the design of an animal's locomotor apparatus and therefore cannot be maximized simultaneously. To test this hypothesis, we correlated size-corrected maximal sprint speed and stamina of 12 species of lacertid lizards. Phylogenetically independent contrasts of sprint speed and stamina showed a significant negative relationship, giving support to the idea of an evolutionary trade-off between the two performance measures. To test the hypothesis that the trade-off is mediated by a conflict in morphological requirements, we correlated both performance traits with snout-vent length, size-corrected estimates of body mass and limb length, and relative hindlimb length (the residuals of the relationship between hind- and forelimb length). Fast-running species had hindlimbs that were long compared to their forelimbs. None of the other size or shape variables showed a significant relationship with speed or endurance. We conclude that the evolution of sprint capacity may be constrained by the need for endurance capacity and vice versa, but the design conflict underlying this trade-off has yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vanhooydonck
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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46
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Kohlsdorf T, Garland T, Navas CA. Limb and tail lengths in relation to substrate usage in Tropidurus lizards. J Morphol 2001; 248:151-64. [PMID: 11304746 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A close relationship between morphology and habitat is well documented for anoline lizards. To test the generality of this relationship in lizards, snout-vent, tail, and limb lengths of 18 species of Tropidurus (Tropiduridae) were measured and comparisons made between body proportions and substrate usage. Phylogenetic analysis of covariance by computer simulation suggests that the three species inhabiting sandy soils have relatively longer feet than do other species. Phylogenetic ANCOVA also demonstrates that the three species inhabiting tree canopies and locomoting on small branches have short tails and hind limbs. These three species constitute a single subclade within the overall Tropidurus phylogeny and analyses with independent contrasts indicate that divergence in relative tail and hind limb length has been rapid since they split from their sister clade. Being restricted to a single subclade, the difference in body proportions could logically be interpreted as either an adaptation to the clade's lifestyle or simply a nonadaptive synapomorphy for this lineage. Nevertheless, previous comparative studies of another clade of lizards (Anolis) as well as experimental studies of Sceloporus lizards sprinting on rods of different diameters support the adaptive interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kohlsdorf
- Departamento de Fisiologia, IB, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Irschick DJ. Comparative and behavioral analyses of preferred speed: Anolis lizards as a model system. Physiol Biochem Zool 2000; 73:428-37. [PMID: 11009396 DOI: 10.1086/317733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
I quantified the movement patterns of eight morphologically and ecologically diverse Caribbean Anolis lizard species in the field to address the following questions: (1) Do these eight species move at preferred speeds, and if so, what are these speeds? (2) What proportion of their maximum sprinting capacities do the anole species use when moving undisturbed? (3) What percentage of the time do lizards spend moving, and how far do they typically travel on a daily basis? (4) Have the preferred speeds of anoles coevolved with structural habitat use? Most of the distributions of speeds were highly skewed, with a preponderance of slow-speed locomotion (<20% of maximum capacity). Median speeds varied almost eightfold among species, from a low of 4.9 cm/s (3.0% of maximum) to a high of 38.0 cm/s (22.4% of maximum). For all eight species, at least 75% of their locomotor movements took place between 0% and 40% of maximum capacity. The eight species varied almost 15-fold in the percentage of time they spent moving, indicating that not all anole species are equally sedentary. Through usage of modern comparative methods, I showed that Anolis species that move slowly through their environments also tend to use narrow perch diameters and have large habitat breadths. These findings show how evolutionary approaches can be profitably integrated with physiological data to understand how species use their habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Irschick
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Irschick DJ, Jayne BC. Comparative three-dimensional kinematics of the hindlimb for high-speed bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion of lizards. J Exp Biol 1999; 202 (Pt 9):1047-65. [PMID: 10101105 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.202.9.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although lizards have been model organisms for testing locomotor performance and in ecomorphological studies, the limb movements of lizards during high-speed locomotion are poorly understood. Thus, we quantified the three-dimensional kinematics of the hindlimb, body and tail for five morphologically distinct species of lizard during steady-speed locomotion near maximum sprinting speed (2–5 m s-1). The kinematics of different species had little multivariate overlap. More than half of the strides of all species had digitigrade foot posture, but the frequency of using digitigrade foot posture varied among species. The combination of digitigrade foot posture and large foot size of the lizards contributed substantially to the high values of hip height. For each species, different suites of kinematic variables distinguished bipedal from quadrupedal strides. Interspecific morphological variation did not correspond globally to variation in kinematics, although lizard species with elongated hindlimbs took longer strides than species with shorter hindlimbs. The Froude numbers and relative stride lengths of all lizards running near maximal speeds were large compared with those reported previously for other vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- DJ Irschick
- Department of Biological Sciences, PO Box 210006, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0006, USA.
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