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Čoma M, Manning JC, Kaltner H, Gál P. The sweet side of wound healing: galectins as promising therapeutic targets in hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and maturation/remodeling. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:41-53. [PMID: 36716023 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2175318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding the molecular and cellular processes involved in skin wound healing may pave the way for the development of innovative approaches to transforming the identified natural effectors into therapeutic tools. Based on the extensive involvement of the ga(lactoside-binding)lectin family in (patho)physiological processes, it has been well established that galectins are involved in a wide range of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. AREAS COVERED In the present paper, we provide an overview of the biological role of galectins in repair and regeneration, focusing on four main phases (hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and maturation/remodeling) of skin repair using basic wound models (open excision vs. sutured incision). EXPERT OPINION The reported data make a strong case for directing further efforts to treat excisional and incisional wounds differently. Functions of galectins essentially result from their modular presentation. In fact, Gal-1 seems to play a role in the early phases of healing (anti-inflammatory) and wound contraction, Gal-3 accelerates re-epithelization and increases tensile strength (scar inductor). Galectins have also become subject of redesigning by engineering to optimize the activity. Clinically relevant, these new tools derived from the carbohydrate recognition domain platform may also prove helpful for other purposes, such as potent antibacterial agglutinins and opsonins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matúš Čoma
- Department of Biomedical Research, East-Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Inc, Košice, Slovak Republic.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Joachim C Manning
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Gál
- Department of Biomedical Research, East-Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Inc, Košice, Slovak Republic.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic.,Prague Burn Center, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Královske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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2
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Sharma P, Kumar A, Dey AD. Cellular Therapeutics for Chronic Wound Healing: Future for Regenerative Medicine. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:1489-1504. [PMID: 35748548 DOI: 10.2174/138945012309220623144620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chronic wounds are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, which demand long-term effective treatment and represent a tremendous financial strain on the global healthcare systems. Regenerative medicines using stem cells have recently become apparent as a promising approach and are an active zone of investigation. They hold the potential to differentiate into specific types of cells and thus possess self-renewable, regenerative, and immune-modulatory effects. Furthermore, with the rise of technology, various cell therapies and cell types such as Bone Marrow and Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Cell (ADMSC), Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs), Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs), Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSCs), and Pluripotent Stem Cells (PSCs) are studied for their therapeutic impact on reparative processes and tissue regeneration. Cell therapy has proven to have substantial control over enhancing the quality and rate of skin regeneration and wound restoration. The literature review brings to light the mechanics of wound healing, abnormalities resulting in chronic wounds, and the obstacles wound care researchers face, thus exploring the multitude of opportunities for potential improvement. Also, the review is focused on providing particulars on the possible cell-derived therapeutic choices and their associated challenges in healing, in the context of clinical trials, as solutions to these challenges will provide fresh and better future opportunities for improved study design and therefore yield a substantial amount of data for the development of more specialized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preety Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.,Government Pharmacy College Kangra, Nagrota Bhagwan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Asmita Deka Dey
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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3
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Nalbuphine, a kappa opioid receptor agonist and mu opioid receptor antagonist attenuates pruritus, decreases IL-31, and increases IL-10 in mice with contact dermatitis. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 864:172702. [PMID: 31568781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic itch is one of the disturbing symptoms of inflammatory skin diseases. Kappa opioid receptor agonists are effective in suppressing scratching in mice against different pruritogens. Nalbuphine, a nonscheduled kappa opioid receptor agonist and mu opioid receptor antagonist, has been in clinical use for post-operative pain management since the 1980s and recently has been in clinical trials for chronic itch of prurigo nodularis (https://www.trevitherapeutics.com/nalbuphine). We studied whether nalbuphine is effective against chronic scratching induced by rostral neck application of 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB), an accepted mouse model of contact dermatitis to study pruritoceptive itch. Mice were treated once a week with either saline or nalbuphine 20 min before the third, fifth, seventh, and ninth sensitizations with DNFB and the number of scratching bouts was counted for 30 min. Skin samples from the neck of mice at week 4 were used to measure protein levels and mRNA expressions of chemokines and cytokines. Different sets of mice were used to study sedation and anhedonic-like behavior of nalbuphine. We found that: nalbuphine (a) antagonized scratching in a dose- and time-dependent manner without affecting locomotion, b) decreased IL-31, and increased anti-inflammatory IL-10, and c) induced more elevations in the levels of CCL2, CCL3, CCL12, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL9, CXCL10, IL-1β, IL-16, TIMP-1, M-CSF, TREM-1 and M1-type macrophages compared to saline. Increases in chemokines and cytokines and M1 macrophages by nalbuphine suggest an inflammatory phase of healing in damaged skin due to scratching. Our data indicate that nalbuphine is an effective antipruritic in murine model of pruritoceptive itch.
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4
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Khalil S, Ariel Gru A, Saavedra AP. Cutaneous extramedullary haematopoiesis: Implications in human disease and treatment. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:1201-1209. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Khalil
- Department of Dermatology University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville Virginia
| | - Alejandro Ariel Gru
- Department of Pathology University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville Virginia
| | - Arturo P. Saavedra
- Department of Dermatology University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville Virginia
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5
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Yang C, Wang Y, Xu H. Fluoride Regulate Osteoblastic Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Signaling by Mediating Recycling of the Type I Receptor ALK5. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170674. [PMID: 28125630 PMCID: PMC5268439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to preliminary investigate the role of activin receptor-like kinase (ALK) 5 as one of TGF-βR1 subtypes in bone turnover and osteoblastic differentiation induced by fluoride. We analyzed bone mineral density and the expression of genes related with transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1) signaling and bone turnover in rats treated by different concentrations of fluoride with or without SB431542 in vivo. Moreover, MTT assay, alkaline phosphatase staining, RT-PCR, immunocytochemical analysis and western blot analysis were used to detect the influence on bone marrow stem cells (BMSC) after stimulating by varying concentration of fluoride with or without SB431542 in vitro. The in vivo study showed SB431542 treatment affected bone density and gene expression of rats, which indicated TGF-β1 and ALK5 might take part in fluoride-induced bone turnover and bone formation. The in vitro study showed low concentration of fluoride improved BMSC cells viability, alkaline phosphatase activity, and osteocalcin protein expression which were inhibited by high concentration of fluoride. The gene expression of Runx2 and ALK5 in cells increased after low concentration fluoride treatment which was also inhibited by high concentration of fluoride. Fluoride treatment inhibited gene and protein expression of Samd3 (except 1 mgF-/L). Compared with fluoride treatment alone, cells differentiation was inhibited with SB431542 treatment. Moreover, the expression of Runx2, ALK5 and Smad3 were influenced by SB431542 treatment. In conclusion, this preliminary study indicated that fluoride regulated osteoblastic TGFβ1 signaling in bone turnover and cells differentiation via ALK5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Hui Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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6
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Nordli HR, Chinga-Carrasco G, Rokstad AM, Pukstad B. Producing ultrapure wood cellulose nanofibrils and evaluating the cytotoxicity using human skin cells. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 150:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Feng L, Yang R, Liu D, Wang X, Song Y, Cao H, He D, Gan Y, Kou X, Zhou Y. PDL Progenitor–Mediated PDL Recovery Contributes to Orthodontic Relapse. J Dent Res 2016; 95:1049-56. [PMID: 27161015 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516648604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal ligament (PDL) is subjected to mechanical force during physiologic activities. PDL stem/progenitor cells are the main mesenchymal stem cells in PDL. However, how PDL progenitors participate in PDL homeostasis upon and after mechanical force is largely unknown. In this study, force-triggered orthodontic tooth movement and the following relapse were used as models to demonstrate the response of PDL progenitors and their role in PDL remodeling upon and after mechanical force. Upon orthodontic force, PDL collagen on the compression side significantly degraded, showing a broken and disorganized pattern. After force withdrawal, the degraded PDL collagen recovered during the early stage of relapse. Correspondingly, increased CD90+ PDL progenitors with suppressed expression of type I collagen (Col-I) were observed upon orthodontic force, whereas these cells accumulated at the degradation regions and regained Col-I expression after force withdrawal during early relapse. Our results further showed that compressive force altered cell morphology and repressed collagen expression in cultured PDL progenitors, which both recovered after force withdrawal. Force withdrawal–induced recovery of collagen expression in cultured PDL progenitors could be regulated by transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β), a key molecule for tissue homeostasis and extracellular matrix remodeling. More interesting, inhibiting the regained Col-I expression in CD90+ PDL progenitors by blocking TGF-β interrupted PDL collagen recovery and partially inhibited the early relapse. These data suggest that PDL progenitors can respond to mechanical force and may process intrinsic stability to recover to original status after force withdrawal. PDL progenitors with intrinsic stability are required for PDL recovery and consequently contribute to early orthodontic relapse, which can be regulated by TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Feng
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - R. Yang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - D. Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - X. Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Y. Song
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - H. Cao
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - D. He
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Y. Gan
- Center for Temporomandibular Disorders and Orofacial Pain, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Center Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - X. Kou
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Y. Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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8
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Senarath-Yapa K, Li S, Walmsley GG, Zielins E, Paik K, Britto JA, Grigoriadis AE, Wan DC, Liu KJ, Longaker MT, Quarto N. Small Molecule Inhibition of Transforming Growth Factor Beta Signaling Enables the Endogenous Regenerative Potential of the Mammalian Calvarium. Tissue Eng Part A 2016; 22:707-20. [PMID: 27036931 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2015.0527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current approaches for the treatment of skeletal defects are suboptimal, principally because the ability of bone to repair and regenerate is poor. Although the promise of effective cellular therapies for skeletal repair is encouraging, these approaches are limited by the risks of infection, cellular contamination, and tumorigenicity. Development of a pharmacological approach would therefore help avoid some of these potential risks. This study identifies transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling as a potential pathway for pharmacological modulation in vivo. We demonstrate that inhibition of TGFβ signaling by the small molecule SB431542 potentiates calvarial skeletal repair through activation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling on osteoblasts and dura mater cells participating in healing of calvarial defects. Cells respond to inhibition of TGFβ signaling by producing higher levels of BMP2 that upregulates inhibitory Smad6 expression, thus providing a negative feedback loop to contain excessive BMP signaling. Importantly, study on human osteoblasts indicates that molecular mechanism(s) triggered by SB431542 are conserved. Collectively, these data provide insights into the use of small molecules to modulate key signaling pathways for repairing skeletal defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshemendra Senarath-Yapa
- 1 Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California.,2 Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute , King's College London, London, United Kingdom .,3 Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, North Western Deanery , Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Shuli Li
- 1 Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Graham G Walmsley
- 1 Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California.,4 Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Elizabeth Zielins
- 1 Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Kevin Paik
- 1 Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Jonathan A Britto
- 5 Department of Craniofacial Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital , London, United Kingdom
| | - Agamemnon E Grigoriadis
- 2 Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute , King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Derrick C Wan
- 1 Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Karen J Liu
- 2 Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute , King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T Longaker
- 1 Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California.,4 Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Natalina Quarto
- 1 Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California.,6 Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Universita' degli Studi di Napoli Federico II , Napoli, Italy
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Li CW, Wang Q, Li J, Hu M, Shi SJ, Li ZW, Wu GL, Cui HH, Li YY, Zhang Q, Yu XH, Lu LC. Silver nanoparticles/chitosan oligosaccharide/poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofiber promotes wound healing by activating TGFβ1/Smad signaling pathway. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:373-86. [PMID: 26855575 PMCID: PMC4725631 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s91975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing occupies a remarkable place in everyday pathology and remains a challenging clinical problem. In our previous study, we prepared a silver nanoparticle/chitosan oligosaccharide/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA/COS-AgNPs) nanofiber via electrospinning and revealed that it could promote wound healing; however, the healing mechanism remained unknown. Therefore, we aimed to clarify the mechanism underlying the accelerated healing effect of the PVA/COS-AgNPs nanofiber. The TGFβ1/Smad signaling pathway is actively involved in wound healing. Considering the key role of this signaling pathway in wound healing, our preliminary study showed that the TGFβ1 level was significantly increased during the early stage of wound healing. Thus, in this study, hematoxylin-eosin, Masson's trichrome, immunofluorescent staining, hydroxyproline content, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analyses were used to analyze the wound healing in a rat model treated with gauze, the PVA/COS-AgNPs nanofiber, and the nanofiber plus SB431542 (an inhibitor of TGFβ1 receptor kinase). The results showed that the PVA/COS-AgNPs nanofiber promoted wound healing and upregulated the expression levels of cytokines associated with the TGFβ1/Smad signaling pathway such as TGFβ1, TGFβRI, TGFβRII, collagen I, collagen III, pSmad2, and pSmad3. Inhibiting this pathway with SB431542 resulted in prevention of the PVA/COS-AgNPs nanofiber-associated salutary effects on the early stage of wound healing and relative cytokines expression. In conclusion, the wound healing effect of the PVA/COS-AgNPs nanofiber involves activation of the TGFβ1/Smad signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-wen Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - San-jun Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zi-wei Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-lin Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan-huan Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-yuan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiu-heng Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lai-chun Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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10
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Barrientos S, Brem H, Stojadinovic O, Tomic-Canic M. Clinical application of growth factors and cytokines in wound healing. Wound Repair Regen 2014; 22:569-78. [PMID: 24942811 PMCID: PMC4812574 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex and dynamic biological process that involves the coordinated efforts of multiple cell types and is executed and regulated by numerous growth factors and cytokines. There has been a drive in the past two decades to study the therapeutic effects of various growth factors in the clinical management of nonhealing wounds (e.g., pressure ulcers, chronic venous ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers). For this review, we conducted an online search of Medline/PubMed and critically analyzed the literature regarding the role of growth factors and cytokines in the management of these wounds. We focused on currently approved therapies, emerging therapies, and future research possibilities. In this review, we discuss four growth factors and cytokines currently being used on and off label for the healing of wounds. These include granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, platelet-derived growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor. While the clinical results of using growth factors and cytokines are encouraging, many studies involved a small sample size and are disparate in measured endpoints. Therefore, further research is required to provide definitive evidence of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Barrientos
- Division of Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Winthrop University Hospital/Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Mineola, NY
| | - Harold Brem
- Division of Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Winthrop University Hospital/Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Mineola, NY
| | - Olivera Stojadinovic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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11
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Finnson KW, McLean S, Di Guglielmo GM, Philip A. Dynamics of Transforming Growth Factor Beta Signaling in Wound Healing and Scarring. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2013; 2:195-214. [PMID: 24527343 PMCID: PMC3857355 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2013.0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Wound healing is an intricate biological process in which the skin, or any other tissue, repairs itself after injury. Normal wound healing relies on the appropriate levels of cytokines and growth factors to ensure that cellular responses are mediated in a coordinated manner. Among the many growth factors studied in the context of wound healing, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is thought to have the broadest spectrum of effects. RECENT ADVANCES Many of the molecular mechanisms underlying the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway have been elucidated, and the role of TGF-β in wound healing has been well characterized. Targeting the TGF-β signaling pathway using therapeutic agents to improve wound healing and/or reduce scarring has been successful in pre-clinical studies. CRITICAL ISSUES Although TGF-β isoforms (β1, β2, β3) signal through the same cell surface receptors, they display distinct functions during wound healing in vivo through mechanisms that have not been fully elucidated. The challenge of translating preclinical studies targeting the TGF-β signaling pathway to a clinical setting may require more extensive preclinical research using animal models that more closely mimic wound healing and scarring in humans, and taking into account the spatial, temporal, and cell-type-specific aspects of TGF-β isoform expression and function. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Understanding the differences in TGF-β isoform signaling at the molecular level and identification of novel components of the TGF-β signaling pathway that critically regulate wound healing may lead to the discovery of potential therapeutic targets for treatment of impaired wound healing and pathological scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W. Finnson
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sarah McLean
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Canada
| | | | - Anie Philip
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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12
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Finnson KW, Arany PR, Philip A. Transforming Growth Factor Beta Signaling in Cutaneous Wound Healing: Lessons Learned from Animal Studies. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2013; 2:225-237. [PMID: 24761336 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2012.0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Wound healing is a complex physiological process involving a multitude of growth factors, among which transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) has the broadest spectrum of effects. Animal studies have provided key information on the mechanisms of TGF-β action in wound healing and have guided the development of therapeutic strategies targeting the TGF-β pathway to improve wound healing and scarring outcome. RECENT ADVANCES Development of tissue-specific expression systems for overexpression or knockout of TGF-β signaling pathway components has led to novel insight into the role of TGF-β signaling in wound healing. This work has also identified molecules that might serve as molecular targets for the treatment of pathological skin conditions such as chronic wounds and excessive scarring (fibrosis). CRITICAL ISSUES Many of the mouse models with genetic alterations in the TGF-β signaling pathway develop an underlying skin abnormality, which may pose some limitations on the interpretation of wound-healing results obtained in these animals. Also, TGF-β's pleiotropic effects on many cell types throughout all phases of wound healing present a challenge in designing specific strategies for targeting the TGF-β signaling pathway to promote wound healing or reduce scarring. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further characterization of TGF-β signaling pathway components using inducible tissue-specific overexpression or knockout technology will be needed to corroborate results obtained in mouse models that display a skin phenotype, and to better understand the role of TGF-β signaling during distinct phases of the wound-healing process. Such studies will also provide a better understanding of how TGF-β mediates its autocrine, paracrine, and double paracrine effects on cellular responses in vivo during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W. Finnson
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Praveen R. Arany
- Cell Regulation and Control Unit, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anie Philip
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
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Fang Y, Chen Y, Yu L, Zheng C, Qi Y, Li Z, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Shi T, Luo J, Liu M. Inhibition of breast cancer metastases by a novel inhibitor of TGFβ receptor 1. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012. [PMID: 23178439 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djs485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), which is implicated in metastasis to various organs in breast cancer, is a potential target for new antitumor metastasis drugs. METHODS To identify specific inhibitors of TGFβ receptor 1 (TGFβR1) in breast cancer metastasis, a virtual library of more than 400000 different compounds was screened by molecular docking modeling and confirmed with Smad-binding element luciferase and TGFβR1 kinase assays. Affymetrix GeneChip expression analysis of mRNA levels and real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed to determine expression changes of TGFβ-mediated, metastasis-associated genes in breast cancer cells after treatment with the small-molecule inhibitor YR-290. YR-290 was also examined for its effects on breast cancer migration, invasion, and metastasis using transwell and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) assays in vitro and three different mouse (BALB/c and NU/NU nude) models (n = 10 per group). Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to assess survival. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS YR-290 interacted with the kinase domain of TGFβR1, abrogated kinase activity (half maximal inhibitory concentration = 137nM, 95% confidence interval = 126.4 to 147.6nM) and inhibited the TGFβ-mediated downstream signaling pathway and metastasis-associated genes in breast cancer cells. YR-290 inhibited TGFβ-modulated breast cancer cell migration and invasion. In tumor metastasis mouse models, YR-290 almost completely blocked cancer metastasis. Numbers of lung tumor nodules of mice treated with 1mg/kg and 5mg/kg YR-290 were reduced by 74.93% (95% confidence interval = 61.45% to 88.41%) and 94.93% (95% confidence interval = 82.13% to 100%), respectively, compared with control mice. Treatment with YR-290 also statistically significantly prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. CONCLUSIONS YR-290 is a novel inhibitor of tumor metastasis that works by blocking TGFβ signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhang Fang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, China
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Haubner F, Ohmann E, Pohl F, Strutz J, Gassner HG. Wound healing after radiation therapy: review of the literature. Radiat Oncol 2012; 7:162. [PMID: 23006548 PMCID: PMC3504517 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-7-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is an established modality in the treatment of head and neck cancer patients. Compromised wound healing in irradiated tissues is a common and challenging clinical problem. The pathophysiology and underlying cellular mechanisms including the complex interaction of cytokines and growth factors are still not understood completely. In this review, the current state of research regarding the pathomechanisms of compromised wound healing in irradiated tissues is presented. Current and possible future treatment strategies are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Haubner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Division of Facial Plastic Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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Hu X, Sun H, Han C, Wang X, Yu W. Topically applied rhGM-CSF for the wound healing: A systematic review. Burns 2011; 37:729-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Ashraf A, Lee PHU, Kim K, Zaporojan V, Bonassar L, Valentini R, Spangenberger A, Weinzweig J. Effect of sustained-release PDGF and TGF-beta on cyclophosphamide-induced impaired wound healing. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009; 124:1118-1124. [PMID: 19935295 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e3181b5a349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proper wound healing is pivotal to successful surgical outcomes. Previous studies have shown that growth factors can be used to enhance tissue repair under impaired healing conditions. However, because of limited delivery methods, the growth factors in these studies were delivered either topically or as a single local administration. METHODS Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided equally into five groups and served as untreated normal controls or were implanted subcutaneously with a novel sustained-release drug delivery system through a dorsal incisional wound. This system delivered either transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta alone, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) alone, or TGF-beta and PDGF in combination, or served as unloaded sham controls. Wound healing was impaired in all treated rats by the administration of cyclophosphamide on days 1, 3, and 5. Wound tensile breaking strength was determined on days 4, 7, and 14. RESULTS Sustained release of either TGF-beta or PDGF alone not only failed to improve the healing of cyclophosphamide-induced impaired wound healing but resulted in a paradoxical decrease in wound tensile breaking strength by day 7. However, the combined delivery of both TGF-beta and PDGF improved wound healing and significantly increased wound tensile breaking strength by day 7. CONCLUSIONS Sustained-release delivery of TGF-beta and PDGF in combination, but not separately, by a subcutaneously implanted drug delivery system significantly improves cyclophosphamide-induced impaired wound healing in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azra Ashraf
- Chicago, Ill.; Boston and Worcester, Mass.; Los Angeles, Calif.; Ithaca, N.Y.; and Providence, R.I. From the Craniofacial Biology and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Chicago Center for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the Caritas Saint Elizabeth's Medical Center, Department of General Surgery, Tufts University Medical School, the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Center for Tissue Engineering, and Myomics
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Sugiyama K, Yamaguchi M, Kuroda J, Takanashi M, Ishikawa Y, Fujii H, Ishii T, Esumi H. Improvement of radiation-induced healing delay by etanercept treatment in rat arteries. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:1550-5. [PMID: 19486011 PMCID: PMC11158822 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgical treatment often causes difficulty in the irradiated field because of delayed wound healing, which is mainly due to vascular dysfunction. To overcome this difficulty, we attempted to accelerate the recovery from clamp injury in irradiated superficial epigastric arteries of rats as a model. Etanercept, a soluble receptor of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, was administered four times to rats with irradiated arteries before and after clamp injury. Loss of endothelial cells and necrosis of the media in the irradiated arteries continued for more than 1 week after the injury; however, in the rats treated with etanercept, the endothelial cells recovered in the intima, and alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive smooth muscle cells recovered in the injured and irradiated arteries. After clamp injury of common carotid arteries that had previously been irradiated, the blood flow in these arteries was visualized by magnetic resonance (MR) angiography. The time-of-flight signal was weakened in the injured and irradiated arteries. This time-of-flight signal was recovered by the etanercept treatment. These findings suggest that etanercept improves the radiation-impaired healing of arteries in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sugiyama
- Experimental Animal Laboratory, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan.
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