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Carrère S, Routaboul JM, Savourat P, Bellenot C, López H, Sahoo A, Quiroz Monnens T, Ricou A, Camilleri C, Declerck N, Laufs P, Mercier R, Noël LD. A fully sequenced collection of homozygous EMS mutants for forward and reverse genetic screens in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39073886 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Genetic screens are powerful tools for biological research and are one of the reasons for the success of the thale cress Arabidopsis thaliana as a research model. Here, we describe the whole-genome sequencing of 871 Arabidopsis lines from the Homozygous EMS Mutant (HEM) collection as a novel resource for forward and reverse genetics. With an average 576 high-confidence mutations per HEM line, over three independent mutations altering protein sequences are found on average per gene in the collection. Pilot reverse genetics experiments on reproductive, developmental, immune and physiological traits confirmed the efficacy of the tool for identifying both null, knockdown and gain-of-function alleles. The possibility of conducting subtle repeated phenotyping and the immediate availability of the mutations will empower forward genetic approaches. The sequence resource is searchable with the ATHEM web interface (https://lipm-browsers.toulouse.inra.fr/pub/ATHEM/), and the biological material is distributed by the Versailles Arabidopsis Stock Center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Carrère
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE/CNRS UMR 0441/2598, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jean-Marc Routaboul
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE/CNRS UMR 0441/2598, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Pauline Savourat
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin for Plant Sciences (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Caroline Bellenot
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE/CNRS UMR 0441/2598, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Hernán López
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, Germany
| | - Amruta Sahoo
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Anthony Ricou
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin for Plant Sciences (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Christine Camilleri
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin for Plant Sciences (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Nathalie Declerck
- CBS, Université Montpellier, CNRS/INSERM, UMR5048/1054, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Laufs
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin for Plant Sciences (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Raphaël Mercier
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, Germany
| | - Laurent D Noël
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE/CNRS UMR 0441/2598, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Paauw M, Hardeman G, Taks NW, Lambalk L, Berg JA, Pfeilmeier S, van den Burg HA. ScAnalyzer: an image processing tool to monitor plant disease symptoms and pathogen spread in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. PLANT METHODS 2024; 20:80. [PMID: 38822355 PMCID: PMC11141064 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-024-01213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants are known to be infected by a wide range of pathogenic microbes. To study plant diseases caused by microbes, it is imperative to be able to monitor disease symptoms and microbial colonization in a quantitative and objective manner. In contrast to more traditional measures that use manual assignments of disease categories, image processing provides a more accurate and objective quantification of plant disease symptoms. Besides monitoring disease symptoms, computational image processing provides additional information on the spatial localization of pathogenic microbes in different plant tissues. RESULTS Here we report on an image analysis tool called ScAnalyzer to monitor disease symptoms and bacterial spread in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Thereto, detached leaves are assembled in a grid and scanned, which enables automated separation of individual samples. A pixel color threshold is used to segment healthy (green) from chlorotic (yellow) leaf areas. The spread of luminescence-tagged bacteria is monitored via light-sensitive films, which are processed in a similar manner as the leaf scans. We show that this tool is able to capture previously identified differences in susceptibility of the model plant A. thaliana to the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Moreover, we show that the ScAnalyzer pipeline provides a more detailed assessment of bacterial spread within plant leaves than previously used methods. Finally, by combining the disease symptom values with bacterial spread values from the same leaves, we show that bacterial spread precedes visual disease symptoms. CONCLUSION Taken together, we present an automated script to monitor plant disease symptoms and microbial spread in A. thaliana leaves. The freely available software ( https://github.com/MolPlantPathology/ScAnalyzer ) has the potential to standardize the analysis of disease assays between different groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misha Paauw
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Hardeman
- Technologie Centrum FNWI, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Nanne W Taks
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Lennart Lambalk
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen A Berg
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Pfeilmeier
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Harrold A van den Burg
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands.
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Huang J, Zhou H, Zhou M, Li N, Jiang B, He Y. Functional Analysis of Type III Effectors in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris Reveals Distinct Roles in Modulating Arabidopsis Innate Immunity. Pathogens 2024; 13:448. [PMID: 38921746 PMCID: PMC11206781 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is a significant phytopathogen causing black rot disease in crucifers. Its virulence relies heavily on the type III secretion system (T3SS), facilitating effector translocation into plant cells. The type III effectors (T3Es) disrupt cellular processes, promoting pathogen proliferation. However, only a few T3Es from Xcc have been thoroughly characterized. In this study, we further investigated two effectors using the T3Es-deficient mutant and the Arabidopsis protoplast system. XopE2Xcc triggers Arabidopsis immune responses via an unidentified activator of the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway, whereas XopLXcc suppresses the expression of genes associated with patterns-triggered immunity (PTI) and the SA signaling pathway. These two effectors exert opposing effects on Arabidopsis immune responses. Additionally, we examined the relationship between the specific domains and functions of these two effector proteins. Our findings demonstrate that the N-myristoylation motif and N-terminal domain are essential for the subcellular localization and virulence of XopE2Xcc and XopLXcc, respectively. These novel insights enhance our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of T3Es and contribute to developing effective strategies for controlling bacterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (J.H.); (B.J.)
| | - Hao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (J.H.); (B.J.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (J.H.); (B.J.)
| | - Nana Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (J.H.); (B.J.)
| | - Bole Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (J.H.); (B.J.)
| | - Yongqiang He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (J.H.); (B.J.)
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Chauveau C, Roby D. Molecular complexity of quantitative immunity in plants: from QTL mapping to functional and systems biology. C R Biol 2024; 347:35-44. [PMID: 38771313 DOI: 10.5802/crbiol.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
In nature, plants defend themselves against pathogen attack by activating an arsenal of defense mechanisms. During the last decades, work mainly focused on the understanding of qualitative disease resistance mediated by a few genes conferring an almost complete resistance, while quantitative disease resistance (QDR) remains poorly understood despite the fact that it represents the predominant and more durable form of resistance in natural populations and crops. Here, we review our past and present work on the dissection of the complex mechanisms underlying QDR in Arabidopsis thaliana. The strategies, main steps and challenges of our studies related to one atypical QDR gene, RKS1 (Resistance related KinaSe 1), are presented. First, from genetic analyses by QTL (Quantitative Trait Locus) mapping and GWAs (Genome Wide Association studies), the identification, cloning and functional analysis of this gene have been used as a starting point for the exploration of the multiple and coordinated pathways acting together to mount the QDR response dependent on RKS1. Identification of RKS1 protein interactors and complexes was a first step, systems biology and reconstruction of protein networks were then used to decipher the molecular roadmap to the immune responses controlled by RKS1. Finally, exploration of the potential impact of key components of the RKS1-dependent gene network on leaf microbiota offers interesting and challenging perspectives to decipher how the plant immune systems interact with the microbial communities' systems.
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Lauber E, González-Fuente M, Escouboué M, Vicédo C, Luneau JS, Pouzet C, Jauneau A, Gris C, Zhang ZM, Pichereaux C, Carrère S, Deslandes L, Noël LD. Bacterial host adaptation through sequence and structural variations of a single type III effector gene. iScience 2024; 27:109224. [PMID: 38439954 PMCID: PMC10909901 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying quantitative variations of pathogenicity remain elusive. Here, we identified the Xanthomonas campestris XopJ6 effector that triggers disease resistance in cauliflower and Arabidopsis thaliana. XopJ6 is a close homolog of the Ralstoniapseudosolanacearum PopP2 YopJ family acetyltransferase. XopJ6 is recognized by the RRS1-R/RPS4 NLR pair that integrates a WRKY decoy domain mimicking effector targets. We identified a XopJ6 natural variant carrying a single residue substitution in XopJ6 WRKY-binding site that disrupts interaction with WRKY proteins. This mutation allows XopJ6 to evade immune perception while retaining some XopJ6 virulence functions. Interestingly, xopJ6 resides in a Tn3-family transposon likely contributing to xopJ6 copy number variation (CNV). Using synthetic biology, we demonstrate that xopJ6 CNV tunes pathogen virulence on Arabidopsis through gene dosage-mediated modulation of xopJ6 expression. Together, our findings highlight how sequence and structural genetic variations restricted at a particular effector gene contribute to bacterial host adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Lauber
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Manuel González-Fuente
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Maxime Escouboué
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Céline Vicédo
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Julien S. Luneau
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Cécile Pouzet
- TRI-FRAIB Imaging Platform Facilities, FRAIB, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31320 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Alain Jauneau
- TRI-FRAIB Imaging Platform Facilities, FRAIB, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31320 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Carine Gris
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Zhi-Min Zhang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Carole Pichereaux
- Fédération de Recherche Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité (FRAIB), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université de Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Auzeville-Tolosane, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université de Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Toulouse, France
- Infrastructure nationale de protéomique, ProFI, FR 2048, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Carrère
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Laurent Deslandes
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Laurent D. Noël
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Xie Q, Wei B, Zhan Z, He Q, Wu K, Chen Y, Liu S, He C, Niu X, Li C, Tang C, Tao J. Arabidopsis membrane protein AMAR1 interaction with type III effector XopAM triggers a hypersensitive response. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:2768-2787. [PMID: 37648267 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The efficient infection of plants by the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) depends on its type III effectors (T3Es). Although the functions of AvrE family T3Es have been reported in some bacteria, the member XopAM in Xcc has not been studied. As XopAM has low sequence similarity to reported AvrE-T3Es and different reports have shown that these T3Es have different targets in hosts, we investigated the functions of XopAM in the Xcc-plant interaction. Deletion of xopAM from Xcc reduced its virulence in cruciferous crops but increased virulence in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Col-0, indicating that XopAM may perform opposite functions depending on the host species. We further found that XopAM is a lipase that may target the cytomembrane and that this activity might be enhanced by its membrane-targeted protein XOPAM-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE 1 (AMAR1) in Arabidopsis Col-0. The binding of XopAM to AMAR1 induced an intense hypersensitive response that restricted Xcc proliferation. Our results showed that the roles of XopAM in Xcc infection are not the same as those of other AvrE-T3Es, indicating that the functions of this type of T3E have differentiated during long-term bacterium‒host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbiao Xie
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Bingzheng Wei
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhaohong Zhan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Qiguang He
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Kejian Wu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shiyao Liu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Chaozu He
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572024, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Xiaolei Niu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Chunxia Li
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Chaorong Tang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jun Tao
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
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Marzorati F, Rossi R, Bernardo L, Mauri P, Silvestre DD, Lauber E, Noël LD, Murgia I, Morandini P. Arabidopsis thaliana Early Foliar Proteome Response to Root Exposure to the Rhizobacterium Pseudomonas simiae WCS417. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:737-748. [PMID: 37470457 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-23-0071-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas simiae WCS417 is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium that improves plant health and development. In this study, we investigate the early leaf responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to WCS417 exposure and the possible involvement of formate dehydrogenase (FDH) in such responses. In vitro-grown A. thaliana seedlings expressing an FDH::GUS reporter show a significant increase in FDH promoter activity in their roots and shoots after 7 days of indirect exposure (without contact) to WCS417. After root exposure to WCS417, the leaves of FDH::GUS plants grown in the soil also show an increased FDH promoter activity in hydathodes. To elucidate early foliar responses to WCS417 as well as FDH involvement, the roots of A. thaliana wild-type Col and atfdh1-5 knock-out mutant plants grown in soil were exposed to WCS417, and proteins from rosette leaves were subjected to proteomic analysis. The results reveal that chloroplasts, in particular several components of the photosystems PSI and PSII, as well as members of the glutathione S-transferase family, are among the early targets of the metabolic changes induced by WCS417. Taken together, the alterations in the foliar proteome, as observed in the atfdh1-5 mutant, especially after exposure to WCS417 and involving stress-responsive genes, suggest that FDH is a node in the early events triggered by the interactions between A. thaliana and the rhizobacterium WCS417. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Marzorati
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rossana Rossi
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Laboratory, Institute for Biomedical Technologies-National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Segrate, Italy
| | - Letizia Bernardo
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Laboratory, Institute for Biomedical Technologies-National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Segrate, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mauri
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Laboratory, Institute for Biomedical Technologies-National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Segrate, Italy
| | - Dario Di Silvestre
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Laboratory, Institute for Biomedical Technologies-National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Segrate, Italy
| | - Emmanuelle Lauber
- Laboratoire des interactions plantes-microbes-environnement CNRS-INRAE, University of Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Laurent D Noël
- Laboratoire des interactions plantes-microbes-environnement CNRS-INRAE, University of Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Irene Murgia
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Piero Morandini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Zhao Q, Liu F, Song C, Zhai T, He Z, Ma L, Zhao X, Jia Z, Song S. Diffusible signal factor primes plant immunity against Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris ( Xcc) via JA signaling in Arabidopsis and Brassica oleracea. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1203582. [PMID: 37404719 PMCID: PMC10315614 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1203582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many Gram-negative bacteria use quorum sensing (QS) signal molecules to monitor their local population density and to coordinate their collective behaviors. The diffusible signal factor (DSF) family represents an intriguing type of QS signal to mediate intraspecies and interspecies communication. Recently, accumulating evidence demonstrates the role of DSF in mediating inter-kingdom communication between DSF-producing bacteria and plants. However, the regulatory mechanism of DSF during the Xanthomonas-plant interactions remain unclear. Methods Plants were pretreated with different concentration of DSF and subsequent inoculated with pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc). Pathogenicity, phynotypic analysis, transcriptome combined with metabolome analysis, genetic analysis and gene expression analysis were used to evaluate the priming effects of DSF on plant disease resistance. Results We found that the low concentration of DSF could prime plant immunity against Xcc in both Brassica oleracea and Arabidopsis thaliana. Pretreatment with DSF and subsequent pathogen invasion triggered an augmented burst of ROS by DCFH-DA and DAB staining. CAT application could attenuate the level of ROS induced by DSF. The expression of RBOHD and RBOHF were up-regulated and the activities of antioxidases POD increased after DSF treatment followed by Xcc inoculation. Transcriptome combined with metabolome analysis showed that plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) signaling involved in DSF-primed resistance to Xcc in Arabidopsis. The expression of JA synthesis genes (AOC2, AOS, LOX2, OPR3 and JAR1), transportor gene (JAT1), regulator genes (JAZ1 and MYC2) and responsive genes (VSP2, PDF1.2 and Thi2.1) were up-regulated significantly by DSF upon Xcc challenge. The primed effects were not observed in JA relevant mutant coi1-1 and jar1-1. Conclusion These results indicated that DSF-primed resistance against Xcc was dependent on the JA pathway. Our findings advanced the understanding of QS signal-mediated communication and provide a new strategy for the control of black rot in Brassica oleracea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Biology Institute, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Microbiological Control on Main Crop Disease, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Shijiazhuang Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Cong Song
- Biology Institute, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Microbiological Control on Main Crop Disease, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tingting Zhai
- Biology Institute, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ziwei He
- Biology Institute, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Limei Ma
- Biology Institute, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Microbiological Control on Main Crop Disease, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xuemeng Zhao
- Biology Institute, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhenhua Jia
- Biology Institute, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Microbiological Control on Main Crop Disease, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shuishan Song
- Biology Institute, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Microbiological Control on Main Crop Disease, Shijiazhuang, China
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Poveda J, Rodríguez VM, Abilleira R, Velasco P. Trichoderma hamatum can act as an inter-plant communicator of foliar pathogen infections by colonizing the roots of nearby plants: A new inter-plant "wired communication". PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 330:111664. [PMID: 36858205 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma is a genus of filamentous fungi widely studied and used as a biological control agent in agriculture. However, its ability to form fungal networks for inter-plant communication by means of the so-called inter-plant "wired communication" has not yet been addressed. In our study we used the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the fungus Trichoderma hamatum (isolated from Brassicaceae plants) and the pathogens Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Xanthomonas campestris (necrotrophic fungus and hemibiotrophic bacteria, respectively). We performed different combinations of isolated/neighboring plants and root colonization/non-colonization by T. hamatum, as well as foliar infections with the pathogens. In this way, we were able to determine how, in the absence of T. hamatum, there is an inter-plant communication that induces systemic resistance in neighboring plants of plants infected by the pathogens. On the other hand, the plants colonized by T. hamatum roots show a greater systemic resistance against the pathogens. Regarding the role of T. hamatum as an inter-plant communicator, it is the result of an increase in foliar signaling by jasmonic acid (increased expression of LOX1 and VSP2 genes and decreased expression of ICS1 and PR-1 genes), antagonistically increasing root signaling by salicylic acid (increased expression of ICS1 and PR-1 genes and decreased expression of LOX1 and VSP2). This situation prevents root colonization by T. hamatum of the foliarly infected plant and leads to massive colonization of the neighboring plant, where jasmonic acid-mediated systemic defenses are induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Poveda
- Recognised Research Group AGROBIOTECH, Department of Plant Production and Forest Resources, Higher Technical School of Agricultural Engineering of Palencia, University Institute for Research in Sustainable Forest Management (iuFOR), University of Valladolid, Avda. Madrid 57, 34004 Palencia, Spain.
| | - Víctor M Rodríguez
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Mision Biologica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), 36143 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Rosaura Abilleira
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Mision Biologica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), 36143 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Pablo Velasco
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Mision Biologica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), 36143 Pontevedra, Spain
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10
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Li Q, Hou Z, Zhou D, Jia M, Lu S, Yu J. A plant growth-promoting bacteria Priestia megaterium JR48 induces plant resistance to the crucifer black rot via a salicylic acid-dependent signaling pathway. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1046181. [PMID: 36438094 PMCID: PMC9684715 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1046181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc)-induced black rot is one of the most serious diseases in cruciferous plants. Using beneficial microbes to control this disease is promising. In our preliminary work, we isolated a bacterial strain (JR48) from a vegetable field. Here, we confirmed the plant-growth-promoting (PGP) effects of JR48 in planta, and identified JR48 as a Priestia megaterium strain. We found that JR48 was able to induce plant resistance to Xcc and prime plant defense responses including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation and callose deposition with elevated expression of defense-related genes. Further, JR48 promoted lignin biosynthesis and raised accumulation of frees salicylic acid (SA) as well as expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. Finally, we confirmed that JR48-induced plant resistance and defense responses requires SA signaling pathway. Together, our results revealed that JR48 promotes plant growth and induces plant resistance to the crucifer black rot probably through reinforcing SA accumulation and response, highlighting its potential as a novel biocontrol agent in the future.
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11
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Qi PY, Zhang TH, Feng YM, Wang MW, Shao WB, Zeng D, Jin LH, Wang PY, Zhou X, Yang S. Exploring an Innovative Strategy for Suppressing Bacterial Plant Disease: Excavated Novel Isopropanolamine-Tailored Pterostilbene Derivatives as Potential Antibiofilm Agents. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4899-4911. [PMID: 35437986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are the root cause of persistent and chronic phytopathogenic bacterial infections. Therefore, developing novel agrochemicals that target the biofilm of phytopathogenic bacteria has been regarded as an innovative tactic to suppress their invasive infection or decrease bacterial drug resistance. In this study, a series of natural pterostilbene (PTE) derivatives were designed, and their antibacterial potency and antibiofilm ability were assessed. Notably, compound C1 displayed excellent antibacterial potency in vitro, affording an EC50 value of 0.88 μg mL-1 against Xoo (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae). C1 could significantly reduce biofilm formation and extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). Furthermore, C1 also possessed remarkable inhibitory activity against bacterial extracellular enzymes, pathogenicity, and other virulence factors. Subsequently, pathogenicity experiments were further conducted to verify the above primary outcomes. More importantly, C1 with pesticide additives displayed excellent control efficiency. Given these promising profiles, these pterostilbene derivatives can serve as novel antibiofilm agents to suppress plant pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Ying Qi
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Tai-Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yu-Mei Feng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wu-Bin Shao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Dan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lin-Hong Jin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Pei-Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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The Same against Many: AtCML8, a Ca 2+ Sensor Acting as a Positive Regulator of Defense Responses against Several Plant Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910469. [PMID: 34638807 PMCID: PMC8508799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium signals are crucial for the activation and coordination of signaling cascades leading to the establishment of plant defense mechanisms. Here, we studied the contribution of CML8, an Arabidopsis calmodulin-like protein in response to Ralstonia solanacearum and to pathogens with different lifestyles, such as Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and Phytophtora capsici. We used pathogenic infection assays, gene expression, RNA-seq approaches, and comparative analysis of public data on CML8 knockdown and overexpressing Arabidopsis lines to demonstrate that CML8 contributes to defense mechanisms against pathogenic bacteria and oomycetes. CML8 gene expression is finely regulated at the root level and manipulated during infection with Ralstonia, and CML8 overexpression confers better plant tolerance. To understand the processes controlled by CML8, genes differentially expressed at the root level in the first hours of infection have been identified. Overexpression of CML8 also confers better tolerance against Xanthomonas and Phytophtora, and most of the genes differentially expressed in response to Ralstonia are differentially expressed in these different pathosystems. Collectively, CML8 acts as a positive regulator against Ralstonia solanaceraum and against other vascular or root pathogens, suggesting that CML8 is a multifunctional protein that regulates common downstream processes involved in the defense response of plants to several pathogens.
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Hurtado P, Romero D, López Carrascal CE. ARABIDOPSIS MUESTRA RESISTENCIA NO-HOSPEDERO CONSTITUTIVA CONTRA Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis. ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2021. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v26n3.83077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
La bacteriosis vascular de la yuca, causada por la bacteria gram negativa Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis (Xpm), anteriormente conocida como Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis, es la principal enfermedad bacteriana que compromete su producción. Con la meta de generar una resistencia durable y de amplio espectro a la bacteriosis es posible explotar los mecanismos naturales presentes en plantas no-hospedero. Arabidopsis es una planta modelo extensamente estudiada, la cual es no-hospedero de Xpm. La meta de este estudio fue determinar si la resistencia no-hospedero de Arabidopsis es consecuencia de la presencia de barreras físicas o si esta depende de determinantes genéticos. En este trabajo se evaluó la capacidad de plantas de Arabidopsis de responder a la inoculación con Xpm. Ninguno de los ocho ecotipos de Arabidopsis evaluados mostraron una respuesta hipersensible a la inoculación con ocho diferentes cepas de Xpm. Aunque no se identificó la presencia de especies reactivas de oxígeno si se encontró un bloqueo en el crecimiento de Xpm en las plantas de Arabidopsis. En conjunto, los resultados aquí presentados sugieren que Arabidopsis no está activando una respuesta contra Xpm y que la resistencia observada puede ser consecuencia de las barreras físicas presentes en Arabidopsis que Xpm no es capaz de superar.
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Tran TM, Ma Z, Triebl A, Nath S, Cheng Y, Gong BQ, Han X, Wang J, Li JF, Wenk MR, Torta F, Mayor S, Yang L, Miao Y. The bacterial quorum sensing signal DSF hijacks Arabidopsis thaliana sterol biosynthesis to suppress plant innate immunity. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:e202000720. [PMID: 32788227 PMCID: PMC7425213 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a recognized phenomenon that is crucial for regulating population-related behaviors in bacteria. However, the direct specific effect of QS molecules on host biology is largely understudied. In this work, we show that the QS molecule DSF (cis-11-methyl-dodecenoic acid) produced by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris can suppress pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) in Arabidopsis thaliana, mediated by flagellin-induced activation of flagellin receptor FLS2. The DSF-mediated attenuation of innate immunity results from the alteration of FLS2 nanoclusters and endocytic internalization of plasma membrane FLS2. DSF altered the lipid profile of Arabidopsis, with a particular increase in the phytosterol species, which impairs the general endocytosis pathway mediated by clathrin and FLS2 nano-clustering on the plasma membrane. The DSF effect on receptor dynamics and host immune responses could be entirely reversed by sterol removal. Together, our results highlighted the importance of sterol homeostasis to plasma membrane organization and demonstrate a novel mechanism by which pathogenic bacteria use their communicating molecule to manipulate pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Minh Tran
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alexander Triebl
- Department of Biochemistry, Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Yoo Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sangeeta Nath
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore, India
| | - Yingying Cheng
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ben-Qiang Gong
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Han
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Junqi Wang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Yoo Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Federico Torta
- Department of Biochemistry, Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Yoo Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Satyajit Mayor
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Liang Yang
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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15
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Tran TM, Ma Z, Triebl A, Nath S, Cheng Y, Gong BQ, Han X, Wang J, Li JF, Wenk MR, Torta F, Mayor S, Yang L, Miao Y. The bacterial quorum sensing signal DSF hijacks Arabidopsis thaliana sterol biosynthesis to suppress plant innate immunity. Life Sci Alliance 2020. [PMID: 32788227 DOI: 10.1101/927731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a recognized phenomenon that is crucial for regulating population-related behaviors in bacteria. However, the direct specific effect of QS molecules on host biology is largely understudied. In this work, we show that the QS molecule DSF (cis-11-methyl-dodecenoic acid) produced by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris can suppress pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) in Arabidopsis thaliana, mediated by flagellin-induced activation of flagellin receptor FLS2. The DSF-mediated attenuation of innate immunity results from the alteration of FLS2 nanoclusters and endocytic internalization of plasma membrane FLS2. DSF altered the lipid profile of Arabidopsis, with a particular increase in the phytosterol species, which impairs the general endocytosis pathway mediated by clathrin and FLS2 nano-clustering on the plasma membrane. The DSF effect on receptor dynamics and host immune responses could be entirely reversed by sterol removal. Together, our results highlighted the importance of sterol homeostasis to plasma membrane organization and demonstrate a novel mechanism by which pathogenic bacteria use their communicating molecule to manipulate pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Minh Tran
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alexander Triebl
- Department of Biochemistry, Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Yoo Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sangeeta Nath
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore, India
| | - Yingying Cheng
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ben-Qiang Gong
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Han
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Junqi Wang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Yoo Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Federico Torta
- Department of Biochemistry, Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Yoo Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Satyajit Mayor
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Liang Yang
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Delplace F, Huard-Chauveau C, Dubiella U, Khafif M, Alvarez E, Langin G, Roux F, Peyraud R, Roby D. Robustness of plant quantitative disease resistance is provided by a decentralized immune network. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18099-18109. [PMID: 32669441 PMCID: PMC7395444 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000078117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative disease resistance (QDR) represents the predominant form of resistance in natural populations and crops. Surprisingly, very limited information exists on the biomolecular network of the signaling machineries underlying this form of plant immunity. This lack of information may result from its complex and quantitative nature. Here, we used an integrative approach including genomics, network reconstruction, and mutational analysis to identify and validate molecular networks that control QDR in Arabidopsis thaliana in response to the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas campestris To tackle this challenge, we first performed a transcriptomic analysis focused on the early stages of infection and using transgenic lines deregulated for the expression of RKS1, a gene underlying a QTL conferring quantitative and broad-spectrum resistance to XcampestrisRKS1-dependent gene expression was shown to involve multiple cellular activities (signaling, transport, and metabolism processes), mainly distinct from effector-triggered immunity (ETI) and pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) responses already characterized in Athaliana Protein-protein interaction network reconstitution then revealed a highly interconnected and distributed RKS1-dependent network, organized in five gene modules. Finally, knockout mutants for 41 genes belonging to the different functional modules of the network revealed that 76% of the genes and all gene modules participate partially in RKS1-mediated resistance. However, these functional modules exhibit differential robustness to genetic mutations, indicating that, within the decentralized structure of the QDR network, some modules are more resilient than others. In conclusion, our work sheds light on the complexity of QDR and provides comprehensive understanding of a QDR immune network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Delplace
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Carine Huard-Chauveau
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Ullrich Dubiella
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- KWS SAAT SE & Co, 37574 Einbeck, Germany
| | - Mehdi Khafif
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Eva Alvarez
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Gautier Langin
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Fabrice Roux
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Rémi Peyraud
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- iMean, 31520 Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Roby
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France;
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17
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Chiniquy D, Underwood W, Corwin J, Ryan A, Szemenyei H, Lim CC, Stonebloom SH, Birdseye DS, Vogel J, Kliebenstein D, Scheller HV, Somerville S. PMR5, an acetylation protein at the intersection of pectin biosynthesis and defense against fungal pathogens. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:1022-1035. [PMID: 31411777 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew (Golovinomyces cichoracearum), one of the most prolific obligate biotrophic fungal pathogens worldwide, infects its host by penetrating the plant cell wall without activating the plant's innate immune system. The Arabidopsis mutant powdery mildew resistant 5 (pmr5) carries a mutation in a putative pectin acetyltransferase gene that confers enhanced resistance to powdery mildew. Here, we show that heterologously expressed PMR5 protein transfers acetyl groups from [14 C]-acetyl-CoA to oligogalacturonides. Through site-directed mutagenesis, we show that three amino acids within a highly conserved esterase domain in putative PMR5 orthologs are necessary for PMR5 function. A suppressor screen of mutagenized pmr5 seed selecting for increased powdery mildew susceptibility identified two previously characterized genes affecting the acetylation of plant cell wall polysaccharides, RWA2 and TBR. The rwa2 and tbr mutants also suppress powdery mildew disease resistance in pmr6, a mutant defective in a putative pectate lyase gene. Cell wall analysis of pmr5 and pmr6, and their rwa2 and tbr suppressor mutants, demonstrates minor shifts in cellulose and pectin composition. In direct contrast to their increased powdery mildew resistance, both pmr5 and pmr6 plants are highly susceptibile to multiple strains of the generalist necrotroph Botrytis cinerea, and have decreased camalexin production upon infection with B. cinerea. These results illustrate that cell wall composition is intimately connected to fungal disease resistance and outline a potential route for engineering powdery mildew resistance into susceptible crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Chiniquy
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - William Underwood
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jason Corwin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Andrew Ryan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Heidi Szemenyei
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Candice C Lim
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | | | - John Vogel
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Daniel Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Shauna Somerville
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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18
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Wang J, Hu M, Wang J, Qi J, Han Z, Wang G, Qi Y, Wang HW, Zhou JM, Chai J. Reconstitution and structure of a plant NLR resistosome conferring immunity. Science 2019; 364:364/6435/eaav5870. [PMID: 30948527 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav5870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) perceive pathogen effectors to trigger plant immunity. Biochemical mechanisms underlying plant NLR activation have until now remained poorly understood. We reconstituted an active complex containing the Arabidopsis coiled-coil NLR ZAR1, the pseudokinase RKS1, uridylated protein kinase PBL2, and 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate (dATP), demonstrating the oligomerization of the complex during immune activation. The cryo-electron microscopy structure reveals a wheel-like pentameric ZAR1 resistosome. Besides the nucleotide-binding domain, the coiled-coil domain of ZAR1 also contributes to resistosome pentamerization by forming an α-helical barrel that interacts with the leucine-rich repeat and winged-helix domains. Structural remodeling and fold switching during activation release the very N-terminal amphipathic α helix of ZAR1 to form a funnel-shaped structure that is required for the plasma membrane association, cell death triggering, and disease resistance, offering clues to the biochemical function of a plant resistosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizong Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Meijuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Jinfeng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Zhifu Han
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Guoxun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Yijun Qi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China.
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.
| | - Jijie Chai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China. .,Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Strasse 47, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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19
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Wang J, Wang J, Hu M, Wu S, Qi J, Wang G, Han Z, Qi Y, Gao N, Wang HW, Zhou JM, Chai J. Ligand-triggered allosteric ADP release primes a plant NLR complex. Science 2019; 364:364/6435/eaav5868. [PMID: 30948526 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav5868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen recognition by nucleotide-binding (NB), leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptors (NLRs) plays roles in plant immunity. The Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris effector AvrAC uridylylates the Arabidopsis PBL2 kinase, and the latter (PBL2UMP) acts as a ligand to activate the NLR ZAR1 precomplexed with the RKS1 pseudokinase. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of ZAR1-RKS1 and ZAR1-RKS1-PBL2UMP in an inactive and intermediate state, respectively. The ZAR1LRR domain, compared with animal NLRLRR domains, is differently positioned to sequester ZAR1 in an inactive state. Recognition of PBL2UMP is exclusively through RKS1, which interacts with ZAR1LRR PBL2UMP binding stabilizes the RKS1 activation segment, which sterically blocks ZAR1 adenosine diphosphate (ADP) binding. This engenders a more flexible NB domain without conformational changes in the other ZAR1 domains. Our study provides a structural template for understanding plant NLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Meijuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Shan Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Jinfeng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Guoxun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Zhifu Han
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Yijun Qi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Ning Gao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China.
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.
| | - Jijie Chai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China. .,Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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20
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Távora FTPK, Santos C, Maximiano MR, Murad AM, Oliveira-Neto OB, Megias E, Reis Junior FB, Franco OL, Mehta A. Pan Proteome of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris Isolates Contrasting in Virulence. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1900082. [PMID: 31050381 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fully sequenced genomes of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) strains are reported. However, intra-pathovar differences are still intriguing and far from clear. In this work, the contrasting virulence between two isolates of Xcc - Xcc51 (more virulent) and XccY21 (less virulent) is evaluated by determining their pan proteome profiles. The bacteria are grown in NYG and XVM1 (optimal for induction of hrp regulon) broths and collected at the max-exponential growth phase. Shotgun proteomics reveals a total of 329 proteins when Xcc isolates are grown in XVM1. A comparison of both profiles reveals 47 proteins with significant abundance fluctuations, out of which, 39 show an increased abundance in Xcc51 and are mainly involved in virulence/adaptation mechanisms, genetic information processing, and membrane receptor/iron transport systems, such as BfeA, BtuB, Cap, Clp, Dcp, FyuA, GroEs, HpaG, Tig, and OmpP6. Several differential proteins are further analyzed by qRT-PCR, which reveals a similar expression pattern to the protein abundance. The data shed light on the complex Xcc pathogenicity mechanisms and point out a set of proteins related to the higher virulence of Xcc51. This information is essential for the development of more efficient strategies aiming at the control of black rot disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano T P K Távora
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, CEP 70770-917, DF, Brazil.,Departamento de Genética e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Santos
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, CEP 70770-917, DF, Brazil.,Departamento de Genética e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Mariana R Maximiano
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, CEP 70770-917, DF, Brazil.,Departamento de Genética e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, MG, Brazil
| | - André M Murad
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, CEP 70770-917, DF, Brazil
| | - Osmundo Brilhante Oliveira-Neto
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, CEP 70770-917, DF, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Escola de Medicina, FACIPLAC, Brasília, CEP 72460-000, DF, Brazil
| | - Esaú Megias
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, CEP 70770-917, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Octávio L Franco
- Departamento de Genética e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, MG, Brazil.,Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, CEP 70790-160, DF, Brazil.,S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, CEP 79117-900, MS, Brazil
| | - Angela Mehta
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, CEP 70770-917, DF, Brazil
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21
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Santos C, Nogueira FCS, Domont GB, Fontes W, Prado GS, Habibi P, Santos VO, Oliveira-Neto OB, Grossi-de-Sá MF, Jorrín-Novo JV, Franco OL, Mehta A. Proteomic Analysis and Functional Validation of a Brassica oleracea Endochitinase Involved in Resistance to Xanthomonas campestris. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:414. [PMID: 31031780 PMCID: PMC6473119 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Black rot is a severe disease caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), which can lead to substantial losses in cruciferous vegetable production worldwide. Although the use of resistant cultivars is the main strategy to control this disease, there are limited sources of resistance. In this study, we used the LC-MS/MS technique to analyze young cabbage leaves and chloroplast-enriched samples at 24 h after infection by Xcc, using both susceptible (Veloce) and resistant (Astrus) cultivars. A comparison between susceptible Xcc-inoculated plants and the control condition, as well as between resistant Xcc-inoculated plants with the control was performed and more than 300 differentially abundant proteins were identified in each comparison. The chloroplast enriched samples contributed with the identification of 600 additional protein species in the resistant interaction and 900 in the susceptible one, which were not detected in total leaf sample. We further determined the expression levels for 30 genes encoding the identified differential proteins by qRT-PCR. CHI-B4 like gene, encoding an endochitinase showing a high increased abundance in resistant Xcc-inoculated leaves, was selected for functional validation by overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana. Compared to the wild type (Col-0), transgenic plants were highly resistant to Xcc indicating that CHI-B4 like gene could be an interesting candidate to be used in genetic breeding programs aiming at black rot resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Santos
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Fábio C. S. Nogueira
- Proteomics Unit, Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilberto B. Domont
- Proteomics Unit, Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wagner Fontes
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Peyman Habibi
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Brazil
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Osmundo B. Oliveira-Neto
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Escola de Medicina, Faculdades Integradas da União Educacional do Planalto Central, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sá
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Brazil
- Centro de Analises Proteomicas e Bioquimica, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Jesus V. Jorrín-Novo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Octavio L. Franco
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
- Centro de Analises Proteomicas e Bioquimica, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- S-Inova Biotech, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Angela Mehta
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Brazil
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22
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A type III effector XopL8004 is vital for Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris to regulate plant immunity. Res Microbiol 2019; 170:138-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Tortosa M, Cartea ME, Velasco P, Soengas P, Rodriguez VM. Calcium-signaling proteins mediate the plant transcriptomic response during a well-established Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris infection. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:103. [PMID: 31645958 PMCID: PMC6804691 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The plant immune system is divided into two branches; one branch is based on the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP-triggered immunity), and the other relies on pathogenic effector detection (effector-triggered immunity). Despite each branch being involved in different complex mechanisms, both lead to transcription reprogramming and, thus, changes in plant metabolism. To study the defense mechanisms involved in the Brassica oleracea-Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) interaction, we analyzed the plant transcriptome dynamics at 3 and 12 days postinoculation (dpi) by using massive analysis of 3'-cDNA ends. We identified more induced than repressed transcripts at both 3 and 12 dpi, although the response was greater at 12 dpi. Changes in the expression of genes related to the early infection stages were only detected at 12 dpi, suggesting that the timing of triggered defenses is crucial to plant survival. qPCR analyses in susceptible and resistant plants allowed us to highlight the potential role of two calcium-signaling proteins, CBP60g and SARD1, in the resistance against Xcc. This role was subsequently confirmed using Arabidopsis knockout mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tortosa
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), PO Box 28 E-36080 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Maria E. Cartea
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), PO Box 28 E-36080 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Pablo Velasco
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), PO Box 28 E-36080 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Pilar Soengas
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), PO Box 28 E-36080 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Victor M. Rodriguez
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), PO Box 28 E-36080 Pontevedra, Spain
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24
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van Hulten M, Chatterjee S, van den Burg HA. Infection Assay for Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in Arabidopsis thaliana Mimicking Natural Entry via Hydathodes. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1991:159-185. [PMID: 31041772 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9458-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) causes the devastating disease Black rot in Brassicaceae. Typically Xcc enters the plant through specialized organs on the leaf margin, called hydathodes, and spreads from there through the vasculature. In order to mimic natural entry as closely as possible, we here describe a "hydathode guttation"-based entry assay for Xcc in Arabidopsis. This disease assay combines spray inoculation with the induction of guttation and allows reabsorption of guttation droplets by the plant. Moreover, our assay relies on a bioluminescent reporter strain of Xcc to allow direct visualization of both entry and subsequent spreading of Xcc in its host. The assay allows the routine infection from one to two hydathodes per Arabidopsis leaf. Infections are scored 14 days post inoculation, just before the infection goes systemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke van Hulten
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sayantani Chatterjee
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harrold A van den Burg
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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25
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Denancé N, Szurek B, Doyle EL, Lauber E, Fontaine-Bodin L, Carrère S, Guy E, Hajri A, Cerutti A, Boureau T, Poussier S, Arlat M, Bogdanove AJ, Noël LD. Two ancestral genes shaped the Xanthomonas campestris TAL effector gene repertoire. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:391-407. [PMID: 29677397 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) are injected inside plant cells to promote host susceptibility by enhancing transcription of host susceptibility genes. TALE-encoding (tal) genes were thought to be absent from Brassicaceae-infecting Xanthomonas campestris (Xc) genomes based on four reference genomic sequences. We discovered tal genes in 26 of 49 Xc strains isolated worldwide and used a combination of single molecule real time (SMRT) and tal amplicon sequencing to yield a near-complete description of the TALEs found in Xc (Xc TALome). The 53 sequenced tal genes encode 21 distinct DNA binding domains that sort into seven major DNA binding specificities. In silico analysis of the Brassica rapa promoterome identified a repertoire of predicted TALE targets, five of which were experimentally validated using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The Xc TALome shows multiple signs of DNA rearrangements that probably drove its evolution from two ancestral tal genes. We discovered that Tal12a and Tal15a of Xcc strain Xca5 contribute together in the development of disease symptoms on susceptible B. oleracea var. botrytis cv Clovis. This large and polymorphic repertoire of TALEs opens novel perspectives for elucidating TALE-mediated susceptibility of Brassicaceae to black rot disease and for understanding the molecular processes underlying TALE evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Denancé
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, UPS, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Boris Szurek
- IRD, Cirad, Univ. Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France
| | - Erin L Doyle
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Department of Biology, Doane University, Crete, NE, 68333, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Lauber
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, UPS, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | | | - Sébastien Carrère
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, UPS, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Endrick Guy
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, UPS, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Ahmed Hajri
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071, Beaucouzé Cedex, France
| | - Aude Cerutti
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, UPS, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Tristan Boureau
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071, Beaucouzé Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Poussier
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071, Beaucouzé Cedex, France
| | - Matthieu Arlat
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, UPS, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Adam J Bogdanove
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Laurent D Noël
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, UPS, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
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26
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Two-way mixed-effects methods for joint association analysis using both host and pathogen genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E5440-E5449. [PMID: 29848634 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710980115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are often affected by specific pairings of hosts and pathogens and therefore by both of their genomes. The integration of a pair of genomes into genome-wide association mapping can provide an exquisitely detailed view of the genetic landscape of complex traits. We present a statistical method, ATOMM (Analysis with a Two-Organism Mixed Model), that maps a trait of interest to a pair of genomes simultaneously; this method makes use of whole-genome sequence data for both host and pathogen organisms. ATOMM uses a two-way mixed-effect model to test for genetic associations and cross-species genetic interactions while accounting for sample structure including interactions between the genetic backgrounds of the two organisms. We demonstrate the applicability of ATOMM to a joint association study of quantitative disease resistance (QDR) in the Arabidopsis thaliana-Xanthomonas arboricola pathosystem. Our method uncovers a clear host-strain specificity in QDR and provides a powerful approach to identify genetic variants on both genomes that contribute to phenotypic variation.
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27
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Akimoto‐Tomiyama C, Tanabe S, Kajiwara H, Minami E, Ochiai H. Loss of chloroplast-localized protein phosphatase 2Cs in Arabidopsis thaliana leads to enhancement of plant immunity and resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1184-1195. [PMID: 28815858 PMCID: PMC6637992 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatases (PPs) counteract kinases in reversible phosphorylation events during numerous signal transduction pathways in eukaryotes. PP2Cs, one of the four major classes of the serine/threonine-specific PP family, are greatly expanded in plants. Thus, PP2Cs are thought to play a specific role in signal transduction pathways. Some rice PP2Cs classified in subgroup K are responsive to infection by the compatible Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal agent of bacterial blight. In Arabidopsis thaliana, orthologous PP2C genes (AtPP2C62 and AtPP2C26) classified to subgroup K are also responsive to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc, causal agent of black rot) infection. To elucidate the function of these subgroup K PP2Cs, atpp2c62- and atpp2c26-deficient A. thaliana mutants were characterized. A double mutant plant which was inoculated with a compatible Xcc showed reduced lesion development, as well as the suppression of bacterial multiplication. AtPP2C62 and AtPP2C26 localized to the chloroplast. Furthermore, the photosynthesis-related protein, chaperonin-60, was indicated as the potential candidate for the dephosphorylated substrate catalysed by AtPP2C62 and AtPP2C26 using two-dimensional isoelectric focusing sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-IDF-SDS-PAGE). Taken together, AtPP2C62 and AtPP2C26 are suggested to be involved in both photosynthesis and suppression of the plant immune system. These results imply the occurrence of crosstalk between photosynthesis and the plant defence system to control productivity under pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Akimoto‐Tomiyama
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukubaIbaraki 305‐8602, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tanabe
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukubaIbaraki 305‐8602, Japan
- Present address:
Sakata Seed CorporationYokohamaJapan
| | - Hideyuki Kajiwara
- Advanced Analysis CenterNational Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukubaIbaraki 305‐8602, Japan
| | - Eiichi Minami
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukubaIbaraki 305‐8602, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Ochiai
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukubaIbaraki 305‐8602, Japan
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28
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Debieu M, Huard-Chauveau C, Genissel A, Roux F, Roby D. Quantitative disease resistance to the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas campestris involves an Arabidopsis immune receptor pair and a gene of unknown function. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:510-520. [PMID: 26212639 PMCID: PMC6638543 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Although quantitative disease resistance (QDR) is a durable and broad-spectrum form of resistance in plants, the identification of the genes underlying QDR is still in its infancy. RKS1 (Resistance related KinaSe1) has been reported recently to confer QDR in Arabidopsis thaliana to most but not all races of the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc). We therefore explored the genetic bases of QDR in A. thaliana to diverse races of X. campestris (Xc). A nested genome-wide association mapping approach was used to finely map the genomic regions associated with QDR to Xcc12824 (race 2) and XccCFBP6943 (race 6). To identify the gene(s) implicated in QDR, insertional mutants (T-DNA) were selected for the candidate genes and phenotyped in response to Xc. We identified two major QTLs that confer resistance specifically to Xcc12824 and XccCFBP6943. Although QDR to Xcc12824 is conferred by At5g22540 encoding for a protein of unknown function, QDR to XccCFBP6943 involves the well-known immune receptor pair RRS1/RPS4. In addition to RKS1, this study reveals that three genes are involved in resistance to Xc with strikingly different ranges of specificity, suggesting that QDR to Xc involves a complex network integrating multiple response pathways triggered by distinct pathogen molecular determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyne Debieu
- Laboratoire Génétique et Evolution des Populations Végétales, UMR CNRS 8198, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille-Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, F-59655, France
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Carine Huard-Chauveau
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Anne Genissel
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Fabrice Roux
- Laboratoire Génétique et Evolution des Populations Végétales, UMR CNRS 8198, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille-Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, F-59655, France
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Dominique Roby
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
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The Decoy Substrate of a Pathogen Effector and a Pseudokinase Specify Pathogen-Induced Modified-Self Recognition and Immunity in Plants. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 18:285-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Pathogen-secreted proteases activate a novel plant immune pathway. Nature 2015; 521:213-6. [PMID: 25731164 PMCID: PMC4433409 DOI: 10.1038/nature14243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) cascades play central roles in innate immune signaling networks in plants and animals1,2. In plants, however, the molecular mechanisms of how signal perception is transduced to MAPK activation remain elusive1. We report that pathogen-secreted proteases activate a previously unknown signaling pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana involving the Gα, Gβ and Gγ subunits of heterotrimeric G-protein complexes, which function upstream of a MAPK cascade. In this pathway, Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 (RACK1) functions as a novel scaffold that binds to the Gβ subunit as well as to all three tiers of the MAPK cascade, thereby linking upstream G protein signaling to downstream activation of a MAPK cascade. The protease-G protein-RACK1-MAPK cascade modules identified in these studies are distinct from previously described plant immune signaling pathways such as the one elicited by bacterial flagellin, in which G proteins function downstream of or in parallel to a MAPK cascade without the involvement of the RACK1 scaffolding protein. The discovery of the novel protease-mediated immune signaling pathway described here was facilitated by the use of the broad host range, opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The ability of P. aeruginosa to infect both plants and animals makes it an excellent model to identify novel types of immunoregulatory strategies that account for its niche adaptation to diverse host tissues and immune systems.
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Zhou X, Hu X, Li J, Wang N. A Novel Periplasmic Protein, VrpA, Contributes to Efficient Protein Secretion by the Type III Secretion System in Xanthomonas spp. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:143-153. [PMID: 25338144 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-14-0309-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Efficient secretion of type III effector proteins from the bacterial cytoplasm to host cell cytosol via a type III secretion system (T3SS) is crucial for virulence of plant-pathogenic bacterium. Our previous study revealed a conserved hypothetical protein, virulence-related periplasm protein A (VrpA), which was identified as a critical virulence factor for Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. In this study, we demonstrate that mutation of vrpA compromises X. citri subsp. citri virulence and hypersensitive response induction. This deficiency is also observed in the X. campestris pv. campestris strain, suggesting a functional conservation of VrpA in Xanthomonas spp. Our study indicates that VrpA is required for efficient protein secretion via T3SS, which is supported by multiple lines of evidence. A CyaA reporter assay shows that VrpA is involved in type III effector secretion; quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis suggests that the vrpA mutant fails to activate citrus-canker-susceptible gene CsLOB1, which is transcriptionally activated by transcription activator-like effector PthA4; in vitro secretion study reveals that VrpA plays an important role in secretion of T3SS pilus, translocon, and effector proteins. Our data also indicate that VrpA in X. citri subsp. citri localizes to bacterial periplasmic space and the periplasmic localization is required for full function of VrpA and X. citri subsp. citri virulence. Protein-protein interaction studies show that VrpA physically interacts with periplasmic T3SS components HrcJ and HrcC. However, the mutation of VrpA does not affect T3SS gene expression. Additionally, VrpA is involved in X. citri subsp. citri tolerance of oxidative stress. Our data contribute to the mechanical understanding of an important periplasmic protein VrpA in Xanthomonas spp.
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Dupoiron S, Zischek C, Ligat L, Carbonne J, Boulanger A, Dugé de Bernonville T, Lautier M, Rival P, Arlat M, Jamet E, Lauber E, Albenne C. The N-Glycan cluster from Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris: a toolbox for sequential plant N-glycan processing. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:6022-36. [PMID: 25586188 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.624593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Glycans are widely distributed in living organisms but represent only a small fraction of the carbohydrates found in plants. This probably explains why they have not previously been considered as substrates exploited by phytopathogenic bacteria during plant infection. Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the causal agent of black rot disease of Brassica plants, possesses a specific system for GlcNAc utilization expressed during host plant infection. This system encompasses a cluster of eight genes (nixE to nixL) encoding glycoside hydrolases (GHs). In this paper, we have characterized the enzymatic activities of these GHs and demonstrated their involvement in sequential degradation of a plant N-glycan using a N-glycopeptide containing two GlcNAcs, three mannoses, one fucose, and one xylose (N2M3FX) as a substrate. The removal of the α-1,3-mannose by the α-mannosidase NixK (GH92) is a prerequisite for the subsequent action of the β-xylosidase NixI (GH3), which is involved in the cleavage of the β-1,2-xylose, followed by the α-mannosidase NixJ (GH125), which removes the α-1,6-mannose. These data, combined to the subcellular localization of the enzymes, allowed us to propose a model of N-glycopeptide processing by X. campestris pv. campestris. This study constitutes the first evidence suggesting N-glycan degradation by a plant pathogen, a feature shared with human pathogenic bacteria. Plant N-glycans should therefore be included in the repertoire of molecules putatively metabolized by phytopathogenic bacteria during their life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Dupoiron
- From the Université de Toulouse and CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Claudine Zischek
- INRA and CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR 2594, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France, and
| | - Laetitia Ligat
- From the Université de Toulouse and CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Julien Carbonne
- From the Université de Toulouse and CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Alice Boulanger
- INRA and CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR 2594, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France, and
| | - Thomas Dugé de Bernonville
- INRA and CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR 2594, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France, and
| | - Martine Lautier
- INRA and CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR 2594, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France, and the Université de Toulouse, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Pauline Rival
- From the Université de Toulouse and CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France, INRA and CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR 2594, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France, and
| | - Matthieu Arlat
- INRA and CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR 2594, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France, and the Université de Toulouse, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- From the Université de Toulouse and CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Emmanuelle Lauber
- INRA and CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR 2594, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France, and
| | - Cécile Albenne
- From the Université de Toulouse and CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Muñoz Bodnar A, Cruz Gómez LM, Bernal A, Szurek B, López Carrascal CE. COMPARING INOCULATION METHODS TO EVALUATE THE GROWTH OF Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis ON CASSAVA PLANTS. ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2014. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v20n2.43130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
<p class="ecxmsonormal"><em>Xanthomonas axonopodis </em>pv. manihotis (<em>Xam</em>) is the causal agent of cassava bacterial blight (CBB), a major disease for cassava crops in South America and Africa. Until now the development of the disease is measured via AUDPC (Area Under Disease Progress Curve) but no reliable quantitative methods are available probably due to high variability of bacterial growth <em>in planta</em>. To establish an accurate method for bacterial quantification during the course of <em>Xam</em> infection within the host tissues, we analyzed bacterial populations upon stem and leaf-puncturing as well as leaf-clipping of cassava varieties MCOL1522 and SG107-35 challenged with the virulent <em>Xam</em> strain CIO151. Here, we show that the movement of bacteria along the tissues and especially in leaves is stochastic. 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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !supportAnnotations]--><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--></p><p class="EstiloActa" style="text-align: justify;"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE">Xanthomonas axonopodis </span></em><span lang="X-NONE">pv. manihotis<em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> (Xam)</em> es el agente causal del tizón bacteriano de la yuca, una de las principales enfermedades de los cultivos de yuca en América del Sur y África. Hasta ahora, el desarrollo de la enfermedad se mide a través de AUDPC <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Area<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Under Disease Progress curve)</em>, pero no hay disponibles métodos cuantitativos fiables,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>esto debido posiblemente a la alta variabilidad del crecimiento bacteriano en la planta. Para establecer un método exacto para la cuantificación bacteriana durante el curso de la infección <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Xam </em>dentro de los tejidos del huésped, se analizaron las poblaciones de bacterias sobre tallo y hojas, así como corte de hojas de las <a style="mso-comment-reference: as_1; mso-comment-date: 20141102T2035;">variedades de yuca</a></span><span lang="X-NONE">MCOL1522 y SG107-35 con la cepa virulenta CIO151 <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Xam.</em> <a style="mso-comment-reference: as_2; mso-comment-date: 20141102T2035;">En esta investigación se </a></span><span lang="X-NONE">muestra que el movimiento de las bacterias a lo largo de los tejidos y especialmente en las hojas es estocástico. Por otra parte, hemos podido demostrar el crecimiento diferencial de la cepa virulenta<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Xam</em> CIO151 tras la punción al tallo y la cuantificación de la bacteria a 6 cm de distancia del punto de inoculación de dos variedades que presentan niveles contrastantes de susceptibilidad.</span></p><p class="ecxmsonormal"> </p>
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The plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris exploits N-acetylglucosamine during infection. mBio 2014; 5:e01527-14. [PMID: 25205095 PMCID: PMC4173781 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01527-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), the main component of chitin and a major constituent of bacterial peptidoglycan, is present only in trace amounts in plants, in contrast to the huge amount of various sugars that compose the polysaccharides of the plant cell wall. Thus, GlcNAc has not previously been considered a substrate exploited by phytopathogenic bacteria during plant infection. Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the causal agent of black rot disease of Brassica plants, expresses a carbohydrate utilization system devoted to GlcNAc exploitation. In addition to genes involved in GlcNAc catabolism, this system codes for four TonB-dependent outer membrane transporters (TBDTs) and eight glycoside hydrolases. Expression of all these genes is under the control of GlcNAc. In vitro experiments showed that X. campestris pv. campestris exploits chitooligosaccharides, and there is indirect evidence that during the early stationary phase, X. campestris pv. campestris recycles bacterium-derived peptidoglycan/muropeptides. Results obtained also suggest that during plant infection and during growth in cabbage xylem sap, X. campestris pv. campestris encounters and metabolizes plant-derived GlcNAc-containing molecules. Specific TBDTs seem to be preferentially involved in the consumption of all these plant-, fungus- and bacterium-derived GlcNAc-containing molecules. This is the first evidence of GlcNAc consumption during infection by a phytopathogenic bacterium. Interestingly, N-glycans from plant N-glycosylated proteins are proposed to be substrates for glycoside hydrolases belonging to the X. campestris pv. campestris GlcNAc exploitation system. This observation extends the range of sources of GlcNAc metabolized by phytopathogenic bacteria during their life cycle. Despite the central role of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) in nature, there is no evidence that phytopathogenic bacteria metabolize this compound during plant infection. Results obtained here suggest that Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the causal agent of black rot disease on Brassica, encounters and metabolizes GlcNAc in planta and in vitro. Active and specific outer membrane transporters belonging to the TonB-dependent transporters family are proposed to import GlcNAc-containing complex molecules from the host, from the bacterium, and/or from the environment, and bacterial glycoside hydrolases induced by GlcNAc participate in their degradation. Our results extend the range of sources of GlcNAc metabolized by this phytopathogenic bacterium during its life cycle to include chitooligosaccharides that could originate from fungi or insects present in the plant environment, muropeptides leached during peptidoglycan recycling and bacterial lysis, and N-glycans from plant N-glycosylated proteins present in the plant cell wall as well as in xylem sap.
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Dugé de Bernonville T, Noël LD, SanCristobal M, Danoun S, Becker A, Soreau P, Arlat M, Lauber E. Transcriptional reprogramming and phenotypical changes associated with growth ofXanthomonas campestrispv.campestrisin cabbage xylem sap. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2014; 89:527-41. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dugé de Bernonville
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM); UMR 441; INRA; Castanet-Tolosan France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM); UMR 2594; CNRS; Castanet-Tolosan France
| | - Laurent D. Noël
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM); UMR 441; INRA; Castanet-Tolosan France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM); UMR 2594; CNRS; Castanet-Tolosan France
| | - Magali SanCristobal
- UMR 1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d'Elevage; INRA; Castanet-Tolosan France
- UMR 1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d'Elevage; Université de Toulouse INPT ENSAT; Castanet-Tolosan France
- UMR 1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d'Elevage; Université de Toulouse INPT ENVT; Toulouse France
| | - Saida Danoun
- Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales (LRSV); UMR 5546; Université de Toulouse, UPS; Castanet-Tolosan France
- Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales (LRSV); UMR 5546; CNRS; Castanet-Tolosan France
| | - Anke Becker
- Loewe Center for Synthetic Microbiology and Department of Biology; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Marburg Germany
| | - Paul Soreau
- CEA Cadarache; IBEB-SBVME; Research Group in Applied Phytotechnics; UMR 6191 CNRS-CEA; Aix-Marseille University; Saint-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex France
| | - Matthieu Arlat
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM); UMR 441; INRA; Castanet-Tolosan France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM); UMR 2594; CNRS; Castanet-Tolosan France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS; Toulouse France
| | - Emmanuelle Lauber
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM); UMR 441; INRA; Castanet-Tolosan France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM); UMR 2594; CNRS; Castanet-Tolosan France
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Akimoto-Tomiyama C, Furutani A, Ochiai H. Real time live imaging of phytopathogenic bacteria Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris MAFF106712 in 'plant sweet home'. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94386. [PMID: 24736478 PMCID: PMC3988059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas is one of the most widespread phytobacteria, causing diseases on a variety of agricultural plants. To develop novel control techniques, knowledge of bacterial behavior inside plant cells is essential. Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, a vascular pathogen, is the causal agent of black rot on leaves of Brassicaceae, including Arabidopsis thaliana. Among the X. campestris pv. campestris stocks in the MAFF collection, we selected XccMAFF106712 as a model compatible pathogen for the A. thaliana reference ecotype Columbia (Col-0). Using modified green fluorescent protein (AcGFP) as a reporter, we observed real time XccMAFF106712 colonization in planta with confocal microscopy. AcGFP-expressing bacteria colonized the inside of epidermal cells and the apoplast, as well as the xylem vessels of the vasculature. In the case of the type III mutant, bacteria colonization was never detected in the xylem vessel or apoplast, though they freely enter the xylem vessel through the wound. After 9 days post inoculation with XccMAFF106712, the xylem vessel became filled with bacterial aggregates. This suggests that Xcc colonization can be divided into main four steps, (1) movement in the xylem vessel, (2) movement to the next cell, (3) adhesion to the host plant cells, and (4) formation of bacterial aggregates. The type III mutant abolished at least steps (1) and (2). Better understanding of Xcc colonization is essential for development of novel control techniques for black rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Akimoto-Tomiyama
- Plant-Microbe Interaction Research Unit, Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Ayako Furutani
- Gene Research Center, Ibaraki University, Inashiki, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Ochiai
- Plant-Microbe Interaction Research Unit, Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
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Bollhöner B, Zhang B, Stael S, Denancé N, Overmyer K, Goffner D, Van Breusegem F, Tuominen H. Post mortem function of AtMC9 in xylem vessel elements. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:498-510. [PMID: 23834670 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell death of xylem elements is manifested by rupture of the tonoplast and subsequent autolysis of the cellular contents. Metacaspases have been implicated in various forms of plant cell death but regulation and execution of xylem cell death by metacaspases remains unknown. Analysis of the type II metacaspase gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana supported the function of METACASPASE 9 (AtMC9) in xylem cell death. Progression of xylem cell death was analysed in protoxylem vessel elements of 3-d-old atmc9 mutant roots using reporter gene analysis and electron microscopy. Protoxylem cell death was normally initiated in atmc9 mutant lines, but detailed electron microscopic analyses revealed a role for AtMC9 in clearance of the cell contents post mortem, that is after tonoplast rupture. Subcellular localization of fluorescent AtMC9 reporter fusions supported a post mortem role for AtMC9. Further, probe-based activity profiling suggested a function of AtMC9 on activities of papain-like cysteine proteases. Our data demonstrate that the function of AtMC9 in xylem cell death is to degrade vessel cell contents after vacuolar rupture. We further provide evidence on a proteolytic cascade in post mortem autolysis of xylem vessel elements and suggest that AtMC9 is part of this cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bollhöner
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bo Zhang
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Simon Stael
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Denancé
- UPS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Kirk Overmyer
- Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Deborah Goffner
- UPS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Hannele Tuominen
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
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Huard-Chauveau C, Perchepied L, Debieu M, Rivas S, Kroj T, Kars I, Bergelson J, Roux F, Roby D. An atypical kinase under balancing selection confers broad-spectrum disease resistance in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003766. [PMID: 24068949 PMCID: PMC3772041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The failure of gene-for-gene resistance traits to provide durable and broad-spectrum resistance in an agricultural context has led to the search for genes underlying quantitative resistance in plants. Such genes have been identified in only a few cases, all for fungal or nematode resistance, and encode diverse molecular functions. However, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of quantitative resistance variation to other enemies and the associated evolutionary forces shaping this variation remain largely unknown. We report the identification, map-based cloning and functional validation of QRX3 (RKS1, Resistance related KinaSe 1), conferring broad-spectrum resistance to Xanthomonas campestris (Xc), a devastating worldwide bacterial vascular pathogen of crucifers. RKS1 encodes an atypical kinase that mediates a quantitative resistance mechanism in plants by restricting bacterial spread from the infection site. Nested Genome-Wide Association mapping revealed a major locus corresponding to an allelic series at RKS1 at the species level. An association between variation in resistance and RKS1 transcription was found using various transgenic lines as well as in natural accessions, suggesting that regulation of RKS1 expression is a major component of quantitative resistance to Xc. The co-existence of long lived RKS1 haplotypes in A. thaliana is shared with a variety of genes involved in pathogen recognition, suggesting common selective pressures. The identification of RKS1 constitutes a starting point for deciphering the mechanisms underlying broad spectrum quantitative disease resistance that is effective against a devastating and vascular crop pathogen. Because putative RKS1 orthologous have been found in other Brassica species, RKS1 provides an exciting opportunity for plant breeders to improve resistance to black rot in crops. During the evolution of plant-pathogen interactions, plants have evolved the capability to defend themselves from pathogen infection by different overlapping mechanisms. Disease resistance is constituted by an elaborate, multilayered system of defense. Among these responses, quantitative resistance is a prevalent form of resistance in crops and natural plant populations, for which the genetic and molecular bases remain largely unknown. Thus, identification of the genes underlying quantitative resistance constitutes a major challenge in plant breeding and evolutionary biology, and might have enormous practical implications for human health by increasing crop yield and quality. Our work contributes to understanding the molecular bases of quantitative resistance to the vascular pathogen Xanthomonas campestris (Xc), which is responsible for black rot, an important disease of crucifers worldwide. By multiple approaches, we demonstrate that RKS1 is a quantitative resistance gene in Arabidopsis thaliana conferring broad-spectrum resistance to Xc and that this resistance mechanism in plants is associated with regulation of RKS1 expression. We also provide evidence that RKS1 allelic variation is a major component of quantitative resistance to Xc at the species level. Finally, the long-lived polymorphism associated with RKS1 suggests that evolutionary stable broad-spectrum resistance to Xc may be achieved in natural populations of A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Huard-Chauveau
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Laure Perchepied
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Marilyne Debieu
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Evolution des Populations Végétales, UMR CNRS 8198, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Susana Rivas
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Thomas Kroj
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Ilona Kars
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Joy Bergelson
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Fabrice Roux
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Evolution des Populations Végétales, UMR CNRS 8198, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Dominique Roby
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- * E-mail:
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Guy E, Lautier M, Chabannes M, Roux B, Lauber E, Arlat M, Noël LD. xopAC-triggered immunity against Xanthomonas depends on Arabidopsis receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase genes PBL2 and RIPK. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73469. [PMID: 23951354 PMCID: PMC3739749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) colonizes the vascular system of Brassicaceae and ultimately causes black rot. In susceptible Arabidopsis plants, XopAC type III effector inhibits by uridylylation positive regulators of the PAMP-triggered immunity such as the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCK) BIK1 and PBL1. In the resistant ecotype Col-0, xopAC is a major avirulence gene of Xcc. In this study, we show that both the RLCK interaction domain and the uridylyl transferase domain of XopAC are required for avirulence. Furthermore, xopAC can also confer avirulence to both the vascular pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum and the mesophyll-colonizing pathogen Pseudomonas syringae indicating that xopAC-specified effector-triggered immunity is not specific to the vascular system. In planta, XopAC-YFP fusions are localized at the plasma membrane suggesting that XopAC might interact with membrane-localized proteins. Eight RLCK of subfamily VII predicted to be localized at the plasma membrane and interacting with XopAC in yeast two-hybrid assays have been isolated. Within this subfamily, PBL2 and RIPK RLCK genes but not BIK1 are important for xopAC-specified effector-triggered immunity and Arabidopsis resistance to Xcc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endrick Guy
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), UMR 441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), UMR 2594, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Martine Lautier
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), UMR 441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), UMR 2594, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Matthieu Chabannes
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), UMR 441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), UMR 2594, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Brice Roux
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), UMR 441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), UMR 2594, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Emmanuelle Lauber
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), UMR 441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), UMR 2594, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Matthieu Arlat
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), UMR 441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), UMR 2594, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent D. Noël
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), UMR 441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), UMR 2594, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- * E-mail:
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Natural genetic variation of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris pathogenicity on arabidopsis revealed by association and reverse genetics. mBio 2013. [PMID: 23736288 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00538-12.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the causal agent of black rot of Brassicaceae, manipulates the physiology and the innate immunity of its hosts. Association genetic and reverse-genetic analyses of a world panel of 45 X. campestris pv. campestris strains were used to gain understanding of the genetic basis of the bacterium's pathogenicity to Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that the compositions of the minimal predicted type III secretome varied extensively, with 18 to 28 proteins per strain. There were clear differences in aggressiveness of those X. campestris pv. campestris strains on two Arabidopsis natural accessions. We identified 3 effector genes (xopAC, xopJ5, and xopAL2) and 67 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers that were associated with variations in disease symptoms. The nature and distribution of the AFLP markers remain to be determined, but we observed a low linkage disequilibrium level between predicted effectors and other significant markers, suggesting that additional genetic factors make a meaningful contribution to pathogenicity. Mutagenesis of type III effectors in X. campestris pv. campestris confirmed that xopAC functions as both a virulence and an avirulence gene in Arabidopsis and that xopAM functions as a second avirulence gene on plants of the Col-0 ecotype. However, we did not detect the effect of any other effector in the X. campestris pv. campestris 8004 strain, likely due to other genetic background effects. These results highlight the complex genetic basis of pathogenicity at the pathovar level and encourage us to challenge the agronomical relevance of some virulence determinants identified solely in model strains. IMPORTANCE The identification and understanding of the genetic determinants of bacterial virulence are essential to be able to design efficient protection strategies for infected plants. The recent availability of genomic resources for a limited number of pathogen isolates and host genotypes has strongly biased our research toward genotype-specific approaches. Indeed, these do not consider the natural variation in both pathogens and hosts, so their applied relevance should be challenged. In our study, we exploited the genetic diversity of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the causal agent of black rot on Brassicaceae (e.g., cabbage), to mine for pathogenicity determinants. This work evidenced the contribution of known and unknown loci to pathogenicity relevant at the pathovar level and identified these virulence determinants as prime targets for breeding resistance to X. campestris pv. campestris in Brassicaceae.
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Natural genetic variation of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris pathogenicity on arabidopsis revealed by association and reverse genetics. mBio 2013; 4:e00538-12. [PMID: 23736288 PMCID: PMC3685212 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00538-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the causal agent of black rot of Brassicaceae, manipulates the physiology and the innate immunity of its hosts. Association genetic and reverse-genetic analyses of a world panel of 45 X. campestris pv. campestris strains were used to gain understanding of the genetic basis of the bacterium's pathogenicity to Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that the compositions of the minimal predicted type III secretome varied extensively, with 18 to 28 proteins per strain. There were clear differences in aggressiveness of those X. campestris pv. campestris strains on two Arabidopsis natural accessions. We identified 3 effector genes (xopAC, xopJ5, and xopAL2) and 67 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers that were associated with variations in disease symptoms. The nature and distribution of the AFLP markers remain to be determined, but we observed a low linkage disequilibrium level between predicted effectors and other significant markers, suggesting that additional genetic factors make a meaningful contribution to pathogenicity. Mutagenesis of type III effectors in X. campestris pv. campestris confirmed that xopAC functions as both a virulence and an avirulence gene in Arabidopsis and that xopAM functions as a second avirulence gene on plants of the Col-0 ecotype. However, we did not detect the effect of any other effector in the X. campestris pv. campestris 8004 strain, likely due to other genetic background effects. These results highlight the complex genetic basis of pathogenicity at the pathovar level and encourage us to challenge the agronomical relevance of some virulence determinants identified solely in model strains. IMPORTANCE The identification and understanding of the genetic determinants of bacterial virulence are essential to be able to design efficient protection strategies for infected plants. The recent availability of genomic resources for a limited number of pathogen isolates and host genotypes has strongly biased our research toward genotype-specific approaches. Indeed, these do not consider the natural variation in both pathogens and hosts, so their applied relevance should be challenged. In our study, we exploited the genetic diversity of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the causal agent of black rot on Brassicaceae (e.g., cabbage), to mine for pathogenicity determinants. This work evidenced the contribution of known and unknown loci to pathogenicity relevant at the pathovar level and identified these virulence determinants as prime targets for breeding resistance to X. campestris pv. campestris in Brassicaceae.
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Déjean G, Blanvillain-Baufumé S, Boulanger A, Darrasse A, de Bernonville TD, Girard AL, Carrére S, Jamet S, Zischek C, Lautier M, Solé M, Büttner D, Jacques MA, Lauber E, Arlat M. The xylan utilization system of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris controls epiphytic life and reveals common features with oligotrophic bacteria and animal gut symbionts. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:899-915. [PMID: 23442088 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Xylan is a major structural component of plant cell wall and the second most abundant plant polysaccharide in nature. Here, by combining genomic and functional analyses, we provide a comprehensive picture of xylan utilization by Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris (Xcc) and highlight its role in the adaptation of this epiphytic phytopathogen to the phyllosphere. The xylanolytic activity of Xcc depends on xylan-deconstruction enzymes but also on transporters, including two TonB-dependent outer membrane transporters (TBDTs) which belong to operons necessary for efficient growth in the presence of xylo-oligosaccharides and for optimal survival on plant leaves. Genes of this xylan utilization system are specifically induced by xylo-oligosaccharides and repressed by a LacI-family regulator named XylR. Part of the xylanolytic machinery of Xcc, including TBDT genes, displays a high degree of conservation with the xylose-regulon of the oligotrophic aquatic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus. Moreover, it shares common features, including the presence of TBDTs, with the xylan utilization systems of Bacteroides ovatus and Prevotella bryantii, two gut symbionts. These similarities and our results support an important role for TBDTs and xylan utilization systems for bacterial adaptation in the phyllosphere, oligotrophic environments and animal guts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Déjean
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Servane Blanvillain-Baufumé
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Alice Boulanger
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Armelle Darrasse
- INRA, UMR 1345, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS), 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071, Beaucouzé CEDEX 01, France
| | - Thomas Dugé de Bernonville
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Anne-Laure Girard
- INRA, UMR 1345, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS), 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071, Beaucouzé CEDEX 01, France
| | - Sébastien Carrére
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Stevie Jamet
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Claudine Zischek
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Martine Lautier
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Magali Solé
- Institut für Biologie, Bereich Genetik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Daniela Büttner
- Institut für Biologie, Bereich Genetik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marie-Agnès Jacques
- INRA, UMR 1345, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS), 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071, Beaucouzé CEDEX 01, France
| | - Emmanuelle Lauber
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Matthieu Arlat
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Liu W, Yu YH, Cao SY, Niu XN, Jiang W, Liu GF, Jiang BL, Tang DJ, Lu GT, He YQ, Tang JL. Transcriptome profiling of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris grown in minimal medium MMX and rich medium NYG. Res Microbiol 2013; 164:466-79. [PMID: 23470514 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris (Xcc) is the causal agent of black rot disease in cruciferous plants worldwide. Although the complete genomes of several Xcc strains have been determined, the gene expression and regulation mechanisms in this pathogen are far from clear. In this work, transcriptome profiling of Xcc 8004 grown in MMX medium (minimal medium for Xanthomonas campestris) and NYG medium (peptone yeast glycerol medium) were investigated by RNA-Seq. Using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform, a total of 26,514,630 reads (90 nt in average) were generated, of which 15,708,478 reads mapped uniquely to coding regions of Xcc 8004 genome. Of the 4273 annotated protein-coding genes of Xcc 8004, 629 were found differentially expressed in Xcc grown in MMX and NYG. Of the differentially expressed genes, 495 were up-regulated and 134 were down-regulated in MMX. The MMX-induced genes are mainly involved in amino acid metabolism, transport systems, atypical condition adaptation and pathogenicity, especially the type III secretion system, while the MMX-repressed genes are mainly involved in chemotaxis and degradation of small molecules. The global transcriptome analyzes of Xcc 8004 grown in MMX and NYG might facilitate the gene functional characterization of this phytopathogenic bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
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Denancé N, Ranocha P, Oria N, Barlet X, Rivière MP, Yadeta KA, Hoffmann L, Perreau F, Clément G, Maia-Grondard A, van den Berg GCM, Savelli B, Fournier S, Aubert Y, Pelletier S, Thomma BPHJ, Molina A, Jouanin L, Marco Y, Goffner D. Arabidopsis wat1 (walls are thin1)-mediated resistance to the bacterial vascular pathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum, is accompanied by cross-regulation of salicylic acid and tryptophan metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 73:225-39. [PMID: 22978675 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Inactivation of Arabidopsis WAT1 (Walls Are Thin1), a gene required for secondary cell-wall deposition, conferred broad-spectrum resistance to vascular pathogens, including the bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, and the fungi Verticillium dahliae and Verticillium albo-atrum. Introduction of NahG, the bacterial salicylic acid (SA)-degrading salicylate hydroxylase gene, into the wat1 mutant restored full susceptibility to both R. solanacearum and X. campestris pv. campestris. Moreover, SA content was constitutively higher in wat1 roots, further supporting a role for SA in wat1-mediated resistance to vascular pathogens. By combining transcriptomic and metabolomic data, we demonstrated a general repression of indole metabolism in wat1-1 roots as shown by constitutive down-regulation of several genes encoding proteins of the indole glucosinolate biosynthetic pathway and reduced amounts of tryptophan (Trp), indole-3-acetic acid and neoglucobrassicin, the major form of indole glucosinolate in roots. Furthermore, the susceptibility of the wat1 mutant to R. solanacearum was partially restored when crossed with either the trp5 mutant, an over-accumulator of Trp, or Pro35S:AFB1-myc, in which indole-3-acetic acid signaling is constitutively activated. Our original hypothesis placed cell-wall modifications at the heart of the wat1 resistance phenotype. However, the results presented here suggest a mechanism involving root-localized metabolic channeling away from indole metabolites to SA as a central feature of wat1 resistance to R. solanacearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Denancé
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Philippe Ranocha
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nicolas Oria
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, AgroParisTech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de Saint-Cyr, F-78026, Versailles, France
| | - Xavier Barlet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2594, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Rivière
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, E-28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Koste A Yadeta
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laurent Hoffmann
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - François Perreau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, AgroParisTech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de Saint-Cyr, F-78026, Versailles, France
| | - Gilles Clément
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, AgroParisTech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de Saint-Cyr, F-78026, Versailles, France
| | - Alessandra Maia-Grondard
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, AgroParisTech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de Saint-Cyr, F-78026, Versailles, France
| | - Grardy C M van den Berg
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Savelli
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sylvie Fournier
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Yann Aubert
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sandra Pelletier
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/ Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 91057, Evry, France
| | - Bart P H J Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, E-28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Lise Jouanin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, AgroParisTech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de Saint-Cyr, F-78026, Versailles, France
| | - Yves Marco
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2594, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Deborah Goffner
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Akimoto-Tomiyama C, Furutani A, Tsuge S, Washington EJ, Nishizawa Y, Minami E, Ochiai H. XopR, a type III effector secreted by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, suppresses microbe-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:505-14. [PMID: 22204644 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-11-0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is the causal agent of bacterial blight of rice. The XopR protein, secreted into plant cells through the type III secretion apparatus, is widely conserved in xanthomonads and is predicted to play important roles in bacterial pathogenicity. Here, we examined the function of XopR by constructing transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing it under control of the dexamethasone (DEX)-inducible promoter. In the transgenic plants treated with DEX, slightly delayed growth and variegation on leaves were observed. Induction of four microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-specific early-defense genes by a nonpathogenic X. campestris pv. campestris hrcC deletion mutant were strongly suppressed in the XopR-expressing plants. XopR expression also reduced the deposition of callose, an immune response induced by flg22. When transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, a XopR::Citrine fusion gene product localized to the plasma membrane. The deletion of XopR in X. oryzae pv. oryzae resulted in reduced pathogenicity on host rice plants. Collectively, these results suggest that XopR inhibits basal defense responses in plants rapidly after MAMP recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Akimoto-Tomiyama
- Plant-Microbe Interaction Research Unit, Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8603, Japan
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Wang Y, Meng Y, Zhang M, Tong X, Wang Q, Sun Y, Quan J, Govers F, Shan W. Infection of Arabidopsis thaliana by Phytophthora parasitica and identification of variation in host specificity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2011; 12:187-201. [PMID: 21199568 PMCID: PMC6640465 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Oomycete pathogens cause severe damage to a wide range of agriculturally important crops and natural ecosystems. They represent a unique group of plant pathogens that are evolutionarily distant from true fungi. In this study, we established a new plant-oomycete pathosystem in which the broad host range pathogen Phytophthora parasitica was demonstrated to be capable of interacting compatibly with the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Water-soaked lesions developed on leaves within 3 days and numerous sporangia formed within 5 days post-inoculation of P. parasitica zoospores. Cytological characterization showed that P. parasitica developed appressoria-like swellings and penetrated epidermal cells directly and preferably at the junction between anticlinal host cell walls. Multiple haustoria-like structures formed in both epidermal cells and mesophyll cells 1 day post-inoculation of zoospores. Pathogenicity assays of 25 A. thaliana ecotypes with six P. parasitica strains indicated the presence of a natural variation in host specificity between A. thaliana and P. parasitica. Most ecotypes were highly susceptible to P. parasitica strains Pp014, Pp016 and Pp025, but resistant to strains Pp008 and Pp009, with the frequent appearance of cell wall deposition and active defence response-based cell necrosis. Gene expression and comparative transcriptomic analysis further confirmed the compatible interaction by the identification of up-regulated genes in A. thaliana which were characteristic of biotic stress. The established A. thaliana-P. parasitica pathosystem expands the model systems investigating oomycete-plant interactions, and will facilitate a full understanding of Phytophthora biology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Rong W, Feng F, Zhou J, He C. Effector-triggered innate immunity contributes Arabidopsis resistance to Xanthomonas campestris. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2010; 11:783-93. [PMID: 21029323 PMCID: PMC6640269 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00642.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the causal agent of black rot disease, depends on its type III secretion system (TTSS) to infect cruciferous plants, including Brassica oleracea, B. napus and Arabidopsis. Previous studies on the Arabidopsis-Pseudomonas syringae model pathosystem have indicated that a major function of TTSS from virulent bacteria is to suppress host defences triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Similar analyses have not been made for the Arabidopsis-X. campestris pv. campestris pathosystem. In this study, we report that X. campestris pv. campestris strain 8004, which is modestly pathogenic on Arabidopsis, induces strong defence responses in Arabidopsis in a TTSS-dependent manner. Furthermore, the induction of defence responses and disease resistance to X. campestris pv. campestris strain 8004 requires NDR1 (NON-RACE-SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE1), RAR1 (required for Mla12 resistance) and SGT1b (suppressor of G2 allele of skp1), suggesting that effector-triggered immunity plays a large role in resistance to this strain. Consistent with this notion, AvrXccC, an X. campestris pv. campestris TTSS effector protein, induces PR1 expression and confers resistance in Arabidopsis in a RAR1- and SGT1b-dependent manner. In rar1 and sgt1b mutants, AvrXccC acts as a virulence factor, presumably because of impaired resistance gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Identification and regulation of the N-acetylglucosamine utilization pathway of the plant pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:1487-97. [PMID: 20081036 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01418-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the causal agent of black rot disease of brassicas, is known for its ability to catabolize a wide range of plant compounds. This ability is correlated with the presence of specific carbohydrate utilization loci containing TonB-dependent transporters (CUT loci) devoted to scavenging specific carbohydrates. In this study, we demonstrate that there is an X. campestris pv. campestris CUT system involved in the import and catabolism of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). Expression of genes belonging to this GlcNAc CUT system is under the control of GlcNAc via the LacI family NagR and GntR family NagQ regulators. Analysis of the NagR and NagQ regulons confirmed that GlcNAc utilization involves NagA and NagB-II enzymes responsible for the conversion of GlcNAc-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate. Mutants with mutations in the corresponding genes are sensitive to GlcNAc, as previously reported for Escherichia coli. This GlcNAc sensitivity and analysis of the NagQ and NagR regulons were used to dissect the X. campestris pv. campestris GlcNAc utilization pathway. This analysis revealed specific features, including the fact that uptake of GlcNAc through the inner membrane occurs via a major facilitator superfamily transporter and the fact that this amino sugar is phosphorylated by two proteins belonging to the glucokinase family, NagK-IIA and NagK-IIB. However, NagK-IIA seems to play a more important role in GlcNAc utilization than NagK-IIB under our experimental conditions. The X. campestris pv. campestris GlcNAc NagR regulon includes four genes encoding TonB-dependent active transporters (TBDTs). However, the results of transport experiments suggest that GlcNAc passively diffuses through the bacterial envelope, an observation that calls into question whether GlcNAc is a natural substrate for these TBDTs and consequently is the source of GlcNAc for this nonchitinolytic plant-associated bacterium.
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Wang G, Ellendorff U, Kemp B, Mansfield JW, Forsyth A, Mitchell K, Bastas K, Liu CM, Woods-Tör A, Zipfel C, de Wit PJGM, Jones JDG, Tör M, Thomma BPHJ. A genome-wide functional investigation into the roles of receptor-like proteins in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 147:503-17. [PMID: 18434605 PMCID: PMC2409048 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.119487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like proteins (RLPs) are cell surface receptors that typically consist of an extracellular leucine-rich repeat domain, a transmembrane domain, and a short cytoplasmatic tail. In several plant species, RLPs have been found to play a role in disease resistance, such as the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Cf and Ve proteins and the apple (Malus domestica) HcrVf2 protein that mediate resistance against the fungal pathogens Cladosporium fulvum, Verticillium spp., and Venturia inaequalis, respectively. In addition, RLPs play a role in plant development; Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) TOO MANY MOUTHS (TMM) regulates stomatal distribution, while Arabidopsis CLAVATA2 (CLV2) and its functional maize (Zea mays) ortholog FASCINATED EAR2 regulate meristem maintenance. In total, 57 RLP genes have been identified in the Arabidopsis genome and a genome-wide collection of T-DNA insertion lines was assembled. This collection was functionally analyzed with respect to plant growth and development and sensitivity to various stress responses, including susceptibility toward pathogens. A number of novel developmental phenotypes were revealed for our CLV2 and TMM insertion mutants. In addition, one AtRLP gene was found to mediate abscisic acid sensitivity and another AtRLP gene was found to influence nonhost resistance toward Pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola. This genome-wide collection of Arabidopsis RLP gene T-DNA insertion mutants provides a tool for future investigations into the biological roles of RLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Wang
- Plant Research International, B.V., Business Unit of Bioscience, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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AvrAC(Xcc8004), a type III effector with a leucine-rich repeat domain from Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris confers avirulence in vascular tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Col-0. J Bacteriol 2007; 190:343-55. [PMID: 17951377 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00978-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris causes black rot, a vascular disease on cruciferous plants, including Arabidopsis thaliana. The gene XC1553 from X. campestris pv. campestris strain 8004 encodes a protein containing leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and appears to be restricted to strains of X. campestris pv. campestris. LRRs are found in a number of type III-secreted effectors in plant and animal pathogens. These prompted us to investigate the role of the XC1553 gene in the interaction between X. campestris pv. campestris and A. thaliana. Translocation assays using the hypersensitive-reaction-inducing domain of X. campestris pv. campestris AvrBs1 as a reporter revealed that XC1553 is a type III effector. Infiltration of Arabidopsis leaf mesophyll with bacterial suspensions showed no differences between the wild-type strain and an XC1553 gene mutant; both strains induced disease symptoms on Kashmir and Col-0 ecotypes. However, a clear difference was observed when bacteria were introduced into the vascular system by piercing the central vein of leaves. In this case, the wild-type strain 8004 caused disease on the Kashmir ecotype, but not on ecotype Col-0; the XC1553 gene mutant became virulent on the Col-0 ecotype and still induced disease on the Kashmir ecotype. Altogether, these data show that the XC1553 gene, which was renamed avrAC(Xcc8004), functions as an avirulence gene whose product seems to be recognized in vascular tissues.
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