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Chen X, Li H. Bruceine D and Narclasine inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cells and the prediction of potential drug targets. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297203. [PMID: 38215156 PMCID: PMC10786365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is one of the most common female malignancies. This study explored the underlying mechanism through which the two plant compounds (Brucaine D and Narclasine) inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cells. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of Brucaine D and Narclasine on breast cancer development and their potential drug targets. METHODS GSE85871 dataset containing 212 samples and the hallmark gene set "h.all.v2023.1.Hs.symbols.gmt" were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and the Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB) database, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to classify clusters showing similar gene expression pattern. Single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was used to calculate the hallmark score for different drug treatment groups. The expressions of genes related to angiogenesis, glycolysis and cell cycle were detected. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis was performed to study the interaction of the hub genes. Then, HERB database was employed to identify potential target genes for Narclasine and Bruceine D. Finally, in vitro experiments were conducted to validate partial drug-target pair. RESULTS PCA analysis showed that the significant changes in gene expression patterns took place in 6 drugs treatment groups (Narciclasine, Bruceine D, Japonicone A, 1beta-hydroxyalatolactone, Britanin, and four mixture drugs) in comparison to the remaining drug treatment groups. The ssGSEA pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated that Narciclasine and Bruceine treatments had similar enriched pathways, for instance, suppressed pathways related to angiogenesis, Glycolysis, and cell cycle, etc.. Further gene expression analysis confirmed that Narciclasine and Bruceine had a strong ability to inhibit these cell cycle genes, and that MYC, CHEK2, MELK, CDK4 and EZH2 were closely interacted with each other in the PPI analysis. Drug target prediction revealed that Androgen Receptor (AR) and Estrogen Receptor 1 (ESR1) were the targets for Bruceine D, and Cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme (CYP3A4) was the target for Narciclasine. Cell experiments also confirmed the connections between Narciclasine and CYP3A4. CONCLUSION The present study uncovered that Narciclasine and Bruceine D could inhibit the growth of breast cancer and also predicted the potential targets for these two drugs, providing a new therapeutic direction for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhao Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Hua Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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Zhao S, Cui J, Cao L, Han K, Ma X, Chen H, Yin S, Zhao C, Ma C, Hu H. Xanthohumol inhibits non-small cell lung cancer via directly targeting T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase. Phytother Res 2023. [PMID: 36882184 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Xanthohumol is a principal prenylated chalcone isolated from hops. Previous studies have shown that xanthohumol was effective against various types of cancer, but the mechanisms, especially the direct targets for xanthohumol to exert an anticancer effect, remain elusive. Overexpression of T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK) promotes tumorigenesis, invasion and metastasis, implying the likely potential for targeting TOPK in cancer prevention and treatment. In the present study, we found that xanthohumol significantly inhibited the cell proliferation, migration and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in vitro and suppressed tumor growth in vivo, which is well correlated with inactivating TOPK, evidenced by reduced phosphorylation of TOPK and its downstream signaling histone H3 and Akt, and decreased its kinase activity. Moreover, molecular docking and biomolecular interaction analysis showed that xanthohumol was able to directly bind to the TOPK protein, suggesting that TOPK inactivation by xanthohumol is attributed to its ability to directly interact with TOPK. The findings of the present study identified TOPK as a direct target for xanthohumol to exert its anticancer activity, revealing novel insight into the mechanisms underlying the anticancer activity of xanthohumol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinling Cui
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lixing Cao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Han
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Ma
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shutao Yin
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Changwei Ma
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbo Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Zhang H, Dong QQ, Shu HP, Tu YC, Liao QQ, Yao LJ. TOPK Activation Exerts Protective Effects on Cisplatin-induced Acute Kidney Injury. Curr Med Sci 2022; 42:742-753. [PMID: 35678915 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-022-2545-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE T-LAK-cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK), a PSD95-Disc large-ZO1 (PDZ) binding kinase (PBK), is a novel member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. Studies have shown that TOPK plays a critical role in the function of tumor cells, including apoptosis and mitosis. However, little is known on the effect of TOPK in cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (CP-AKI). This study aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of TOPK in CP-AKI. METHODS Cisplatin was administered to C57BL/6 mice and cultured kidney tubular epithelial cells (TECs) to establish the CP-AKI murine or cellular models. TECs were then stimulated with the specific inhibitor of TOPK OTS514 or transfected with the recombinant-activated plasmid TOPK-T9E to inhibit or activate TOPK. The TECs were treated with AKT inhibitor VIII following stimulation with OTS514 or cisplatin. Western blotting and flow cytometry were used to evaluate the cell cycle and apoptosis of TECs. RESULTS The analysis revealed that the TOPK activity was significantly suppressed by cisplatin, both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, the pharmacological inhibition of TOPK by OTS514, a specific inhibitor of TOPK, exacerbated the cisplatin-induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and apoptosis of cultured TECs. Moreover, the TOPK activation via the TOPK-T9E plasmid transfection could partially reverse the cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and apoptosis of cisplatin-treated TECs. In addition, AKT/protein kinase B (PKB), as a TOPK target protein, was inhibited by cisplatin in cultured TECs. The pharmaceutical inhibition of AKT further aggravated the apoptosis of TECs induced by cisplatin or TOPK inhibition. TOPK systematically mediated the apoptosis via the AKT pathway in the CP-AKI cell model. CONCLUSION These results indicate that TOPK activation protects against CP-AKI by ameliorating the G2/M cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qing-Qing Dong
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hua-Pan Shu
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yu-Chi Tu
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qian-Qian Liao
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Li-Jun Yao
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Lymph but Not Blood Vessel Invasion Is Independent Prognostic in Lung Cancer Patients Treated by VATS-Lobectomy and Might Represent a Future Upstaging Factor for Early Stages. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081893. [PMID: 35454799 PMCID: PMC9031652 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most frequent cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The patient’s outcome depends on tumor size, lymph node involvement and metastatic spread at the time of diagnosis. The prognostic value of lymph and blood vessel invasion, however, is still insufficiently investigated. We retrospectively examined the invasion of lymph vessels and blood vessels separately as two possible prognostic factors in 160 patients who underwent a video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy for non-small-cell lung cancer at our institution between 2014 and 2019. Lymph vessel invasion was significantly associated with the UICC stage, lymph node involvement, tumor dedifferentiation, blood vessel invasion and recurrence. Blood vessel invasion tended to be negative prognostic, but missed the level of significance (p = 0.108). Lymph vessel invasion, on the other hand, proved to be a prognostic factor for both histological subtypes, adenocarcinoma (p < 0.001) as well as squamous cell carcinoma (p = 0.018). After multivariate analysis apart from the UICC stage, only lymph vessel invasion remained independently prognostic (p = 0.018). Remarkably, we found analogue survival curve progressions of patients with stage I, with lymph vessel invasion, compared to stage II non-small-cell lung cancer. After further validation in prospective studies, lymph vessel invasion might be considered as an upstaging factor in resectable lung cancer. Especially in the early-stage of the disease, it might represent an additional risk factor to consider adjuvant therapy after surgical resection.
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The role of T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase in targeted cancer therapy. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:759-769. [PMID: 35037144 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Targeted therapy has gradually become the first-line clinical tumor therapy due to its high specificity and low rate of side effects. TOPK (T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase), a MAP kinase, is highly expressed in various tumor tissues, while it is rarely expressed in normal tissues, with the exceptions of testicular germ cells and some fetal tissues. It can promote cancer cell proliferation and migration and is also related to drug resistance. Therefore, TOPK is considered a good therapeutic target. Moreover, a number of studies have shown that targeting TOPK can inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells and promote their apoptosis. Here, we discussed the biological functions of TOPK in cancer and summarized its tumor-related signaling network and known TOPK inhibitors. Finally, the role of TOPK in targeted cancer therapy was concluded, and future research directions for TOPK were assessed.
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Huang H, Lee MH, Liu K, Dong Z, Ryoo Z, Kim MO. PBK/TOPK: An Effective Drug Target with Diverse Therapeutic Potential. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092232. [PMID: 34066486 PMCID: PMC8124186 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer is a major public health problem worldwide, and addressing its morbidity, mortality, and prevalence is the first step towards appropriate control measures. Over the past several decades, many pharmacologists have worked to identify anti-cancer targets and drug development strategies. Within this timeframe, many natural compounds have been developed to inhibit cancer growth by targeting kinases, such as AKT, AURKA, and TOPK. Kinase assays and computer modeling are considered to be effective and powerful tools for target screening, as they can predict physical interactions between small molecules and their bio-molecular targets. In the present review, we summarize the inhibitors and compounds that target TOPK and describe its role in cancer progression. The extensive body of research that has investigated the contribution of TOPK to cancer suggests that it may be a promising target for cancer therapy. Abstract T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK, also known as PDZ-binding kinase or PBK) plays a crucial role in cell cycle regulation and mitotic progression. Abnormal overexpression or activation of TOPK has been observed in many cancers, including colorectal cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, and melanoma, and it is associated with increased development, dissemination, and poor clinical outcomes and prognosis in cancer. Moreover, TOPK phosphorylates p38, JNK, ERK, and AKT, which are involved in many cellular functions, and participates in the activation of multiple signaling pathways related to MAPK, PI3K/PTEN/AKT, and NOTCH1; thus, the direct or indirect interactions of TOPK make it a highly attractive yet elusive target for cancer therapy. Small molecule inhibitors targeting TOPK have shown great therapeutic potential in the treatment of cancer both in vitro and in vivo, even in combination with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Therefore, targeting TOPK could be an important approach for cancer prevention and therapy. Thus, the purpose of the present review was to consider and analyze the role of TOPK as a drug target in cancer therapy and describe the recent findings related to its role in tumor development. Moreover, this review provides an overview of the current progress in the discovery and development of TOPK inhibitors, considering future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Huang
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, ITRD, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea;
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou 450008, China; (K.L.); (Z.D.)
| | - Mee-Hyun Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju, Jeollanamdo 58245, Korea;
| | - Kangdong Liu
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou 450008, China; (K.L.); (Z.D.)
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Academy of Medical Science, College of Medical, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zigang Dong
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou 450008, China; (K.L.); (Z.D.)
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Academy of Medical Science, College of Medical, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zeayoung Ryoo
- School of Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Correspondence: (Z.R.); (M.O.K.); Tel.: +82-54-530-1234 (M.O.K.)
| | - Myoung Ok Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, ITRD, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea;
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou 450008, China; (K.L.); (Z.D.)
- Correspondence: (Z.R.); (M.O.K.); Tel.: +82-54-530-1234 (M.O.K.)
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PBK/TOPK: A Therapeutic Target Worthy of Attention. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020371. [PMID: 33670114 PMCID: PMC7916869 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports the role of PDZ-binding kinase (PBK)/T-lymphokine-activated killer-cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK) in mitosis and cell-cycle progression of mitotically active cells, especially proliferative malignant cells. PBK/TOPK was confirmed to be associated with the development, progression, and metastasis of malignancies. Therefore, it is a potential therapeutic target in cancer therapy. Many studies have been conducted to explore the clinical applicability of potent PBK/TOPK inhibitors. However, PBK/TOPK has also been shown to be overexpressed in normal proliferative cells, including sperm and neural precursor cells in the subventricular zone of the adult brain, as well as under pathological conditions, such as ischemic tissues, including the heart, brain, and kidney, and plays important roles in their physiological functions, including proliferation and self-renewal. Thus, more research is warranted to further our understanding of PBK/TOPK inhibitors before we can consider their applicability in clinical practice. In this study, we first review the findings, general features, and signaling mechanisms involved in the regulation of mitosis and cell cycle. We then review the functions of PBK/TOPK in pathological conditions, including tumors and ischemic conditions in the heart, brain, and kidney. Finally, we summarize the advances in potent and selective inhibitors and describe the potential use of PBK/TOPK inhibitors in clinical settings.
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Song X, Du R, Gui H, Zhou M, Zhong W, Mao C, Ma J. Identification of potential hub genes related to the progression and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma through integrated bioinformatics analysis. Oncol Rep 2019; 43:133-146. [PMID: 31746405 PMCID: PMC6908929 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths among cancer patients. Genes correlated with the progression and prognosis of HCC are critically needed to be identified. In the present study, 3 Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets (GSE46408, GSE65372 and GSE84402) were used to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between HCC and non-tumor liver tissues. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were conducted to clarify the functional roles of DEGs. A protein-protein interaction network was established to screen the hub genes associated with HCC. The prognostic values of hub genes in HCC patients were analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The expression levels of hub genes were validated based on ONCOMINE, TCGA and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) databases. Notably, 56 upregulated and 33 downregulated DEGs were markedly enriched under various GO terms and four KEGG terms. Among these DEGs, 10 hub genes with high connectivity degree were identified, including cyclin B1, cyclin A2, cyclin B2, condensin complex subunit 3, PDZ binding kinase, nucleolar and spindle-associated protein 1, aurora kinase A, ZW10 interacting kinetochore protein, protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 and kinesin family member 4A. The upregulated expression levels of these hub genes in HCC tissues were further confirmed by ONCOMINE, TCGA, and HPA databases. Additionally, the increased mRNA expression of each hub gene was related to the unfavorable disease-free survival and overall survival of HCC patients. The present study identified ten genes associated with HCC, which may help to provide candidate targets for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiudao Song
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, P.R. China
| | - Rao Du
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| | - Huan Gui
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| | - Wen Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| | - Chenmei Mao
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| | - Jin Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
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Zhang C, Tan X, Feng J, Ding N, Li Y, Jin Z, Meng Q, Liu X, Hu C. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of 1-Aryl-3-{4-[(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)thio]phenyl}urea Derivatives as Antiproliferative Agents. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24112108. [PMID: 31167363 PMCID: PMC6600452 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To discover new antiproliferative agents with high efficacy and selectivity, a new series of 1-aryl-3-{4-[(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)thio]phenyl}urea derivatives (7a–7t) were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against A549, HCT-116 and PC-3 cancer cell lines in vitro. Most of the target compounds demonstrated significant antiproliferative effects on all the selective cancer cell lines. Among them, the target compound, 1-[4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-{4-{{[3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyridin-2-yl]methyl}thio}phenyl}urea (7i) was identified to be the most active one against three cell lines, which was more potent than the positive control with an IC50 value of 1.53 ± 0.46, 1.11 ± 0.34 and 1.98 ± 1.27 μM, respectively. Further cellular mechanism studies confirmed that compound 7i could induce the apoptosis of A549 cells in a concentration-dependent manner and elucidated compound 7i arrests cell cycle at G1 phase by flow cytometry analysis. Herein, the studies suggested that the 1-aryl-3-{4-[(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)thio]phenyl}urea skeleton might be regarded as new chemotypes for designing effective antiproliferative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Tan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Jian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Ning Ding
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Yongpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Zhe Jin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Qingguo Meng
- Department of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Chun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Baicalin suppresses lung cancer growth by targeting PDZ-binding kinase/T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181692. [PMID: 30898980 PMCID: PMC6454021 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Baicalin is the main bioactive component extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Baical Skullcap Root, and its anti-tumor activity has been studied in previous studies. PDZ-binding kinase/T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase (PBK/TOPK), a serine/threonine protein kinase, is highly expressed in many cancer cells and stimulates the tumorigenic properties, and so, it is a pivotal target for agent to cure cancers. We reported for the first time that baicalin suppressed PBK/TOPK activities by directly binding with PBK/TOPK in vitro and in vivo. Ex vivo studies showed that baicalin suppressed PBK/TOPK activity in JB6 Cl41 cells and H441 lung cancer cells. Moreover, knockdown of PBK/TOPK in H441 cells decreased their sensitivity to baicalin. In vivo study indicated that injection of baicalin in H441 tumor-bearing mice effectively suppressed cancer growth. The PBK/TOPK downstream signaling molecules Histone H3 and ERK2 in tumor tissues were also decreased after baicalin treatment. Taken together, baicalin can inhibit proliferation of lung cancer cells as a PBK/TOPK inhibitor both in vitro and in vivo.
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Uchida E, Suwa S, Yoshimoto R, Watanabe K, Kasama T, Miura O, Fukuda T. TOPK is regulated by PP2A and BCR/ABL in leukemia and enhances cell proliferation. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:1785-1796. [PMID: 30864683 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has improved with the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), patients develop fatal blast crisis (BC) whilst receiving TKI treatment. Alternative treatments for cases resistant to TKIs are required. A serine/threonine protein kinase, T‑lymphokine‑activated killer cell‑originated protein kinase (TOPK), is highly expressed in various malignant tumors. Binding of peptides to human leukocyte antigen was assessed via mass spectrometry in K562 CML cells. TOPK expression was assessed in various CML cell lines and in clinical samples obtained from patients with CML using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot assays. It was observed that TOPK was expressed abundantly in BCR/ABL‑positive cell lines and at significantly higher levels in CML clinical samples compared with healthy donor samples. Overexpression of BCR/ABL or the presence of its inhibitor imatinib upregulated and downregulated TOPK expression, respectively, indicating that TOPK may be a target of BCR/ABL. TOPK inhibitor OTS514 suppressed proliferation of BCR/ABL‑positive cell lines and colony formation of CD34‑positive cells from patients with CML compared with lymphoma patients without bone marrow involvement. Furthermore, phosphorylation of TOPK was increased by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitor okadaic acid and was decreased in the presence of PP2A activator FTY720 compared with untreated samples. As constitutive BCR/ABL activity and inhibition of PP2A are key mechanisms of CML development, TOPK may be a crucial signaling molecule for this disease. Inhibition of TOPK may control disease status of CML, even in cases resistant to TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Uchida
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113‑8519, Japan
| | - Shihoko Suwa
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113‑8519, Japan
| | - Ryoto Yoshimoto
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113‑8519, Japan
| | - Ken Watanabe
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113‑8519, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kasama
- Research Center for Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113‑8519, Japan
| | - Osamu Miura
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113‑8519, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Fukuda
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113‑8519, Japan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic significance of PBK/TOPK overexpression in solid tumors remains controversial. Therefore, we carried out a meta-analysis to evaluate the impact of PBK/TOPK overexpression in solid tumors on patients' overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). METHODS Relevant articles were identified through searching the PubMed, Embase and Web of Science up to May 2017. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to estimate the effects. RESULTS In this meta-analysis, 12 studies involving 1571 participants were included, PBK/TOPK overexpression was significantly associated with poor OS (pooled HR = 1.91, 95%CI = 1.22-3.00, P = .005) and short DFS (pooled HR = 1.95, 95%CI = 1.46-2.58, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS PBK/TOPK overexpression was associated with poor survival in human solid tumors which may be a valuable prognosis biomarker and a potential therapeutic target of solid tumors.
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Zhang Y, Yang X, Wang R, Zhang X. Prognostic Value of PDZ-Binding Kinase/T-LAK Cell-Originated Protein Kinase (PBK/TOPK) in Patients with Cancer. J Cancer 2019; 10:131-137. [PMID: 30662533 PMCID: PMC6329853 DOI: 10.7150/jca.28216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: PDZ-binding kinase/T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase (PBK/TOPK) plays a critical role in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. However, the prognostic roles in cancer patients are inconsistent or even controversial. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to investigate the prognostic value of PBK/TOPK in cancers. Methods: Literature search was performed using several online databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar, National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang) for eligible articles published up to May 1, 2018. The relationship between PBK/TOPK expression and prognosis in cancers was investigated by using pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) through STATA 12.0 software. Results: Totally 20 eligible studies were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled results showed that carriers with high protein expression of PBK/TOPK were significantly associated with poor OS (HR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.33-2.04) in various cancers, and patients with increased PBK/TOPK protein expression were significantly correlated with inferior RFS (HR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.02-2.24) and short DFS (HR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.16-2.23). Conclusions: The findings suggest that PBK/TOPK protein expression might serve as a prognostic tumor marker in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, the First People's Hospital of Neijiang, Neijiang 641000, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
| | - Xianjin Yang
- Department of General Surgery, the First People's Hospital of Neijiang, Neijiang 641000, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, the First People's Hospital of Neijiang, Neijiang 641000, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, the First People's Hospital of Neijiang, Neijiang 641000, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
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14
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Hu QF, Gao TT, Shi YJ, Lei Q, Liu ZH, Feng Q, Chen ZJ, Yu LT. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 1-phenyl phenanthridin-6(5H)-one derivatives as anti-tumor agents targeting TOPK. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 162:407-422. [PMID: 30453248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK) is a serine-threonine mitogen-activated protein kinase that is highly expressed in many types of human cancer. Due to its important role in cancer progression, TOPK is becoming an attractive target in chemotherapeutic drug design. In this study, a series of 1-phenyl phenanthridin-6(5H)-one derivatives have been identified as a novel chemical class of TOPK inhibitors. Some of them displayed very potent anti-cancer activity with IC50s less than 100 nM, superior than reference compound OTS964. The most potent compound, 9g suppressed the growth of cancer cells by apoptosis and specifically inhibited the activities of TOPK. Oral administration of 9g effectively suppressed tumor growth with TGI >79.7% in colorectal cancer xenograft models, demonstrating superior efficacy compared to OTS964. Pharmacokinetic studies reveal its good oral bioavailability. Our findings therefore show that 9g is a specific inhibitor of TOPK both in vitro and in vivo that may be further developed as a potential therapeutic agent against colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Fang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tian-Tao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yao-Jie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qian Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qiang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhen-Jia Chen
- Chengdu Chempartner Co., Ltd., 7th Floor, Building B3, Tianfu Life Science Park, No. 88, Keyuan South Road, Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu, China
| | - Luo-Ting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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15
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Quan C, Xiao J, Duan Q, Yuan P, Xue P, Lu H, Yan M, Guo D, Xu S, Zhang X, Lin X, Wang Y, Dogan S, Zhang J, Zhu F, Ke C, Liu L. T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK) as a prognostic factor and a potential therapeutic target in glioma. Oncotarget 2017; 9:7782-7795. [PMID: 29487691 PMCID: PMC5814258 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
TOPK is overexpressed in various types of cancer and associated with poor outcomes in different types of cancer. In this study, we first found that the expression of T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK) was significantly higher in Grade III or Grade IV than that in Grade II in glioma (P = 0.007 and P < 0.001, respectively). Expression of TOPK was positively correlated with Ki67 (P < 0.001). Knockdown of TOPK significantly inhibited cell growth, colony formation and increased sensitivities to temozolomide (TMZ) in U-87 MG or U-251 cells, while TOPK overexpression promoted cell growth and colony formation in Hs 683 or A-172 cells. Glioma patients expressing high levels of TOPK have poor survival compared with those expressing low levels of TOPK in high-grade or low-grade gliomas (hazard ratio = 0.2995; 95% CI, 0.1262 to 0.7108; P = 0.0063 and hazard ratio = 0.1509; 95% CI, 0.05928 to 0.3842; P < 0.0001, respectively). The level of TOPK was low in TMZ-sensitive patients compared with TMZ-resistant patients (P = 0.0056). In TMZ-resistant population, patients expressing high TOPK have two months’ shorter survival time than those expressing low TOPK. Our findings demonstrated that TOPK might represent as a promising prognostic and predictive factor and potential therapeutic target for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuntao Quan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Juanjuan Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Qiuhong Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Ping Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Peipei Xue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Hui Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Meng Yan
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Tianyou Hospital of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Dongsheng Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Sanpeng Xu
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Hematopathology and Laboratory Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Xuan Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, China Resources and WISCO General Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Medicine, Yichun University, Yuanzhou District, Yichun, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Soner Dogan
- School of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Changshu Ke
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
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16
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Hayashi T, Hayakawa Y, Koh M, Tomita T, Nagai S, Kashiwazaki D, Sugimori M, Origasa H, Kuroda S. Impact of a novel biomarker, T-LAK cell-originating protein kinase (TOPK) expression on outcome in malignant glioma. Neuropathology 2017; 38:144-153. [PMID: 29271010 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the biological features of T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originating protein kinase (TOPK) in vitro and to assess clinical impact of TOPK on the outcome in patients with malignant glioma. TOPK protein level and TOPK mRNA and protein levels in six glioma cell lines were examined using Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. Immunohistochemistry was performed to examine their subcellular localization of TOPK. Using surgical specimens from 57 patients with gliomas, TOPK and Ki-67 expressions were examined by immunohistochemistry. Their co-localization was also examined with double immunofluorescence immunohistochemistry. Impacts of TOPK/Ki-67 expression on the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in 32 patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) were examined, using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportion hazard models. Immunohistochemistry revealed that approximately 20-30% of glioma cells were positive for TOPK in vitro. TOPK mRNA was identified in all glioma cell lines on RT-PCR. The value of TOPK/GAPDH was 0.27 ± 0.11. TOPK and Ki-67 expressions were significantly higher in GBM patients than in non-GBM patients. A majority of TOPK-positive cells were also positive for Ki-67 and vice versa. Multivariate analysis revealed that a low TOPK expression (≤ 12.7%) was an independent predictor of longer OS (P = 0.0372), and that gross total removal and a low TOPK expression (≤ 12.7%) were independent predictors of longer PFS (P = 0.0470 and P = 0.0189, respectively). The findings strongly suggest biological and clinical importance of TOPK expression in gliomas, indicating a novel therapeutic potential of TOPK inhibitors to treat malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohide Hayashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yumiko Hayakawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masaki Koh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tomita
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shoichi Nagai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Daina Kashiwazaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Michiya Sugimori
- Department of Integrative Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hideki Origasa
- Division of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuroda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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17
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Phosphorylation of TOPK at Y74, Y272 by Src increases the stability of TOPK and promotes tumorigenesis of colon. Oncotarget 2017; 7:24483-94. [PMID: 27016416 PMCID: PMC5029716 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK), a serine/threonine protein kinase, is highly expressed in a variety of tumors and associated with a poor prognosis of human malignancies. However, the activation mechanism of TOPK is still unrevealed. Herein, first we found that Src directly bound with and phosphorylated TOPK at Y74 and Y272 in vitro. Anti-phospho-TOPK at Y74 was prepared, the endogenous phosphorylation of TOPK at Y74 was detected in colon cancer cells, and the phosphorylation was inhibited in cells expressing low levels of Src. Subsequently, we stably transfected Y74 and Y272 double mutated TOPK (TOPK-FF) into JB6 or SW480 cells, and observed that both the anchorage-independent growth ability and tumorigenesis of TOPK-FF cells were suppressed compared with those of wild type TOPK (TOPK-WT) ex vivo and in vivo. The phosphorylation level of TOPK substrate, Histone H3 at Ser10 also decreased dramatically ex vivo or in vivo. Moreover, we showed that Src could inhibit the ubiquitination of TOPK. Transiently expressed TOPK-WT was more stable than TOPK-FF in pause and chase experiment. Endogenous TOPK was more stable in Src wild type (Src+/+) MEFs than in Src knockout (Src-/-). Taken together, our results indicate that Src is a novel upstream kinase of TOPK. The phosphorylation of TOPK at Y74 and Y272 by Src increases the stability and activity of TOPK, and promotes the tumorigenesis of colon cancer. It may provide opportunities for TOPK based prognosis and targeted therapy for colon cancer patients.
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18
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Hsu YL, Hung JY, Lee YL, Chen FW, Chang KF, Chang WA, Tsai YM, Chong IW, Kuo PL. Identification of novel gene expression signature in lung adenocarcinoma by using next-generation sequencing data and bioinformatics analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:104831-104854. [PMID: 29285217 PMCID: PMC5739604 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. We showed transcriptomic profiles in three pairs of tumors and adjacent non-tumor lung tissues using next-generation sequencing (NGS) to screen protein-coding RNAs and microRNAs. Combined with meta-analysis from the Oncomine and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases, we identified a representative genetic expression signature in lung adenocarcinoma. There were 9 upregulated genes, and 8 downregulated genes in lung adenocarcinoma. The analysis of the effects from each gene expression on survival outcome indicated that 6 genes (AGR2, SPDEF, CDKN2A, CLDN3, SFN, and PHLDA2) play oncogenic roles, and 7 genes (PDK4, FMO2, CPED1, GNG11, IL33, BTNL9, and FABP4) act as tumor suppressors in lung adenocarcinoma. In addition, we also identified putative genetic interactions, in which there were 5 upregulated microRNAs with specific targets - hsa-miR-183-5p-BTNL9, hsa-miR-33b-5p-CPED1, hsa-miR-429-CPED1, hsa-miR-182-5p-FMO2, and hsa-miR-130b-5p-IL33. These 5 microRNAs have been shown to be associated with tumorigenesis in lung cancer. Our findings suggest that these genetic interactions play important roles in the progression of lung adenocarcinoma. We propose that this molecular change of genetic expression may represent a novel signature in lung adenocarcinoma, which may be developed for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Yu Hung
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Lung Lee
- Division of Thoracic surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Wei Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Wei-An Chang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ming Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Inn-Wen Chong
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Biomarkers and Biotech Drugs, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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19
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Stauffer S, Zeng Y, Zhou J, Chen X, Chen Y, Dong J. CDK1-mediated mitotic phosphorylation of PBK is involved in cytokinesis and inhibits its oncogenic activity. Cell Signal 2017; 39:74-83. [PMID: 28780319 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PDZ-binding kinase (PBK) plays a major role in proliferation and in safeguarding mitotic fidelity in cancer cells. Frequently upregulated in many cancers, PBK drives tumorigenesis and metastasis. PBK has been shown to be phosphorylated in mitosis by cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1)/cyclin B, however, no studies have been done examining PBK mitotic phosphorylation in oncogenesis. Additionally to the previously identified Threonine-9 phosphorylation, we found that Threonine-24, Serine-32, and Serine-59 of PBK are also phosphorylated. PBK is phosphorylated in vitro and in cells by CDK1 during antimitotic drug-induced mitotic arrest and in normal mitosis. We demonstrated that mitotic phosphorylation of Threonine-9 is involved in cytokinesis. The non-phosphorylatable mutant PBK-T9A augments tumorigenesis to a greater extent than wild type PBK in breast cancer cells, suggesting that PBK mitotic phosphorylation inhibits its tumor promoting activity. The PBK-T9A mutant also transforms and increases the proliferation of immortalized breast epithelial cells. Collectively, this study reveals that CDK1-mediated mitotic phosphorylation of PBK is involved in cytokinesis and inhibits its oncogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Stauffer
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Yongji Zeng
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Jiuli Zhou
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Xingcheng Chen
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Yuanhong Chen
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Jixin Dong
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States.
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20
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Zhou J, Yu Y, Pei Y, Cao C, Ding C, Wang D, Sun L, Niu G. A potential prognostic biomarker SPC24 promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis in lung cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:65469-65480. [PMID: 29029446 PMCID: PMC5630346 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
RESULTS SPC24 is over-expressed in clinical lung adenocarcinoma samples, and high level of SPC24 is associated with advanced stages of lung tumors. Knocking down SPC24 repressed cell growth and promoted apoptosis. SPC24 deficiency reduced cancer cell migration as well. E-cadherin, one of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers, was up-regulated in the knockdown cells, along with down-regulation of N-cadherin and Vimentin. Oncomine expression analyses further confirmed that high level of SPC24 is associated with tumors from smokers, recurrent patients, or patients with shorter survivals. PURPOSE AND METHODS To reveal the role of SPC24, an important component of kinetochore, in the tumorigenesis of lung cancer, we performed Oncomine and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses for SPC24 in human lung adenocarcinoma tumors. We knocked down SPC24 in two non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, PC9 and A549, by siRNA and evaluated cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration in the SPC24-deficient cells. Using a mouse xenograft model, we compared in vivo tumor growth of the knockdown and control cells. We further performed multiple Oncomine expression analyses for SPC24 in various lung cancer datasets with important clinical characteristics and risk factors, including survival, recurrence, and smoking status. CONCLUSIONS SPC24 is a novel oncogene of lung cancer, and can serve as a promising prognostic biomarker to differentiate lung tumors that have various clinicopathological characteristics. The findings of the current study will benefit the diagnosis, management, and targeted therapy of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated to Medical College of Southeast University and Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated to Medical College of Southeast University and Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Pei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated to Medical College of Southeast University and Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunping Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated to Medical College of Southeast University and Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Ding
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated to Medical College of Southeast University and Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Duping Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated to Medical College of Southeast University and Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated to Medical College of Southeast University and Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoping Niu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated to Medical College of Southeast University and Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
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21
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Park JH, Inoue H, Kato T, Zewde M, Miyamoto T, Matsuo Y, Salgia R, Nakamura Y. TOPK (T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase) inhibitor exhibits growth suppressive effect on small cell lung cancer. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:488-496. [PMID: 28075524 PMCID: PMC5378278 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK) plays critical roles in cancer cell proliferation as well as maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSC). Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has highly aggressive phenotype, reveals early spread to distant sites, and results in dismal prognosis with little effective treatment. In this study, we demonstrate that TOPK expression was highly upregulated in both SCLC cell lines and primary tumors. Similar to siRNA-mediated TOPK knockdown effects, treatment with a potent TOPK inhibitor, OTS514, effectively suppressed growth of SCLC cell lines (IC50 ; 0.4-42.6 nM) and led to their apoptotic cell death. TOPK inhibition caused cell morphologic changes in SCLC cells, elongation of intercellular bridges caused by cytokinesis defects or neuronal protrusions induced by neuronal differentiation in a subset of CSC-like SCLC cells. Treatment with OTS514 suppressed forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1) activity, which was involved in stemness of CSC. Furthermore, OTS514 treatment reduced CD90-positive SCLC cells and showed higher cytotoxic effect against lung sphere-derived CSC-like SCLC cells. Collectively, our results suggest that targeting TOPK is a promising approach for SCLC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyun Park
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Taigo Kato
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Makda Zewde
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Yo Matsuo
- OncoTherapy Science Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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22
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The T-LAK Cell-originated Protein Kinase Signal Pathway Promotes Colorectal Cancer Metastasis. EBioMedicine 2017; 18:73-82. [PMID: 28412249 PMCID: PMC5405196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 90% of all cancer deaths arise from the metastatic dissemination of primary tumors. Metastasis is the most lethal attribute of colorectal cancer. New data regarding the molecules contributing to the metastatic phenotype, the pathways they control and the genes they regulate are very important for understanding the processes of metastasis prognosis and prevention in the clinic. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK) in the promotion of colorectal cancer metastasis. TOPK is highly expressed in human metastatic colorectal cancer tissue compared with malignant adenocarcinoma. We identified p53-related protein kinase (PRPK) as a new substrate of TOPK. TOPK binds with and phosphorylates PRPK at Ser250 in vitro and ex vivo. This site plays a critical role in the function of PRPK. Cell lines stably expressing mutant PRPK (S250A), knockdown TOPK, knockdown PRPK or knockdown of both TOPK and PRPK significantly inhibited liver metastasis of human HCT116 colon cancer cells in a xenograft mouse model. Therefore, we conclude that TOPK directly promotes metastasis of colorectal cancer by modulating PRPK. Thus, these findings may assist in the prediction of prognosis or development of new therapeutic strategies against colon cancer.
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23
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Zou J, Kuang W, Hu J, Rao H. miR-216b promotes cell growth and enhances chemosensitivity of colorectal cancer by suppressing PDZ-binding kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 488:247-252. [PMID: 28373071 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PDZ-binding kinase (PBK/TOPK) acts as oncogene in various cancers and correlates with drug response. However, few studies have examined the expression and roles of PBK in colonrectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we found a significant increase in the expression of PBK in CRC tissues and cell lines. While overexpression of PBK promoted cell growth and decreased the toxicity effect of oxaliplation (OXA), targeting PBK with short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or novel PBK inhibitor HI-TOPK-032 effectively suppressed tumor growth and potentiated chemosensitivity in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, there was a significant inverse correlation between the expressions of miR-216b and PBK. Further found that miR-216b could down-regulate PBK levels by binding to the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of PBK. Notably, while miR-216b decreased cell proliferation and enhanced sensitivity of CRC cells to oxaliplation, re-expression of PBK dramatically reversed these events. Collectively, our data indicated that miR-216b may function as a tumor suppressor though regulating PBK expression, which provided promising targets and possible therapeutic strategies for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zou
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Jiangxi Tumor Hospital, NanChang 330029, China
| | - Weihua Kuang
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Jiangxi Tumor Hospital, NanChang 330029, China
| | - Jilong Hu
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Jiangxi Tumor Hospital, NanChang 330029, China
| | - Huamin Rao
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Jiangxi Tumor Hospital, NanChang 330029, China.
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24
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Goswami MT, Chen G, Chakravarthi BVSK, Pathi SS, Anand SK, Carskadon SL, Giordano TJ, Chinnaiyan AM, Thomas DG, Palanisamy N, Beer DG, Varambally S. Role and regulation of coordinately expressed de novo purine biosynthetic enzymes PPAT and PAICS in lung cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:23445-61. [PMID: 26140362 PMCID: PMC4695129 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells exhibit altered metabolism including aerobic glycolysis that channels several glycolytic intermediates into de novo purine biosynthetic pathway. We discovered increased expression of phosphoribosyl amidotransferase (PPAT) and phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase, phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase (PAICS) enzymes of de novo purine biosynthetic pathway in lung adenocarcinomas. Transcript analyses from next-generation RNA sequencing and gene expression profiling studies suggested that PPAT and PAICS can serve as prognostic biomarkers for aggressive lung adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical analysis of PAICS performed on tissue microarrays showed increased expression with disease progression and was significantly associated with poor prognosis. Through gene knockdown and over-expression studies we demonstrate that altering PPAT and PAICS expression modulates pyruvate kinase activity, cell proliferation and invasion. Furthermore we identified genomic amplification and aneuploidy of the divergently transcribed PPAT-PAICS genomic region in a subset of lung cancers. We also present evidence for regulation of both PPAT and PAICS and pyruvate kinase activity by L-glutamine, a co-substrate for PPAT. A glutamine antagonist, 6-Diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) blocked glutamine mediated induction of PPAT and PAICS as well as reduced pyruvate kinase activity. In summary, this study reveals the regulatory mechanisms by which purine biosynthetic pathway enzymes PPAT and PAICS, and pyruvate kinase activity is increased and exposes an existing metabolic vulnerability in lung cancer cells that can be explored for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moloy T Goswami
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Guoan Chen
- Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Balabhadrapatruni V S K Chakravarthi
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Satya S Pathi
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Immunobiology and Cancer Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Sharath K Anand
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shannon L Carskadon
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Thomas J Giordano
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dafydd G Thomas
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nallasivam Palanisamy
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Urology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - David G Beer
- Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sooryanarayana Varambally
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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25
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Dong C, Tang X, Xie Y, Zou Q, Yang X, Zhou H. The crystal structure of an inactive dimer of PDZ-binding kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 476:586-593. [PMID: 27262437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The overexpression of PDZ-binding kinase/T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase (PBK/TOPK) has been associated with hematologic tumors, breast cancer and various other cancers. However, the three-dimensional structure of PBK has not been solved. In this study, we determined the crystal structure of human PBK, which has two phospho-mimicking mutations T9E and T198E. The structural data indicated that PBK may assemble into an inactive dimer in alkaline conditions. Analytical size-exclusion chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation confirmed that PBK exists in a conformational transition between dimers and monomers at different pH conditions. Co-IP and kinase assays suggested that the active state of PBK is a monomer and does not form a dimer even under alkaline conditions. These results showed that the conformational transition of PBK is important for its kinase activity regulation. Collectively, our observations may provide a novel starting point for structure-based functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunming Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xue Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ying Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qingwei Zou
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China.
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26
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Yang J, Yuan D, Xing T, Su H, Zhang S, Wen J, Bai Q, Dang D. Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibiting HCT116 colon cancer cell proliferation through blocking PDZ-binding kinase/T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase. J Ginseng Res 2016; 40:400-408. [PMID: 27746693 PMCID: PMC5052442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginsenoside Rh2 (GRh2) is the main bioactive component in American ginseng, a commonly used herb, and its antitumor activity had been studied in previous studies. PDZ-binding kinase/T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase (PBK/TOPK), a serine/threonine protein kinase, is highly expressed in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells. METHODS We examined the effect of GRh2 on HCT116 cells ex vivo. Next, we performed in vitro binding assay and in vitro kinase assay to search for the target of GRh2. Furthermore, we elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms for the antitumor effect of GRh2 ex vivo and in vivo. RESULTS The results of our in vitro studies indicated that GRh2 can directly bind with PBK/TOPK and GRh2 also can directly inhibit PBK/TOPK activity. Ex vivo studies showed that GRh2 significantly induced cell death in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells. Further mechanistic study demonstrated that these compounds inhibited the phosphorylation levels of the extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) and (H3) in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells. In vivo studies showed GRh2 inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors of HCT116 cells and inhibited the phosphorylation levels of the extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 and histone H3. CONCLUSION The results indicate that GRh2 exerts promising antitumor effect that is specific to human HCT116 colorectal cancer cells through inhibiting the activity of PBK/TOPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Yang
- Department of interventional radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Yan'an University, Shanxi, China
| | - Donghong Yuan
- Department of interventional radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Yan'an University, Shanxi, China
| | - Tongchao Xing
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth People's Hospital, Shanxi, China
| | - Hongli Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yanan University Affiliated Hospital, Shanxi, China
| | - Shengjun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Yanan University Affiliated Hospital, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiansheng Wen
- Department of Radiology, Central Hospital of Tongchuan Mining Bureau, Shanxi, China
| | - Qiqiang Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Yanan University Affiliated Hospital, Shanxi, China
| | - Dongmei Dang
- Department of Pathogenic microbiology, Medical College of Yan'an University, Shanxi, China
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27
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Sun H, Zhang L, Shi C, Hu P, Yan W, Wang Z, Duan Q, Lu F, Qin L, Lu T, Xiao J, Wang Y, Zhu F, Shao C. TOPK is highly expressed in circulating tumor cells, enabling metastasis of prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:12392-404. [PMID: 25881543 PMCID: PMC4494946 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are important for metastasis in prostate cancer. T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK) is highly expressed in cancer cells. Herein, we established a xenograft animal model, isolated and cultured the CTCs, and found CTCs have significantly greater migratory capacity than parental cells. TOPK is more highly expressed in the CTCs than in parental cells and is also highly expressed in the metastatic nodules caused by CTCs in mice. Knocking down TOPK decreased the migration of CTCs both in vitro and in vivo. TOPK was modulated by the PI3K/PTEN and ERK pathways during the metastasis of prostate cancer. High levels of TOPK in the tumors of patients were correlated with advanced stages of prostate cancer, especially for high-risk patients of Gleason score≥8, PSA>20ng/ml. In summary, TOPK was speculated to be one of a potential marker and therapeutic target in advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Sun
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Changhong Shi
- Laboratory Animal Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peizhen Hu
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Qiuhong Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Lipeng Qin
- PLA Lhasa General Hospital, Lhasa, China
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juanjuan Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingmei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
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28
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Targeting PBK/TOPK decreases growth and survival of glioma initiating cells in vitro and attenuates tumor growth in vivo. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:121. [PMID: 26081429 PMCID: PMC4470057 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0398-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastomas are invasive therapy resistant brain tumors with extremely poor prognosis. The Glioma initiating cell (GIC) population contributes to therapeutic resistance and tumor recurrence. Targeting GIC-associated gene candidates could significantly impact GBM tumorigenicity. Here, we investigate a protein kinase, PBK/TOPK as a candidate for regulating growth, survival and in vivo tumorigenicity of GICs. Methods PBK is highly upregulated in GICs and GBM tissues as shown by RNA and protein analyses. We knocked down PBK using shRNA vectors and inhibited the function of PBK protein with a pharmacological PBK inhibitor, HITOPK-032. We assessed viability, tumorsphere formation and apoptosis in three patient derived GIC cultures. Results Gene knockdown of PBK led to decreased viability and sphere formation and in one culture an increase in apoptosis. Treatment of cells with inhibitor HITOPK-032 (5 μM and 10 μM) almost completely abolished growth and elicited a large increase in apoptosis in all three cultures. HI-TOPK-032 treatment (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg bodyweight) in vivo resulted in diminished growth of experimentally induced subcutaneous GBM tumors in mice. We also carried out multi-culture assays of cell survival to investigate the relative effects on GICs compared with the normal neural stem cells (NSCs) and their differentiated counterparts. Normal NSCs seemed to withstand treatment slightly better than the GICs. Conclusion Our study of identification and functional validation of PBK suggests that this candidate can be a promising molecular target for GBM treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-015-0398-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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29
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Lindskog C, Edlund K, Mattsson JSM, Micke P. Immunohistochemistry-based prognostic biomarkers in NSCLC: novel findings on the road to clinical use? Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 15:471-90. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.1002772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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30
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Lei B, Qi W, Zhao Y, Li Y, Liu S, Xu X, Zhi C, Wan L, Shen H. PBK/TOPK expression correlates with mutant p53 and affects patients' prognosis and cell proliferation and viability in lung adenocarcinoma. Hum Pathol 2014; 46:217-24. [PMID: 25466965 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The PDZ-binding kinase/T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase (PBK/TOPK) is highly expressed in many types of tumors. However, its role in lung adenocarcinoma remains elusive. The aims of this study were to investigate the correlation between PBK/TOPK and mutant p53 in lung adenocarcinoma and to evaluate the effect of PBK/TOPK on cell proliferation and viability. Expression of PBK/TOPK and mutant p53 was detected in 127 cases of lung adenocarcinoma and was examined in the A549, GLC-82, and H358 lung adenocarcinoma cell lines by immunohistochemistry staining and Western blot assay. When PBK/TOPK expression was down-regulated by TOPK-specific siRNA in the A549 and GLC-82 lines, the effects of PBK/TOPK on cell proliferation, viability, and mutant p53 expression were evaluated. Expression of PBK/TOPK correlated positively with mutant p53 in both tumor tissues and cell lines. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that PBK/TOPK, mutant p53, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, high TNM stage, and poor tumor differentiation were associated with a poor prognosis. Cox multivariate analysis showed that PBK/TOPK, mutant p53, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis could each serve as an independent prognostic factor. After down-regulation of PBK/TOPK in the A549 and GLC-82 cell lines, mutant p53 expression was decreased, and cell proliferation and viability were significantly inhibited. Therefore, our results suggest that PBK/TOPK correlates with mutant p53 and affects cell proliferation and viability as well as prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lei
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenjuan Qi
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yunfei Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yumei Li
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shuguang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chen Zhi
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liyan Wan
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China.
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Luo Q, Lei B, Liu S, Chen Y, Sheng W, Lin P, Li W, Zhu H, Shen H. Expression of PBK/TOPK in cervical cancer and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:8059-8064. [PMID: 25550851 PMCID: PMC4270522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED objectives: To evaluate the expression of PBK/TOPK (PDZ-binding kinase/T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase) and its clinical significance in cervical cancer and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. METHODS PBK/TOPK expression was detected in 28 cases of low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CINI), 62 cases of high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and 80 cases of cervical cancer by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Then, the correlation between PBK/TOPK expression and clinicopathological features was quantitatively analyzed by measuring the positive unit (PU). RESULTS PBK/TOPK expression was significantly greater in cervical cancer than that in high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and CINI (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, PBK/TOPK expression in high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia was significantly higher compared with that in CINI (P < 0.05). In addition, PBK/TOPK expression in cervical cancer significantly correlated with histological type, differentiation, lymph node metastasis, vaginal and cervical invasion, TNM stage and tumor size (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION PBK/TOPK expression is closely associated with cervical cancer and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, which may be served as a useful target for tumor diagnosis and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Luo
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Oncology, Leiyang People’s HospitalLeiyang City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Bin Lei
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shuguang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yaowen Chen
- Central Laboratory of Shantou UniversityShantou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenjie Sheng
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Peixin Lin
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenxia Li
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haili Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
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Singh P, Srivastava AK, Dalela D, Rath S, Goel M, Bhatt M. Expression of PDZ-binding kinase/T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase (PBK/TOPK) in human urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Immunobiology 2014; 219:469-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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33
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Mollberg NM, Bennette C, Howell E, Backhus L, Devine B, Ferguson MK. Lymphovascular Invasion as a Prognostic Indicator in Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Thorac Surg 2014; 97:965-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Park JH, Jeong YJ, Won HK, Choi SY, Park JH, Oh SM. Activation of TOPK by lipopolysaccharide promotes induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase through NF-κB activity in leukemia cells. Cell Signal 2014; 26:849-56. [PMID: 24440499 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK) is known to be involved in tumorigenesis or cancer progression. However, the role of TOPK in inflammatory response remains elusive. Here we show that TOPK positively regulates inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression and nitric oxide (NO) production in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In TOPK-depleted cells, the iNOS expression was shown to be greatly abolished. Also, we revealed that LPS treatment augmented the expression and activity of TOPK, the interaction of TOPK with IκBα, and promoted TOPK kinase activity against IκBα. Moreover, NF-κB or iNOS promoter-driven transcriptional activity in response to LPS was markedly reduced by knocking down of TOPK or deletion of NF-κB sites. On the other hand, endogenous TOPK level was expressed very lowly in bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) prepared from Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) knockout mice, compared to BMDM from wild type (WT) mice. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that TOPK upregulates iNOS gene expression in T cell leukemia Jurkat cells or macrophage leukemic Raw 264.7 cells via NF-κB activation in response to LPS, and might act as a critical effector in LPS/TLR4-mediated signaling cascade, suggesting a possible role of TOPK in inflammatory response or inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwan Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Kwan Won
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Konyang Hospital, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yun Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Muk Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea.
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Lei B, Liu S, Qi W, Zhao Y, Li Y, Lin N, Xu X, Zhi C, Mei J, Yan Z, Wan L, Shen H. PBK/TOPK expression in non-small-cell lung cancer: its correlation and prognostic significance with Ki67 and p53 expression. Histopathology 2013; 63:696-703. [PMID: 24025073 DOI: 10.1111/his.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of PBK/TOPK (PDZ-binding kinase/T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase) expression, and explore the prognostic significance of PBK/TOPK expression alone and in combination with Ki67 and p53 expression in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS AND RESULTS We detected PBK/TOPK expression in 30 samples of normal lung tissue, 32 lymph node metastases and 279 primary non-small-cell lung cancers by immunohistochemistry, and analysed the correlation of PBK/TOPK expression with Ki67 and p53 expression in primary tumour tissues. The results showed that PBK/TOPK expression was higher in lymph node metastases (75%) than in primary tumours (44.8%) and normal lung tissues (0%). PBK/TOPK expression was associated with histological type, lymph node metastasis, and TNM stage, and was positively correlated with Ki67 and p53 expression in NSCLC. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses showed that PBK/TOPK expression was significantly associated with an unfavourable prognosis in NSCLC. The prognosis of patients with tumours positive for both PBK/TOPK expression and Ki67 or p53 expression was also significantly unfavourable. CONCLUSIONS PBK/TOPK expression is positively correlated with Ki67 and p53 expression, and can be used as an independent prognostic factor in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lei
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Chen F, Li R, Wang C, Cao L, Wang Y, Yu L. T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase is essential for the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC-7721 cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2013; 31:736-42. [PMID: 23526201 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and typically has poor prognosis. Like most cancers, altered gene expression was always associated with the induction and maintenance of HCC. Here, we reported that the expression level of T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK) is significantly up-regulated in human HCC samples and cell lines. The suppression of TOPK by short hairpin RNA in HCC cell line SMMC-7721 caused cell cycle arrest and reduced cell growth and colony formation ability. Moreover, the tumor formation ability of the TOPK-suppression cells was significantly impaired compared with the control cells in nude mice. In addition, the knockdown expression of TOPK reduced the AKT phosphorylation. Taken together, we unveiled a novel role of TOPK which acts as an important positive regulator in human HCC cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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