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The role of online group norms and social identity in youth problem gambling. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.106828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Leavens E, Marotta J, Weinstock J. Disordered gambling in residential substance use treatment centers: an unmet need. J Addict Dis 2015; 33:163-73. [PMID: 24735187 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2014.909697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examined prevalence and potential impact of disordered gambling in a sample of individuals (N = 684) undergoing residential treatment for substance use disorders at 13 facilities. Lifetime disordered gambling prevalence was 20.2%, as identified by South Oaks Gambling Screen. Within individuals who screened positive for disordered gambling, few had sought help for gambling (15.9%) and only 14.3% reported having gambling addressed in their current substance use disorder treatment. Meanwhile, 30.4% identified gambling as a concern in their recovery efforts. The presence of a gambling problem, either historical or current, potentially affects residential treatment outcomes and warrants clinical attention within these programs.
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Zois E, Kortlang N, Vollstädt-Klein S, Lemenager T, Beutel M, Mann K, Fauth-Bühler M. Decision-making deficits in patients diagnosed with disordered gambling using the Cambridge Gambling task: the effects of substance use disorder comorbidity. Brain Behav 2014; 4:484-94. [PMID: 25161815 PMCID: PMC4107466 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disordered gambling (DG) has often been associated with impaired decision-making abilities, suggesting a dysfunction in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). AIMS To our knowledge, no previous study has accurately considered the effect of substance use disorder (SUD) comorbidity (including nicotine dependence) on decision-making impairments in DG. METHODS AND MATERIALS We employed the Cambridge Gambling Task (CGT) to assess a big cohort of patients diagnosed with DG (N = 80) against matched healthy controls (HCs) (N = 108). The cohort included DG patients with nicotine and alcohol dependence, alcohol dependence only and 12 "pure" nonsmokers with only DG diagnosis. RESULTS Pure nonsmoking, nicotine dependent as well as alcoholic DGs with current nicotine dependence, demonstrated a decision making profile, characterized by poor decision-making abilities and failure to make right choices (rational), closely resembling that of patients with vmPFC damage. DISCUSSION This suggests that DGs with and without SUD comorbidity are equally affected in that domain of decision making abilities. Additionally, gambling diagnosis combined with alcohol and nicotine dependence involves a group of gambling patients with a relatively riskier decision making profile, showing that these patients apart from making irrational decisions take also more risks. Our findings highlight the importance of accounting for SUD comorbidities with useful implications for future research and therapy. Limitations of the current investigation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Zois
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Noreen Kortlang
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabine Vollstädt-Klein
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tagrid Lemenager
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin Beutel
- Kraichtal-Kliniken Am Mühlberg, 76703, Kraichtal, Germany
| | - Karl Mann
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mira Fauth-Bühler
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
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Chan VKY. The General Relationship Between Universal Human Values and Adolescents' Problem/Pathological Gambling in Macao: A Parsimonious, Quantitative Model. Subst Use Misuse 2014; 49:189-201. [PMID: 23964985 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2013.824475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study modeled the general relationship between individual Macao adolescents' universal human values, measured by the Schwartz Values Inventory, and their problem/pathological gambling, indicated by the South Oaks Gambling Screen, using parsimonious, quantitative structural equation modeling. Data were collected through 471 questionnaires (261 females and 210 males) in 2010. Of the 10 value types in the Schwartz Values Inventory and derived value subtypes, only the human value subtype "nonfaith tradition" was found to be (negatively) related to problem/pathological gambling in the model. The corresponding factor loading was -0.07 (p = .015). This study was supported by the Education and Youth Affairs Bureau, the Government of Macao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor K Y Chan
- a School of Business, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Rua de Luis Gonzaga Gomes , Macao, People's Republic of China
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Lesieur HR, Rosenthal RJ. Pathological gambling: A review of the literature (prepared for the American Psychiatric Association task force on DSM-IV committee on disorders of impulse control not elsewhere classified). J Gambl Stud 2013; 7:5-39. [PMID: 24242968 DOI: 10.1007/bf01019763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This is a review of the literature on pathological gambling prepared for the work group on disorders of impulse control, not elsewhere classified of the American Psychiatric Association. It introduces the new DSM-IV criteria as well as outlines the phases of the career of the pathological gambler. Research discussed includes that on pathological gambling and psychiatric disorders, substance abuse, family issues, children, finances, and crime. Psychoanalytic, personality, behavioral, sociological, psychologically based addiction theories, and physiological research are also summarized. Finally, treatment outcome studies are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Lesieur
- Department of Sociology & Anthropology, St. John's University, 11439, Jamaica, NY, USA
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Lesieur HR. Epidemiological surveys of pathological gambling: Critique and suggestions for modification. J Gambl Stud 2013; 10:385-98. [PMID: 24234972 DOI: 10.1007/bf02104904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies of problem and pathological gambling were examined for their accuracy. Fundamental flaws and biases were found in these surveys. These include problems with survey instruments; nonresponses and refusal bias; the exclusion of institutionalized populations; exclusion of other groups; and failure to protect against denial on the part of the respondent when others are present near the telephone. Based on the issues discussed, one can reasonably be expected to assume that most epidemiological surveys seriously underestimate the extent of problem and pathological gambling. Alternative strategies for addressing these issues are discussed. These strategies include the use of field interviews, surveys of institutionalized populations, frequent player surveys and significant other surveys. The value and potential problems of these approaches are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Lesieur
- Department of Criminal Justice Sciences, Illinois State University, 61790-5250, Normal, IL
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Abstract
The phenomenon of "switching addictions," defined as a substitution of one chemical or behavioral addiction pattern for another, has been observed in clinical practices for some time. This case study describes a patient who, in attaining abstinence from alcohol and other drug dependence, became a pathological gambler. The complexities of personal history, medical history and psychiatric history are described as well problems in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Blume
- South Oaks Hospital, 400 Sunrise Highway, 11701, Amityville, NY
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8
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Grenier G, Fleury MJ, Imboua A, NGui A. Portrait et dynamique des organismes desservant les personnes itinérantes ou à risque d’itinérance dans la région de Montréal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 38:119-41. [DOI: 10.7202/1019189ar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cet article dresse un portrait des organismes desservant les personnes itinérantes ou à risque d’itinérance (PIRI) à Montréal ainsi que des déterminants de leurs relations interorganisationnelles. L’étude montre que la collaboration interorganisationnelle, particulièrement avec le réseau de la santé et des services sociaux (RSSS), gagnerait à être accrue afin de répondre aux problèmes concomitants auxquels sont confrontées les PIRI. Le nombre de services offerts, l’appréciation des relations avec les organismes du RSSS, le pourcentage d’anglophones en situation d’itinérance et d’individus ayant des problèmes de jeu parmi la clientèle sont les déterminants influençant l’intensité des relations interorganisationnelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Grenier
- Ph.D., chercheur associé, Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire en santé mentale Douglas, Montréal
| | - Marie-Josée Fleury
- Ph.D., professeure agrégée, Département de psychiatrie, Université McGill, Montréal
- Chercheuse, Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire en santé mentale Douglas, Montréal
- Directrice scientifique, Centre de réadaptation en dépendance de Montréal, Institut universitaire, Montréal
| | - Armelle Imboua
- M.D., agente de recherche, Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire en santé mentale Douglas, Montréal
| | - André NGui
- Ph.D., chercheur, Centre de réadaptation en dépendance de Montréal, Institut universitaire, Montréal
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Stevens M, Golebiowska K. Gambling problems amongst the CALD population of Australia: hidden, visible or not a problem? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1186/2195-3007-3-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Prakash O, Avasthi A, Benegal V. Should pathological gambling be considered an addictive disorder? Asian J Psychiatr 2012; 5:211-4. [PMID: 22981047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Although pathological gambling is a relatively common disorder, there are only limited data available about the validity of its diagnosis as an impulse control disorder. Interestingly, there is no single conceptual widely accepted model that adequately accounts for the multiple biological, psychological and ecological variables contributing to the development of pathological gambling. In this paper, the authors demonstrate aspects of addictive behavior of pathological gambling. It is suggested that despite conceptual difficulties associated with the variable of self-control, contemporary research into the addictive behavior of gambling has clearly demonstrated its closeness to addictions as compared to impulse control disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om Prakash
- Institute of Human Behaviour & Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India.
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Majer JM, Angulo RS, Aase DM, Jason LA. Gambling Behaviors Among Oxford House Residents: A Preliminary Investigation. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SERVICE RESEARCH 2011; 37:422-427. [PMID: 21949457 PMCID: PMC3177173 DOI: 10.1080/01488376.2011.578037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the prevalence of gambling behaviors among 71 individuals recovering from substance-dependent disorders and living in self-run recovery homes (Oxford Houses). Residents were given the South Oaks Gambling Screen to assess gambling behaviors and pathological gambling, and 19.7% of the sample was identified as having probable pathological gambling. These residents reported proportionately more involvement in a variety of gambling behaviors than other residents. Engagement in various gambling activities was consistent with previous investigations and suggested that self-run recovery homes such as Oxford Houses might be suitable referral sources for recovering persons who have comorbid gambling problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Majer
- Harry S. Truman College, Department of Social Sciences, Chicago, IL
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Blinn-Pike L, Worthy SL, Jonkman JN. Adolescent gambling: a review of an emerging field of research. J Adolesc Health 2010; 47:223-36. [PMID: 20708560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this review was to summarize the research on adolescent gambling with implications for research and prevention or intervention. METHOD The methodology involved a comprehensive and systematic search of "adolescent or youth gambling" in three diverse electronic databases (MedlineAdvanced, PsycINFO, and Sociological Abstracts) and three peer-reviewed journals (International Journal of Gambling Studies, International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, and Journal of Gambling Issues). RESULTS The search resulted in 137 articles (1985-2010) focusing on gambling among youth aged between 9 and 21 years: 103 quantitative, 8 qualitative, and 26 non-empirical. The study of adolescent gambling can be summarized as follows: (a) it is conducted by a relatively small group of researchers in Britain, Canada, and the United States; (b) it is primarily prevalence-focused, quantitative, descriptive, school-based, and atheoretical; (c) it has most often been published in the Journal of Gambling Studies; (d) it is most often examined in relation to alcohol use; (e) it has relatively few valid and reliable screening instruments that are developmentally appropriate for adolescents, and (f) it lacks racially diverse samples. CONCLUSION Four recommendations are presented for both research and prevention or intervention which are as follows: (1) to provide greater attention to the development and validation of survey instruments or diagnostic criteria to assess adolescent problem gambling; (2) to begin to develop and test more gambling prevention or intervention strategies; (3) to not only examine the co-morbidity of gambling and alcohol abuse, but also include other behaviors such as sexual activity; and (4) to pay greater attention to racial and ethnic differences in the study of adolescent gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Blinn-Pike
- Department of Sociology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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Abstract
Data on 503 students from rural and urban areas were collected from January 2009 to October 2009 to test for cross-addiction of alcohol dependency with disordered gambling among college athletes and nonathletes. To test for alcohol dependency, the Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST) was employed, while the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) was utilized to assess gambling behaviors. Athletes had higher frequencies of cross-addiction. For athletes there was a correlation between scores on the MAST and SOGS. Limitations related to data collection are discussed. Recommendations for further research directed toward the development of programs geared to assist students are given.
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Felthous AR, Weaver D, Evans R, Braik S, Stanford MS, Johnson R, Metzger C, Bazile A, Barratt E. Assessment of impulsive aggression in patients with severe mental disorders and demonstrated violence: inter-rater reliability of rating instrument. J Forensic Sci 2009; 54:1470-4. [PMID: 19818113 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of impulsive and premeditated aggression, developed recently, have been applied to prison and outpatient populations without severe mental disorders. Comparable measures of impulsive and premeditated aggression have not been developed for populations with a severe mental disorder. A practical difficulty is that seriously disturbed, thought-disordered patients are incapable of providing reliable historical information. The investigators adapted the Barratt-Stanford instrument for differentiating impulsive from premeditated aggression so that instead of serving as an interview schedule, it could be used to assess aggression from previously documented written descriptions. The study found that the majority of ratable patients showed predominantly impulsive aggression, and after omitting four weak items, the inter-rater reliability for the determination of impulsive aggression was good (k = 0.53). Far fewer of the patients were determined to have shown predominantly premeditated aggression (from 14.2% to 15.5%) and the inter-rater reliability for premeditated aggression was deemed fair (k = 0.33).
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Lobo DSS, Kennedy JL. Genetic aspects of pathological gambling: a complex disorder with shared genetic vulnerabilities. Addiction 2009; 104:1454-65. [PMID: 19686516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To summarize and discuss findings from genetic studies conducted on pathological gambling (PG). METHODS Searches were conducted on PubMed and PsychInfo databases using the keywords: 'gambling and genes', 'gambling and family' and 'gambling and genetics', yielding 18 original research articles investigating the genetics of PG. RESULTS Twin studies using the Vietnam Era Twin Registry have found that: (i) the heritability of PG is estimated to be 50-60%; (ii) PG and subclinical PG are a continuum of the same disorder; (iii) PG shares genetic vulnerability factors with antisocial behaviours, alcohol dependence and major depressive disorder; (iv) genetic factors underlie the association between exposure to traumatic life-events and PG. Molecular genetic investigations on PG are at an early stage and published studies have reported associations with genes involved in the brain's reward and impulse control systems. CONCLUSIONS Despite the paucity of studies in this area, published studies have provided considerable evidence of the influence of genetic factors on PG and its complex interaction with other psychiatric disorders and environmental factors. The next step would be to investigate the association and interaction of these variables in larger molecular genetic studies with subphenotypes that underlie PG. Results from family and genetic investigations corroborate further the importance of understanding the biological underpinnings of PG in the development of more specific treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S S Lobo
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Neurogenetics Laboratory, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, R 30, Toronto, ON M5T1R8, Canada.
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Westerman GH, Elsasser GN, Kavan MG. Dental Student Experiences with Gambling: A Survey of Attitudes, Exposure, and Impact. J Dent Educ 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/j.0022-0337.2009.73.8.tb04782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary H. Westerman
- Department of Community and Preventive Dentistry; School of Dentistry; Creighton University
| | - Gary N. Elsasser
- Departments of Pharmacy Practice and Family Medicine; Schools of Pharmacy and Health Professions and Medicine; Creighton University
| | - Michael G. Kavan
- Department of Family Medicine; School of Medicine; Creighton University
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Griffiths M, Parke J, Wood R. Excessive gambling and substance abuse: is there a relationship? JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/14659890215688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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A response to Blaszczynski, Griffiths and Turners’ Comments on the Paper “Problems with the Concept of Video Game ‘Addiction’: Some Case Study Examples” (this issue). Int J Ment Health Addict 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-008-9147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Stewart SH, Kushner MG. Introduction to the special issue on ''relations between gambling and alcohol use''. J Gambl Stud 2007; 21:223-31. [PMID: 16134006 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-005-3097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
It has long been recognized that gambling is an activity that is often combined with alcohol intake. Not only do the behaviors of drinking and gambling frequently co-occur, alcohol use disorders and pathological gambling are also commonly co-morbid conditions in both clinical and non-clinical samples. This article introduces a special issue of the Journal of Gambling Studies focusing on cutting edge findings on the relations between gambling and alcohol use behaviors and their associated disorders. We set the stage for the following series of six novel empirical papers and integrative commentary by reviewing the theoretical pathways through which alcohol use and gambling disorders may be linked. We conclude by describing some of the novel contributions of each of the empirical studies from within the context of these theoretical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry H Stewart
- Department of Phychology, Life Science Centre, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4J1.
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Ellery M, Stewart SH, Loba P. Alcohol's effects on video lottery terminal (VLT) play among probable pathological and non-pathological gamblers. J Gambl Stud 2007; 21:299-324. [PMID: 16134010 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-005-3101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study tested whether alcohol increases behaviors associated with video lottery terminal (VLT) play, particularly among probable pathological gamblers. Forty-four regular VLT players were designated either probable pathological gamblers or non-pathological gamblers on the basis of scores on the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS); [Lesieur & Blume (1997). American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 1184-1188] Gamblers from each SOGS category were randomly assigned to either a moderately intoxicating alcohol dose or a control beverage condition (n = 11 per cell in the 2 x 2 between-subjects design). Following beverage consumption and absorption, participants played a video poker VLT game for up to 30 minutes. Four behaviors were measured: "power-bets" (doubling bet after viewing only two cards of the five-card poker hand); total money spent; mean bet magnitude; and number of minutes played. Alcohol increased time spent playing and rate of power-bets, particular among the probable pathological gamblers. Post hoc analyses revealed that alcohol also influenced the proportion of losing hands played--increasing them among the probable pathological gamblers while decreasing them among the non-pathological gamblers. Clinical and policy implications of the findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ellery
- Dalhousie Gambling Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4J1.
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21
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Goodman A. Neurobiology of addiction. An integrative review. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 75:266-322. [PMID: 17764663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 07/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Evidence that psychoactive substance use disorders, bulimia nervosa, pathological gambling, and sexual addiction share an underlying biopsychological process is summarized. Definitions are offered for addiction and addictive process, the latter being the proposed designation for the underlying biopsychological process that addictive disorders are hypothesized to share. The addictive process is introduced as an interaction of impairments in three functional systems: motivation-reward, affect regulation, and behavioral inhibition. An integrative review of the literature that addresses the neurobiology of addiction is then presented, organized according to the three functional systems that constitute the addictive process. The review is directed toward identifying candidate neurochemical substrates for the impairments in motivation-reward, affect regulation, and behavioral inhibition that could contribute to an addictive process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviel Goodman
- Minnesota Institute of Psychiatry, 1347 Summit Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA.
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22
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Oei TPS, Lin J, Raylu N. Validation of the Chinese Version of the Gambling Urges Scale (GUS-C). INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/14459790601157970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Behavioral addictions are considered as the repetitive occurrence of impulsive behaviors without consideration of their potential negative consequences. These addictions represent an increasing cost to society and are an important new field of research in psychiatric genetics. There has been a growing body of evidence on the familial aggregation and genetic influences on the development of behavioral addictions and mainly on pathological gambling. The aim of this article is to critically review findings of family and molecular genetic studies on behavioral addictions, focusing on pathological gambling and commenting on other disorders where appropriate. This review provides a comprehensive approach to genetic studies on behavioral addiction and points out the necessity of expanding the genetic research in this field. Future directions for genetic studies in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S S Lobo
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Pietrzak RH, Petry NM. Gambling severity and health functioning in adolescents recruited from urban primary care settings. J Adolesc Health 2006; 39:764-6. [PMID: 17046519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between gambling severity and physical and mental health in a sample of 110 adolescents recruited from urban primary care settings. A total of 11.8% were probable pathological gamblers, and 5.5% were problem gamblers. Probable pathological/problem gambling was associated with poor mental health and perceived social functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Pietrzak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3944, USA
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Sonntag D. Risikofaktoren des problematischen Glücksspielverhaltens. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KLINISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2006. [DOI: 10.1026/1616-3443.35.4.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Pathologisches Glücksspielverhalten nach DSM-IV oder ICD-10 wird als Impulskontrollstörung diagnostiziert. In diesem Artikel wird der Begriff auf problematisches Glücksspielverhalten erweitert. In der Literatur dominieren zwei theoretische Entstehungsmodelle: das “Sucht-“ und das “Neurosemodell“. Fragestellung: Was sind die Korrelate und Risikofaktoren für die Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung problematischen Glücksspielverhaltens, welche Implikationen gibt es für die Modellannahmen und für die Behandlung. Methode: Auf der Basis einer Literaturanalyse wird ein Überblick über die bislang gesicherten Risikofaktoren gegeben. Ergebnisse: Es gibt eine Fülle von Querschnittsstudien und einige Längsschnittstudien, die Hinweise auf das Vorliegen einiger gesicherter Korrelate und Risikofaktoren geben. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Befunde unterstützen bestimmte Modellannahmen und sollten in der Prävention und Therapie von Personen mit problematischem Glücksspielverhalten berücksichtigt werden.
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Brugal MT, Rodríguez-Martos A, Villalbí JR. Nuevas y viejas adicciones: implicaciones para la salud pública. GACETA SANITARIA 2006; 20 Suppl 1:55-62. [PMID: 16539966 DOI: 10.1157/13086027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
According to certain authors, any pleasure giving behaviour may become a habit, and depending on the circumstances, an addiction. The objective of this study is to examine the situation of addictions in Spain and the responses generated by health policies. In recent years, both the type and pattern of drug consumption in Spain, has undergone a noticeable change. Studies of the evolution of tobacco consumption suggest that the peak has passed, even though prevalence is still high. Alcohol consumption per capita has fallen by 25% in the last 25 years. During the same period, pattern of consumption has been modified. Sporadic drinking, in episodes of binging and drinking away from meals, is one of the patterns on the rise. According to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, in Spain, 27.8% of the population between 15- 64 years old has consumed an illegal drug at least once in their lives, with the prevalence rising to 38% among the 15- 34 year olds. Cannabis is the most consumed (29% among 1564 age group), followed by cocaine (5.9%), and ecstasy (4.6%). Spain, comparing with other countries of European Union, is the third in cannabis, ecstasy, and amphetamine and the first in cocaine consumption. With respect to the so-called behavioral addictions, no consensus in the field of psychiatry has been reached. The only psychological addiction with clear diagnostic criteria is gambling. The rest (Internet, sex, etc.), perhaps for their novelty, continue to be the object of controversy. New addictions, as much to addictive substances as to addictive behaviors, run parallel to the development of industrialized societies, leisure, free time, and a new way of life. This is the new challenge for Public Health.
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Lejoyeux M, Kerner L, Thauvin I, Loi S. Study of impulse control disorders among women presenting nicotine dependence. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2006; 10:241-6. [PMID: 24941141 DOI: 10.1080/13651500600650000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Impulse control disorders (ICDs) include intermittent explosive disorder, kleptomania, trichotillomania, pyromania and pathological gambling. Several studies have showed an association between ICDs and alcohol use disorders. The rate of co-occurrence ICDs and nicotine dependence has never been investigated. We thus assessed the frequency of all ICDs in a population of nicotine-dependent women compared to non-smoking women. We also checked criteria of two other impulsive behaviours, compulsive buying and bulimia. Methods. Five hundred consecutive patients were assessed by a general practitioner in Paris (France). One hundred and twenty-seven women presenting the DSM-IV-R criteria for nicotine dependence were included. They were compared to 127 women consulting the same practitioner but who did not smoke. Diagnosis of ICD (pyromania, kleptomania, trichotillomania, intermittent explosive disorder, pathological gambling) and of bulimia was based on DSM-IV criteria and a modified version of the Minnesota Impulsive Disorders Interview (MIDI). Diagnosis of compulsive buying was made with the McElroy et al. criteria and a specific questionnaire. Cigarette smoking was studied using the Fagerström questionnaire and the DSM-IV-R criteria for nicotine dependence. Alcohol use disorders were assessed with the DSM-IV-R criteria for dependence and the CAGE and the MAST questionnaires. Results. Thirteen patients presented trichotillomania, 22 explosive intermittent disorder and 12 pathological gambling. All these diagnoses were equally frequent in the nicotine-positive and nicotine-negative groups. We found no case of pyromania. Compulsive buying was the most frequent impulse control disorder. It was significantly more frequent in the nicotine-positive group than in the nicotine-negative group (58 vs. 39 cases, P=0.01). Scores of the compulsive buying scale were higher in the nicotine-positive group (4.07 vs. 2.9, P=0.01). None of the patients presented an association of two or more ICDs. Patients from the nicotine-positive group drunk higher quantities of alcohol each day, consumed alcohol more frequently each week and were more often intoxicated each week with alcohol. Their mean MAST scores of alcohol abuse disorders were higher. Conclusion. A total of 45.6% of the nicotine-dependent women presented compulsive buying and 23.6% bulimia. Compulsive buying was significantly more frequent among nicotine-dependent subjects than controls. Other impulse control disorders were as frequent among nicotine-dependent women as in controls. A total of 8.6% presented explosive intermittent disorder, 4.7% pathological gambling and 5% trichotillomania. Nicotine dependence in women was also associated with a higher level of alcohol consumption. These results indicate the possible need to systematically screen nicotine-dependent women, regardless of their motivation for consultation, for alcohol dependence, bulimia and compulsive buying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Lejoyeux
- Department of Psychiatry, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard (AP-HP) and Perray Vaucluse, Paris, France
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Dell'Osso B, Allen A, Hollander E. Comorbidity issues in the pharmacological treatment of Pathological Gambling: a critical review. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2005; 1:21. [PMID: 16216125 PMCID: PMC1283978 DOI: 10.1186/1745-0179-1-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2005] [Accepted: 10/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Pathological Gambling (PG) is an impulse control disorder often comorbid with other psychopathology, particularly bipolar spectrum disorders, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and substance abuse. This paper reviews the published literature on the pharmacological management of PG, highlighting how clinical and subclinical comorbid psychopathology influences the choice of pharmacological treatment. Methods Using Medline, the authors reviewed relevant articles published on this topic from1995 to 2005, focusing on the best-designed studies for inclusion. Results Much of the literature on PG-treatment presupposes different theories regarding this disorder. Data suggest the utility of differentiating the pharmacotherapy of pathological gamblers in light of their comorbid profile, specifically assessing for comorbid bipolar, ADHD, OCD, and substance abuse disorders. Conclusion Decisions about pharmacological treatment of PG should take into account current and previous comorbid disorders which influence treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Dell'Osso
- Compulsive, Impulsive and Anxiety Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Andrea Allen
- Compulsive, Impulsive and Anxiety Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Eric Hollander
- Compulsive, Impulsive and Anxiety Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Cunningham-Williams RM, Grucza RA, Cottler LB, Womack SB, Books SJ, Przybeck TR, Spitznagel EL, Cloninger CR. Prevalence and predictors of pathological gambling: results from the St. Louis personality, health and lifestyle (SLPHL) study. J Psychiatr Res 2005; 39:377-90. [PMID: 15804388 PMCID: PMC1618765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2004] [Revised: 09/06/2004] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We report the prevalence of and risk and protective factors for DSM-IV sub-threshold gambling (1-4 criteria) and pathological gambling disorder (PGD; 5-10 criteria) in a non-clinical household sample of St. Louis area gamblers. METHODS Of the 7689 individuals contacted via Random Digit Dialing, 3292 were screened eligible. Of these, 1142 from households in 6 contiguous regions in Missouri and Illinois consented to participate and were mailed a St. Louis Area Personality, Health, and Lifestyle (SLPHL) Survey. RESULTS Post-stratification weighted data (n=913) indicate lifetime prevalence rates of 12.4% sub-threshold and 2.5% PGD (conditional prevalence=21.5% and 4.3% respectively). Risk and protective factors for gambling severity varied in the sample. CONCLUSIONS Targeted prevention messages are warranted specifically for gamblers of varying risk for PGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee M Cunningham-Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 40 N. Kingshighway, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
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Shaffer HJ, LaPlante DA, LaBrie RA, Kidman RC, Donato AN, Stanton MV. Toward a syndrome model of addiction: multiple expressions, common etiology. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2004; 12:367-74. [PMID: 15764471 DOI: 10.1080/10673220490905705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Raylu N, Oei TPS. The gambling urge scale: development, confirmatory factor validation, and psychometric properties. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2004; 18:100-5. [PMID: 15238051 DOI: 10.1037/0893-164x.18.2.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The urge to gamble is a physiological, psychological, or emotional motivational state, often associated with continued gambling. The authors developed and validated the 6-item Gambling Urge Questionnaire (GUS), which was based on the 8-item Alcohol Urge Questionnaire (M. J. Bohn, D. D. Krahn, & B. A. Staehler, 1995), using 968 community-based participants. Exploratory factor analysis using half of the sample indicated a 1-factor solution that accounted for 55.18% of the total variance. This was confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis with the other half of the sample. The GUS had a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of.81. Concurrent, predictive, and criterion-related validity of the GUS were good, suggesting that the GUS is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing gambling urges among nonclinical gamblers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Raylu
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Raylu N, Oei TPS. The Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS): development, confirmatory factor validation and psychometric properties. Addiction 2004; 99:757-69. [PMID: 15139874 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aims of this study are to develop and validate a measure to screen for a range of gambling-related cognitions (GRC) in gamblers. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 968 volunteers were recruited from a community-based population. They were divided randomly into two groups. Principal axis factoring with varimax rotation was performed on group one and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used on group two to confirm the best-fitted solution. MEASUREMENTS The Gambling Related Cognition Scale (GRCS) was developed for this study and the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), the Motivation Towards Gambling Scale (MTGS) and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) were used for validation. FINDINGS Exploratory factor analysis performed using half the sample indicated five factors, which included interpretative control/bias (GRCS-IB), illusion of control (GRCS-IC), predictive control (GRCS-PC), gambling-related expectancies (GRCS-GE) and a perceived inability to stop gambling (GRCS-IS). These accounted for 70% of the total variance. Using the other half of the sample, CFA confirmed that the five-factor solution fitted the data most effectively. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the factors ranged from 0.77 to 0.91, and 0.93 for the overall scale. CONCLUSIONS This paper demonstrated that the 23-item GRCS has good psychometric properties and thus is a useful instrument for identifying GRC among non-clinical gamblers. It provides the first step towards devising/adapting similar tools for problem gamblers as well as developing more specialized instruments to assess particular domains of GRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Raylu
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Abstract
There has been a significant gap in the gambling literature regarding the role of culture in gambling and problem gambling (PG). This paper aims to this such gap by presenting a systematic review of the cultural variations in gambling and PG as well as a discussion of the role cultural variables can play in the initiation and maintenance of gambling in order to stimulate further research. The review shows that although studies investigating prevalence rates of gambling and PG among different cultures are not plentiful, evidence does suggest certain cultural groups are more vulnerable to begin gambling and to develop PG. Significant factors including familial/genetic, sociological, and individual factors have been found in the Western gambling literature as playing important roles in the development and maintenance of PG. These factors need to be examined now in other cultural groups so we can better understand the etiological processes involved in PG and design culturally sensitive treatments. In addition, variables, such as cultural values and beliefs, the process of acculturation, and the influence of culturally determined, help-seeking behaviors need to be also examined in relation to the role they could play in the initiation of and maintenance of gambling. Understanding the contribution of cultural variables will allow us to devise better prevention and treatment options for PG. Methodological problems in this area of research are highlighted, and suggestions for future research are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Raylu
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Brisbane, Australia
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Cunningham-Williams RM, Cottler LB, Compton WM, Spitznagel EL, Ben-Abdallah A. Problem gambling and comorbid psychiatric and substance use disorders among drug users recruited from drug treatment and community settings. J Gambl Stud 2004; 16:347-76. [PMID: 14634303 DOI: 10.1023/a:1009428122460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about gambling rates of drug users recruited from drug treatment compared with those recruited from the community. We use the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) to provide lifetime prevalence estimates of problem gambling (i.e., at least one gambling problem) and DSM-III-R pathological gambling (i.e., at least four gambling problems) and describe the association between gambling and psychiatric disorders for drug users recruited from drug treatment settings (n = 512) and from the community (n = 478). We also report the relative risk of being a recreational and problem gambler in this sample. The sample was first interviewed in 1989-90 as a part of two NIDA-funded St. Louis-based studies. The prevalence of problem gambling in the overall sample was 22% and the prevalence of pathological gambling was 11%. There were no statistically significant differences in problem and pathological gambling rates for subjects recruited from drug treatment and those recruited from the community. The conditional prevalence rates, that is, the rate of problem and pathological gambling only among gamblers were 27% and 13.5%, respectively. Major findings indicate that problem gambling was associated with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD), even after controlling for recruitment source and socio-demographic characteristics. In fact, when examining the temporal order of these disorders, we found that pathological gambling was always secondary to ASPD, occurring on average 11.4 years after the onset of ASPD. Problem gamblers, compared with everyone else, were more likely to be male, African-American, recruited from drug treatment, have ASPD and be dependent on illicit drugs. Multinomial logistic regression analysis predicted the relative risk of being a recreational and problem gambler (compared with a nongambler) in this sample according to socio-demographics, ASPD, and dependence on illicit drugs. Results imply that screening for gambling problems will need to be broad-based among drug users.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Cunningham-Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 40 N. Kingshighway, Suite #4, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
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Shaffer HJ, Forman DP, Scanlan KM, Smith F. Awareness of gambling-related problems, policies and educational programs among high school and college administrators. J Gambl Stud 2004; 16:93-101. [PMID: 14634323 DOI: 10.1023/a:1009435518147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This brief report summarizes a survey of high school and college representatives and their awareness toward gambling-related problems. The Massachusetts Council on Compulsive Gambling developed a survey instrument to review the policies and training programs of 20 high schools and 10 colleges that were located within the catchment areas of Massachusetts Department of Public Health state-sponsored gambling treatment programs. The results revealed that there is an important discrepancy between the prevalence of gambling-related problems among young people and the awareness of these problems among educators. High school and colleges evidence a paucity of existing gambling-related regulations or policies. There is little opportunity for students and educators to learn within the school setting about gambling and its potential hazards. Without sufficient in-service education and training for faculty and staff, there is little likelihood that this group of educators can engage in the early identification or prevention efforts that are so vital to advancing the health and welfare of young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Shaffer
- Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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36
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Ferentzy P, Skinner W. Gamblers Anonymous: A critical review of the literature. JOURNAL OF GAMBLING ISSUES 2003. [DOI: 10.4309/jgi.2003.9.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study surveys existing literature on Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and issues that help to contextualise our understanding of this mutual aid association. While GA has been the subject of investigation by social scientists, it is still understudied, with a notable shortage of research on issues facing women and ethnic minorities. A need exists for large-scale assessments of GA's effectiveness, more detailed accounts of GA beliefs and practices, increased knowledge of the ways in which GA attendance interacts with both formal treatment and attendance at other mutual aid organisations, and a better understanding of the profiles of gamblers best (and least) suited to GA, along with a clearer grasp of what GA was able to offer those gamblers that it seems to have helped. This assessment of the current state of knowledge underscores the embryonic state of our collective inquiry into the nature of GA, and the authors emphasise that significant advances have been made. Notably, important targets for study are being identified.
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Abstract
Few studies have evaluated rates of gambling participation and problems in older adults. This study recruited 492 adults aged 65 years and older from bingo sites (n = 132) and senior centers (n = 360). Compared to those recruited from senior centers, participants recruited at bingo events had higher South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) scores and greater gambling frequency and expenditures. Lifetime rates of combined problem and pathological gambling were 12.9% in the bingo sample and 9.7% in the senior center sample (10.6% overall). Compared to non-problem gamblers, problem and pathological gamblers were more likely to be younger (73 versus 76 years) and male (52% versus 27%). Overall, 39.1% reported gambling at least twice per month over the past year, and 33.7% wagered dollars 50 or more over the prior 2 months. This study suggests that subsets of active older adults have high rates of gambling participation and problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- George T Ladd
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3944, USA
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Ladd GT, Petry NM. A comparison of pathological gamblers with and without substance abuse treatment histories. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2003; 11:202-9. [PMID: 12940499 DOI: 10.1037/1064-1297.11.3.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the prevalence and correlates of substance abuse histories in 341 consecutive admissions to gambling treatment programs. After controlling for gender, income, and site, gamblers with substance abuse treatment histories (SATH; 31%) had more severe problems than gamblers with no substance abuse treatment histories (NSATH) on the Gambling, Alcohol, Drug, Psychiatric, and Employment scales of the Addiction Severity Index. The SATH group had more years of gambling problems and gambled more days in the month prior to initiating gambling treatment. The SATH gamblers were also more likely to be receiving treatment for mental health problems and reported greater lifetime psychiatric distress than NSATH gamblers. These data suggest that pathological gamblers with substance abuse treatment histories may present more persistent and severe gambling dysfunction and psychiatric problems than those without such histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- George T Ladd
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, USA
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Ursua MP, Uribelarrea LL. 20 Questions of Gamblers Anonymous: A Psychometric Study with Population of Spain. J Gambl Stud 2003; 14:3-15. [PMID: 12766432 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023033924960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The authors present a psychometric study of the questionnaire proposed by the Gamblers Anonymous organization for the self-assessment of problem gambling. The study was carried out in Spain with two samples: one of 127 problem gamblers (mean age: 41.67; sex: 78.7% men; mean duration of the problem: 5 years) and the other of 142 social gamblers (mean age: 38.46; sex: 60% men). The questionnaire was self-applied, in the presence of one of the investigators in case any doubts arose. The results indicate that it is a good screening instrument, with high reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.94), good covergent validity (the correlation with the SOGS questionnaire is high (r = 0.94; p < 0.001)), good factorial validity (the questionnaire's structure is unidimensional and coherent (just one factor explains more than 50% of the variance)), and its discriminative power is high (diagnostic efficacy = 98.88%). The study offers a comparative analysis of this instrument with other measures of problem gambling, emphasizing its extraordinary performance.
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Korn DA, Shaffer HJ. Gambling and the Health of the Public: Adopting a Public Health Perspective. J Gambl Stud 2003; 15:289-365. [PMID: 12766466 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023005115932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade there has been an unprecedented expansion of legalized gambling throughout North America. Three primary forces appear to be motivating this growth: (1) the desire of governments to identify new sources of revenue without invoking new or higher taxes; (2) tourism entrepreneurs developing new destinations for entertainment and leisure; and (3) the rise of new technologies and forms of gambling (e.g., video lottery terminals, powerball mega-lotteries, and computer offshore gambling). Associated with this phenomenon, there has been an increase in the prevalence of problem and pathological gambling among the general adult population, as well as a sustained high level of gambling-related problems among youth. To date there has been little dialogue within the public health sector in particular, or among health care practitioners in general, about the potential health impact of gambling or gambling-related problems. This article encourages the adoption of a public health perspective towards gambling. More specifically, this discussion has four primary objectives:1. Create awareness among health professionals about gambling, its rapid expansion and its relationship with the health care system;2. Place gambling within a public health framework by examining it from several perspectives, including population health, human ecology and addictive behaviors;3. Outline the major public health issues about how gambling can affect individuals, families and communities;4. Propose an agenda for strengthening policy, prevention and treatment practices through greater public health involvement, using the framework of The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion as a guide.By understanding gambling and its potential impacts on the public's health, policy makers and health practitioners can minimize gambling's negative impacts and appreciate its potential benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Korn
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto; Division on Addictions, Harvard Medical School.
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Christo G, Jones SL, Haylett S, Stephenson GM, Lefever RMH, Lefever R. The Shorter PROMIS Questionnaire: further validation of a tool for simultaneous assessment of multiple addictive behaviours. Addict Behav 2003; 28:225-48. [PMID: 12573676 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4603(01)00231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is both a theoretical and clinical need to develop a questionnaire that assesses a range of addictive behaviours. The Shorter PROMIS Questionnaire (SPQ) is a 16-scale self-report instrument assessing the use of nicotine, recreational drugs, prescription drugs, gambling, sex, caffeine, food bingeing, food starving, exercise, shopping, work, relationships dominant and submissive, and compulsive helping dominant and submissive. Clinical cut-off scores using the 90th percentile were derived from a normative group of 508 individuals. These cut-offs correctly identified 78-100% of cases within clinical criterion groups of specific disorders. The clinical sample also completed other validated scales assessing gambling, eating, alcohol, and drug use. Correlations were typically.7 with relevant SPQ scales. The SPQ food, drug, and alcohol scales were at least equivalent to validated comparison scales in the strength of their relationship to relevant clinical criterion groups. Internal consistency was high for all scales, and test-retest reliability was generally good. This clinically useful instrument provides a broad assessment of addictive problems, thereby benefiting both the treatment provider and the client.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Christo
- PROMIS Counselling Centre, 10 Kendrick Mews, London SW7 3HG, UK
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Abstract
This article reviews the prevalence of gambling and related mental disorders from a public health perspective. It traces the expansion of gambling in North America and the psychological, economic, and social consequences for the public's health, and then considers both the costs and benefits of gambling and the history of gambling prevalence research. A public health approach is applied to understanding the epidemiology of gambling-related problems. International prevalence rates are provided and the prevalence of mental disorders that often are comorbid with gambling problems is reviewed. Analysis includes an examination of groups vulnerable to gambling-related disorders and the methodological and conceptual matters that might influence epidemiological research and prevalence rates related to gambling. The major public health problems associated with gambling are considered and recommendations made for public health policy, practice, and research. The enduring value of a public health perspective is that it applies different 'lenses' for understanding gambling behaviour, analysing its benefits and costs, as well as identifying strategies for action. Harvey A. Skinner (160, p. 286)
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard J Shaffer
- Division on Addictions, Harvard Medical School, 350 Longwood Avenue, Suite 200, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA..
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Oliveira MPMT, Silva MTA, Silveira DXD. Validity Study of the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) among distinct groups of Brazilian gamblers. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2002. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462002000400005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was to assess the internal consistency and to perform a factor analysis of the Brazilian version of the SOGS - South Oaks Gambling Screen - scale, as well as its ability to discriminate between different profiles of gamblers. METHOD: Two hundred and seventeen subjects were enrolled in the study: 46 gamblers under treatment at the Gamblers Treatment Unit of PROAD - Program for Orientation and Attention of Dependent Persons- of the Federal University of São Paulo; 96 social gamblers and 75 subjects screened as pathological gamblers recruited at the local Jockey Club, video poker and bingo clubs. RESULTS: Differences in the score means of all three groups were statistically significant and were able to discriminate between social gamblers, pathological gamblers interviewed in a gambling site and the clinical sample. The internal consistency of the 20-item scale measured by Cronbach's alpha was 0.9304. Factor analysis resulted in a three-dimensional solution accounting for 58,6% of the total variance: a first factor composed mainly by questions related to the consequences of gambling; a second factor encompassing questions related to the gambling behavior of pathological gamblers; and a third and less expressive factor involving only two questions, probably a hybrid one of difficult interpretation. CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian version of the SOGS was a useful screen to discriminate Brazilian pathological gamblers from social gamblers as well as to differentiate clinical pathological from non-clinical pathological gamblers, and to identify different levels of severity.
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Abstract
Due to recent changes of gambling laws, accessibility to gambling has become more widespread and thus, there has also been an increase in the prevalence of pathological gambling (PG). The wide range of social, economic, and psychological problems associated with PG are well known. There is a need for better understanding of PG and this review attempts to do so. Literature searches using the Medline and PsycINFO databases were used. Critical examining of the literature showed that familial/genetic, sociological, and individual factors (e.g., an individual's personality, biochemistry, psychological states, and cognitions) are implicated in the development and maintenance of PG, yet at present, the evidences are not solid. Similarly, there have been a lot of theories for PG but again, none of them are solid enough to provide a clear understanding of PG. Recent psychological-based theories seem to provide some solid ground for further research. We highlight four areas for future consideration for research. (1) Most studies have generalized findings from one form of gambling to another. It is suggested that it is now not tenable to consider gambling as a single phenomenon that can explain all forms of gambling. (2) Almost all of the studies in the gambling literature are Western-based and the results are often generalized to other ethnic and cultural groups. There is now an urgent need to close this gap. (3) Future studies need to address methodological problems in the current gambling/PG literature. (4) Almost all of the gambling literature has focused on the issue of why people start gambling. It is suggested that looking at variables as to why people stop gambling in a single episode may be a more fruitful area of research then why people start gambling. This is because what motivates one to continue gambling, despite losses in a session and across sessions, is a characteristic that distinguishes nonproblem gamblers from problem gamblers and pathological gamblers (PGs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Raylu
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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45
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the rates of substance use problems in a sample of diagnosed pathological gamblers seeking treatment in a university teaching hospital cognitive behavioural outpatient clinic. METHODS A semistructured interview schedule and the composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI-auto) were administered to assess substance dependence in a sample of 75 poker-machine gamblers meeting DSM-IV and South Oaks gambling screen (SOGS) criteria for pathological gambling. Both the self-reported rates and the proportion meeting criteria for a psychiatric disorder were determined. RESULTS The rates for substance use disorder within a sample of treatment-seeking pathological gamblers is higher as compared to general population figures. Gender differences were found with more current alcohol-abuse problems reported among male than female participants. Non-alcohol-related substance abuse was relatively lower than rates reported by other studies in the literature. CONCLUSIONS Substance abuse is a common comorbid condition of pathological gambling and therefore should be screened for in routine clinical assessments. Failure to identify and treat comorbid substance-use disorders in gamblers may lead to higher relapse rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Maccallum
- Psychological Medicine Program, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Ladd GT, Petry NM. Disordered gambling among university-based medical and dental patients: a focus on Internet gambling. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2002; 16:76-9. [PMID: 11934091 DOI: 10.1037/0893-164x.16.1.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The authors evaluated gambling behaviors, including Internet gambling, among patients seeking free or reduced-cost dental or health care. Three hundred eighty-nine patients at university health clinics completed a questionnaire that included the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS; H. R. Lesieur & S. Blume, 1987). All respondents had gambled in their lifetimes, with 70% gambling in the past 2 months. On the basis of SOGS scores, 10.6% were problem gamblers, and 15.4% were pathological gamblers. The most common forms of gambling were lottery, slot machines, and scratch tickets. Internet gambling was reported by 8.1% of participants. Compared to non-Internet gamblers, Internet gamblers were more likely to be younger, non-Caucasian, and have higher SOGS scores. This study is among the first to evaluate the prevalence of Internet gambling and suggests that people who gamble on the Internet are likely to have a gambling problem. Results also illuminate the need to screen patients seeking health care services for gambling problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- George T Ladd
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030-3944, USA
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Walters GD. Behavior genetic research on gambling and problem gambling: a preliminary meta-analysis of available data. J Gambl Stud 2002; 17:255-71. [PMID: 11842524 DOI: 10.1023/a:1013652328999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A meta-analysis of family and twin studies on gambling and problem gambling was initiated in an effort to determine the probable role of genetic factors in high risk wagering. Two twin studies and 17 investigations employing the family history or family study method were included in this meta-analysis. A summation of the 19 studies produced a small but significant overall effect size (weighted phi = .10, unweighted phi = .13), with both family (weighted phi = .12, unweighted phi = .14) and twin (weighted phi = .06, unweighted phi = .05) studies achieving significant individual mean effects. Given the paucity of twin data, further analysis was confined to family studies and revealed a stronger familial effect for the sons of problem gambling fathers than for the daughters of problem gambling mothers and for more severe forms of problem gambling than for less severe forms of problem wagering, and was strongest for high severity problem gambling in males. The implications of these results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Walters
- Psychology Services, FCI-Schuylkill, P.O. Box 700, Minersville, PA 17954-0700, USA.
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48
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Petry NM, Tawfik Z. Comparison of problem-gambling and non-problem-gambling youths seeking treatment for marijuana abuse. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001; 40:1324-31. [PMID: 11699807 DOI: 10.1097/00004583-200111000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence and correlates of problem gambling (PG) in marijuana-abusing adolescents. METHOD A retrospective analysis was conducted of data collected from participants entering treatment for marijuana abuse in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Hartford, Connecticut, between 1998 and 2000. RESULTS Of 255 adolescents interviewed, 22% experienced gambling problems. Compared with non-problem gamblers (NPGs), PGs were more likely to be male, of African-American ethnicity, and to live in single-parent homes. Multivariate general linear models compared the two groups with respect to psychosocial problems. After controlling for age, gender, and race, differences between the groups emerged in drug use severity, legal difficulties, psychiatric problems, and human immunodeficiency virus risk behaviors. PGs reported a greater frequency of overall drug and alcohol use and greater intensity of marijuana use than their NPG counterparts. They had more illegal activity and greater somatization and anxiety symptoms, as well as higher levels of victimization. Compared with NPGs, PGs also reported more recent sexual partners. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that PG is common in marijuana-abusing youths and that they have increased psychosocial problems. These data suggest the need for early identification and treatment of PG in substance-abusing adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Petry
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, USA.
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49
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Griffiths M, Delfabbro P. The Biopsychosocial Approach to Gambling: Contextual Factors in Research and Clinical Interventions. JOURNAL OF GAMBLING ISSUES 2001. [DOI: 10.4309/jgi.2001.5.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective This paper argues that adherence to a single, specialised theory of gambling is largely untenable. It highlights limitations of existing theories of gambling at three increasingly specific levels of analysis; namely, the social, psychological and biological. Method An overview of each level of analysis (social, psychological and biological) is provided by critically evaluating the contemporary literature on gambling. This is followed by discussions of the limitations and interdependence of each theoretical approach and the implications for research and clinical interventions. Results While several recent critiques of gambling research have provided considerable insight into the methodological limitations of many gambling studies, another problem is seldom acknowledged - the inadequacy and insular nature of many research paradigms. It is argued that gambling is a multifaceted behaviour, strongly influenced by contextual factors that cannot be encompassed by any single theoretical perspective. Such contextual factors include variations in gambling involvement and motivation across different demographic groups, the structural characteristics of activities and the developmental or temporal nature of gambling behaviour. Conclusion This paper suggests that research and clinical interventions are best served by a biopsychosocial approach that incorporates the best strands of contemporary psychology, biology and sociology.
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Comings DE, Gade-Andavolu R, Gonzalez N, Wu S, Muhleman D, Chen C, Koh P, Farwell K, Blake H, Dietz G, MacMurray JP, Lesieur HR, Rugle LJ, Rosenthal RJ. The additive effect of neurotransmitter genes in pathological gambling. Clin Genet 2001; 60:107-16. [PMID: 11553044 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2001.600204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
As access to gambling increases there is a corresponding increase in the frequency of addiction to gambling, known as pathological gambling. Studies have shown that a number of different neurotransmitters are affected in pathological gamblers and that genetic factors play a role. Polymorphisms at 31 different genes involved in dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA and neurotransmitters were genotyped in 139 pathological gamblers and 139 age, race, and sex-matched controls. Multivariate regression analysis was used with the presence or absence of pathological gambling as the dependent variable, and the 31 coded genes as the independent variables. Fifteen genes were included in the regression equation. The most significant were the DRD2, DRD4, DAT1, TPH, ADRA2C, NMDA1, and PS1 genes. The r(2) or fraction of the variance was less than 0.02 for most genes. Dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine genes contributed approximately equally to the risk for pathological gambling. These results indicate that genes influencing a range of brain functions play an additive role as risk factors for pathological gambling. Multi-gene profiles in specific individuals may be of assistance in choosing the appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Comings
- Department of Medical Genetics, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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