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Zhang X, Zheng S, Yu M, Xu C, Li Y, Sun L, Hu G, Yang J, Qiu X. Evaluation of Resistance Resources and Analysis of Resistance Mechanisms of Maize to Stalk Rot Caused by Fusarium graminearum. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:348-358. [PMID: 37443398 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-23-0825-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Stalk rot is one of the most destructive and widely distributed diseases in maize plants worldwide. Research on the performance and resistance mechanisms of maize against stem rot is constantly improving. In this study, among 120 inbred maize lines infected by Fusarium graminearum using the injection method, 4 lines (3.33%) were highly resistant to stalk rot, 28 lines (23.33%) were resistant, 57 lines (47.50%) were susceptible, and 31 lines (25.84%) were highly susceptible. The inbred lines 18N10118 and 18N10370 were the most resistant and susceptible with disease indices of 7.5 and 75.6, respectively. Treatment of resistant and susceptible maize inbred seedlings with F. graminearum showed that root hair growth of the susceptible inbred lines was significantly inhibited, and a large number of hyphae attached and adsorbed multiple conidia near the root system. However, the resistant inbred lines were delayed and inconspicuous, with only a few hyphae and spores appearing near the root system. Compared with susceptible inbred lines, resistant maize inbred line seedlings treated with F. graminearum exhibited elevated activities of catalase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, polyphenol oxidase, and superoxide dismutase. We identified 153 genes related to disease resistance by transcriptome analysis. The mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and peroxisome pathways mainly regulated the resistance mechanism of maize inbred lines to F. graminearum infection. These two pathways might play an important role in the disease resistance mechanism, and the function of genes in the two pathways must be further studied, which might provide a theoretical basis for further understanding the molecular resistance mechanism of stalk rot and resistance gene mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Suli Zheng
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Miao Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chuzhen Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yonggang Li
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Guanghi Hu
- Institute of Maize Research, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Jianfei Yang
- Institute of Maize Research, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Xiaojing Qiu
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
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Miao P, Mao X, Chen S, Abubakar YS, Li Y, Zheng W, Zhou J, Wang Z, Zheng H. The mitotic exit mediated by small GTPase Tem1 is essential for the pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011255. [PMID: 36928713 PMCID: PMC10047555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitotic exit is a key step in cell cycle, but the mechanism of mitotic exit network in the wheat head blight fungus Fusarium graminearum remains unclear. F. graminearum infects wheat spikelets and colonizes the entire head by growing through the rachis node at the bottom of each spikelet. In this study, we found that a small GTPase FgTem1 plays an important role in F. graminearum pathogenicity and functions in regulating the formation of infection structures and invasive hyphal growth on wheat spikelets and wheat coleoptiles, but plays only little roles in vegetative growth and conidiation of the phytopathogen. FgTem1 localizes to both the inner nuclear periphery and the spindle pole bodies, and negatively regulates mitotic exit in F. graminearum. Furthermore, the regulatory mechanisms of FgTem1 have been further investigated by high-throughput co-immunoprecipitation and genetic strategies. The septins FgCdc10 and FgCdc11 were demonstrated to interact with the dominant negative form of FgTem1, and FgCdc11 was found to regulate the localization of FgTem1. The cell cycle arrest protein FgBub2-FgBfa1 complex was shown to act as the GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for FgTem1. We further demonstrated that a direct interaction exists between FgBub2 and FgBfa1 which crucially promotes conidiation, pathogenicity and DON production, and negatively regulates septum formation and nuclear division in F. graminearum. Deletions of FgBUB2 and FgBFA1 genes caused fewer perithecia and immature asci formations, and dramatically down-regulated trichothecene biosynthesis (TRI) gene expressions. Double deletion of FgBUB2/FgBFA1 genes showed that FgBUB2 and FgBFA1 have little functional redundancy in F. graminearum. In summary, we systemically demonstrated that FgTem1 and its GAP FgBub2-FgBfa1 complex are required for fungal development and pathogenicity in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Miao
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuzhao Mao
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Yulong Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huawei Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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3
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Proteomic Profiling of Plant and Pathogen Interaction on the Leaf Epidermis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012171. [PMID: 36293025 PMCID: PMC9603099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant epidermis is the first line of plant defense against pathogen invasion, and likely contains important regulatory proteins related to the plant–pathogen interaction. This study aims to identify the candidates of these regulatory proteins expressed in the plant epidermis. We performed comparative proteomic studies to identify rapidly and locally expressed proteins in the leaf epidermis inoculated with fungal phytopathogen. The conidia solutions were dropped onto the Arabidopsis leaf surface, and then, we collected the epidermal tissues from inoculated and mock-treated leaves at 4 and 24 hpi. The label-free quantification methods showed that expressions of Arabidopsis proteins, which are related to defense signals, such as BAK1, MKK5, receptor-like protein kinases, transcription factors, and stomatal functions, were rapidly induced in the epidermal tissues of inoculated leaves. In contrast, most of them were not differentially regulated by fugal inoculation in the whole leaves. These findings clearly indicate that epidermal proteomics can monitor locally expressed proteins in inoculated areas of plant tissues. We also identified the 61 fungal proteins, including effector-like proteins specifically expressed on the Arabidopsis epidermis. Our new findings suggested that epidermal proteomics is useful for understanding the local expressions of plant and fungal proteins related to their interactions.
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Sun M, Bian Z, Luan Q, Chen Y, Wang W, Dong Y, Chen L, Hao C, Xu JR, Liu H. Stage-specific regulation of purine metabolism during infectious growth and sexual reproduction in Fusarium graminearum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:757-773. [PMID: 33411336 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ascospores generated during sexual reproduction are the primary inoculum for the wheat scab fungus Fusarium graminearum. Purine metabolism is known to play important roles in fungal pathogens but its lifecycle stage-specific regulation is unclear. By characterizing the genes involved in purine de novo and salvage biosynthesis pathways, we showed that de novo syntheses of inosine, adenosine and guanosine monophosphates (IMP, AMP and GMP) are important for vegetative growth, sexual/asexual reproduction, and infectious growth, whereas purine salvage synthesis is dispensable for these stages in F. graminearum. Addition of GMP rescued the defects of the Fgimd1 mutant in vegetative growth and conidiation but not sexual reproduction, whereas addition of AMP rescued all of these defects of the Fgade12 mutant, suggesting that the function of de novo synthesis of GMP rather than AMP is distinct in sexual stages. Moreover, Acd1, an ortholog of AMP deaminase, is dispensable for growth but essential for ascosporogenesis and pathogenesis, suggesting that AMP catabolism has stage-specific functions during sexual reproduction and infectious growth. The expression of almost all the genes involved in de novo purine synthesis is downregulated during sexual reproduction and infectious growth relative to vegetative growth. This study revealed that F. graminearum has stage-specific regulation of purine metabolism during infectious growth and sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhuyun Bian
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Qiaoqiao Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yitong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yongrong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Lingfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chaofeng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Huiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Shude SP, Yobo KS, Mbili NC. Progress in the management of Fusarium head blight of wheat: An overview. S AFR J SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2020/7854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), also known as head scab, is a devastating fungal disease that affects small grain cereal crops such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The predominant causal agent, Fusarium graminearum Schwabe (teleomorph: Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch), is ranked the fourth most important fungal plant pathogen worldwide. Apart from yield and quality losses, mycotoxin production can occur from FHB infection, resulting in harmful effects on human and animal health. Some level of disease control may be achieved by using certain fungicides and agronomic practices plus host resistance. In South Africa, there are currently no registered fungicides or bio-fungicides, no resistant wheat cultivars and only limited control is achieved by cultural practices. Because effective disease reduction cannot be achieved by using a single strategy, the integration of multiple management strategies can enhance disease control. We review possible strategies for reducing the risk for FHB infections that are relevant to the context of South Africa and other wheat growing areas in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinegugu P.N. Shude
- Discipline of Plant Pathology, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Kwasi S. Yobo
- Discipline of Plant Pathology, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Nokwazi C. Mbili
- Discipline of Plant Pathology, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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Teli B, Purohit J, Rashid MM, Jailani AAK, Chattopadhyay A. Omics Insight on Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat for Translational Research Perspective. Curr Genomics 2020; 21:411-428. [PMID: 33093804 PMCID: PMC7536796 DOI: 10.2174/1389202921999200620222631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In the scenario of global warming and climate change, an outbreak of new pests and pathogens has become a serious concern owing to the rapid emergence of arms races, their epidemic infection, and the ability to break down host resistance, etc. Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one such evidence that depredates major cereals throughout the world. The symptomatological perplexity and aetiological complexity make this disease very severe, engendering significant losses in the yield. Apart from qualitative and quantitative losses, mycotoxin production solemnly deteriorates the grain quality in addition to life endangerment of humans and animals after consumption of toxified grains above the permissible limit. To minimize this risk, we must be very strategic in designing sustainable management practices constituting cultural, biological, chemical, and host resistance approaches. Even though genetic resistance is the most effective and environmentally safe strategy, a huge genetic variation and unstable resistance response limit the holistic deployment of resistance genes in FHB management. Thus, the focus must shift towards the editing of susceptible (S) host proteins that are soft targets of newly evolving effector molecules, which ultimately could be exploited to repress the disease development process. Hence, we must understand the pathological, biochemical, and molecular insight of disease development in a nutshell. In the present time, the availability of functional genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics information on host-pathogen interaction in FHB have constructed various networks which helped in understanding the pathogenesis and coherent host response(s). So now translation of this information for designing of host defense in the form of desirable resistant variety/genotype is the next step. The insights collected and presented in this review will be aiding in the understanding of the disease and apprise a solution to the multi-faceted problems which are related to FHB resistance in wheat and other cereals to ensure global food safety and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavaraj Teli
- 1Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; 2Department of Plant Pathology, C.P. College of Agriculture, S.D. Agricultural University, S.K. Nagar, India; 3Plant RNAi Biology Group, I.C.G.E.B., New Delhi, India; 4Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyotika Purohit
- 1Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; 2Department of Plant Pathology, C.P. College of Agriculture, S.D. Agricultural University, S.K. Nagar, India; 3Plant RNAi Biology Group, I.C.G.E.B., New Delhi, India; 4Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Mahtab Rashid
- 1Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; 2Department of Plant Pathology, C.P. College of Agriculture, S.D. Agricultural University, S.K. Nagar, India; 3Plant RNAi Biology Group, I.C.G.E.B., New Delhi, India; 4Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - A Abdul Kader Jailani
- 1Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; 2Department of Plant Pathology, C.P. College of Agriculture, S.D. Agricultural University, S.K. Nagar, India; 3Plant RNAi Biology Group, I.C.G.E.B., New Delhi, India; 4Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Anirudha Chattopadhyay
- 1Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; 2Department of Plant Pathology, C.P. College of Agriculture, S.D. Agricultural University, S.K. Nagar, India; 3Plant RNAi Biology Group, I.C.G.E.B., New Delhi, India; 4Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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7
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An orphan protein of Fusarium graminearum modulates host immunity by mediating proteasomal degradation of TaSnRK1α. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4382. [PMID: 32873802 PMCID: PMC7462860 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18240-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) and a deoxynivalenol (DON) producer. In this study, OSP24 is identified as an important virulence factor in systematic characterization of the 50 orphan secreted protein (OSP) genes of F. graminearum. Although dispensable for growth and initial penetration, OSP24 is important for infectious growth in wheat rachis tissues. OSP24 is specifically expressed during pathogenesis and its transient expression suppresses BAX- or INF1-induced cell death. Osp24 is translocated into plant cells and two of its 8 cysteine-residues are required for its function. Wheat SNF1-related kinase TaSnRK1α is identified as an Osp24-interacting protein and shows to be important for FHB resistance in TaSnRK1α-overexpressing or silencing transgenic plants. Osp24 accelerates the degradation of TaSnRK1α by facilitating its association with the ubiquitin-26S proteasome. Interestingly, TaSnRK1α also interacts with TaFROG, an orphan wheat protein induced by DON. TaFROG competes against Osp24 for binding with the same region of TaSnRKα and protects it from degradation. Overexpression of TaFROG stabilizes TaSnRK1α and increases FHB resistance. Taken together, Osp24 functions as a cytoplasmic effector by competing against TaFROG for binding with TaSnRK1α, demonstrating the counteracting roles of orphan proteins of both host and fungal pathogens during their interactions. Fusarium graminearum is a major fungal pathogen of cereals. Here the authors show that F. graminearum secretes an effector, Osp24, that induces degradation of the wheat TaSnRK1α kinase to promote disease while an orphan wheat protein, TaFROG1, can compete with Osp24 for binding to TaSnRK1α and protect it from degradation
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8
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Demoor A, Silar P, Brun S. Appressorium: The Breakthrough in Dikarya. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:jof5030072. [PMID: 31382649 PMCID: PMC6787622 DOI: 10.3390/jof5030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic and mycorrhizal fungi often penetrate living hosts by using appressoria and related structures. The differentiation of similar structures in saprotrophic fungi to penetrate dead plant biomass has seldom been investigated and has been reported only in the model fungus Podospora anserina. Here, we report on the ability of many saprotrophs from a large range of taxa to produce appressoria on cellophane. Most Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were able to form appressoria. In contrast, none of the three investigated Mucoromycotina was able to differentiate such structures. The ability of filamentous fungi to differentiate appressoria no longer belongs solely to pathogenic or mutualistic fungi, and this raises the question of the evolutionary origin of the appressorium in Eumycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Demoor
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, LIED-UMR 8236, Université de Paris, 5 rue Marie-Andree Lagroua, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Silar
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, LIED-UMR 8236, Université de Paris, 5 rue Marie-Andree Lagroua, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Brun
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, LIED-UMR 8236, Université de Paris, 5 rue Marie-Andree Lagroua, 75205 Paris, France.
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9
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Guo Y, Yao S, Yuan T, Wang Y, Zhang D, Tang W. The spatiotemporal control of KatG2 catalase-peroxidase contributes to the invasiveness of Fusarium graminearum in host plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:685-700. [PMID: 30919582 PMCID: PMC6637876 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the pathogen-host interactions, and play a Janus-faced role in the resistance and susceptibility of plants to biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens. The ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum causes hazardous wheat Fusarium head blight worldwide. Deletion of the putative secreted catalase-peroxidase gene in F. graminearum, KatG2, reduced the virulence in wheat spike infection. However, it remains unclear when and where KatG2 scavenges ROS during the invasion of wheat. In this study, we delineate the change in ROS levels in the transition of the infection phase under microscopic observation. Correspondingly, the pathogen switches its strategy of infection with temporal and spatial regulation of KatG2 to counteract oxidative stress generated by host plant cells. With the native promoter-driven KatG2-mRFP strain, we show that KatG2-mRFP expression was induced in planta and accumulated in the infection front region at the early infection stage. In contrast to its ubiquitous cellular localization in runner hyphae, KatG2-mRFP is exclusively located on the cell wall of invading hyphal cells, especially at the pathogen-host cellular interface. Using posttranslational modification analysis, we found that asparagine residues at the 238 and 391 positions of KatG2 could be modified by N-glycosylation and that these two residues are required for KatG2 accumulation and cell wall localization in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200032China
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesChina
| | - Shenghua Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200032China
- School of Life ScienceEast China Normal UniversityShanghai200062China
- Shanghai High School International DivisionShanghai200231China
| | - Tinglu Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200032China
| | - Yanzhang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200032China
| | - Dong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200032China
| | - Weihua Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200032China
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10
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Chen D, Wu C, Hao C, Huang P, Liu H, Bian Z, Xu JR. Sexual specific functions of Tub1 beta-tubulins require stage-specific RNA processing and expression in Fusarium graminearum. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:4009-4021. [PMID: 30307105 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The wheat head blight fungus Fusarium graminearum has two highly similar beta-tubulin genes with overlapping functions during vegetative growth but only TUB1 is important for sexual reproduction. To better understand their functional divergence during ascosporogenesis, in this study we characterized the sequence elements important for stage-specific functions of TUB1. Deletion of TUB1 blocked the late but not initial stages of perithecium formation. Perithecia formed by tub1 mutant had limited ascogenous hyphae and failed to develop asci. Silencing of TUB1 by MSUD also resulted in defects in ascospore formation. Interestingly, the 3'-UTR of TUB1 was dispensable for growth but essential for its function during sexual reproduction. RIP mutations that specifically affected Tub1 functions during sexual reproduction also were identified in two ascospore progeny. Furthermore, site-directed mutagenesis showed that whereas the non-editable mutations at three A-to-I RNA editing sites had no effects, the N347D (not T362D or I368V) edited mutation affected ascospore development. In addition, the F167Y, but not E198K or F200Y, mutation in TUB1 conferred tolerance to carbendazim and caused a minor defect in sexual reproduction. Taken together, our data indicate TUB1 plays an essential role in ascosporogenesis and sexual-specific functions of TUB1 require stage-specific RNA processing and Tub1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daipeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chunlan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chaofeng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Panpan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Huiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhuyun Bian
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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11
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Liang X, Rollins JA. Mechanisms of Broad Host Range Necrotrophic Pathogenesis in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:1128-1140. [PMID: 30048598 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-18-0197-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Among necrotrophic fungi, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is remarkable for its extremely broad host range and for its aggressive host tissue colonization. With full genome sequencing, transcriptomic analyses and the increasing pace of functional gene characterization, the factors underlying the basis of this broad host range necrotrophic pathogenesis are now being elucidated at a greater pace. Among these, genes have been characterized that are required for infection via compound appressoria in addition to genes associated with colonization that regulate oxalic acid (OA) production and OA catabolism. Moreover, virulence-related secretory proteins have been identified, among which are candidates for manipulating host activities apoplastically and cytoplasmically. Coupled with these mechanistic studies, cytological observations of the colonization process have blurred the heretofore clear-cut biotroph versus necrotroph boundary. In this review, we reexamine the cytology of S. sclerotiorum infection and put more recent molecular and genomic data into the context of this cytology. We propose a two-phase infection model in which the pathogen first evades, counteracts and subverts host basal defense reactions prior to killing and degrading host cells. Spatially, the pathogen may achieve this via the production of compatibility factors/effectors in compound appressoria, bulbous subcuticular hyphae, and primary invasive hyphae. By examining the nuances of this interaction, we hope to illuminate new classes of factors as targets to improve our understanding of broad host range necrotrophic pathogens and provide the basis for understanding corresponding host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Liang
- First author: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University; and second author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110680, Gainesville 32611-0680
| | - Jeffrey A Rollins
- First author: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University; and second author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110680, Gainesville 32611-0680
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12
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Kim Y, Kang IJ, Shin DB, Roh JH, Heu S, Shim HK. Timing of Fusarium Head Blight Infection in Rice by Heading Stage. MYCOBIOLOGY 2018; 46:283-286. [PMID: 30294489 PMCID: PMC6171418 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2018.1496637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum causes the devastating plant disease Fusarium head blight and produces mycotoxins on small cultivated grains. To investigate the timeframe of F. graminearum infection during rice cultivation, a spore suspension of F. graminearum was applied to the rice cultivars Dongjin 1 and Nampyeongbyeo before and after the heading stage. The disease incidence rate was the highest (50%) directly after heading, when the greatest number of flowers were present, while only 10% of the rice infected 30 days after heading showed symptoms. To understand the mechanism of infection, an F. graminearum strain expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) was inoculated, and the resulting infections were visually examined. Spores were found in all areas between the glume and inner seed, with the largest amount of GFP detected in the aleurone layer. When the inner part of the rice seed was infected, the pathogen was mainly observed in the embryo. These results suggest that F. graminearum migrates from the anthers to the ovaries and into the seeds during the flowering stage of rice. This study will contribute to uncovering the infection process of this pathogen in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangseon Kim
- Crop Cultivation and Environment Research Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
| | - In Jeong Kang
- Crop Cultivation and Environment Research Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
| | - Dong Bum Shin
- Crop Cultivation and Environment Research Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Roh
- Crop Cultivation and Environment Research Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sunggi Heu
- Crop Cultivation and Environment Research Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyeong Kwon Shim
- Crop Cultivation and Environment Research Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
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13
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Imboden L, Afton D, Trail F. Surface interactions of Fusarium graminearum on barley. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1332-1342. [PMID: 28940853 PMCID: PMC6638126 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Fusarium graminearum, a devastating pathogen of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), produces mycotoxins that pose a health hazard. To investigate the surface interactions of F. graminearum on barley, we focused on barley florets, as the most important infection site leading to grain contamination. The fungus interacted with silica-accumulating cells (trichomes and silica/cork cell pairs) on the host surface. We identified variation in trichome-type cells between two-row and six-row barley, and in the role of specific epidermal cells in the ingress of F. graminearum into barley florets. Prickle-type trichomes functioned to trap conidia and were sites of fungal penetration. Infections of more mature florets supported the spread of hyphae into the vascular bundles, whereas younger florets did not show this spread. These differences related directly to the timing and location of increases in silica content during maturation. Focal accumulation of cellulose in infected paleae of two-row and six-row barley indicated that the response is in part linked to trichome type. Overall, silica-accumulating epidermal cells had an expanded role in barley, serving to trap conidia, provide sites for fungal ingress and initiate resistance responses, suggesting a role for silica in pathogen establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Imboden
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI 48824USA
| | - Drew Afton
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI 48824USA
| | - Frances Trail
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI 48824USA
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI 48824USA
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14
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Liu X, Liu C. Effects of Drought-Stress on Fusarium Crown Rot Development in Barley. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167304. [PMID: 27936004 PMCID: PMC5147875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium crown rot (FCR), caused by various Fusarium species, is a chronic disease of cereals in many semi-arid regions worldwide. To clarify what effects drought-stress may have on FCR development, visual assessment, histological analysis and quantitative PCR were used to analyse the infection process of F. pseudograminearum in barley. This study observed for the first time that the severity of FCR symptom reflects the quantity of pathogens in infected tissues of barley under both drought-stressed and well-watered conditions. Drought-stress prolongs the initial infection phase but enhances the proliferation and spread of Fusarium pathogens after the initial infection phase. Under drought-stressed conditions, the invading hyphae were frequently observed to re-emerge from stomata and invade again the surrounding epidermis cells. Under the well-watered conditions, however, very few hyphae re-emerged from stomata and most infection was caused by hyphae intracellularly grown. It was also observed that drought-stress increased the length and density of trichomes dramatically especially in the susceptible genotypes, and that the length and density of trichomes were positively related to fungal biomass of F. pseudograminearum in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlun Liu
- College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Chunji Liu
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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15
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Pasquet JC, Changenet V, Macadré C, Boex-Fontvieille E, Soulhat C, Bouchabké-Coussa O, Dalmais M, Atanasova-Pénichon V, Bendahmane A, Saindrenan P, Dufresne M. A Brachypodium UDP-Glycosyltransferase Confers Root Tolerance to Deoxynivalenol and Resistance to Fusarium Infection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:559-74. [PMID: 27378816 PMCID: PMC5074643 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a cereal disease caused by Fusarium graminearum, a fungus able to produce type B trichothecenes on cereals, including deoxynivalenol (DON), which is harmful for humans and animals. Resistance to FHB is quantitative, and the mechanisms underlying resistance are poorly understood. Resistance has been related to the ability to conjugate DON into a glucosylated form, deoxynivalenol-3-O-glucose (D3G), by secondary metabolism UDP-glucosyltransferases (UGTs). However, functional analyses have never been performed within a single host species. Here, using the model cereal species Brachypodium distachyon, we show that the Bradi5g03300 UGT converts DON into D3G in planta. We present evidence that a mutation in Bradi5g03300 increases root sensitivity to DON and the susceptibility of spikes to F. graminearum, while overexpression confers increased root tolerance to the mycotoxin and spike resistance to the fungus. The dynamics of expression and conjugation suggest that the speed of DON conjugation rather than the increase of D3G per se is a critical factor explaining the higher resistance of the overexpressing lines. A detached glumes assay showed that overexpression but not mutation of the Bradi5g03300 gene alters primary infection by F. graminearum, highlighting the involvement of DON in early steps of infection. Together, these results indicate that early and efficient UGT-mediated conjugation of DON is necessary and sufficient to establish resistance to primary infection by F. graminearum and highlight a novel strategy to promote FHB resistance in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Pasquet
- IPS2, UMR9213/UMR1403, CNRS, INRA, UPSud, UPD, SPS, 91405 Orsay, France;INRA, UMR1318, IJPB, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France;APT, IJPB, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France; andINRA/UR1264 MycSA, Domaine de la Grande-Ferrade CS20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Valentin Changenet
- IPS2, UMR9213/UMR1403, CNRS, INRA, UPSud, UPD, SPS, 91405 Orsay, France;INRA, UMR1318, IJPB, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France;APT, IJPB, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France; andINRA/UR1264 MycSA, Domaine de la Grande-Ferrade CS20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Catherine Macadré
- IPS2, UMR9213/UMR1403, CNRS, INRA, UPSud, UPD, SPS, 91405 Orsay, France;INRA, UMR1318, IJPB, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France;APT, IJPB, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France; andINRA/UR1264 MycSA, Domaine de la Grande-Ferrade CS20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Edouard Boex-Fontvieille
- IPS2, UMR9213/UMR1403, CNRS, INRA, UPSud, UPD, SPS, 91405 Orsay, France;INRA, UMR1318, IJPB, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France;APT, IJPB, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France; andINRA/UR1264 MycSA, Domaine de la Grande-Ferrade CS20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Camille Soulhat
- IPS2, UMR9213/UMR1403, CNRS, INRA, UPSud, UPD, SPS, 91405 Orsay, France;INRA, UMR1318, IJPB, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France;APT, IJPB, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France; andINRA/UR1264 MycSA, Domaine de la Grande-Ferrade CS20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Oumaya Bouchabké-Coussa
- IPS2, UMR9213/UMR1403, CNRS, INRA, UPSud, UPD, SPS, 91405 Orsay, France;INRA, UMR1318, IJPB, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France;APT, IJPB, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France; andINRA/UR1264 MycSA, Domaine de la Grande-Ferrade CS20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Marion Dalmais
- IPS2, UMR9213/UMR1403, CNRS, INRA, UPSud, UPD, SPS, 91405 Orsay, France;INRA, UMR1318, IJPB, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France;APT, IJPB, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France; andINRA/UR1264 MycSA, Domaine de la Grande-Ferrade CS20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Vessela Atanasova-Pénichon
- IPS2, UMR9213/UMR1403, CNRS, INRA, UPSud, UPD, SPS, 91405 Orsay, France;INRA, UMR1318, IJPB, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France;APT, IJPB, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France; andINRA/UR1264 MycSA, Domaine de la Grande-Ferrade CS20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Abdelhafid Bendahmane
- IPS2, UMR9213/UMR1403, CNRS, INRA, UPSud, UPD, SPS, 91405 Orsay, France;INRA, UMR1318, IJPB, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France;APT, IJPB, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France; andINRA/UR1264 MycSA, Domaine de la Grande-Ferrade CS20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Patrick Saindrenan
- IPS2, UMR9213/UMR1403, CNRS, INRA, UPSud, UPD, SPS, 91405 Orsay, France;INRA, UMR1318, IJPB, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France;APT, IJPB, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France; andINRA/UR1264 MycSA, Domaine de la Grande-Ferrade CS20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Marie Dufresne
- IPS2, UMR9213/UMR1403, CNRS, INRA, UPSud, UPD, SPS, 91405 Orsay, France;INRA, UMR1318, IJPB, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France;APT, IJPB, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France; andINRA/UR1264 MycSA, Domaine de la Grande-Ferrade CS20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
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16
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Blum A, Benfield AH, Stiller J, Kazan K, Batley J, Gardiner DM. High-throughput FACS-based mutant screen identifies a gain-of-function allele of the Fusarium graminearum adenylyl cyclase causing deoxynivalenol over-production. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 90:1-11. [PMID: 26932301 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight and crown rot, caused by the fungal plant pathogen Fusarium graminearum, impose a major threat to global wheat production. During the infection, plants are contaminated with mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON), which can be toxic for humans and animals. In addition, DON is a major virulence factor during wheat infection. However, it is not fully understood how DON production is regulated in F. graminearum. In order to identify regulators of DON production, a high-throughput mutant screen using Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) of a mutagenised TRI5-GFP reporter strain was established and a mutant over-producing DON under repressive conditions identified. A gain-of-function mutation in the F. graminearum adenylyl cyclase (FAC1), which is a known positive regulator of DON production, was identified as the cause of this phenotype through genome sequencing and segregation analysis. Our results show that the high-throughput mutant screening procedure developed here can be applied for identification of fungal proteins involved in diverse processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailisa Blum
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia; School of Agriculture & Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Aurélie H Benfield
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Jiri Stiller
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Kemal Kazan
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia; Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation (QAAFI), University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Agriculture & Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Donald M Gardiner
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
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17
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Wcisło R, Miller SS, Dzwinel W. PAM: Particle automata model in simulation of Fusarium graminearum pathogen expansion. J Theor Biol 2016; 389:110-22. [PMID: 26549468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The multi-scale nature and inherent complexity of biological systems are a great challenge for computer modeling and classical modeling paradigms. We present a novel particle automata modeling metaphor in the context of developing a 3D model of Fusarium graminearum infection in wheat. The system consisting of the host plant and Fusarium pathogen cells can be represented by an ensemble of discrete particles defined by a set of attributes. The cells-particles can interact with each other mimicking mechanical resistance of the cell walls and cell coalescence. The particles can move, while some of their attributes can be changed according to prescribed rules. The rules can represent cellular scales of a complex system, while the integrated particle automata model (PAM) simulates its overall multi-scale behavior. We show that due to the ability of mimicking mechanical interactions of Fusarium tip cells with the host tissue, the model is able to simulate realistic penetration properties of the colonization process reproducing both vertical and lateral Fusarium invasion scenarios. The comparison of simulation results with micrographs from laboratory experiments shows encouraging qualitative agreement between the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Wcisło
- AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
| | - S Shea Miller
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON Canada, K1A 0C6.
| | - Witold Dzwinel
- AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
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18
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Wang Q, Vera Buxa S, Furch A, Friedt W, Gottwald S. Insights Into Triticum aestivum Seedling Root Rot Caused by Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:1288-303. [PMID: 26325125 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-15-0144-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is one of the most common and potent fungal pathogens of wheat (Triticum aestivum), known for causing devastating spike infections and grain yield damage. F. graminearum is a typical soil-borne pathogen that builds up during consecutive cereal cropping. Speculation on systemic colonization of cereals by F. graminearum root infection have long existed but have not been proven. We have assessed the Fusarium root rot disease macroscopically in a diverse set of 12 wheat genotypes and microscopically in a comparative study of two genotypes with diverging responses. Here, we show a 'new' aspect of the F. graminearum life cycle, i.e., the head blight fungus uses a unique root-infection strategy with an initial stage typical for root pathogens and a later stage typical for spike infection. Root colonization negatively affects seedling development and leads to systemic plant invasion by tissue-adapted fungal strategies. Another major outcome is the identification of partial resistance to root rot. Disease severity assessments and histological examinations both demonstrated three distinct disease phases that, however, proceeded differently in resistant and susceptible genotypes. Soil-borne inoculum and root infection are considered significant components of the F. graminearum life cycle with important implications for the development of new strategies of resistance breeding and disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- 1 Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Vera Buxa
- 2 Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Furch
- 3 Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Friedt
- 1 Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sven Gottwald
- 1 Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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19
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Harris LJ, Balcerzak M, Johnston A, Schneiderman D, Ouellet T. Host-preferential Fusarium graminearum gene expression during infection of wheat, barley, and maize. Fungal Biol 2015; 120:111-23. [PMID: 26693688 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a broad host pathogen threatening cereal crops in temperate regions around the world. To better understand how F. graminearum adapts to different hosts, we have performed a comparison of the transcriptome of a single strain of F. graminearum during early infection (up to 4 d post-inoculation) of barley, maize, and wheat using custom oligomer microarrays. Our results showed high similarity between F. graminearum transcriptomes in infected wheat and barley spike tissues. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to validate the gene expression profiles of 24 genes. Host-specific expression of genes was observed in each of the three hosts. This included expression of distinct sets of genes associated with transport and secondary metabolism in each of the three crops, as well as host-specific patterns for particular gene categories such as sugar transporters, integral membrane protein PTH11-like proteins, and chitinases. This study identified 69 F. graminearum genes as preferentially expressed in developing maize kernels relative to wheat and barley spikes. These host-specific differences showcase the genomic flexibility of F. graminearum to adapt to a range of hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Harris
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada.
| | - Margaret Balcerzak
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada.
| | - Anne Johnston
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada.
| | - Danielle Schneiderman
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada.
| | - Thérèse Ouellet
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada.
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20
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Liang X, Moomaw EW, Rollins JA. Fungal oxalate decarboxylase activity contributes to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum early infection by affecting both compound appressoria development and function. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:825-36. [PMID: 25597873 PMCID: PMC6638544 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pathogenesis requires the accumulation of high levels of oxalic acid (OA). To better understand the factors affecting OA accumulation, two putative oxalate decarboxylase (OxDC) genes (Ss-odc1 and Ss-odc2) were characterized. Ss-odc1 transcripts exhibited significant accumulation in vegetative hyphae, apothecia, early stages of compound appressorium development and during plant colonization. Ss-odc2 transcripts, in contrast, accumulated significantly only during mid to late stages of compound appressorium development. Neither gene was induced by low pH or exogenous OA in vegetative hyphae. A loss-of-function mutant for Ss-odc1 (Δss-odc1) showed wild-type growth, morphogenesis and virulence, and was not characterized further. Δss-odc2 mutants hyperaccumulated OA in vitro, were less efficient at compound appressorium differentiation and exhibited a virulence defect which could be fully bypassed by wounding the host plant prior to inoculation. All Δss-odc2 phenotypes were restored to the wild-type by ectopic complementation. An S. sclerotiorum strain overexpressing Ss-odc2 exhibited strong OxDC, but no oxalate oxidase activity. Increasing inoculum nutrient levels increased compound appressorium development, but not penetration efficiency, of Δss-odc2 mutants. Together, these results demonstrate differing roles for S. sclerotiorum OxDCs, with Odc2 playing a significant role in host infection related to compound appressorium formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Liang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, PO Box 110680, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0680, USA
| | - Ellen W Moomaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, 1000 Chastain Road, MD# 1203, Kennesaw, GA, 30144, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Rollins
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, PO Box 110680, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0680, USA
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21
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Zheng H, Zheng W, Wu C, Yang J, Xi Y, Xie Q, Zhao X, Deng X, Lu G, Li G, Ebbole D, Zhou J, Wang Z. Rab GTPases are essential for membrane trafficking-dependent growth and pathogenicity in Fusarium graminearum. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:4580-99. [PMID: 26177389 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rab GTPases represent the largest subfamily of Ras-related small GTPases and regulate membrane trafficking. Vesicular transport is a general mechanism that governs intracellular membrane trafficking along the endocytic and exocytic pathways in all eukaryotic cells. Fusarium graminearum is a filamentous fungus and causes the devastating and economically important head blight of wheat and related species. The mechanism of vesicular transport is not well understood, and little is known about Rab GTPases in F. graminearum. In this study, we systematically characterized all eleven FgRabs by live cell imaging and genetic analysis. We find that FgRab51 and FgRab52 are important for the endocytosis, FgRab7 localizes to the vacuolar membrane and regulates the fusion of vacuoles and autophagosomes, and FgRab8 and FgRab11 are important for polarized growth and/or exocytosis. Furthermore, both endocytic and exocytic FgRabs are required for vegetative growth, conidiogenesis, sexual reproduction, as well as pathogenesis and deoxynivalenol metabolism in F. graminearum. Thus, we conclude that Rab GTPases are essential for membrane trafficking-dependent growth and pathogenicity in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Zheng
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Congxian Wu
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Institute of Forestry Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yang Xi
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiurong Xie
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Deng
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guodong Lu
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guangpu Li
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Daniel Ebbole
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jie Zhou
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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22
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Liu H, Zhang S, Ma J, Dai Y, Li C, Lyu X, Wang C, Xu JR. Two Cdc2 Kinase Genes with Distinct Functions in Vegetative and Infectious Hyphae in Fusarium graminearum. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004913. [PMID: 26083253 PMCID: PMC4470668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cell cycle involves a number of protein kinases important for the onset and progression through mitosis, most of which are well characterized in the budding and fission yeasts and conserved in other fungi. However, unlike the model yeast and filamentous fungi that have a single Cdc2 essential for cell cycle progression, the wheat scab fungus Fusarium graminearum contains two CDC2 orthologs. The cdc2A and cdc2B mutants had no obvious defects in growth rate and conidiation but deletion of both of them is lethal, indicating that these two CDC2 orthologs have redundant functions during vegetative growth and asexual reproduction. However, whereas the cdc2B mutant was normal, the cdc2A mutant was significantly reduced in virulence and rarely produced ascospores. Although deletion of CDC2A had no obvious effect on the formation of penetration branches or hyphopodia, the cdc2A mutant was limited in the differentiation and growth of infectious growth in wheat tissues. Therefore, CDC2A plays stage-specific roles in cell cycle regulation during infectious growth and sexual reproduction. Both CDC2A and CDC2B are constitutively expressed but only CDC2A was up-regulated during plant infection and ascosporogenesis. Localization of Cdc2A- GFP to the nucleus but not Cdc2B-GFP was observed in vegetative hyphae, ascospores, and infectious hyphae. Complementation assays with chimeric fusion constructs showed that both the N- and C-terminal regions of Cdc2A are important for its functions in pathogenesis and ascosporogenesis but only the N-terminal region is important for its subcellular localization. Among the Sordariomycetes, only three Fusarium species closely related to F. graminearum have two CDC2 genes. Furthermore, F. graminearum uniquely has two Aurora kinase genes and one additional putative cyclin gene, and its orthologs of CAK1 and other four essential mitotic kinases in the budding yeast are dispensable for viability. Overall, our data indicate that cell cycle regulation is different between vegetative and infectious hyphae in F. graminearum and Cdc2A, possibly by interacting with a stage-specific cyclin, plays a more important role than Cdc2B during ascosporogenesis and plant infection. In the model yeasts and filamentous fungi, CDC2 is an essential gene that encodes the only CDK essential for mitotic cell cycle progression. However, the wheat scab fungus F. graminearum contains two CDC2 orthologs. The cdc2A and cdc2B deletion mutants had no defects in vegetative growth but deletion of both is lethal. Whereas the cdc2B mutant was normal, the cdc2A mutant was almost non-pathogenic, indicating that only Cdc2A is essential in infectious hyphae. Cdc2A and Cdc2B differ in subcellular localization and only localization of Cdc2A to the nucleus was increased in cells active in mitosis. Furthermore, F. graminearum uniquely has two orthologs of Ipl1 Aurora kinase and mutants deleted of orthologs of five essential yeast mitotic kinase genes were viable. However, most of these mutants were significantly reduced in virulence. Overall, our data indicate that F. graminearum differs from the model fungi in CDK and other key mitotic kinase genes, and cell cycle regulation is different between vegetative and infectious hyphae. This is the first report on two Cdc2 kinases in fungi and they differ in subcellular localization and functions during sexual reproduction and plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Shijie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiwen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yafeng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chaohui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xueliang Lyu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Chenfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Ye J, Guo Y, Zhang D, Zhang N, Wang C, Xu M. Cytological and molecular characterization of quantitative trait locus qRfg1, which confers resistance to gibberella stalk rot in maize. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:1417-28. [PMID: 23902264 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-13-0161-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous progress has been made recently in understanding plant response to Fusarium graminearum infection. Here, the cytological aspect and molecular mechanism of maize defense to F. graminearum infection were characterized using a pair of near-isogenic lines (NIL), the resistant and the susceptible NIL. F. graminearum primarily penetrated the maize root tip and no penetration structure was found. The fungal biomass within the root correlated well with root-disease severity. Following inoculation, R-NIL and S-NIL plants significantly differed in percentage of diseased primary roots. In R-NIL roots, a fraction of exodermal cells collapsed to form cavities, and hyphae were confined to the outer exodermal cells. However, most exodermal cells shrank and turned brown, and fungi colonized the entire S-NIL root. In the R-NIL roots, the exodermal cells exhibited plasmolysis and atropous hyphal growth whereas, in the exodermal cells of the S-NIL roots, severe cellular degradation and membrane-coated, lushly grown hyphae were found. Transcriptome sequencing revealed comprehensive transcription reprogramming, reinforcement of a complex defense network, to enhance the systemic and basal resistance. This study reports a detailed microscopic analysis of F. graminearum infection on maize root, and provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying maize resistance to the pathogen.
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24
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Zhang C, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhai Z, Zhang L, Zheng W, Zheng W, Yu W, Zhou J, Lu G, Shim WB, Wang Z. Functional characterization of Rho family small GTPases in Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 61:90-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Zhang XW, Jia LJ, Zhang Y, Jiang G, Li X, Zhang D, Tang WH. In planta stage-specific fungal gene profiling elucidates the molecular strategies of Fusarium graminearum growing inside wheat coleoptiles. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:5159-76. [PMID: 23266949 PMCID: PMC3556981 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.105957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The ascomycete Fusarium graminearum is a destructive fungal pathogen of wheat (Triticum aestivum). To better understand how this pathogen proliferates within the host plant, we tracked pathogen growth inside wheat coleoptiles and then examined pathogen gene expression inside wheat coleoptiles at 16, 40, and 64 h after inoculation (HAI) using laser capture microdissection and microarray analysis. We identified 344 genes that were preferentially expressed during invasive growth in planta. Gene expression profiles for 134 putative plant cell wall-degrading enzyme genes suggest that there was limited cell wall degradation at 16 HAI and extensive degradation at 64 HAI. Expression profiles for genes encoding reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related enzymes suggest that F. graminearum primarily scavenges extracellular ROS before a later burst of extracellular ROS is produced by F. graminearum enzymes. Expression patterns of genes involved in primary metabolic pathways suggest that F. graminearum relies on the glyoxylate cycle at an early stage of plant infection. A secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene cluster was specifically induced at 64 HAI and was required for virulence. Our results indicate that F. graminearum initiates infection of coleoptiles using covert penetration strategies and switches to overt cellular destruction of tissues at an advanced stage of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lei-Jie Jia
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Gang Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei-Hua Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Address correspondence to
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26
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Menke J, Dong Y, Kistler HC. Fusarium graminearum Tri12p influences virulence to wheat and trichothecene accumulation. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:1408-18. [PMID: 22835271 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-12-0081-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The gene Tri12 encodes a predicted major facilitator superfamily protein suggested to play a role in export of trichothecene mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. It is unclear, however, how the Tri12 protein (Tri12p) may influence trichothecene sensitivity and virulence of the wheat pathogen Fusarium graminearum. In this study, we establish a role for Tri12 in toxin accumulation and sensitivity as well as in pathogenicity toward wheat. Tri12 deletion mutants (tri12) are reduced in virulence and result in decreased trichothecene accumulation when inoculated on wheat compared with the wild-type strain or an ectopic mutant. Reduced radial growth of tri12 mutants on trichothecene biosynthesis induction medium was observed relative to the wild type and the ectopic strains. Diminished trichothecene accumulation was observed in liquid medium cultures inoculated with tri12 mutants. Wild-type fungal cells grown under conditions that induce trichothecene biosynthesis develop distinct subapical swelling and form large vacuoles. A strain expressing Tri12p linked to green fluorescent protein shows localization of the protein consistent with the plasma membrane. Our results indicate Tri12 plays a role in self-protection and influences toxin production and virulence of the fungus in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Menke
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St.Paul, MN, USA
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27
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The Wor1-like protein Fgp1 regulates pathogenicity, toxin synthesis and reproduction in the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002724. [PMID: 22693448 PMCID: PMC3364952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
WOR1 is a gene for a conserved fungal regulatory protein controlling the dimorphic switch and pathogenicity determents in Candida albicans and its ortholog in the plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum, called SGE1, is required for pathogenicity and expression of key plant effector proteins. F. graminearum, an important pathogen of cereals, is not known to employ switching and no effector proteins from F. graminearum have been found to date that are required for infection. In this study, the potential role of the WOR1-like gene in pathogenesis was tested in this toxigenic fungus. Deletion of the WOR1 ortholog (called FGP1) in F. graminearum results in greatly reduced pathogenicity and loss of trichothecene toxin accumulation in infected wheat plants and in vitro. The loss of toxin accumulation alone may be sufficient to explain the loss of pathogenicity to wheat. Under toxin-inducing conditions, expression of genes for trichothecene biosynthesis and many other genes are not detected or detected at lower levels in Δfgp1 strains. FGP1 is also involved in the developmental processes of conidium formation and sexual reproduction and modulates a morphological change that accompanies mycotoxin production in vitro. The Wor1-like proteins in Fusarium species have highly conserved N-terminal regions and remarkably divergent C-termini. Interchanging the N- and C- terminal portions of proteins from F. oxysporum and F. graminearum resulted in partial to complete loss of function. Wor1-like proteins are conserved but have evolved to regulate pathogenicity in a range of fungi, likely by adaptations to the C-terminal portion of the protein.
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28
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Kazan K, Gardiner DM, Manners JM. On the trail of a cereal killer: recent advances in Fusarium graminearum pathogenomics and host resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2012; 13:399-413. [PMID: 22098555 PMCID: PMC6638652 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The ascomycete fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum (sexual stage: Gibberella zeae) causes the devastating head blight or scab disease on wheat and barley, and cob or ear rot disease on maize. Fusarium graminearum infection causes significant crop and quality losses. In addition to roles as virulence factors during pathogenesis, trichothecene mycotoxins (e.g. deoxynivalenol) produced by this pathogen constitute a significant threat to human and animal health if consumed in respective food or feed products. In the last few years, significant progress has been made towards a better understanding of the processes involved in F. graminearum pathogenesis, toxin biosynthesis and host resistance mechanisms through the use of high-throughput genomic and phenomic technologies. In this article, we briefly review these new advances and also discuss how future research can contribute to the development of sustainable plant protection strategies against this important plant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Kazan
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld 4067, Australia.
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29
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Rittenour WR, Harris SD. In vitro induction of infection-related hyphal structures in plant pathogenic fungi. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 835:377-83. [PMID: 22183665 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-501-5_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a voluminous amount of genomic data has been generated for several plant pathogenic fungi. Multiple studies have utilized these genomic data to advance our knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of plant pathogenesis. However, not all plant pathogenic fungi share the same infection strategies, and several genes have been identified that are crucial for plant pathogenesis in one fungus, but dispensable in others. In order for data on biological relevance to keep pace with accumulating genomic data, new biological assays need to be developed for several pathogenic fungi. Accordingly, we have developed an in vitro assay that allows us to monitor morphological changes in hyphal development as the head blight pathogen Fusarium graminearum infects wheat. Using previously frozen detached wheat glumes, we are able to monitor both subcuticular and intercellular hyphal development of F. graminearum. The method described takes only 3-5 days from inoculation to microscopic observation (depending on time point) and does not require any elaborate laboratory equipment or supplies. This method could be adapted for different necrotrophic or hemi-biotrophic pathogens, on their host tissue types, in order to characterize their hyphal differentiation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Rittenour
- Department of Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
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30
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Saville RJ, Gosman N, Burt CJ, Makepeace J, Steed A, Corbitt M, Chandler E, Brown JKM, Boulton MI, Nicholson P. The 'Green Revolution' dwarfing genes play a role in disease resistance in Triticum aestivum and Hordeum vulgare. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:1271-83. [PMID: 22090435 PMCID: PMC3276090 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The Green Revolution dwarfing genes, Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b, encode mutant forms of DELLA proteins and are present in most modern wheat varieties. DELLA proteins have been implicated in the response to biotic stress in the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. Using defined wheat Rht near-isogenic lines and barley Sln1 gain of function (GoF) and loss of function (LoF) lines, the role of DELLA in response to biotic stress was investigated in pathosystems representing contrasting trophic styles (biotrophic, hemibiotrophic, and necrotrophic). GoF mutant alleles in wheat and barley confer a resistance trade-off with increased susceptibility to biotrophic pathogens and increased resistance to necrotrophic pathogens whilst the converse was conferred by a LoF mutant allele. The polyploid nature of the wheat genome buffered the effect of single Rht GoF mutations relative to barley (diploid), particularly in respect of increased susceptibility to biotrophic pathogens. A role for DELLA in controlling cell death responses is proposed. Similar to Arabidopsis, a resistance trade-off to pathogens with contrasting pathogenic lifestyles has been identified in monocotyledonous cereal species. Appreciation of the pleiotropic role of DELLA in biotic stress responses in cereals has implications for plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. J. Saville
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - N. Gosman
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK
| | - C. J. Burt
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - J. Makepeace
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - A. Steed
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - M. Corbitt
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - E. Chandler
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - J. K. M. Brown
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - M. I. Boulton
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - P. Nicholson
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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31
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Brown NA, Bass C, Baldwin TK, Chen H, Massot F, Carion PWC, Urban M, van de Meene AML, Hammond-Kosack KE. Characterisation of the Fusarium graminearum-Wheat Floral Interaction. J Pathog 2011; 2011:626345. [PMID: 22567335 PMCID: PMC3335584 DOI: 10.4061/2011/626345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium Ear Blight is a destructive fungal disease of cereals including wheat and can contaminate the crop with various trichothecene mycotoxins. This investigation has produced a new β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter strain that facilitates the quick and easy assessment of plant infection. The constitutively expressed gpdA:GUS strain of Fusarium graminearum was used to quantify the overall colonisation pattern. Histochemical and biochemical approaches confirmed, in susceptible wheat ear infections, the presence of a substantial phase of symptomless fungal growth. Separate analyses demonstrated that there was a reduction in the quantity of physiologically active hyphae as the wheat ear infection proceeded. A simplified linear system of rachis infection was then utilised to evaluate the expression of several TRI genes by RT-qPCR. Fungal gene expression at the advancing front of symptomless infection was compared with the origin of infection in the rachis. This revealed that TRI gene expression was maximal at the advancing front and supports the hypothesis that the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol plays a role in inhibiting plant defences in advance of the invading intercellular hyphae. This study has also demonstrated that there are transcriptional differences between the various phases of fungal infection and that these differences are maintained as the infection proceeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A. Brown
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Chris Bass
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Thomas K. Baldwin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Huaigu Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Fabien Massot
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Pierre W. C. Carion
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Martin Urban
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Allison M. L. van de Meene
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Kim E. Hammond-Kosack
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
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32
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Boenisch MJ, Schäfer W. Fusarium graminearum forms mycotoxin producing infection structures on wheat. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:110. [PMID: 21798058 PMCID: PMC3166921 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mycotoxin producing fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) of small grain cereals in fields worldwide. Although F. graminearum is highly investigated by means of molecular genetics, detailed studies about hyphal development during initial infection stages are rare. In addition, the role of mycotoxins during initial infection stages of FHB is still unknown. Therefore, we investigated the infection strategy of the fungus on different floral organs of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under real time conditions by constitutive expression of the dsRed reporter gene in a TRI5prom::GFP mutant. Additionally, trichothecene induction during infection was visualised with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) coupled TRI5 promoter. A tissue specific infection pattern and TRI5 induction were tested by using different floral organs of wheat. Through combination of bioimaging and electron microscopy infection structures were identified and characterised. In addition, the role of trichothecene production for initial infection was elucidated by a ΔTRI5-GFP reporter strain. RESULTS The present investigation demonstrates the formation of foot structures and compound appressoria by F. graminearum. All infection structures developed from epiphytic runner hyphae. Compound appressoria including lobate appressoria and infection cushions were observed on inoculated caryopses, paleas, lemmas, and glumes of susceptible and resistant wheat cultivars. A specific trichothecene induction in infection structures was demonstrated by different imaging techniques. Interestingly, a ΔTRI5-GFP mutant formed the same infection structures and exhibited a similar symptom development compared to the wild type and the TRI5prom::GFP mutant. CONCLUSIONS The different specialised infection structures of F. graminearum on wheat florets, as described in this study, indicate that the penetration strategy of this fungus is far more complex than postulated to date. We show that trichothecene biosynthesis is specifically induced in infection structures, but is neither necessary for their development nor for formation of primary symptoms on wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marike J Boenisch
- Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schäfer
- Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
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Peraldi A, Beccari G, Steed A, Nicholson P. Brachypodium distachyon: a new pathosystem to study Fusarium head blight and other Fusarium diseases of wheat. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:100. [PMID: 21639892 PMCID: PMC3123626 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium species cause Fusarium head blight (FHB) and other important diseases of cereals. The causal agents produce trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON). The dicotyledonous model species Arabidopsis thaliana has been used to study Fusarium-host interactions but it is not ideal for model-to-crop translation. Brachypodium distachyon (Bd) has been proposed as a new monocotyledonous model species for functional genomic studies in grass species. This study aims to assess the interaction between the most prevalent FHB-causing Fusarium species and Bd in order to develop and exploit Bd as a genetic model for FHB and other Fusarium diseases of wheat. RESULTS The ability of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum to infect a range of Bd tissues was examined in various bioassays which showed that both species can infect all Bd tissues examined, including intact foliar tissues. DON accumulated in infected spike tissues at levels similar to those of infected wheat spikes. Histological studies revealed details of infection, colonisation and host response and indicate that hair cells are important sites of infection. Susceptibility to Fusarium and DON was assessed in two Bd ecotypes and revealed variation in resistance between ecotypes. CONCLUSIONS Bd exhibits characteristics of susceptibility highly similar to those of wheat, including susceptibility to spread of disease in the spikelets. Bd is the first reported plant species to allow successful infection on intact foliar tissues by FHB-causing Fusarium species. DON appears to function as a virulence factor in Bd as it does in wheat. Bd is proposed as a valuable model for undertaking studies of Fusarium head blight and other Fusarium diseases of wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Peraldi
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Giovanni Beccari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Facoltà di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, Perugia, 06121, Italy
| | - Andrew Steed
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Paul Nicholson
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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Rittenour WR, Chen M, Cahoon EB, Harris SD. Control of glucosylceramide production and morphogenesis by the Bar1 ceramide synthase in Fusarium graminearum. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19385. [PMID: 21559419 PMCID: PMC3084840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of plasma membrane proteins to the virulence of plant pathogenic fungi is poorly understood. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to characterize the acyl-CoA dependent ceramide synthase Bar1 (previously implicated in plasma membrane organization) in the wheat pathogen Fusarium graminearum. The role of Bar1 in mediating cell membrane organization was confirmed as ΔBAR1 mutants failed to display a distinct sterol-rich domain at the hyphal tip. The ΔBAR1 mutants were non-pathogenic when inoculated onto wheat heads, and their in vitro growth also was severely perturbed. ΔBAR1 mutants were incapable of producing perithecia (sexual fruiting structures) and only produced macroconidia (asexual spores) in the presence of NaCl. Sphingolipid analyses indicated that Bar1 is specifically necessary for the production of glucosylceramides in both F. graminearum and Aspergillus nidulans. Interestingly, glucosylceramides appear to mediate sensitivity to heat stable antifungal factor (HSAF), as, in addition to ΔBAR1 mutants, a glucosylceramide synthase deficient mutant of Yarrowia lipolytica is also resistant to HSAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Rittenour
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Edgar B. Cahoon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Steven D. Harris
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
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