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Martin SH, Singh KS, Gordon IJ, Omufwoko KS, Collins S, Warren IA, Munby H, Brattström O, Traut W, Martins DJ, Smith DAS, Jiggins CD, Bass C, ffrench-Constant RH. Whole-chromosome hitchhiking driven by a male-killing endosymbiont. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000610. [PMID: 32108180 PMCID: PMC7046192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neo-sex chromosomes are found in many taxa, but the forces driving their emergence and spread are poorly understood. The female-specific neo-W chromosome of the African monarch (or queen) butterfly Danaus chrysippus presents an intriguing case study because it is restricted to a single 'contact zone' population, involves a putative colour patterning supergene, and co-occurs with infection by the male-killing endosymbiont Spiroplasma. We investigated the origin and evolution of this system using whole genome sequencing. We first identify the 'BC supergene', a broad region of suppressed recombination across nearly half a chromosome, which links two colour patterning loci. Association analysis suggests that the genes yellow and arrow in this region control the forewing colour pattern differences between D. chrysippus subspecies. We then show that the same chromosome has recently formed a neo-W that has spread through the contact zone within approximately 2,200 years. We also assembled the genome of the male-killing Spiroplasma, and find that it shows perfect genealogical congruence with the neo-W, suggesting that the neo-W has hitchhiked to high frequency as the male-killer has spread through the population. The complete absence of female crossing-over in the Lepidoptera causes whole-chromosome hitchhiking of a single neo-W haplotype, carrying a single allele of the BC supergene and dragging multiple non-synonymous mutations to high frequency. This has created a population of infected females that all carry the same recessive colour patterning allele, making the phenotypes of each successive generation highly dependent on uninfected male immigrants. Our findings show how hitchhiking can occur between the physically unlinked genomes of host and endosymbiont, with dramatic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon H. Martin
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kumar Saurabh Singh
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. Gordon
- Center of Excellence in Biodiversity and Natural Resource Management, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda
| | - Kennedy Saitoti Omufwoko
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States of America
- Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Steve Collins
- African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ian A. Warren
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Munby
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Oskar Brattström
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Walther Traut
- Institut für Biologie, Universität Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Dino J. Martins
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States of America
- Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | | | - Chris D. Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Bass
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
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Sing KW, Luo J, Wang W, Jaturas N, Soga M, Yang X, Dong H, Wilson JJ. Ring roads and urban biodiversity: distribution of butterflies in urban parks in Beijing city and correlations with other indicator species. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7653. [PMID: 31113976 PMCID: PMC6529450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43997-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The capital of China, Beijing, has a history of more than 800 years of urbanization, representing a unique site for studies of urban ecology. Urbanization can severely impact butterfly communities, yet there have been no reports of the species richness and distribution of butterflies in urban parks in Beijing. Here, we conducted the first butterfly survey in ten urban parks in Beijing and estimated butterfly species richness. Subsequently, we examined the distribution pattern of butterfly species and analyzed correlations between butterfly species richness with park variables (age, area and distance to city center), and richness of other bioindicator groups (birds and plants). We collected 587 individual butterflies belonging to 31 species from five families; 74% of the species were considered cosmopolitan. The highest butterfly species richness and abundance was recorded at parks located at the edge of city and species richness was significantly positively correlated with distance from city center (p < 0.05). No significant correlations were detected between the species richness and park age, park area and other bioindicator groups (p > 0.05). Our study provides the first data of butterfly species in urban Beijing, and serves as a baseline for further surveys and conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kong-Wah Sing
- South China DNA Barcoding Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China.
| | - Jiashan Luo
- Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Wenzhi Wang
- South China DNA Barcoding Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
- Wildlife Forensic Science Service, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
- Guizhou Academy of Testing and Analysis, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Narong Jaturas
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, 65000, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Masashi Soga
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xianzhe Yang
- International College Beijing, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hui Dong
- Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen and Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518004, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - John-James Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, 65000, Phitsanulok, Thailand.
- International College Beijing, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China.
- Vertebrate Zoology at World Museum, National Museums Liverpool, William Brown Street, L3 8EN, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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Jasso-Martínez JM, Machkour-M’Rabet S, Vila R, Rodríguez-Arnaiz R, Castañeda-Sortibrán AN. Molecular evidence of hybridization in sympatric populations of the Enantia jethys complex (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197116. [PMID: 29771959 PMCID: PMC5957354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybridization events are frequently demonstrated in natural butterfly populations. One interesting butterfly complex species is the Enantia jethys complex that has been studied for over a century; many debates exist regarding the species composition of this complex. Currently, three species that live sympatrically in the Gulf slope of Mexico (Enantia jethys, E. mazai, and E. albania) are recognized in this complex (based on morphological and molecular studies). Where these species live in sympatry, some cases of interspecific mating have been observed, suggesting hybridization events. Considering this, we employed a multilocus approach (analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear sequences: COI, RpS5, and Wg; and nuclear dominant markers: inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSRs) to study hybridization in sympatric populations from Veracruz, Mexico. Genetic diversity parameters were determined for all molecular markers, and species identification was assessed by different methods such as analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA), clustering, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), gene flow, and PhiPT parameters. ISSR molecular markers were used for a more profound study of hybridization process. Although species of the Enantia jethys complex have a low dispersal capacity, we observed high genetic diversity, probably reflecting a high density of individuals locally. ISSR markers provided evidence of a contemporary hybridization process, detecting a high number of hybrids (from 17% to 53%) with significant differences in genetic diversity. Furthermore, a directional pattern of hybridization was observed from E. albania to other species. Phylogenetic study through DNA sequencing confirmed the existence of three clades corresponding to the three species previously recognized by morphological and molecular studies. This study underlines the importance of assessing hybridization in evolutionary studies, by tracing the lineage separation process that leads to the origin of new species. Our research demonstrates that hybridization processes have a high occurrence in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana M. Jasso-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Genética y Evolución, Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Salima Machkour-M’Rabet
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular y Conservación, Departamento de Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico
- * E-mail: (ANCS); (SMM)
| | - Roger Vila
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodríguez-Arnaiz
- Laboratorio de Genética y Evolución, Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - América Nitxin Castañeda-Sortibrán
- Laboratorio de Genética y Evolución, Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- * E-mail: (ANCS); (SMM)
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Smith DAS, Gordon IJ, Traut W, Herren J, Collins S, Martins DJ, Saitoti K, Ireri P, Ffrench-Constant R. A neo-W chromosome in a tropical butterfly links colour pattern, male-killing, and speciation. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.0821. [PMID: 27440667 PMCID: PMC4971206 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually antagonistic selection can drive both the evolution of sex chromosomes and speciation itself. The tropical butterfly the African Queen, Danaus chrysippus, shows two such sexually antagonistic phenotypes, the first being sex-linked colour pattern, the second, susceptibility to a male-killing, maternally inherited mollicute, Spiroplasma ixodeti, which causes approximately 100% mortality in male eggs and first instar larvae. Importantly, this mortality is not affected by the infection status of the male parent and the horizontal transmission of Spiroplasma is unknown. In East Africa, male-killing of the Queen is prevalent in a narrow hybrid zone centred on Nairobi. This hybrid zone separates otherwise allopatric subspecies with different colour patterns. Here we show that a neo-W chromosome, a fusion between the W (female) chromosome and an autosome that controls both colour pattern and male-killing, links the two phenotypes thereby driving speciation across the hybrid zone. Studies of the population genetics of the neo-W around Nairobi show that the interaction between colour pattern and male-killer susceptibility restricts gene flow between two subspecies of D. chrysippus Our results demonstrate how a complex interplay between sex, colour pattern, male-killing, and a neo-W chromosome, has set up a genetic 'sink' that keeps the two subspecies apart. The association between the neo-W and male-killing thus provides a 'smoking gun' for an ongoing speciation process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian J Gordon
- BirdLife International, Africa Partnership Secretariat, Box 3502-00100, Nairobi, Kenya Department of Zoology, National Museums of Kenya, Box 4068-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Walther Traut
- Institut für Biologie, Zentrum für medizinische Struktur- und Zellbiologie, Universität Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jeremy Herren
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Lab, ICIPE, Box 30772-00506, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Steve Collins
- African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), Box 14308-0800, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dino J Martins
- Insect Committee of Nature Kenya, Box 24467-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kennedy Saitoti
- Department of Zoology, National Museums of Kenya, Box 4068-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Piera Ireri
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Kenyatta University, Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Richard Ffrench-Constant
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, UK
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Chunco AJ. Hybridization in a warmer world. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:2019-31. [PMID: 24963394 PMCID: PMC4063493 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is profoundly affecting the evolutionary trajectory of individual species and ecological communities, in part through the creation of novel species assemblages. How climate change will influence competitive interactions has been an active area of research. Far less attention, however, has been given to altered reproductive interactions. Yet, reproductive interactions between formerly isolated species are inevitable as populations shift geographically and temporally as a result of climate change, potentially resulting in introgression, speciation, or even extinction. The susceptibility of hybridization rates to anthropogenic disturbance was first recognized in the 1930s. To date, work on anthropogenically mediated hybridization has focused primarily on either physical habitat disturbance or species invasion. Here, I review recent literature on hybridization to identify how ecological responses to climate change will increase the likelihood of hybridization via the dissolution of species barriers maintained by habitat, time, or behavior. Using this literature, I identify several cases where novel hybrid zones have recently formed, likely as a result of changing climate. Future research should focus on identifying areas and taxonomic groups where reproductive species interactions are most likely to be influenced by climate change. Furthermore, a better understanding of the evolutionary consequences of climate-mediated secondary contact is urgently needed. Paradoxically, hybridization is both a major conservation concern and an important source of novel genetic and phenotypic variation. Hybridization may therefore both contribute to increasing rates of extinction and stimulate the creation of novel phenotypes that will speed adaptation to novel climates. Predicting which result will occur following secondary contact will be an important contribution to conservation for many species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Chunco
- Department of Environmental Studies, Elon University CB 2015, Elon, North Carolina 27244
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Wu ZZ, Li HM, Bin SY, Ma J, He HL, Li XF, Gong FL, Lin JT. Sequence analysis of mitochondrial ND1 gene can reveal the genetic structure and origin of Bactrocera dorsalis s.s. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:55. [PMID: 24655832 PMCID: PMC3998037 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis s.s., is one of the most important quarantine pests in many countries, including China. Although the oriental fruit fly has been investigated extensively, its origins and genetic structure remain disputed. In this study, the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) gene was used as a genetic marker to examine the genetic diversity, population structure, and gene flow of B. dorsalis s.s. throughout its range in China and southeast Asia. RESULTS Haplotype networks and phylogenetic analysis indicated two distinguishable lineages of the fly population but provided no strong support for geographical subdivision in B. philippinensis. Demographic analysis revealed rapid expansion of B. dorsalis s.s. populations in China and Southeast Asia in the recent years. The greatest amount of genetic diversity was observed in Manila, Pattaya, and Bangkok, and asymmetric migration patterns were observed in different parts of China. The data collected here further show that B. dorsalis s.s. in Yunnan, Guangdong, and Fujian Provinces, and in Taiwan might have different origins within southeast Asia. CONCLUSIONS Using the mitochondrial ND1 gene, the results of the present study showed B. dorsalis s.s. from different parts of China to have different genetic structures and origins. B. dorsalis s.s. in China and southeast Asia was found to have experienced rapid expansion in recent years. Data further support the existence of two distinguishable lineages of B. dorsalis s.s. in China and indicate genetic diversity and gene flow from multiple origins.The sequences in this paper have been deposited in GenBank/NCBI under accession numbers KC413034-KC413367.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jin-Tian Lin
- Institute for Management of Invasive Alien Species, 314 Yingdong teaching building, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, PR China.
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Gordon IJ, Ireri P, Smith DAS. Hologenomic speciation: synergy between a male-killing bacterium and sex-linkage creates a ‘magic trait’ in a butterfly hybrid zone. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian J. Gordon
- Environmental Health Division; International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE); PO Box 30772-00100 Nairobi Kenya
- BirdLife International; Africa Partnership Secretariat; PO Box 3502-00100 Nairobi Kenya
- Department of Entomology; National Museums of Kenya; PO Box 40658-00100 Nairobi Kenya
| | - Piera Ireri
- Environmental Health Division; International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE); PO Box 30772-00100 Nairobi Kenya
- Department of Zoological Sciences; Kenyatta University; Nairobi Kenya
| | - David A. S. Smith
- Environmental Health Division; International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE); PO Box 30772-00100 Nairobi Kenya
- Natural History Museum; Eton College; Windsor SL4 6EW UK
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Devitt TJ, Baird SJE, Moritz C. Asymmetric reproductive isolation between terminal forms of the salamander ring species Ensatina eschscholtzii revealed by fine-scale genetic analysis of a hybrid zone. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:245. [PMID: 21859447 PMCID: PMC3175475 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ring species, exemplified by salamanders of the Ensatina eschscholtzii complex, represent a special window into the speciation process because they allow the history of species formation to be traced back in time through the geographically differentiated forms connecting the two terminal forms of the ring. Of particular interest is the nature and extent of reproductive isolation between the geographically terminal forms, in this case E. e. eschscholtzii and E. e. klauberi. Previous studies have documented infrequent hybridization at the end of the ring. Here, we report the first fine-scale genetic analysis of a hybrid zone between the terminal forms in southern California using individual-based Bayesian analyses of multilocus genetic data to estimate levels and direction of hybridization and maximum-likelihood analysis of linkage disequilibrium and cline shape to make inferences about migration and selection in the hybrid zone. Results The center of the hybrid zone has a high proportion of hybrids, about half of which were classified as F1s. Clines are narrow with respect to dispersal, and there are significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium as well as nonrandom associations (linkage disequilibria) between alleles characteristic of each parental type. There is cytonuclear discordance, both in terms of introgression and the geographic position of mitochondrial versus nuclear clines. Genetic disequilibrium is concentrated on the eschscholtzii side of the zone. Nearly all hybrids possess klauberi mtDNA, indicating that most hybrids are formed from female klauberi mating with male eschscholtzii or male hybrids (but not vice versa). Conclusions Our results are consistent with a tension zone trapped at an ecotone, with gene combinations characteristic of klauberi showing up on the eschscholtzii side of the zone due to asymmetric hybridization. We suggest that the observed asymmetry is best explained by increased discriminatory power of eschscholtzii females, or asymmetric postzygotic isolation. The relatively high frequency of hybrids, particularly F1s, contrasts with other contacts between the terminal forms, and with other contacts between other divergent Ensatina lineages, highlighting the diverse outcomes of secondary contact within a single species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Devitt
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3160, USA.
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GORDON IANJ, EDMUNDS MALCOLM, EDGAR JOHNA, LAWRENCE JAMES, SMITH DAVIDAS. Linkage disequilibrium and natural selection for mimicry in the Batesian mimic Hypolimnas misippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in the Afrotropics. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Brower AVZ, Wahlberg N, Ogawa JR, Boppré M, Vane-Wright RI. Phylogenetic relationships among genera of danaine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) as implied by morphology and DNA sequences. SYST BIODIVERS 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/14772001003626814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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CLARK REBECCA, VOGLER ALFRIEDP. A phylogenetic framework for wing pattern evolution in the mimetic Mocker SwallowtailPapilio dardanus. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:3872-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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McPeek MA, Gavrilets S. THE EVOLUTION OF FEMALE MATING PREFERENCES: DIFFERENTIATION FROM SPECIES WITH PROMISCUOUS MALES CAN PROMOTE SPECIATION. Evolution 2006. [DOI: 10.1554/06-184.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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