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Mizutani T, Ano T, Yoshioka Y, Mizuta S, Takemoto K, Ouchi Y, Morita D, Kitano S, Miyachi H, Tsuruyama T, Fujiwara N, Sugita M. Neutrophil S100A9 supports M2 macrophage niche formation in granulomas. iScience 2023; 26:106081. [PMID: 36843852 PMCID: PMC9947307 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium infection gives rise to granulomas predominantly composed of inflammatory M1-like macrophages, with bacteria-permissive M2 macrophages also detected in deep granulomas. Our histological analysis of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin-elicited granulomas in guinea pigs revealed that S100A9-expressing neutrophils bordered a unique M2 niche within the inner circle of concentrically multilayered granulomas. We evaluated the effect of S100A9 on macrophage M2 polarization based on guinea pig studies. S100A9-deficient mouse neutrophils abrogated M2 polarization, which was critically dependent on COX-2 signaling in neutrophils. Mechanistic evidence suggested that nuclear S100A9 interacts with C/EBPβ, which cooperatively activates the Cox-2 promoter and amplifies prostaglandin E2 production, followed by M2 polarization in proximal macrophages. Because the M2 populations in guinea pig granulomas were abolished via treatment with celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, we propose the S100A9/Cox-2 axis as a major pathway driving M2 niche formation in granulomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuaki Mizutani
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Molecular Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Corresponding author
| | - Toshiaki Ano
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Molecular Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuya Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Molecular Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mizuta
- Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Keiko Takemoto
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Ouchi
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Molecular Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Morita
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Molecular Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satsuki Kitano
- Reproductive Engineering Team, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Miyachi
- Reproductive Engineering Team, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Tsuruyama
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Masahiko Sugita
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Molecular Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Rosenbloom R, Gavrish I, Tseng AE, Seidel K, Yabaji SM, Gertje HP, Huber BR, Kramnik I, Crossland NA. Progression and Dissemination of Pulmonary Mycobacterium Avium Infection in a Susceptible Immunocompetent Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115999. [PMID: 35682679 PMCID: PMC9181083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary infections caused by the group of nontuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM), Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), are a growing public health concern with incidence and mortality steadily increasing globally. Granulomatous inflammation is the hallmark of MAC lung infection, yet reliable correlates of disease progression, susceptibility, and resolution are poorly defined. Unlike widely used inbred mouse strains, mice that carry the mutant allele at the genetic locus sst1 develop human-like pulmonary tuberculosis featuring well-organized caseating granulomas. We characterized pulmonary temporospatial outcomes of intranasal and left intrabronchial M. avium spp. hominissuis (M.av) induced pneumonia in B6.Sst1S mice, which carries the sst1 mutant allele. We utilized traditional semi-quantitative histomorphological evaluation, in combination with fluorescent multiplex immunohistochemistry (fmIHC), whole slide imaging, and quantitative digital image analysis. Followingintrabronchiolar infection with the laboratory M.av strain 101, the B6.Sst1S pulmonary lesions progressed 12-16 weeks post infection (wpi), with plateauing and/or resolving disease by 21 wpi. Caseating granulomas were not observed during the study. Disease progression from 12-16 wpi was associated with increased acid-fast bacilli, area of secondary granulomatous pneumonia lesions, and Arg1+ and double positive iNOS+/Arg1+ macrophages. Compared to B6 WT, at 16 wpi, B6.Sst1S lungs exhibited an increased area of acid-fast bacilli, larger secondary lesions with greater Arg1+ and double positive iNOS+/Arg1+ macrophages, and reduced T cell density. This morphomolecular analysis of histologic correlates of disease progression in B6.Sst1S could serve as a platform for assessment of medical countermeasures against NTM infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Rosenbloom
- Graduate Medical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (I.G.); (A.E.T.); (K.S.); (S.M.Y.); (H.P.G.)
| | - Igor Gavrish
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (I.G.); (A.E.T.); (K.S.); (S.M.Y.); (H.P.G.)
| | - Anna E. Tseng
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (I.G.); (A.E.T.); (K.S.); (S.M.Y.); (H.P.G.)
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Kerstin Seidel
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (I.G.); (A.E.T.); (K.S.); (S.M.Y.); (H.P.G.)
| | - Shivraj M. Yabaji
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (I.G.); (A.E.T.); (K.S.); (S.M.Y.); (H.P.G.)
| | - Hans P. Gertje
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (I.G.); (A.E.T.); (K.S.); (S.M.Y.); (H.P.G.)
| | - Bertrand R. Huber
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Igor Kramnik
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (I.G.); (A.E.T.); (K.S.); (S.M.Y.); (H.P.G.)
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (N.A.C.); Tel.: +1-617-358-9285 (I.K. & N.A.C.)
| | - Nicholas A. Crossland
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (I.G.); (A.E.T.); (K.S.); (S.M.Y.); (H.P.G.)
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (N.A.C.); Tel.: +1-617-358-9285 (I.K. & N.A.C.)
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Palmer MV, Kanipe C, Boggiatto PM. The Bovine Tuberculoid Granuloma. Pathogens 2022; 11:61. [PMID: 35056009 PMCID: PMC8780557 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The bovine tuberculoid granuloma is the hallmark lesion of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) due to Mycobacterium bovis infection. The pathogenesis of bTB, and thereby the process of bovine tuberculoid granuloma development, involves the recruitment, activation, and maintenance of cells under the influence of antigen, cytokines and chemokines in affected lungs and regional lymph nodes. The granuloma is key to successful control of bTB by preventing pathogen dissemination through containment by cellular and fibrotic layers. Paradoxically, however, it may also provide a niche for bacterial replication. The morphologic and cellular characteristics of granulomas have been used to gauge disease severity in bTB pathogenesis and vaccine efficacy studies. As such, it is critical to understand the complex mechanisms behind granuloma initiation, development, and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell V. Palmer
- Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.K.); (P.M.B.)
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Neutrophils and the S100A9 protein critically regulate granuloma formation. Blood Adv 2016; 1:184-192. [PMID: 29296934 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2016000497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages have the potential to undergo cellular transformation into epithelioid cells, and their concentric accumulation in tissues results in the development of granulomas. Although epithelioid cells are an essential and dominant component of granulomas, other cell types have also been detected, which may contribute to the establishment of well-organized granulomas, as observed in human granulomatous diseases. We herein demonstrated that neutrophils may mediate these functions. By taking advantage of the guinea pig pulmonary granuloma model, we obtained a rat monoclonal antibody with unique reactivity to granuloma cells. This antibody, termed G213, reacted with clusters of neutrophils located in the central area of granulomas, and a biochemical analysis identified the G213-reactive antigen as S100A9, a calcium-binding protein of the S100 family, which was expressed abundantly in neutrophils. Consistent with the multifaceted functions attributed to S100A9, including its role in neutrophil extravasation and macrophage activation, the blockade of S100A9 functions with the specific inhibitor, tasquinimod, impaired the formation of organized granulomas with neutrophil cores. These results demonstrate the critical role of neutrophils and the S100A9 protein in granuloma formation. Because intragranuloma S100A9+ neutrophils were also detected in humans, these results indicate the potential of tasquinimod, a new anticancer drug candidate, for manipulating human granulomatous diseases.
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L'Abbate C, Cipriano I, Pérez-Hurtado EC, Leão SC, Carneiro CRW, Machado J. TGF-β-mediated sustained ERK1/2 activity promotes the inhibition of intracellular growth of Mycobacterium avium in epithelioid cells surrogates. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21465. [PMID: 21731758 PMCID: PMC3120888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases including infection with intracellular pathogens such as the Mycobacterium avium complex. Infection of macrophages with M. avium induces TGF-β production and neutralization of this cytokine has been associated with decreased intracellular bacterial growth. We have previously demonstrated that epithelioid cell surrogates (ECs) derived from primary murine peritoneal macrophages through a process of differentiation induced by IL-4 overlap several features of epithelioid cells found in granulomas. In contrast to undifferentiated macrophages, ECs produce larger amounts of TGF-β and inhibit the intracellular growth of M. avium. Here we asked whether the levels of TGF-β produced by ECs are sufficient to induce a self-sustaining autocrine TGF-β signaling controlling mycobacterial replication in infected-cells. We showed that while exogenous addition of increased concentration of TGF-β to infected-macrophages counteracted M. avium replication, pharmacological blockage of TGF-β receptor kinase activity with SB-431542 augmented bacterial load in infected-ECs. Moreover, the levels of TGF-β produced by ECs correlated with high and sustained levels of ERK1/2 activity. Inhibition of ERK1/2 activity with U0126 increased M. avium replication in infected-cells, suggesting that modulation of intracellular bacterial growth is dependent on the activation of ERK1/2. Interestingly, blockage of TGF-β receptor kinase activity with SB-431542 in infected-ECs inhibited ERK1/2 activity, enhanced intracellular M. avium burden and these effects were followed by a severe decrease in TGF-β production. In summary, our findings indicate that the amplitude of TGF-β signaling coordinates the strength and duration of ERK1/2 activity that is determinant for the control of intracellular mycobacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina L'Abbate
- Disciplina de Imunologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ivone Cipriano
- Disciplina de Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Elizabeth Cristina Pérez-Hurtado
- Disciplina de Imunologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Sylvia Cardoso Leão
- Disciplina de Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Célia Regina Whitaker Carneiro
- Disciplina de Imunologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Joel Machado
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Campus de Diadema, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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Granuloma encapsulation is a key factor for containing tuberculosis infection in minipigs. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10030. [PMID: 20386605 PMCID: PMC2850319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A transthoracic infection involving a low dose of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been used to establish a new model of infection in minipigs. The 20-week monitoring period showed a marked Th1 response and poor humoral response for the whole infection. A detailed histopathological analysis was performed after slicing the formalin-fixed whole lungs of each animal. All lesions were recorded and classified according to their microscopic aspect, their relationship with the intralobular connective network and their degree of maturity in order to obtain a dissemination ratio (DR) between recent and old lesions. CFU counts and evolution of the DR with time showed that the proposed model correlated with a contained infection, decreasing from week 9 onwards. These findings suggest that the infection induces an initial Th1 response, which is followed by local fibrosis and encapsulation of the granulomas, thereby decreasing the onset of new lesions. Two therapeutic strategies were applied in order to understand how they could influence the model. Thus, chemotherapy with isoniazid alone helped to decrease the total number of lesions, despite the increase in DR after week 9, with similar kinetics to those of the control group, whereas addition of a therapeutic M. tuberculosis fragment-based vaccine after chemotherapy increased the Th1 and humoral responses, as well as the number of lesions, but decreased the DR. By providing a local pulmonary structure similar to that in humans, the mini-pig model highlights new aspects that could be key to a better understanding tuberculosis infection control in humans.
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Hibiya K, Kasumi Y, Sugawara I, Fujita J. Histopathological classification of systemic Mycobacterium avium complex infections in slaughtered domestic pigs. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 31:347-66. [PMID: 17629560 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to classify the histopathological features of pigs infected with Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). We used slaughtered pig organs systemically infected with MAC. The results showed granulomatous lesions which were observed predominantly in the digestive organs and regional lymph nodes rather than respiratory organs. The histological picture showed a wide range of granulomatous stages from exudative to fibrotic reactions to the MAC infection. Eosinophils and giant cells were characteristically observed in the exudative reactions. The histopathological type in primary focus tended to be maintained in the respective organs. Most strains with the same genotype showed pathogenicity for guinea pigs irrespective of the type of granuloma. Although these findings suggest that different stages of a granulomatous lesion originating from the same causative agent might influence histological patterns, other possibilities such as the hereditary background of the host, or the effects of viral infections should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hibiya
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903 0215, Japan.
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Fujita J, Higa F, Tateyama M. [Physiopathology of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare complex pulmonary disease]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 96:347-52. [PMID: 17370602 DOI: 10.2169/naika.96.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kaarteenaho-Wiik R, Sademies O, Pääkkö P, Risteli J, Soini Y. Extracellular matrix proteins and myofibroblasts in granulomas of sarcoidosis, atypical mycobacteriosis, and tuberculosis of the lung. Hum Pathol 2007; 38:147-53. [PMID: 16996565 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoidosis, atypical mycobacteriosis, and tuberculosis are common diseases of human lung with a typical feature of formation of granulomas. The structure of granulomas has not been elucidated completely. We studied the expression of tenascin-C, precursor proteins of collagens I and III, and the presence of myofibroblasts in granulomas of sarcoidosis, atypical mycobacteriosis, and tuberculosis of human lung. Twenty-five histologic samples of lung were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using antibodies to tenascin-C and aminoterminal propeptides of collagens I and III. To identify the myofibroblast-type cells in granulomas, the sections were also stained with antibodies against alpha-smooth muscle actin, vimentin, and desmin. In every case, tenascin-C and precursor proteins of collagens I and III were expressed around granulomas. Precursor protein of collagen I was expressed also within them. In tuberculosis and atypical mycobacteriosis, expression of tenascin-C and precursor protein of collagen I was stronger than in sarcoidosis. The cells demarcating granulomas and, thus, colocalizing with tenascin-C and both collagen precursors were positive for alpha-smooth muscle actin and vimentin, which suggests that these cells are myofibroblasts. They were also more abundantly present in tuberculosis and atypical mycobacteriosis, as suggested by alpha-smooth muscle actin staining. We concluded that tenascin-C and precursor proteins of collagens I and III are expressed around granulomas in sarcoidosis, atypical mycobacteriosis, and tuberculosis of the lung; and furthermore, their expression colocalize with the expression of myofibroblasts. Our results further point to the fact that fibrogenesis and matrix turnover is stronger in tuberculosis and atypical mycobacteriosis than in sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riitta Kaarteenaho-Wiik
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, PO Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland.
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Kaarteenaho-Wiik R, Lammi L, Lakari E, Kinnula VL, Risteli J, Ryhänen L, Pääkkö P. Localization of precursor proteins and mRNA of type I and III collagens in usual interstitial pneumonia and sarcoidosis. J Mol Histol 2006; 36:437-46. [PMID: 16521042 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-006-9018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 02/03/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess and compare the accumulation and distribution of newly synthesized type I and III collagens in usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) and pulmonary sarcoidosis. Lung biopsies from 10 patients with UIP and 13 patients with sarcoidosis were investigated by immunohistochemical technique and mRNA in situ hybridization. The antibodies for the aminoterminal propeptide of type I procollagen and the aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen (PINP and PIIINP, respectively) were used. When compared to healthy lung, levels of type I pN- and type III pN-collagens were increased in both of these disorders. Type I procollagen was mostly present as intracellular spots in newly formed fibrosis in UIP while type III pN-collagen was expressed extracellularly underneath metaplastic alveolar epithelium. Type I procollagen was present intracellularly within and around the granulomas of sarcoidosis, whereas type III pN-collagen was expressed extracellularly, mainly around the granulomas. mRNAs of both collagens colocalized with the precursor proteins. We conclude that the expression of precursor proteins and mRNA of type I and type III collagens is increased in UIP and sarcoidosis, reflecting mainly active synthesis of these collagens in different areas of the lung.
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Chinen LTD, Cipriano IM, de Oliveira RS, Leão SC, Mariano M, Carneiro CRW. Recombinant interleukin-4-treated macrophages, epithelioid cell surrogates, harbor and arrest Mycobacterium avium multiplication in vitro. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:965-73. [PMID: 16515875 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2004] [Revised: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our group has previously described that murine peritoneal macrophages treated in vitro for 7 days with recombinant interleukin-4 (rIL-4) acquire morphological and functional characteristics of epithelioid cells (ECs) found in granulomatous lesions. Although EC function has not been clarified so far, it has been suggested that these cells could present antigens and control multiplication of mycobacteria. These aspects have been addressed here using in vitro EC surrogates. Using immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence methods, we have observed an increased expression of CD11b, CD54, CD86 and CD40 molecules on rIL-4-treated macrophages when compared to untreated ones. Cytokine-treated cells were less phagocytic for latex beads (P<0.03) and more pinocytic for dextran particles than untreated macrophages. T-cell lymphoproliferation assays using ovalbumin (OVA) and Mycobacterium avium as antigens showed that both cultured macrophages were equally efficient as antigen presenting cells (APCs). However, M. avium antigens were better presented in vivo by EC surrogates (P<0.01). Both macrophage cultures were similarly infected by M. avium. However, while the infection level was maintained in the cytokine-treated population, untreated macrophages showed a progressive increase in the number of bacilli/cell with time (P<0.01) and a reduction of about 65% in cell population. After 96 h of M. avium infection, untreated cells secreted higher amounts of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (P<0.005) while rIL-4-treated macrophages showed higher, although not significant, transforming growth factor-beta production. Also, EC surrogates produced less nitric oxide than control macrophages (P<0.05). Hence, EC surrogates restrain M. avium growth and act as APCs in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmilla T D Chinen
- Discipline of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 862, 4th andar, Vila Clementino, 04023-900 São Paulo, Brazil
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