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Ngwa C, Al Mamun A, Qi S, Sharmeen R, Conesa MPB, Ganesh BP, Manwani B, Liu F. Central IRF4/5 Signaling Are Critical for Microglial Activation and Impact on Stroke Outcomes. Transl Stroke Res 2024; 15:831-843. [PMID: 37432594 PMCID: PMC10782817 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-023-01172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Microglia and monocytes play a critical role in immune responses to cerebral ischemia. Previous studies have demonstrated that interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) and IRF5 direct microglial polarization after stroke and impact outcomes. However, IRF4/5 are expressed by both microglia and monocytes, and it is not clear if it is the microglial (central) or monocytic (peripheral) IRF4-IRF5 regulatory axis that functions in stroke. In this work, young (8-12 weeks) male pep boy (PB), IRF4 or IRF5 flox, and IRF4 or IRF5 conditional knockout (CKO) mice were used to generate 8 types of bone marrow chimeras, to differentiate the role of central (PB-to-IRF CKO) vs. peripheral (IRF CKO-to-PB) phagocytic IRF4-IRF5 axis in stroke. Chimeras generated from PB and flox mice were used as controls. All chimeras were subjected to 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Three days after the stroke, outcomes and inflammatory responses were analyzed. We found that PB-to-IRF4 CKO chimeras had more robust microglial pro-inflammatory responses than IRF4 CKO-to-PB chimeras, while ameliorated microglial response was seen in PB-to-IRF5 CKO vs. IRF5 CKO-to-PB chimeras. PB-to-IRF4 or IRF5 CKO chimeras had worse or better stroke outcomes respectively than their controls, whereas IRF4 or 5 CKO-to-PB chimeras had similar outcomes compared to controls. We conclude that the central IRF4/5 signaling is responsible for microglial activation and mediates stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conelius Ngwa
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shaohua Qi
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Romana Sharmeen
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Maria P Blasco Conesa
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Bhanu P Ganesh
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Bharti Manwani
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Qian X, Tan H, Liu X, Zhao W, Chan MD, Kim P, Zhou X. Radiogenomics-Based Risk Prediction of Glioblastoma Multiforme with Clinical Relevance. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:718. [PMID: 38927654 PMCID: PMC11202835 DOI: 10.3390/genes15060718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor. Although temozolomide (TMZ)-based radiochemotherapy improves overall GBM patients' survival, it also increases the frequency of false positive post-treatment magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessments for tumor progression. Pseudo-progression (PsP) is a treatment-related reaction with an increased contrast-enhancing lesion size at the tumor site or resection margins miming tumor recurrence on MRI. The accurate and reliable prognostication of GBM progression is urgently needed in the clinical management of GBM patients. Clinical data analysis indicates that the patients with PsP had superior overall and progression-free survival rates. In this study, we aimed to develop a prognostic model to evaluate the tumor progression potential of GBM patients following standard therapies. We applied a dictionary learning scheme to obtain imaging features of GBM patients with PsP or true tumor progression (TTP) from the Wake dataset. Based on these radiographic features, we conducted a radiogenomics analysis to identify the significantly associated genes. These significantly associated genes were used as features to construct a 2YS (2-year survival rate) logistic regression model. GBM patients were classified into low- and high-survival risk groups based on the individual 2YS scores derived from this model. We tested our model using an independent The Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA) dataset and found that 2YS scores were significantly associated with the patient's overall survival. We used two cohorts of the TCGA data to train and test our model. Our results show that the 2YS scores-based classification results from the training and testing TCGA datasets were significantly associated with the overall survival of patients. We also analyzed the survival prediction ability of other clinical factors (gender, age, KPS (Karnofsky performance status), normal cell ratio) and found that these factors were unrelated or weakly correlated with patients' survival. Overall, our studies have demonstrated the effectiveness and robustness of the 2YS model in predicting the clinical outcomes of GBM patients after standard therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Qian
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA (X.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Hua Tan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA (X.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Xiaona Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA (X.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Weiling Zhao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA (X.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Michael D. Chan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Pora Kim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA (X.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA (X.L.); (P.K.)
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Chen S, Saeed AFUH, Liu Q, Jiang Q, Xu H, Xiao GG, Rao L, Duo Y. Macrophages in immunoregulation and therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:207. [PMID: 37211559 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 172.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages exist in various tissues, several body cavities, and around mucosal surfaces and are a vital part of the innate immune system for host defense against many pathogens and cancers. Macrophages possess binary M1/M2 macrophage polarization settings, which perform a central role in an array of immune tasks via intrinsic signal cascades and, therefore, must be precisely regulated. Many crucial questions about macrophage signaling and immune modulation are yet to be uncovered. In addition, the clinical importance of tumor-associated macrophages is becoming more widely recognized as significant progress has been made in understanding their biology. Moreover, they are an integral part of the tumor microenvironment, playing a part in the regulation of a wide variety of processes including angiogenesis, extracellular matrix transformation, cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, immunosuppression, and resistance to chemotherapeutic and checkpoint blockade immunotherapies. Herein, we discuss immune regulation in macrophage polarization and signaling, mechanical stresses and modulation, metabolic signaling pathways, mitochondrial and transcriptional, and epigenetic regulation. Furthermore, we have broadly extended the understanding of macrophages in extracellular traps and the essential roles of autophagy and aging in regulating macrophage functions. Moreover, we discussed recent advances in macrophages-mediated immune regulation of autoimmune diseases and tumorigenesis. Lastly, we discussed targeted macrophage therapy to portray prospective targets for therapeutic strategies in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanze Chen
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Critic Care Unit, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Abdullah F U H Saeed
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Quan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Qiong Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Critic Care Unit, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Haizhao Xu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Critic Care Unit, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China
- Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Gary Guishan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
| | - Lang Rao
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China.
| | - Yanhong Duo
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Peng J, Wu Y, E Q, Zhou Z, Wen X. RNA-seq analysis revealed genes associated with neuropathic pain induced by chronic compressive injury in interferon regulatory factors 4 knockout mice. Hum Exp Toxicol 2023; 42:9603271231221567. [PMID: 38073479 DOI: 10.1177/09603271231221567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the differential expression of genes between wild-type chronic compressive injury (CCI) mice (WT-CCI) and interferon regulatory factors 4 (IRF4) knockout CCI mice (KO-CCI) by RNA-seq analysis of the mouse spinal cord. METHODS RNA-seq analysis of the spinal cord tissue of the chronic sciatic nerve ligation mice and Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were used. RESULTS A total of 104 genes were up-regulated and 116 genes were down-regulated in spinal cord of the mice in IRF4 knockout (KO-CCI) group compared with that in the wild-type CCI (WT-CCI) group. There were 1472 differentially expressed genes in the biological process group, 62 differentially expressed genes in the cellular component group, and 163 differentially expressed genes in the molecular function group in KO-CCI mice. A total of 14 genes related to inflammatory reactions were differentially expressed. Real-time PCR results confirmed that Pparg and Grpr mRNA expression was up-regulated and Arg 1 and Ccl11 mRNA expression was down-regulated in the KO-CCI group. CONCLUSION IRF4 is involved in neuropathic pain in CCI mice, IRF4 may participate in neuropathic pain by regulating Grpr, Mas1, Galr3, Nos2, Arg1, Ccl11, Ptgs2, S100a8, Pparg, Cd40, Has2, Gpr151, Il123a, Capns2, Ankrd1, Ccnb1, and Nppb genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second People`s Hospital of Foshan City, Foshan, China
| | - Yunlin Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second People`s Hospital of Foshan City, Foshan, China
- Graduate School, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Qi E
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second People`s Hospital of Foshan City, Foshan, China
| | - Ziyin Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second People`s Hospital of Foshan City, Foshan, China
| | - Xianjie Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second People`s Hospital of Foshan City, Foshan, China
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Liang Y, Liu R, Zhang J, Chen Y, Shan S, Zhu Y, Yang G, Li H. Negative regulation of interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) in interferon and NF-κB signalling pathways of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:433. [PMID: 36503433 PMCID: PMC9743528 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03538-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRFs) is a kind of transcription factors, which play an important role in regulating the expression of type I IFN and related genes. In mammals, IRF6 is not relevant with IFN expression, while zebrafish IRF6 was reported to be a positive regulator of IFN expression and could be phosphorylated by both MyD88 and TBK1. However, the role of IRF6 in the immune response and IFN transcription of common carp is unknown. RESULTS In the present study, the cDNA of IRF6 gene (CcIRF6) was cloned from common carp using RACE technique, with a total length of 1905 bp, encoding 471 amino acid residues, which possesses two functional domains of DBD and IAD. Similarity analysis showed that CcIRF6 had more than 50% similarity with IRFs of other vertebrates, and had the highest similarity with grass carp and zebrafish, among which the DBD domain was much more conserved. The phylogenetic analysis showed that CcIRF6 is in the branch of Osteichthyes and has the closest relationship with grass carp. In healthy common carp, the CcIRF6 was expressed in all the examined tissues, with the highest level in the oral epithelium, and the lowest level in the head kidney. After intraperitoneal injection of poly(I:C) or Aeromonas hydrophila, the expression of CcIRF6 increased in spleen, head kidney, foregut and hindgut of common carp. Moreover, poly(I:C), LPS, PGN and flagellin induced the expression of CcIRF6 in peripheral leukocytes and head kidney leukocytes of common carp in vitro. In EPC cells, CcIRF6 inhibited the expression of some IFN-related genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and dual luciferase reporter assay showed that CcIRF6 reduced the activity of IFN and NF-κB reporter genes. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that CcIRF6 is involved in the antiviral and antibacterial immune response of common carp, and negatively regulate the expression of IFN and NF-κB signalling pathways, which provides a theoretical basis for the study and prevention of fish disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Liang
- grid.410585.d0000 0001 0495 1805Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014 China
| | - Rongrong Liu
- grid.410585.d0000 0001 0495 1805Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014 China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- grid.410585.d0000 0001 0495 1805Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014 China
| | - Yixin Chen
- grid.410585.d0000 0001 0495 1805Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014 China
| | - Shijuan Shan
- grid.410585.d0000 0001 0495 1805Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014 China
| | - Yaoyao Zhu
- grid.449397.40000 0004 1790 3687College of Fisheries and Life Science, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, No. 1 Yucai Road, Sanya, 572022 China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- grid.410585.d0000 0001 0495 1805Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014 China
| | - Hua Li
- grid.410585.d0000 0001 0495 1805Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014 China
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6
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Ngwa C, Al Mamun A, Qi S, Sharmeen R, Xu Y, Liu F. Regulation of microglial activation in stroke in aged mice: a translational study. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:6047-6065. [PMID: 35963621 PMCID: PMC9417226 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous neurochemical changes occur with aging and stroke mainly affects the elderly. Our previous study has found interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) and 4 (IRF4) regulate neuroinflammation in young stroke mice. However, whether the IRF5-IRF4 regulatory axis has the same effect in aged brains is not known. In this study, aged (18-20-month-old), microglial IRF5 or IRF4 conditional knockout (CKO) mice were subjected to a 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Stroke outcomes were quantified at 3d after MCAO. Flow cytometry and ELISA were performed to evaluate microglial activation and immune responses. We found aged microglia express higher levels of IRF5 and lower levels of IRF4 than young microglia after stroke. IRF5 CKO aged mice had improved stroke outcomes; whereas worse outcomes were seen in IRF4 CKO vs. their flox controls. IRF5 CKO aged microglia had significantly lower levels of IL-1β and CD68 than controls; whereas significantly higher levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were seen in IRF4 CKO vs. control microglia. Plasma levels of TNF-α and MIP-1α were decreased in IRF5 CKO vs. flox aged mice, and IL-1β/IL-6 levels were increased in IRF4 CKO vs. controls. The anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4/IL-10) levels were higher in IRF5 CKO, and lower in IRF4 CKO aged mice vs. their flox controls. IRF5 and IRF4 signaling drives microglial pro- and anti-inflammatory response respectively; microglial IRF5 is detrimental and IRF4 beneficial for aged mice in stroke. IRF5-IRF4 axis is a promising target for developing new, effective therapeutic strategies for the cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conelius Ngwa
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shaohua Qi
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Romana Sharmeen
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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7
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Seneff S, Nigh G, Kyriakopoulos AM, McCullough PA. Innate immune suppression by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations: The role of G-quadruplexes, exosomes, and MicroRNAs. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 164:113008. [PMID: 35436552 PMCID: PMC9012513 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were brought to market in response to the public health crises of Covid-19. The utilization of mRNA vaccines in the context of infectious disease has no precedent. The many alterations in the vaccine mRNA hide the mRNA from cellular defenses and promote a longer biological half-life and high production of spike protein. However, the immune response to the vaccine is very different from that to a SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this paper, we present evidence that vaccination induces a profound impairment in type I interferon signaling, which has diverse adverse consequences to human health. Immune cells that have taken up the vaccine nanoparticles release into circulation large numbers of exosomes containing spike protein along with critical microRNAs that induce a signaling response in recipient cells at distant sites. We also identify potential profound disturbances in regulatory control of protein synthesis and cancer surveillance. These disturbances potentially have a causal link to neurodegenerative disease, myocarditis, immune thrombocytopenia, Bell's palsy, liver disease, impaired adaptive immunity, impaired DNA damage response and tumorigenesis. We show evidence from the VAERS database supporting our hypothesis. We believe a comprehensive risk/benefit assessment of the mRNA vaccines questions them as positive contributors to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Seneff
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02139.
| | - Greg Nigh
- Immersion Health, Portland, OR, 97214, USA.
| | - Anthony M Kyriakopoulos
- Research and Development, Nasco AD Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Research and Development, Sachtouri 11, 18536, Piraeus, Greece.
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Zhu Y, Yang G. Molecular identification and functional characterization of IRF4 from common carp (Cyprinus carpio. L) in immune response: a negative regulator in the IFN and NF-κB signalling pathways. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:106. [PMID: 35300694 PMCID: PMC8928632 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03205-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRFs) were originally identified as transcription factors playing critical roles in the regulation of IFN-related genes in the signal pathway. In mammals, IRF4 plays a vital role in both the innate and adaptive immune system. This study aims to reveal the molecular characterization, phylogenetic analysis, expression profiles and the regulatory role in the IFN and NF-κB signalling pathways of IRF4 in common carp (Cyprinus carpio. L) (abbreviation, ccIRF4). Results Here, ccIRF4 was identified and characterized, it contained a DNA binding domain (DBD) which possess five tryptophans and an IRF-associated domain (IAD). The predicted protein sequence of the ccIRF4 showed higher identities with grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and zebrafish (Danio rerio). Phylogenetic analysis suggested that ccIRF4 has the closest relationship with zebrafish IRF4. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that ccIRF4 was constitutively expressed in all investigated tissues with the highest expression level in the gonad. Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) stimulation up-regulated the ccIRF4 expressions in the liver, spleen, head kidney, skin, foregut and hindgut. Upon Aeromonas hydrophila injection, the expression level of ccIRF4 was up-regulated in all tissues with the exception of spleen. In addition, ccIRF4 was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN) and Flagellin in head kidney leukocytes (HKLs). Overexpression of the ccIRF4 gene in epithelioma papulosum cyprini cells (EPC) down regulated the expressions of IFN-related genes and proinflammatory factors. Dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that ccIRF4 decreased the activation of NF-κB through MyD88. Conclusions These results indicate that ccIRF4 participates in both antiviral and antibacterial immune response and negatively regulates the IFN and NF-κB response. Overall, our study on ccIRF4 provides more new insights into the innate immune system of common carp as well as a theoretical basis for investigating the pathogenesis and prevention of fish disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources Protection and Utilization of Hainan Province, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, No. 1 Yucai Road, Sanya, 572022, China. .,Hainan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, China.
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China.
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Shi P, Song C, Qi H, Ren J, Ren P, Wu J, Xie Y, Zhang M, Sun H, Cao Y. Up-regulation of IRF3 is required for docosahexaenoic acid suppressing ferroptosis of cardiac microvascular endothelial cells in cardiac hypertrophy rat. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 104:108972. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.108972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Fang Y, Wang S, Lv J, Zhao Z, Guo N, Wu G, Tong J, Wang Z. Slc39a2-Mediated Zinc Homeostasis Modulates Innate Immune Signaling in Phenylephrine-Induced Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:736911. [PMID: 34790705 PMCID: PMC8592093 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.736911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc dyshomeostasis has been involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy; however, the dynamic regulation of intracellular zinc and its downstream signaling in cardiac hypertrophy remain largely unknown. Using Zincpyr1 staining, we found a significant decrease of intracellular Zinc concentration in phenylephrine (PE)-induced hypertrophy of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs). We then screened SLC39 family members responsible for zinc uptake and identified Slc39a2 as the only one altered by PE treatment. Slc39a2 knockdown in NRVMs reduced the intracellular Zinc level, and exacerbated the hypertrophic responses to PE treatment. In contrast, adenovirus-mediated Slc39a2 overexpression enhanced zinc uptake and suppressed PE-induced Nppb expression. RNA sequencing analysis showed a pro-hypertrophic transcriptome reprogramming after Slc39a2 knockdown. Interestingly, the innate immune signaling pathways, including NOD signaling, TOLL-like receptor, NFκB, and IRFs, were remarkably enriched in the Slc39a2-regulated genes. Slc39a2 deficiency enhanced the phosphorylation of P65 NFκB and STAT3, and reduced the expression of IκBα. Finally, the expression of IRF7 was significantly increased by Slc39a2 knockdown, which was in turn suppressed by IRF7 knockdown. Our data demonstrate that zinc homeostasis mediated by a Slc39a2/IRF7 regulatory circuit contributes to the alteration of innate immune signaling in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ningning Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Tong
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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11
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Li H, Chen X, Zhu Y, Liu R, Zheng L, Shan S, Zhang F, An L, Yang G. Molecular characterization and immune functional analysis of IRF2 in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): different regulatory role in the IFN and NF-κB signalling pathway. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:303. [PMID: 34503504 PMCID: PMC8428054 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF2) is an important transcription factor, which can regulate the IFN response and plays a role in antiviral innate immunity in teleost. RESULTS In the present study, the full-length cDNA sequence of IRF2 (CcIRF2) was characterized in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), which encoded a protein containing a conserved DNA-binding domain (DBD) and an IRF-associated domain (IAD). Phylogenetic analysis showed that CcIRF2 was most closely related with IRF2 of Ctenopharyngodon idella. CcIRF2 transcripts were detectable in all examined tissues, with higher expression in the gills, spleen and brain. CcIRF2 expression was upregulated in immune-related tissues of common carp upon polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly (I:C)) and Aeromonas hydrophila stimulation and induced by poly (I:C), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN) and flagellin in the peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs) and head kidney leukocytes (HKLs). In addition, overexpression of CcIRF2 decreased the expression of IFN and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), and a dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that CcIRF2 could increase the activation of NF-κB. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that CcIRF2 participates in antiviral and antibacterial immune response and negatively regulates the IFN response, which provide a new insight into the regulation of IFN system in common carp, and are helpful for the prevention and control of infectious diseases in carp farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Xinping Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yaoyao Zhu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, No. 1 Yucai Road, Sanya, 572022, China
| | - Rongrong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Linlin Zheng
- Jinan Eco-environmental Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, No. 17199 Lvyou Road, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Shijuan Shan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Fumiao Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Liguo An
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China.
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12
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Seese SE, Deml B, Muheisen S, Sorokina E, Semina EV. Genetic disruption of zebrafish mab21l1 reveals a conserved role in eye development and affected pathways. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1056-1073. [PMID: 33570754 PMCID: PMC8349561 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The male-abnormal 21 like (MAB21L) genes are important in human ocular development. Homozygous loss of MAB21L1 leads to corneal dystrophy in all affected individuals along with cataracts and buphthalmos in some. The molecular function and downstream pathways of MAB21L factors are largely undefined. RESULTS We generated the first mab21l1 zebrafish mutant carrying a putative loss-of-function allele, c.107delA p.(Lys36Argfs*7). At the final stages of embryonic development, homozygous mab21l1c.107delA fish displayed enlarged anterior chambers and corneal thinning which progressed with age. Additional studies revealed increased cell death in the mutant corneas, transformation of the cornea into a skin-like epithelium, and progressive lens degeneration with development of fibrous masses in the anterior chamber. RNA-seq of wild-type and mutant ocular transcriptomes revealed significant changes in expression of several genes, including irf1a and b, stat1, elf3, krt17, tlr9, and loxa associated with immunity and/or corneal function. Abnormal expression of lysyl oxidases have been previously linked with corneal thinning, fibrosis, and lens defects in mammals, suggesting a role for loxa misexpression in the progressive mab21l1c.107delA eye phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Zebrafish mab21l1 is essential for normal corneal development, similar to human MAB21L1. The identified molecular changes in mab21l1c.107delA mutants provide the first clues about possible affected pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Seese
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Brett Deml
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- PreventionGenetics, Marshfield, Wisconsin
| | - Sanaa Muheisen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Elena Sorokina
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Elena V. Semina
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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13
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Loevenich S, Spahn AS, Rian K, Boyartchuk V, Anthonsen MW. Human Metapneumovirus Induces IRF1 via TANK-Binding Kinase 1 and Type I IFN. Front Immunol 2021; 12:563336. [PMID: 34248923 PMCID: PMC8264192 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.563336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune and host-protective responses to viruses, such as the airway pathogen human metapneumovirus (HMPV), depend on interferons (IFNs) that is induced through TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and IFN regulatory factors (IRFs). The transcription factor IRF1 is important for host resistance against several viruses and has a key role in induction of IFN-λ at mucosal surfaces. In most cell types IRF1 is expressed at very low levels, but its mRNA is rapidly induced when the demand for IRF1 activity arises. Despite general recognition of the importance of IRF1 to antiviral responses, the molecular mechanisms by which IRF1 is regulated during viral infections are not well understood. Here we identify the serine/threonine kinase TBK1 and IFN-β as critical regulators of IRF1 mRNA and protein levels in human monocyte-derived macrophages. We find that inhibition of TBK1 activity either by the semi-selective TBK1/IKKε inhibitor BX795 or by siRNA-mediated knockdown abrogates HMPV-induced expression of IRF1. Moreover, we show that canonical NF-κB signaling is involved in IRF1 induction and that the TBK1/IKKε inhibitor BX795, but not siTBK1 treatment, impairs HMPV-induced phosphorylation of the NF-κB subunit p65. At later time-points of the infection, IRF1 expression depended heavily on IFN-β-mediated signaling via the IFNAR-STAT1 pathway. Hence, our results suggest that TBK1 activation and TBK1/IKKε-mediated phosphorylation of the NF-κB subunit p65 control transcription of IRF1. Our study identifies a novel mechanism for IRF1 induction in response to viral infection of human macrophages that could be relevant not only to defense against HMPV, but also to other viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Loevenich
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alix S Spahn
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristin Rian
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Victor Boyartchuk
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Surgery, St Olav Hospital HF, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre for Integrative Genetics, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Marit Walbye Anthonsen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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14
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Chen X, Guan Y, Li K, Luo T, Mu Y, Chen X. IRF1 and IRF2 act as positive regulators in antiviral response of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) by induction of distinct subgroups of type I IFNs. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 118:103996. [PMID: 33444646 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.103996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are crucial transcription factors involved in transcriptional regulation of type I interferons (IFNs) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) against viral infection. In teleost fish, eleven IRFs have been found, however, understanding of their roles in the antiviral response remains limited. In the previous study, IRF1 (LcIRF1) and IRF2 (LcIRF2) genes were cloned from large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Here, we further characterized their function in the antiviral response. LcIRF1 and LcIRF2 were constitutively expressed in primary head kidney monocytes/macrophages (PKMs), lymphocytes (PKLs), granulocytes (PKGs) and large yellow croaker head kidney (LYCK) cell line, and significantly upregulated in PKMs and LYCK cells after stimulation with poly (I:C). LcIRF1 could induce promoter activities of three large yellow croaker type I IFNs, IFNc, IFNd and IFNh, while LcIRF2 could only induce those of IFNd and IFNh, and inhibit IFNc promoter activity. Correspondingly, overexpression of LcIRF1 in LYCK cells increased expression of all three IFNs (IFNc, IFNd and IFNh), while that of LcIRF2 only upregulated the expression levels of IFNd and IFNh, and inhibited expression of IFNc, although both LcIRF1and LcIRF2 induced expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), MxA, PKR and Viperin. Additionally, both LcIRF1 and LcIRF2 inhibited the Spring Viremia of Carp Virus (SVCV) replication in epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC) cells, thus showing antiviral activity. Taken together, these results indicated that both LcIRF1 and LcIRF2 play positive roles in regulating the antiviral response of large yellow croaker by induction of distinct subgroups of type I IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yanyun Guan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Kexin Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Tian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yinnan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China.
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15
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Addison R, Weatherhead SC, Pawitri A, Smith GR, Rider A, Grantham HJ, Cockell SJ, Reynolds NJ. Therapeutic wavelengths of ultraviolet B radiation activate apoptotic, circadian rhythm, redox signalling and key canonical pathways in psoriatic epidermis. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101924. [PMID: 33812333 PMCID: PMC8050411 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) exerts pleiotropic effects on human skin. DNA damage response and repair pathways are activated by UVB; if damage cannot be repaired, apoptosis ensues. Although cumulative UVB exposure predisposes to skin cancer, UVB phototherapy is widely used as an effective treatment for psoriasis. Previous studies defined the therapeutic action spectrum of UVB and showed that psoriasis is resistant to apoptosis. This study aimed to investigate early molecular responses within psoriasis plaques following irradiation with single equi-erythemogenic doses of clinically-effective (311 nm, narrow-band) compared to clinically-ineffective (290 nm) UVB. Forty-eight micro-dissected epidermal samples from 20 psoriatic patients were analyzed using microarrays. Our bioinformatic analysis compared gene expression between 311 nm irradiated, 290 nm irradiated and control psoriasis epidermis to specifically identify 311 nm UVB differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and their upstream regulatory pathways. Key DEGs and pathways were validated by immunohistochemical analysis. There was a dynamic induction and repression of 311 nm UVB DEGs between 6 h and 18 h, only a limited number of DEGs maintained their designated expression status between time-points. Key disease and function pathways included apoptosis, cell death, cell migration and leucocyte chemotaxis. DNA damage response pathways, NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response and P53 signalling were key nodes, interconnecting apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Interferon signalling, dendritic cell maturation, granulocyte adhesion and atherosclerotic pathways were also differentially regulated. Consistent with these findings, top transcriptional regulators of 311 nm UVB DEGs related to: a) apoptosis, DNA damage response and cell cycle control; b) innate/acquired immune regulation and inflammation; c) hypoxia/redox response and angiogenesis; d) circadian rhythmicity; f) EGR/AP1 signalling and keratinocyte differentiation; and g) mitochondrial biogenesis. This research provides important insights into the molecular targets of 311 nm UVB, underscoring key roles for apoptosis and cell death. These and the other key pathways delineated may be central to the therapeutic effects of 311 nm in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Addison
- Institute of Translational and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sophie C Weatherhead
- Institute of Translational and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anandika Pawitri
- Institute of Translational and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Graham R Smith
- Bioinformatics Support Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ashley Rider
- Institute of Translational and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Henry J Grantham
- Institute of Translational and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Simon J Cockell
- Bioinformatics Support Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nick J Reynolds
- Institute of Translational and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
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16
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Dong Q, Chen K, Xie J, Han H, Feng Y, Lu J, Wang W. Identification of key genes and pathways in discoid lupus skin via bioinformatics analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25433. [PMID: 33879674 PMCID: PMC8078291 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is the most common skin manifestation of lupus; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying DLE remain unknown. Therefore, we aimed to identify key differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in discoid lupus skin and investigate their potential pathways.To identify candidate genes involved in the occurrence and development of the disease, we downloaded the microarray datasets GSE52471 and GSE72535 from the Gene Expression Database (GEO). DEGs between discoid lupus skin and normal controls were selected using the GEO2R tool and Venn diagram software (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/Venn/). The Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID), Enrichr, and Cytoscape ClueGo were used to analyze the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome pathways and gene ontology. Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) of these DEGs were further assessed using the Search Tool for the Retrieval Interacting Genes version 10.0.Seventy three DEGs were co-expressed in both datasets. DEGs were predominantly upregulated in receptor signaling pathways of the immune response. In the PPI network, 69 upregulated genes were selected. Furthermore, 4 genes (CXCL10, ISG15, IFIH1, and IRF7) were found to be significantly upregulated in the RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, from analysis of Enrichr and Cytoscape ClueGo.The results of this study may provide new insights into the potential molecular mechanisms of DLE. However, further experimentation is required to confirm these findings.
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17
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Proximity Biotin Labeling Reveals Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Interferon Regulatory Factor Networks. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02049-20. [PMID: 33597212 PMCID: PMC8104114 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02049-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral protein interaction with a host protein shows at least two sides: (i) taking host protein functions for its own benefit and (ii) disruption of existing host protein complex formation to inhibit undesirable host responses. Due to the use of affinity precipitation approaches, the majority of studies have focused on how the virus takes advantage of the newly formed protein interactions for its own replication. Studies on “hit-and-run” effects by viral proteins are difficult when using traditional affinity precipitation-based techniques under dynamic conditions, because only proteins interacting at a specific instance in time can be precipitated by affinity purification. Recent advances in proximity labeling (PL) have enabled identification of both static and dynamic protein-protein interactions. In this study, we applied a PL method by generating recombinant Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). KSHV, a gammaherpesvirus, uniquely encodes four interferon regulatory factors (IRF-1 to -4) that suppress host interferon responses, and we examined KSHV IRF-1 and IRF-4 neighbor proteins to identify cellular proteins involved in innate immune regulation. PL identified 213 and 70 proteins as neighboring proteins of viral IRF-1 (vIRF-1) and vIRF-4 during viral reactivation, and 47 proteins were shared between the two vIRFs; the list also includes three viral proteins, ORF17, thymidine kinase, and vIRF-4. Functional annotation of respective interacting proteins showed highly overlapping biological roles such as mRNA processing and transcriptional regulation by TP53. Innate immune regulation by these commonly interacting 44 cellular proteins was examined with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and the splicing factor 3B family proteins were found to be associated with interferon transcription and to act as suppressors of KSHV reactivation. We propose that recombinant mini-TurboID-KSHV is a powerful tool to probe key cellular proteins that play a role in KSHV replication and that selective splicing factors have a function in the regulation of innate immune responses. IMPORTANCE Viral protein interaction with a host protein shows at least two sides: (i) taking host protein functions for its own benefit and (ii) disruption of existing host protein complex formation to inhibit undesirable host responses. Due to the use of affinity precipitation approaches, the majority of studies have focused on how the virus takes advantage of the newly formed protein interactions for its own replication. Proximity labeling (PL), however, can also highlight transient and negative effects—those interactions which lead to dissociation from the existing protein complex. Here, we highlight the power of PL in combination with recombinant KSHV to study viral host interactions.
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Distinct transcriptomic response to Newcastle disease virus infection during heat stress in chicken tracheal epithelial tissue. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7450. [PMID: 33811240 PMCID: PMC8018950 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86795-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) has a great impact on poultry health and welfare with its most virulent (velogenic) strain. In addition, issues exacerbated by the increase in global temperatures necessitates a greater understanding of the host immune response when facing a combination of biotic and abiotic stress factors in poultry production. Previous investigations have revealed that the host immune response is tissue-specific. The goal of this study was to identify genes and/or signaling pathways associated with immune response to NDV (Newcastle disease virus) in the trachea, an essential organ where NDV replicate after the infection, by profiling the tissue specific transcriptome response in two genetically distinct inbred chicken lines when exposed to both abiotic and biotic stressors. Fayoumis appear to be able to respond more effectively (lower viral titer, higher antibody levels, immune gene up-regulation) and earlier than Leghorns. Our results suggest NDV infection in Fayoumis appears to elicit proinflammatory processes, and pathways such as the inhibition of cell viability, cell proliferation of lymphocytes, and transactivation of RNA, more rapidly than in Leghorns. These differences in immune response converge at later timepoints which may indicate that Leghorns eventually regulate its immune response to infection. The profiling of the gene expression response in the trachea adds to our understanding of the chicken host response to NDV infection and heat stress on a whole genome level and provides potential candidate genes and signaling pathways for further investigation into the characterization of the time-specific and pathway specific responses in Fayoumis and Leghorns.
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19
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How Macrophages Become Transcriptionally Dysregulated: A Hidden Impact of Antitumor Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052662. [PMID: 33800829 PMCID: PMC7961970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the essential components of the tumor microenvironment. TAMs originate from blood monocytes and undergo pro- or anti-inflammatory polarization during their life span within the tumor. The balance between macrophage functional populations and the efficacy of their antitumor activities rely on the transcription factors such as STAT1, NF-κB, IRF, and others. These molecular tools are of primary importance, as they contribute to the tumor adaptations and resistance to radio- and chemotherapy and can become important biomarkers for theranostics. Herein, we describe the major transcriptional mechanisms specific for TAM, as well as how radio- and chemotherapy can impact gene transcription and functionality of macrophages, and what are the consequences of the TAM-tumor cooperation.
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Abstract
Innate immunity serves as a first line of defense against infectious agents, and germ-line-encoded pattern recognition receptors detect stressed and infected cells and elicit potent effector activities that accomplish efficient microbe containment. Recent evidence demonstrates that these pattern-sensing systems are also applicable to the recognition of tumor-derived stress-related factors. In particular, toll-like receptors and cytosolic sensors for DNA and RNA recognition utilize endogenous host elements containing microbial components, danger-associated molecules, and/or nucleic acids to stimulate innate signaling pathways and generate protective immune responses against nascent tumors in animal models and humans. In this review, we describe recent advances and perspectives about antitumor mechanisms and clinical application of innate immune signals and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahisa Jinushi
- Research Center for Infection-Associated Cancer; Institute for Genetic Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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21
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Yanai H, Negishi H, Taniguchi T. The IRF family of transcription factors: Inception, impact and implications in oncogenesis. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:1376-1386. [PMID: 23243601 PMCID: PMC3518510 DOI: 10.4161/onci.22475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the interferon-regulatory factor (IRF) proteins family were originally identified as transcriptional regulators of the Type I interferon system. Thanks to consistent advances made in our understanding of the immunobiology of innate receptors, it is now clear that several IRFs are critical for the elicitation of innate pattern recognition receptors, and—as a consequence—for adaptive immunity. In addition, IRFs have attracted great attentions as they modulate cellular responses that are involved in tumorigenesis. The regulation of oncogenesis by IRFs has important implications for understanding the host susceptibility to several Types of cancers, their progression, as well as the potential for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Yanai
- Department of Molecular Immunology; Institute of Industrial Science; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan ; Core Research for Evolution Science and Technology; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Phosphorylation of Microglial IRF5 and IRF4 by IRAK4 Regulates Inflammatory Responses to Ischemia. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020276. [PMID: 33573200 PMCID: PMC7912637 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF) 5 and 4 play a determinant role in regulating microglial pro- and anti-inflammatory responses to cerebral ischemia. How microglial IRF5 and IRF4 signaling are activated has been elusive. We hypothesized that interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) phosphorylates and activates IRF5 and IRF4 in ischemic microglia. We aimed to explore the upstream signals of the two IRFs, and to determine how the IRAK4-IRF signaling regulates the expression of inflammatory mediators, and impacts neuropathology. Methods: Spontaneously Immortalized Murine (SIM)-A9 microglial cell line, primary microglia and neurons from C57BL/6 WT mice were cultured and exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), followed by stimulation with LPS or IL-4. An IRAK4 inhibitor (ND2158) was used to examine IRAK4′s effects on the phosphorylation of IRF5/IRF4 and the impacts on neuronal morphology by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP)/Western blot, ELISA, and immunofluorescence assays. Results: We confirmed that IRAK4 formed a Myddosome with MyD88/IRF5/IRF4, and phosphorylated both IRFs, which subsequently translocated into the nucleus. Inhibition of IRAK4 phosphorylation quenched microglial pro-inflammatory response primarily, and increased neuronal viability and neurite lengths after ischemia. Conclusions: IRAK4 signaling is critical for microglial inflammatory responses and a potential therapeutic target for neuroinflammatory diseases including cerebral ischemia.
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Choi YB, Cousins E, Nicholas J. Novel Functions and Virus-Host Interactions Implicated in Pathogenesis and Replication of Human Herpesvirus 8. Recent Results Cancer Res 2021; 217:245-301. [PMID: 33200369 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-57362-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is classified as a γ2-herpesvirus and is related to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a γ1-herpesvirus. One important aspect of the γ-herpesviruses is their association with neoplasia, either naturally or in animal model systems. HHV-8 is associated with B-cell-derived primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD), endothelial-derived Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), and KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS). EBV is also associated with a number of B-cell malignancies, such as Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease, in addition to epithelial nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinomas. Despite the similarities between these viruses and their associated malignancies, the particular protein functions and activities involved in key aspects of virus biology and neoplastic transformation appear to be quite distinct. Indeed, HHV-8 specifies a number of proteins for which counterparts had not previously been identified in EBV, other herpesviruses, or even viruses in general, and these proteins are believed to play vital functions in virus biology and to be involved centrally in viral pathogenesis. Additionally, a set of microRNAs encoded by HHV-8 appears to modulate the expression of multiple host proteins to provide conditions conductive to virus persistence within the host and possibly contributing to HHV-8-induced neoplasia. Here, we review the molecular biology underlying these novel virus-host interactions and their potential roles in both virus biology and virus-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Bong Choi
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Emily Cousins
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - John Nicholas
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
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24
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Choi KU, Kim A, Kim JY, Kim KH, Hwang C, Lee SJ, Park WY, Jung S, Choi HJ, Kim K. Differences in immune-related gene expressions and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes according to chemotherapeutic response in ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma. J Ovarian Res 2020; 13:65. [PMID: 32513298 PMCID: PMC7278194 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-020-00667-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) of the ovary is the most common subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and has an overall poor prognosis. There is increasing awareness of the importance of immune cell populations and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in various immune pathways in the tumor microenvironment. The present study evaluated immune-related gene expressions and TIL levels, as well as associated chemotherapeutic responses, to elucidate the correlation between gene expression and TIL levels in HGSC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fresh tissue samples from 12 HGSC patients were included in this study. Depending on their response to adjuvant chemotherapy, the patients were divided into two groups: chemosensitive (CS) or chemoresistant (CR). The expression levels of 770 genes were analyzed using the nCounter® PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel of the NanoString nCounter® Analysis System. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to validate the NanoString data obtained. The TIL levels in representative sections were examined via hematoxylin and eosin staining. Gene and TIL levels were subsequently correlated with the chemotherapeutic response. RESULTS Several genes were differentially expressed in the two study groups. Eleven representative genes were selected for further evaluation. Of those, 9 genes (IRF1, CXCL9, LTB, CCL5, IL-8, GZMA, PSMB9, CD38, and VCAM1) were significantly overexpressed in the CS group; whereas expressions of 2 genes (CD24 and CD164) were increased in the CR group. Results of qPCR were consistent with those of the NanoString nCounter® analysis. Stromal TIL levels were significantly associated with adjuvant chemotherapeutic response (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Significant differences between the CS and CR groups were observed in the expression levels of immune-related genes. Immune-related gene expressions were significantly higher in the CS group, which also had higher levels of TILs. We, therefore, suggest that, in patients with HGSC, immune-related gene expressions and TIL levels may be associated with chemotherapeutic sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Un Choi
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 49241, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulguem-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahrong Kim
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 49241, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulguem-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Yeon Kim
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulguem-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50612, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulguem-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyung Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungsu Hwang
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulguem-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - So Jung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Young Park
- Diagnostic Pathology Center, Busan-Gyeongnam Reference Lab., Seegene Medical Foundation, 297 Jungang-daero, Dong-gu, Busan, 48792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sejin Jung
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jeong Choi
- Department of Pathology, Ulsan University Hospital, 877 Bangeojinsunhwando-ro, Dong-gu, Ulsan, 44033, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungbin Kim
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 49241, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect squamous epithelia and can induce hyperproliferative lesions. More than 220 different HPV types have been characterized and classified into five different genera. While mucosal high-risk HPVs have a well-established causal role in anogenital carcinogenesis, the biology of cutaneous HPVs is less well understood.From patients with the rare genetic disorder epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) and animal models, evidence is accumulating that cutaneous PV of genus β synergize with ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). In 2009, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified the genus β-HPV types 5 and 8 as "possible carcinogenic" biological agents (group 2B) in EV disease. Epidemiological and biological studies indicate that genus β-PV infection may also play a role in UV-mediated skin carcinogenesis in non-EV patients. However, they rather act at early stages of carcinogenesis and become dispensable for the maintenance of the malignant phenotype, compatible with a "hit-and-run" mechanism.This chapter will give an overview on genus β-PV infections and discuss similarities and differences of cutaneous and genus α mucosal high-risk HPV in epithelial carcinogenesis.
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26
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Dash S, Aydin Y, Moroz K. Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy in the Liver: Good or Bad? Cells 2019; 8:E1308. [PMID: 31652893 PMCID: PMC6912708 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection triggers autophagy processes, which help clear out the dysfunctional viral and cellular components that would otherwise inhibit the virus replication. Increased cellular autophagy may kill the infected cell and terminate the infection without proper regulation. The mechanism of autophagy regulation during liver disease progression in HCV infection is unclear. The autophagy research has gained a lot of attention recently since autophagy impairment is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) are three autophagy processes involved in the lysosomal degradation and extracellular release of cytosolic cargoes under excessive stress. Autophagy processes compensate for each other during extreme endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress to promote host and microbe survival as well as HCC development in the highly stressed microenvironment of the cirrhotic liver. This review describes the molecular details of how excessive cellular stress generated during HCV infection activates CMA to improve cell survival. The pathological implications of stress-related CMA activation resulting in the loss of hepatic innate immunity and tumor suppressors, which are most often observed among cirrhotic patients with HCC, are discussed. The oncogenic cell programming through autophagy regulation initiated by a cytoplasmic virus may facilitate our understanding of HCC mechanisms related to non-viral etiologies and metabolic conditions such as uncontrolled type II diabetes. We propose that a better understanding of how excessive cellular stress leads to cancer through autophagy modulation may allow therapeutic development and early detection of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanta Dash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, 2400 Canal Street, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA.
| | - Yucel Aydin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Krzysztof Moroz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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27
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Al Mamun A, Chauhan A, Yu H, Xu Y, Sharmeen R, Liu F. Interferon regulatory factor 4/5 signaling impacts on microglial activation after ischemic stroke in mice. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 47:140-149. [PMID: 29131464 PMCID: PMC5771847 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microglial activation is a key element in initiating and perpetuating inflammatory responses to stroke. Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) and IRF4 signaling have been found critical in mediating macrophage pro‐inflammatory (M1) and anti‐inflammatory (M2) phenotypes, respectively, in peripheral inflammation. We hypothesize that the IRF5/4 regulatory axis also mediates microglial activation after stroke. C57BL6 mice of 8–12 weeks were subject to a 90‐min middle cerebral artery occlusion, and the brains evaluated at 24 h, 3, 10 and 30 days after reperfusion. Flow cytometry was utilized to examine microglial activation and cytokine expression. RT‐PCR was performed for mRNA levels of IRF5/4 in sorted microglia. Microglial expression of IRF5/4 was examined by immunohistochemistry, and brain cytokine levels were determined by ELISA. Our results revealed that the IRF5 mRNA level in sorted microglia increased at 3 days of stroke; whereas IRF4 mRNA level exhibited biphasic increases, with a transient rise at 24 h and a peak at 10 days. The same pattern was seen in IRF5/4 protein colocalization with Iba‐1+ cells by IHC. Intracellular levels of TNF‐α and IL‐1β in microglia peaked at 3 days of stroke, and IL‐4+IL‐10+ double‐positive microglia significantly increased at day 10. Brain levels of these cytokines were consistent with microglial cytokine changes. Worse behavior test results were seen at 3 days vs. 10 days of stroke. We conclude that microglia phenotypes are dynamic to ischemic stroke, and IRF5/4 signaling may regulate microglial M1/M2 activation and impact on stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Anjali Chauhan
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Haifu Yu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Neurology, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Romana Sharmeen
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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28
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Venuti A, Lohse S, Tommasino M, Smola S. Cross-talk of cutaneous beta human papillomaviruses and the immune system: determinants of disease penetrance. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180287. [PMID: 30955489 PMCID: PMC6501898 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect the epithelia of skin or mucosa, where they can induce hyperproliferative lesions. More than 220 different HPV types have been characterized and classified into five different genera. Mucosal high-risk HPVs are causative for cancers of the anogenital region and oropharynx. Clinical data from patients with the rare genetic disorder epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) indicate that genus beta-HPVs cooperate with ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. In addition, epidemiological and biological findings indicate that beta-HPV types play a role in UV-mediated skin carcinogenesis also in non-EV individuals. However, the mechanisms used by these cutaneous viruses to promote epithelial carcinogenesis differ significantly from those of mucosal HPVs. Recent studies point to a delicate cross-talk of beta-HPVs with the cell-autonomous immunity of the host keratinocytes and the local immune microenvironment that eventually determines the fate of cutaneous HPV infection and the penetrance of disease. This review gives an overview of the critical interactions of genus beta-HPVs with the local immune system that allow the virus to complete its life cycle, to escape from extrinsic immunity, and eventually to cause chronic inflammation contributing to skin carcinogenesis. This article is part of the theme issue 'Silent cancer agents: multi-disciplinary modelling of human DNA oncoviruses'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Venuti
- 1 Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer , 150 Cours Albert Thomas, Lyon 69008 , France
| | - Stefan Lohse
- 2 Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center , Kirrbergerstr. Building 47, 66421 Homburg/Saar , Germany
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- 1 Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer , 150 Cours Albert Thomas, Lyon 69008 , France
| | - Sigrun Smola
- 2 Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center , Kirrbergerstr. Building 47, 66421 Homburg/Saar , Germany
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29
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Chiang HS, Liu HM. The Molecular Basis of Viral Inhibition of IRF- and STAT-Dependent Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3086. [PMID: 30671058 PMCID: PMC6332930 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The antiviral innate immunity is the first line of host defense against virus infections. In mammalian cells, viral infections initiate the expression of interferons (IFNs) in the host that in turn activate an antiviral defense program to restrict viral replications by induction of IFN stimulated genes (ISGs), which are largely regulated by the IFN-regulatory factor (IRF) family and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family transcription factors. The mechanisms of action of IRFs and STATs involve several post-translational modifications, complex formation, and nuclear translocation of these transcription factors. However, many viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV), have evolved strategies to evade host defense, including alteration in IRF and STAT post-translational modifications, disturbing the formation and nuclear translocation of the transcription complexes as well as proteolysis/degradation of IRFs and STATs. In this review, we discuss and summarize the molecular mechanisms by which how viral components may target IRFs and STATs to antagonize the establishment of antiviral host defense. The underlying host-viral interactions determine the outcome of viral infection. Gaining mechanistic insight into these processes will be crucial in understanding how viral replication can be more effectively controlled and in developing approaches to improve virus infection outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Sen Chiang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Helene Minyi Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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30
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Chow KT, Driscoll C, Loo YM, Knoll M, Gale M. IRF5 regulates unique subset of genes in dendritic cells during West Nile virus infection. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:411-425. [PMID: 30457675 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.ma0318-136rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) signaling is critical for triggering innate immune activation and the expression of immune response genes, including genes that impart restriction against virus replication. RIG-I-like receptors and TLRs are PRRs that signal immune activation and drive the expression of antiviral genes and the production of type I IFN leading to induction of IFN-stimulated genes, in part through the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family of transcription factors. Previous studies with West Nile virus (WNV) showed that IRF3 and IRF7 regulate IFN expression in fibroblasts and neurons, whereas macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) retained the ability to induce IFN-β in the absence of IRF3 and IRF7 in a manner implicating IRF5 in PRR signaling actions. Here we assessed the contribution of IRF5 to immune gene induction in response to WNV infection in DCs. We examined IRF5-dependent gene expression and found that loss of IRF5 in mice resulted in modest and subtle changes in the expression of WNV-regulated genes. Anti-IRF5 chromatin immunoprecipitation with next-generation sequencing of genomic DNA coupled with mRNA analysis revealed unique IRF5 binding motifs within the mouse genome that are distinct from the canonical IRF binding motif and that link with IRF5-target gene expression. Using integrative bioinformatics analyses, we identified new IRF5 primary target genes in DCs in response to virus infection. This study provides novel insights into the distinct and unique innate immune and immune gene regulatory program directed by IRF5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan T Chow
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Connor Driscoll
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Megan Knoll
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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31
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Negishi H, Taniguchi T, Yanai H. The Interferon (IFN) Class of Cytokines and the IFN Regulatory Factor (IRF) Transcription Factor Family. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a028423. [PMID: 28963109 PMCID: PMC6211389 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are a broad class of cytokines elicited on challenge to the host defense and are essential for mobilizing immune responses to pathogens. Divided into three classes, type I, type II, and type III, all IFNs share in common the ability to evoke antiviral activities initiated by the interaction with their cognate receptors. The nine-member IFN regulatory factor (IRF) family, first discovered in the context of transcriptional regulation of type I IFN genes following viral infection, are pivotal for the regulation of the IFN responses. In this review, we briefly describe cardinal features of the three types of IFNs and then focus on the role of the IRF family members in the regulation of each IFN system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Negishi
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Tadatsugu Taniguchi
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- Max Planck-The University of Tokyo Center for Integrative Inflammology, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yanai
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- Max Planck-The University of Tokyo Center for Integrative Inflammology, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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32
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Zhang R, Qi CF, Hu Y, Shan Y, Hsieh YP, Xu F, Lu G, Dai J, Gupta M, Cui M, Peng L, Yang J, Xue Q, Chen-Liang R, Chen K, Zhang Y, Fung-Leung WP, Mora JR, Li L, Morse HC, Ozato K, Heeger PS, Xiong H. T follicular helper cells restricted by IRF8 contribute to T cell-mediated inflammation. J Autoimmun 2018; 96:113-122. [PMID: 30241692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The follicular helper T cell (TFH) are established regulators of germinal center (GC) B cells, whether TFH have pathogenic potential independent of B cells is unknown. Based on in vitro TFH cell differentiation, in vivo T cell transfer animal colitis model, and intestinal tissues of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, TFH and its functions in colitis development were analyzed by FACS, ChIP, ChIP-sequencing, WB, ELISA and PCR. Herein we demonstrate that intestinal tissues of patients and colon tissues obtained from Rag1-/- recipients of naïve CD4+ T cells with colitis, each over-express TFH-associated gene products. Adoptive transfer of naïve Bcl6-/- CD4+ T cells into Rag1-/- recipient mice abrogated development of colitis and limited TFH differentiation in vivo, demonstrating a mechanistic link. In contrast, T cell deficiency of interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) resulted in augmentation of TFH induction in vitro and in vivo. Functional studies showed that adoptive transfer of IRF8 deficient CD4+ T cells into Rag1-/- recipients exacerbated colitis development associated with increased gut TFH-related gene expression, while Irf8-/-/Bcl6-/- CD4+ T cells abrogated colitis, together indicating that IRF8-regulated TFH can directly cause colon inflammation. Molecular analyses revealed that IRF8 suppresses TFH differentiation by inhibiting transcription and transactivation of the TF IRF4, which is also known to be essential for TFH induction. Our documentation showed that IRF8-regulated TFH can function as B-cell-independent, pathogenic, mediators of colitis suggests that targeting TFH could be effective for treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chen-Feng Qi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yuan Hu
- Department of Medicine, Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yanhong Shan
- Department of Medicine, Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yuan-Pang Hsieh
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Feihong Xu
- Department of Medicine, Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Geming Lu
- Department of Medicine, Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jun Dai
- Department of Medicine, Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Monica Gupta
- Programs in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Miao Cui
- Department of Medicine, Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Medicine, Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jianjun Yang
- Department of Medicine, Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Qingjie Xue
- Department of Medicine, Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ray Chen-Liang
- Department of Medicine, Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Yeyunfei Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | | | - Liwu Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Herbert C Morse
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Keiko Ozato
- Programs in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter S Heeger
- Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Huabao Xiong
- Department of Medicine, Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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33
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Zhang W, Long H, He B, Yang J. DECtp: Calling Differential Gene Expression Between Cancer and Normal Samples by Integrating Tumor Purity Information. Front Genet 2018; 9:321. [PMID: 30210526 PMCID: PMC6121016 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between tumor and normal samples is critical for studying tumorigenesis, and has been routinely applied to identify diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers for many cancers. It is well-known that solid tumor tissue samples obtained from clinical settings are always mixtures of cancer and normal cells. However, the tumor purity information is more or less ignored in traditional differential expression analyses, which might decrease the power of differential gene identification or even bias the results. In this paper, we have developed a novel differential gene calling method called DECtp by integrating tumor purity information into a generalized least square procedure, followed by the Wald test. We compared DECtp with popular methods like t-test and limma on nine simulation datasets with different sample sizes and noise levels. DECtp achieved the highest area under curves (AUCs) for all the comparisons, suggesting that cancer purity information is critical for DEG calling between tumor and normal samples. In addition, we applied DECtp into cancer and normal samples of 14 tumor types collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and compared the DEGs with those called by limma. As a result, DECtp achieved more sensitive, consistent, and biologically meaningful results and identified a few novel DEGs for further experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- School of Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, China
| | - Haixia Long
- Department of Information Science and Technology, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Binsheng He
- The First Affiliated Hosptial, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
| | - Jialiang Yang
- College of Information Engineering, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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34
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Mei Z, Wang G, Liang Z, Cui A, Xu A, Liu Y, Liu C, Yang Y, Cui L. Prognostic value of IRF-2 expression in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:38969-38977. [PMID: 28465494 PMCID: PMC5503587 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF-2) is known to play a pivotal role in the development and progression of several malignancies. As a crucial member of interferon regulatory factor family, the association between the expression of IRF-2 and clinical prognostic significance has not been fully explored in colorectal cancer (CRC). The purpose of our study was to investigate the expression profile of IRF-2 in CRC and to examine its association with clinical features. The expression levels of IRF-2 in 18 paired CRC and non-cancerous colorectal tissues were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and those in 4 paired samples by Western blotting. The results showed a significant increase in IRF-2 mRNA expression and protein expression in CRC tissues compared to those in paired normal tissues. Besides, high expression of IRF-2 was significantly associated with distant metastasis (P = 0.041) and preoperative serum CEA level (P = 0.045). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that patients with high expression of IRF-2 had a significantly worse overall survival than those with low expression of IRF-2 (P = 0.006). Further multivariate analysis indicated that IRF-2 and TNM stage were independent prognostic factors for overall survival in patients with CRC. Our study primarily suggests IRF-2 as a potential prognostic biomarker in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubing Mei
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhonglin Liang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ang Cui
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Andong Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital to Yangzhou University School of Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenying Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yili Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Long Cui
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Shanghai, China
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35
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Du K, Zhong Z, Fang C, Dai W, Shen Y, Gan X, He S. Ancient duplications and functional divergence in the interferon regulatory factors of vertebrates provide insights into the evolution of vertebrate immune systems. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:324-333. [PMID: 29253557 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) were first discovered as transcription factors that regulate the transcription of human interferon (IFN)-β. Increasing evidence shows that they might be important players involved in Adaptive immune system (AIS) evolution. Although numbers of IRFs have been identified in chordates, the evolutionary history and functional diversity of this gene family during the early evolution of vertebrates have remained obscure. Using IRF HMM profile and HMMER searches, we identified 148 IRFs in 11 vertebrates and 4 protochordates. For them, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships, determined the synteny conservation, investigated the profile of natural selection, and analyzed the expression patterns in four "living fossil" vertebrates: lamprey, elephant shark, coelacanth and bichir. The results from phylogeny and synteny analysis imply that vertebrate IRFs evolved from three predecessors, instead of four as suggested in a previous study, as results from an ancient duplication followed by special expansions and lost during the vertebrate evolution. The profile of natural selection and expression reveals functional dynamics during the process. Together, they suggest that the 2nd whole-genome duplication (2WGD) provided raw materials for innovation in the IRF family, and that the birth of type-I IFN might be an important factor inducing the establishment of IRF-mediated immune networks. As a member involved in the AIS evolution, IRF provide insights into the process and mechanism involved in the complexity and novelties of vertebrate immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Du
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zaixuan Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Chengchi Fang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wei Dai
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yanjun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiaoni Gan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China.
| | - Shunping He
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China.
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36
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Qian X, Tan H, Zhang J, Liu K, Yang T, Wang M, Debinskie W, Zhao W, Chan MD, Zhou X. Identification of biomarkers for pseudo and true progression of GBM based on radiogenomics study. Oncotarget 2018; 7:55377-55394. [PMID: 27421136 PMCID: PMC5342424 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis for pseudoprogression (PsP) and true tumor progression (TTP) of GBM is a challenging task in clinical practices. The purpose of this study is to identify potential genetic biomarkers associated with PsP and TTP based on the clinical records, longitudinal imaging features, and genomics data. We are the first to introduce the radiogenomics approach to identify candidate genes for PsP and TTP of GBM. Specifically, a novel longitudinal sparse regression model was developed to construct the relationship between gene expression and imaging features. The imaging features were extracted from tumors along the longitudinal MRI and provided diagnostic information of PsP and TTP. The 33 candidate genes were selected based on their association with the imaging features, reflecting their relation with the development of PsP and TTP. We then conducted biological relevance analysis for 33 candidate genes to identify the potential biomarkers, i.e., Interferon regulatory factor (IRF9) and X-ray repair cross-complementing gene (XRCC1), which were involved in the cancer suppression and prevention, respectively. The IRF9 and XRCC1 were further independently validated in the TCGA data. Our results provided the first substantial evidence that IRF9 and XRCC1 can serve as the potential biomarkers for the development of PsP and TTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Qian
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Hua Tan
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Keqin Liu
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Tielin Yang
- School of Life Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710049, China
| | - Maode Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, China
| | - Waldemar Debinskie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Weilin Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Michael D Chan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Marsili G, Perrotti E, Remoli AL, Acchioni C, Sgarbanti M, Battistini A. IFN Regulatory Factors and Antiviral Innate Immunity: How Viruses Can Get Better. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2018; 36:414-32. [PMID: 27379864 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2016.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family consists of transcriptional regulators that exert multifaceted and versatile functions in multiple biological processes. Their crucial role as central mediators in the establishment and execution of host immunity in response to pathogen-derived signals downstream pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) makes IRFs a hallmark of the host antiviral response. They function as hub molecules at the crossroad of different signaling pathways for the induction of interferon (IFN) and inflammatory cytokines, as well as of antiviral and immunomodulatory genes even in an IFN-independent manner. By regulating the development and activity of immune cells, IRFs also function as a bridge between innate and adaptive responses. As such, IRFs represent attractive and compulsive targets in viral strategies to subvert antiviral signaling. In this study, we discuss current knowledge on the wide array of strategies put in place by pathogenic viruses to evade, subvert, and/or hijack these essential components of host antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Marsili
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
| | - Edvige Perrotti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Remoli
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Acchioni
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Sgarbanti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Battistini
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
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38
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Amici SA, Dong J, Guerau-de-Arellano M. Molecular Mechanisms Modulating the Phenotype of Macrophages and Microglia. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1520. [PMID: 29176977 PMCID: PMC5686097 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages and microglia play crucial roles during central nervous system development, homeostasis and acute events such as infection or injury. The diverse functions of tissue macrophages and microglia are mirrored by equally diverse phenotypes. A model of inflammatory/M1 versus a resolution phase/M2 macrophages has been widely used. However, the complexity of macrophage function can only be achieved by the existence of varied, plastic and tridimensional macrophage phenotypes. Understanding how tissue macrophages integrate environmental signals via molecular programs to define pathogen/injury inflammatory responses provides an opportunity to better understand the multilayered nature of macrophages, as well as target and modulate cellular programs to control excessive inflammation. This is particularly important in MS and other neuroinflammatory diseases, where chronic inflammatory macrophage and microglial responses may contribute to pathology. Here, we perform a comprehensive review of our current understanding of how molecular pathways modulate tissue macrophage phenotype, covering both classic pathways and the emerging role of microRNAs, receptor-tyrosine kinases and metabolism in macrophage phenotype. In addition, we discuss pathway parallels in microglia, novel markers helpful in the identification of peripheral macrophages versus microglia and markers linked to their phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Amici
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Joycelyn Dong
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,McCormick School of Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Mireia Guerau-de-Arellano
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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39
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Wan P, Zhang J, Du Q, Geller DA. The clinical significance and biological function of interferon regulatory factor 1 in cholangiocarcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 97:771-777. [PMID: 29107934 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) has been suggested to act as a tumor suppressor in human cancers. However, the clinical significance and biological function of IRF1 in cholangiocarcinoma is poorly understood. In our results, IRF1 mRNA and protein expressions were decreased in cholangiocarcinoma tissues and cell lines compared with paired normal hepatic tissues and intrahepatic bile duct epithelial cell line. IRF1 protein low-expression was associated with tumor stage, tumor size, vascular invasion and metastasis and served as a poor independent prognostic parameter in cholangiocarcinoma patients. Up-regulation of IRF1 expression suppressed cholangiocarcinoma cells proliferation, migration and invasion, and blocked cell cycle progression, but has no effect on apoptosis. In conclusion, IRF1 is low-expressed in cholangiocarcinoma tissues and cell lines, and correlated with malignant status and prognosis in cholangiocarcinoma patients. IRF1 served as tumor suppressor in the regulation of cholangiocarcinoma cells proliferation, cell cycle, migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqi Wan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of infectious diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China.
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China
| | - Qiang Du
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - David A Geller
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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40
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Parada-Sanchez MT, Chu EY, Cox LL, Undurty SS, Standley JM, Murray JC, Cox TC. Disrupted IRF6-NME1/2 Complexes as a Cause of Cleft Lip/Palate. J Dent Res 2017; 96:1330-1338. [PMID: 28767310 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517723615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations and common polymorphisms in interferon regulatory factor 6 ( IRF6) are associated with both syndromic and nonsyndromic forms of cleft lip/palate (CLP). To date, much of the focus on this transcription factor has been on identifying its direct targets and the gene regulatory network in which it operates. Notably, however, IRF6 is found predominantly in the cytoplasm, with its import into the nucleus tightly regulated like other members of the IRF family. To provide further insight into the role of IRF6 in the pathogenesis of CLP, we sought to identify direct IRF6 protein interactors using a combination of yeast 2-hybrid screens and co-immunoprecipitation assays. Using this approach, we identified NME1 and NME2, well-known regulators of Rho-type GTPases, E-cadherin endocytosis, and epithelial junctional remodeling, as bona fide IRF6 partner proteins. The NME proteins co-localize with IRF6 in the cytoplasm of primary palatal epithelial cells in vivo, and their interaction with IRF6 is significantly enhanced by phosphorylation of key serine residues in the IRF6 C-terminus. Furthermore, CLP associated IRF6 missense mutations disrupt the ability of IRF6 to bind the NME proteins and result in elevated activation of Rac1 and RhoA, compared to wild-type IRF6, when ectopically expressed in 293T epithelial cells. Significantly, we also report the identification of 2 unique missense mutations in the NME proteins in patients with CLP (NME1 R18Q in an IRF6 and GRHL3 mutation-negative patient with van der Woude syndrome and NME2 G71V in a patient with nonsyndromic CLP). Both variants disrupted the ability of the respective proteins to interact with IRF6. The data presented suggest an important role for cytoplasmic IRF6 in regulating the availability or localization of the NME1/2 complex and thus the dynamic behavior of epithelia during lip/palate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Parada-Sanchez
- 1 School of Dentistry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,2 Departments of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - E Y Chu
- 2 Departments of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - L L Cox
- 3 Departments of Pediatrics (Craniofacial Medicine), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,4 Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S S Undurty
- 5 Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - J M Standley
- 5 Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - J C Murray
- 5 Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - T C Cox
- 3 Departments of Pediatrics (Craniofacial Medicine), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,4 Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,6 Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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41
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Zhang Y, Li H. Reprogramming Interferon Regulatory Factor Signaling in Cardiometabolic Diseases. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 32:210-223. [PMID: 28404737 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00038.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are evolutionarily conserved proteins expressed not only in immune cells but also in other tissues and organs outside the immune system. In this review, we discuss mechanisms responsible for IRF-mediated innate immune responses and the function and mechanism of IRFs in cardiometabolic diseases. We focus on the role of IRFs in innate immunity and cardiometabolic homeostasis, and highlight reprogrammed IRF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; and
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; and
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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42
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Ueno N, Nishimura N, Ueno S, Endo S, Tatetsu H, Hirata S, Hata H, Matsuoka M, Mitsuya H, Okuno Y. PU.1 acts as tumor suppressor for myeloma cells through direct transcriptional repression of IRF4. Oncogene 2017; 36:4481-4497. [PMID: 28368411 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that PU.1 is downregulated in the majority of myeloma cell lines and primary myeloma cells of certain myeloma patients, and conditional expression of PU.1 in such myeloma cell lines induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. We found downregulation of IRF4 protein in the U266 myeloma cell line following induction of PU.1. Previous studies reported that knockdown of IRF4 in myeloma cell lines induces apoptosis, prompting us to further investigate the role of IRF4 downregulation in PU.1-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in myeloma cells. PU.1 induced downregulation of IRF4 at the protein level, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in six myeloma cell lines. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) revealed that PU.1 directly binds to the IRF4 promoter, whereas a reporter assay showed that PU.1 may suppress IRF4 promoter activity. Stable expression of IRF4 in myeloma cells expressing PU.1 partially rescued the cells from apoptosis induced by PU.1. As it was reported that IRF4 directly binds to the IRF7 promoter and downregulates its expression in activated B cell-like subtype of diffuse large B cell lymphoma cells, we performed ChIP assays and found that IRF4 directly binds the IRF7 promoter in myeloma cells. It is known that IRF7 positively upregulates interferon-β (IFNβ) and induces apoptosis in many cell types. Binding of IRF4 to the IRF7 promoter decreased following PU.1 induction, accompanied by downregulation of IRF4 protein expression. Knockdown of IRF7 protected PU.1-expressing myeloma cells from apoptosis. Furthermore, IFNβ, which is a downstream target of IRF7, was upregulated in myeloma cells along with IRF7 after PU.1 induction. Finally, we evaluated the mRNA expression levels of PU.1, IRF4 and IRF7 in primary myeloma cells from patients and found that PU.1 and IRF7 were strongly downregulated in contrast to the high expression levels of IRF4. These data strongly suggest that PU.1-induced apoptosis in myeloma cells is associated with IRF4 downregulation and subsequent IRF7 upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ueno
- Departments of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - N Nishimura
- Departments of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - S Ueno
- Departments of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - S Endo
- Departments of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - H Tatetsu
- Departments of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - S Hirata
- Departments of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - H Hata
- Departments of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - M Matsuoka
- Departments of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - H Mitsuya
- Departments of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Y Okuno
- Departments of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
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43
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Liu H, Cheng WL, Jiang X, Wang PX, Fang C, Zhu XY, Huang Z, She ZG, Li H. Ablation of Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 Protects Against Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Hypertension 2017; 69:510-520. [PMID: 28115514 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The secretion of adhesion molecules by endothelial cells, as well as the subsequent infiltration of macrophages, determines the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor 3) is required for the induction of proinflammatory cytokines and for endothelial cell proliferation. However, the effect and underlying mechanism of IRF3 on atherogenesis remain unknown. Our results demonstrated a moderate-to-strong immunoreactivity effect associated with IRF3 in the endothelium and macrophages of the atherosclerotic plaques in patients with coronary heart disease and in hyperlipidemic mice. IRF3-/-ApoE-/- mice showed significantly decreased atherosclerotic lesions in the whole aorta, aortic sinus, and brachiocephalic arteries. The bone marrow transplantation further suggested that the amelioration of atherosclerosis might be attributed to the effects of IRF3 deficiency mainly in endothelial cells, as well as in macrophages. The enhanced stability of atherosclerotic plaques in IRF3-/-ApoE-/- mice was characterized by the reduction of necrotic core size, macrophage infiltration, and lipids, which was accompanied by increased collagen and smooth muscle cell content. Furthermore, multiple proinflammatory cytokines showed a marked decrease in IRF3-/-ApoE-/- mice. Mechanistically, IRF3 deficiency suppresses the secretion of VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1) and the expression of ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1) by directly binding to the ICAM-1 promoter, which subsequently attenuates macrophage infiltration. Thus, our study suggests that IRF3 might be a potential target for the treatment of atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li); and The Institute of Model Animals (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Collaborative Innovation Center of Model Animal (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Cardiovascular Research Institute (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), and College of Life Science (Z.H.), Wuhan University, China
| | - Wen-Lin Cheng
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li); and The Institute of Model Animals (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Collaborative Innovation Center of Model Animal (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Cardiovascular Research Institute (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), and College of Life Science (Z.H.), Wuhan University, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li); and The Institute of Model Animals (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Collaborative Innovation Center of Model Animal (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Cardiovascular Research Institute (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), and College of Life Science (Z.H.), Wuhan University, China
| | - Pi-Xiao Wang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li); and The Institute of Model Animals (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Collaborative Innovation Center of Model Animal (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Cardiovascular Research Institute (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), and College of Life Science (Z.H.), Wuhan University, China
| | - Chun Fang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li); and The Institute of Model Animals (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Collaborative Innovation Center of Model Animal (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Cardiovascular Research Institute (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), and College of Life Science (Z.H.), Wuhan University, China
| | - Xue-Yong Zhu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li); and The Institute of Model Animals (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Collaborative Innovation Center of Model Animal (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Cardiovascular Research Institute (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), and College of Life Science (Z.H.), Wuhan University, China
| | - Zan Huang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li); and The Institute of Model Animals (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Collaborative Innovation Center of Model Animal (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Cardiovascular Research Institute (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), and College of Life Science (Z.H.), Wuhan University, China
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li); and The Institute of Model Animals (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Collaborative Innovation Center of Model Animal (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Cardiovascular Research Institute (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), and College of Life Science (Z.H.), Wuhan University, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li); and The Institute of Model Animals (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Collaborative Innovation Center of Model Animal (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Cardiovascular Research Institute (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), and College of Life Science (Z.H.), Wuhan University, China.
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Measles to the Rescue: A Review of Oncolytic Measles Virus. Viruses 2016; 8:v8100294. [PMID: 27782084 PMCID: PMC5086626 DOI: 10.3390/v8100294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapeutic agents are likely to become serious contenders in cancer treatment. The vaccine strain of measles virus is an agent with an impressive range of oncolytic activity in pre-clinical trials with increasing evidence of safety and efficacy in early clinical trials. This paramyxovirus vaccine has a proven safety record and is amenable to careful genetic modification in the laboratory. Overexpression of the measles virus (MV) receptor CD46 in many tumour cells may direct the virus to preferentially enter transformed cells and there is increasing awareness of the importance of nectin-4 and signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) in oncolysis. Successful attempts to retarget MV by inserting genes for tumour-specific ligands to antigens such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CD20, CD38, and by engineering the virus to express synthetic microRNA targeting sequences, and "blinding" the virus to the natural viral receptors are exciting measures to increase viral specificity and enhance the oncolytic effect. Sodium iodine symporter (NIS) can also be expressed by MV, which enables in vivo tracking of MV infection. Radiovirotherapy using MV-NIS, chemo-virotherapy to convert prodrugs to their toxic metabolites, and immune-virotherapy including incorporating antibodies against immune checkpoint inhibitors can also increase the oncolytic potential. Anti-viral host immune responses are a recognized barrier to the success of MV, and approaches such as transporting MV to the tumour sites by carrier cells, are showing promise. MV Clinical trials are producing encouraging preliminary results in ovarian cancer, myeloma and cutaneous non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and the outcome of currently open trials in glioblastoma multiforme, mesothelioma and squamous cell carcinoma are eagerly anticipated.
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Kim TW, Hong S, Lin Y, Murat E, Joo H, Kim T, Pascual V, Liu YJ. Transcriptional Repression of IFN Regulatory Factor 7 by MYC Is Critical for Type I IFN Production in Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3348-3359. [PMID: 27630164 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Type I IFNs are crucial mediators of human innate and adaptive immunity and are massively produced from plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). IFN regulatory factor (IRF)7 is a critical regulator of type I IFN production when pathogens are detected by TLR 7/9 in pDC. However, hyperactivation of pDC can cause life-threatening autoimmune diseases. To avoid the deleterious effects of aberrant pDC activation, tight regulation of IRF7 is required. Nonetheless, the detailed mechanisms of how IRF7 transcription is regulated in pDC are still elusive. MYC is a well-known highly pleiotropic transcription factor; however, the role of MYC in pDC function is not well defined yet. To identify the role of transcription factor MYC in human pDC, we employed a knockdown technique using human pDC cell line, GEN2.2. When we knocked down MYC in the pDC cell line, production of IFN-stimulated genes was dramatically increased and was further enhanced by the TLR9 agonist CpGB. Interestingly, MYC is shown to be recruited to the IRF7 promoter region through interaction with nuclear receptor corepressor 2/histone deacetylase 3 for its repression. In addition, activation of TLR9-mediated NF-κB and MAPK and nuclear translocation of IRF7 were greatly enhanced by MYC depletion. Pharmaceutical inhibition of MYC recovered IRF7 expression, further confirming the negative role of MYC in the antiviral response by pDC. Therefore, our results identify the novel immunomodulatory role of MYC in human pDC and may add to our understanding of aberrant pDC function in cancer and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Whan Kim
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204; and
| | - Seunghee Hong
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204; and
| | - Yin Lin
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204; and
| | - Elise Murat
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204; and
| | - HyeMee Joo
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204; and
| | | | | | - Yong-Jun Liu
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204; and .,Sanofi, Cambridge, MA 02139
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46
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Okpeku M, Esmailizadeh A, Adeola AC, Shu L, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Sanni TM, Imumorin IG, Peters SO, Zhang J, Dong Y, Wang W. Genetic Variation of Goat Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 Gene and Its Implication in Goat Evolution. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161962. [PMID: 27598391 PMCID: PMC5012607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune systems are fundamentally vital for evolution and survival of species; as such, selection patterns in innate immune loci are of special interest in molecular evolutionary research. The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) gene family control many different aspects of the innate and adaptive immune responses in vertebrates. Among these, IRF3 is known to take active part in very many biological processes. We assembled and evaluated 1356 base pairs of the IRF3 gene coding region in domesticated goats from Africa (Nigeria, Ethiopia and South Africa) and Asia (Iran and China) and the wild goat (Capra aegagrus). Five segregating sites with θ value of 0.0009 for this gene demonstrated a low diversity across the goats’ populations. Fu and Li tests were significantly positive but Tajima’s D test was significantly negative, suggesting its deviation from neutrality. Neighbor joining tree of IRF3 gene in domesticated goats, wild goat and sheep showed that all domesticated goats have a closer relationship than with the wild goat and sheep. Maximum likelihood tree of the gene showed that different domesticated goats share a common ancestor and suggest single origin. Four unique haplotypes were observed across all the sequences, of which, one was particularly common to African goats (MOCH-K14-0425, Poitou and WAD). In assessing the evolution mode of the gene, we found that the codon model dN/dS ratio for all goats was greater than one. Phylogenetic Analysis by Maximum Likelihood (PAML) gave a ω0 (dN/dS) value of 0.067 with LnL value of -6900.3 for the first Model (M1) while ω2 = 1.667 in model M2 with LnL value of -6900.3 with positive selection inferred in 3 codon sites. Mechanistic empirical combination (MEC) model for evaluating adaptive selection pressure on particular codons also confirmed adaptive selection pressure in three codons (207, 358 and 408) in IRF3 gene. Positive diversifying selection inferred with recent evolutionary changes in domesticated goat IRF3 led us to conclude that the gene evolution may have been influenced by domestication processes in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Okpeku
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Department of Animal Science, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Ammassoma, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - Ali Esmailizadeh
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Department of Animal Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, PB 76169-133, Iran
| | - Adeniyi C Adeola
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Liping Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yesheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yangzi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Timothy M Sanni
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Ikhide G Imumorin
- Animal Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Office of International Programs, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Sunday O Peters
- Department of Animal Science, Berry College, Mount Berry, USA
| | - Jiajin Zhang
- School of Science and Information Engineering, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Laboratory of Applied Genomics and Synthetic Biology, College of Life Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
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47
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Wang J, Liu Q, Sun J, Shyr Y. Disrupted cooperation between transcription factors across diverse cancer types. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:560. [PMID: 27496222 PMCID: PMC4975902 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2842-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcription Factors (TFs), essential for many cellular processes, generally work coordinately to induce transcriptional change in response to internal and external signals. Disrupted cooperation between TFs, leading to dysregulation of target genes, contributes to the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer. Although the aberrant activation of individual TFs and the functional effects have been widely studied, the perturbation of TF cooperativity in cancer has rarely been explored. Results We used TF co-expression as proxy as cooperativity and performed a large-scale study on disrupted TF cooperation across seven cancer types. While the connectivity of downstream effectors, like metabolic genes and TF targets, were more or similarly disrupted than/with non-TFs, the cooperativity of TFs (upstream regulators) were consistently less disturbed in all studied cancer types. Highly coordinated TFs in normal, however, generally lost that cooperation in cancer. Although different types of cancer shared very few TF pairs with highly disrupted cooperation, the cooperativity of interferon regulatory factors (IRF) was highly disrupted in six cancer types. Specifically, the cooperativity of IRF8 was highly perturbed in lung cancer, which was further validated by two independent lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) datasets. More interestingly, the cooperativity of IRF8 was markedly associated with tumor progression and even contributed to the patient survival independent of tumor stage. Conclusions Our findings underscore the far more important role of TF cooperativity in tumorigenesis than previously appreciated. Disrupted cooperation of TFs provides potential clinical utility as prognostic markers for predicting the patient survival. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2842-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jingchun Sun
- School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yu Shyr
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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48
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Karouni M, Kurban M, Abbas O. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in skin lesions of classic Kaposi's sarcoma. Arch Dermatol Res 2016; 308:487-92. [PMID: 27372661 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-016-1671-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are the most potent producers of type I interferons (IFNs), which allows them to provide anti-viral resistance and to link the innate and adaptive immunity by controlling the function of myeloid DCs, lymphocytes, and natural killer cells. pDCs are involved in the pathogenesis of several infectious [especially viral, such as Molluscum contagiosum (MC)], inflammatory/autoimmune, and neoplastic entities. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a multifocal, systemic lympho-angioproliferative tumor associated with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection. Microscopy typically exhibits a chronic inflammatory lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate in addition to the vascular changes and spindle cell proliferation. Despite the extensive research done on the immune evasion strategies employed by KSHV, pDCs role in relation to KS has only rarely been investigated. Given this, we intend to investigate pDC occurrence and activity in the skin lesions of KS. Immunohistochemical staining for BDCA-2 (specific pDC marker) and MxA (surrogate marker for local type I IFN production) was performed on classic KS (n = 20) with the control group comprising inflamed MC (n = 20). As expected, BDCA-2+ pDCs were present in abundance with diffuse and intense MxA expression (indicative of local type I IFN production) in all inflamed MC cases (20 of 20, 100 %). Though present in all the KS cases, pDCs were significantly less abundant in KS than in inflamed MC cases, and MxA expression was patchy/weak in most KS cases. In summary, pDCs are part of the inflammatory host response in KS; however, they were generally low in number with decreased type I IFN production which is probably related to KSHV's ability to evade the immune system through the production of different viral proteins capable of suppressing IFN production as well as pDC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Karouni
- Dermatology Department, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El Solh St, P.O.Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mazen Kurban
- Dermatology Department, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El Solh St, P.O.Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ossama Abbas
- Dermatology Department, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El Solh St, P.O.Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon.
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49
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Hou MS, Cao J, Chen B, Liu XB. Down-Regulation of IRF6 Protects Cortical Neurons Against Traumatic Neuronal Injury Through Activating Akt-eNOS Pathway. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:587-594. [PMID: 27306759 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0394-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) is a novel and unique member of the IRF family of transcription factors, and the regulation and function of IRF6 remain unknown. Recently, IRF6 was shown to be upregulated after TBI and could promote neuronal apoptosis under oxidative stress conditions. This study aimed to investigate the role of IRF6 in traumatic neuronal injury (TNI) in primary cultured mouse cortical neurons. We found that the expression of IRF6 was significantly increased within 48 after TNI, and peaked at 24 h. Knockdown of IRF6 using specific targeted small interfering RNA (siRNA) attenuated TNI-induced loss of neuronal viability and release of lactate dehydrogenase. The results of TUNEL staining showed that IRF6 knockdown markedly reduced neuronal apoptosis, which was accompanied by decreased activity of caspase-3. Furthermore, downregulation of IRF6 inhibited lipid peroxidation, promoted the activity of endogenous antioxidative enzymes, and differently regulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines after TNI. In addition, IRF6 knockdown significantly increased phosphorylation of Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), whereas blocking Akt-eNOS pathway via selective antagonists partly prevented the protective effects of IRF6 knockdown. These data show that downregulation of IRF6 affords protection against TNI through Akt-eNOS pathway-mediated antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shan Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi, China
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50
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Magiri RB, Lai K, Chaffey AM, Wilson HL, Berry WE, Szafron ML, Mutwiri GK. Response of immune response genes to adjuvants poly [di(sodium carboxylatoethylphenoxy)phosphazene] (PCEP), CpG oligodeoxynucleotide and emulsigen at intradermal injection site in pigs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 175:57-63. [PMID: 27269793 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms by which adjuvants mediate their effects provide critical information on how innate immunity influences the development of adaptive immunity. Despite being a critical vaccine component, the mechanisms by which adjuvants mediate their effects are not fully understood and this is especially true when they are used in large animals. This lack of understanding limits our ability to design effective vaccines. In the present study, we administered polyphosphazene (PCEP), CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG), emulsigen or saline via an intradermal injection into pigs and assessed the impact on the expression of reported 'adjuvant response genes' over time. CpG induced a strong upregulation of the chemokine CXL10 several 'Interferon Response Genes', as well as TNFα, and IL-10, and a down-regulation of IL-17 genes. Emulsigen upregulated expression of chemokines CCL2 and CCL5, proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFα, as well as TLR9, and several IFN response genes. PCEP induced the expression of chemokine CCL2 and proinflammatory cytokine IL-6. These results suggest that emulsigen and CpG may promote recruitment of innate immune cells and Th1 type cytokine production but that PCEP may promote a Th-2 type immune response through the induction of IL-6, an inducer of B cell activity and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Magiri
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health at the University of Saskatchewan, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - K Lai
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health at the University of Saskatchewan, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - A M Chaffey
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health at the University of Saskatchewan, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - H L Wilson
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health at the University of Saskatchewan, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - W E Berry
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health at the University of Saskatchewan, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - M L Szafron
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health at the University of Saskatchewan, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - G K Mutwiri
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health at the University of Saskatchewan, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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