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Wei Y, Gao L, Zhang Z, Li K, Zhang Z, Zhang D, Chen J, Peng J, Gao Y, Du J, Yan S, Shi X, Liu Y. D-Limonene Affects the Feeding Behavior and the Acquisition and Transmission of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus by Bemisia tabaci. Viruses 2024; 16:300. [PMID: 38400075 PMCID: PMC10891612 DOI: 10.3390/v16020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is an important invasive pest transmitting plant viruses that are maintained through a plant-insect-plant cycle. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) can be transmitted in a persistent manner by B. tabaci, which causes great losses to global agricultural production. From an environmentally friendly, sustainable, and efficient point of view, in this study, we explored the function of d-limonene in reducing the acquisition and transmission of TYLCV by B. tabaci as a repellent volatile. D-limonene increased the duration of non-feeding waves and reduced the duration of phloem feeding in non-viruliferous and viruliferous whiteflies by the Electrical Penetration Graph technique (EPG). Additionally, after treatment with d-limonene, the acquisition and transmission rate of TYLCV was reduced. Furthermore, BtabOBP3 was determined as the molecular target for recognizing d-limonene by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), fluorescence competitive binding assays, and molecular docking. These results confirmed that d-limonene is an important functional volatile which showed a potential contribution against viral infections with potential implications for developing effective TYLCV control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wei
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (Y.W.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (J.C.); (J.P.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (S.Y.)
- Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha 410215, China
| | - Liming Gao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (Y.W.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (J.C.); (J.P.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (S.Y.)
| | - Zhanhong Zhang
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China;
| | - Kailong Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (Y.W.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (J.C.); (J.P.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (S.Y.)
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (Y.W.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (J.C.); (J.P.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (S.Y.)
| | - Deyong Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (Y.W.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (J.C.); (J.P.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (S.Y.)
| | - Jianbin Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (Y.W.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (J.C.); (J.P.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (S.Y.)
| | - Jing Peng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (Y.W.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (J.C.); (J.P.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (S.Y.)
| | - Yang Gao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (Y.W.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (J.C.); (J.P.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (S.Y.)
| | - Jiao Du
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (Y.W.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (J.C.); (J.P.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shuo Yan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (Y.W.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (J.C.); (J.P.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (S.Y.)
| | - Xiaobin Shi
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (Y.W.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (J.C.); (J.P.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (S.Y.)
- Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha 410215, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (Y.W.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (J.C.); (J.P.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (S.Y.)
- Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha 410215, China
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Jiang T, Zhou T. Unraveling the Mechanisms of Virus-Induced Symptom Development in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2830. [PMID: 37570983 PMCID: PMC10421249 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses, as obligate intracellular parasites, induce significant changes in the cellular physiology of host cells to facilitate their multiplication. These alterations often lead to the development of symptoms that interfere with normal growth and development, causing USD 60 billion worth of losses per year, worldwide, in both agricultural and horticultural crops. However, existing literature often lacks a clear and concise presentation of the key information regarding the mechanisms underlying plant virus-induced symptoms. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive review to highlight the crucial interactions between plant viruses and host factors, discussing key genes that increase viral virulence and their roles in influencing cellular processes such as dysfunction of chloroplast proteins, hormone manipulation, reactive oxidative species accumulation, and cell cycle control, which are critical for symptom development. Moreover, we explore the alterations in host metabolism and gene expression that are associated with virus-induced symptoms. In addition, the influence of environmental factors on virus-induced symptom development is discussed. By integrating these various aspects, this review provides valuable insights into the complex mechanisms underlying virus-induced symptoms in plants, and emphasizes the urgency of addressing viral diseases to ensure sustainable agriculture and food production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Khalid A, Zhang X, Ji H, Yasir M, Farooq T, Dai X, Li F. Large Artificial microRNA Cluster Genes Confer Effective Resistance against Multiple Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Viruses in Transgenic Tomato. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112179. [PMID: 37299158 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) has become the key limiting factor for the production of tomato in many areas because of the continuous infection and recombination of several tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV)-like species (TYLCLV) which produce novel and destructive viruses. Artificial microRNA (AMIR) is a recent and effective technology used to create viral resistance in major crops. This study applies AMIR technology in two ways, i.e., amiRNA in introns (AMINs) and amiRNA in exons (AMIEs), to express 14 amiRNAs targeting conserved regions in seven TYLCLV genes and their satellite DNA. The resulting pAMIN14 and pAMIE14 vectors can encode large AMIR clusters and their function in silencing reporter genes was validated with transient assays and stable transgenic N. tabacum plants. To assess the efficacy of conferring resistance against TYLCLV, pAMIE14 and pAMIN14 were transformed into tomato cultivar A57 and the resulting transgenic tomato plants were evaluated for their level of resistance to mixed TYLCLV infection. The results suggest that pAMIN14 transgenic lines have a more effective resistance than pAMIE14 transgenic lines, reaching a resistance level comparable to plants carrying the TY1 resistance gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annum Khalid
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huaijin Ji
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Yasir
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tariq Farooq
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinyi Dai
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Feng Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Al-Ali E, Al-Hashash H, Akbar A, Al-Aqeel H, Al-Shayji N, Alotaibi M, Ben Hejji A. Genetic recombination among tomato yellow leaf curl virus isolates in commercial tomato crops in Kuwait drives emergence of virus diversity: a comparative genomic analysis. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:71. [PMID: 37150821 PMCID: PMC10164301 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06319-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Whitefly-transmitted tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) continues to be a major constraint to tomato production in Kuwait. However, very limited information is available about the population structure and genetic diversity of TYLCV infecting tomato in Kuwait. RESULTS Whole genome sequences of 31 isolates of TYLCV, collected from commercial tomato crops grown in northern (Abdally) and southern (Al Wafra) parts of Kuwait, were deciphered. Eighteen isolates of TYLCV are identified as potential genetic recombinants. The isolates Abdally 6A and Abdally 3B reported in this study were identified to be potential recombinants. Compared to the 15 isolates from the Abdally area, and the three previously reported KISR isolates of Kuwait, six out of sixteen Al Wafra isolates showed an insertion of 19 extra nucleotides near the 5'-end. There are also four nucleotide variations before the 19-extra-nucleotides. The additional 19 nucleotides observed in nine isolates indicate that these isolates might have resulted from a single gene recombination/insertion event. Molecular phylogeny based on complete genome sequences of TYLCV isolates suggests transboundary movement of virus isolates due to geographic proximity. The information presented herein is quite useful for the comprehension of TYLCV biology, epidemiology and would aid in the management of disease in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtisam Al-Ali
- Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Environmental and Life Science Research Center, Biotechnology Program, 13109, Safat, Kuwait.
| | - Hanadi Al-Hashash
- Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Environmental and Life Science Research Center, Biotechnology Program, 13109, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Abrar Akbar
- Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Environmental and Life Science Research Center, Biotechnology Program, 13109, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Hamed Al-Aqeel
- Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Environmental and Life Science Research Center, Biotechnology Program, 13109, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Nabila Al-Shayji
- Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Environmental and Life Science Research Center, Biotechnology Program, 13109, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Mohammed Alotaibi
- Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Environmental and Life Science Research Center, Biotechnology Program, 13109, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Ahmed Ben Hejji
- Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Environmental and Life Science Research Center, Biotechnology Program, 13109, Safat, Kuwait
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Tatineni S, Hein GL. Plant Viruses of Agricultural Importance: Current and Future Perspectives of Virus Disease Management Strategies. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:117-141. [PMID: 36095333 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-22-0167-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses cause significant losses in agricultural crops worldwide, affecting the yield and quality of agricultural products. The emergence of novel viruses or variants through genetic evolution and spillover from reservoir host species, changes in agricultural practices, mixed infections with disease synergism, and impacts from global warming pose continuous challenges for the management of epidemics resulting from emerging plant virus diseases. This review describes some of the most devastating virus diseases plus select virus diseases with regional importance in agriculturally important crops that have caused significant yield losses. The lack of curative measures for plant virus infections prompts the use of risk-reducing measures for managing plant virus diseases. These measures include exclusion, avoidance, and eradication techniques, along with vector management practices. The use of sensitive, high throughput, and user-friendly diagnostic methods is crucial for defining preventive and management strategies against plant viruses. The advent of next-generation sequencing technologies has great potential for detecting unknown viruses in quarantine samples. The deployment of genetic resistance in crop plants is an effective and desirable method of managing virus diseases. Several dominant and recessive resistance genes have been used to manage virus diseases in crops. Recently, RNA-based technologies such as dsRNA- and siRNA-based RNA interference, microRNA, and CRISPR/Cas9 provide transgenic and nontransgenic approaches for developing virus-resistant crop plants. Importantly, the topical application of dsRNA, hairpin RNA, and artificial microRNA and trans-active siRNA molecules on plants has the potential to develop GMO-free virus disease management methods. However, the long-term efficacy and acceptance of these new technologies, especially transgenic methods, remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyanarayana Tatineni
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Gary L Hein
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
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Qiao N, Liu Y, Liu J, Zhang D, Chi W, Li J, Zhu X, Liu H, Li F. Antagonism of tomato spotted wilt virus against tomato yellow leaf curl virus in Nicotiana benthamiana detected by transcriptome analysis. Genes Genomics 2023; 45:23-37. [PMID: 36371493 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-022-01325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tomato spot wilt virus (TSWV) and tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) are highly harmful viruses in agricultural production, which can cause serious economic losses to crops and even devastating consequences for vegetable yield in some countries and regions. Although the two viruses belong to different families and have different transmission vectors, they share most hosts. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the transcriptomic expression of single and mixed inoculations of TSWV and TYLCV, leading to antagonism using high-throughput RNA sequencing. METHODS We confirmed the single and mixed infections of these viruses in Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) by artificial inoculation. And the expression changes of related genes and their biological functions and pathways during the mixed infection of TSWV and TYLCV were analyzed by comparative transcriptome. RESULTS Basically, similar symptoms were observed in the plants singly infected with TSWV and co-infected with TYLCV; the symptoms of TYLCV in the co-infected plants were not obvious compared with single TYLCV infections. When inoculated with TYLCV, the accumulation of the virus significantly reduced in single and mixed infections with TSWV; the TSWV accumulated slightly less in co-infection with TYLCV, whereas this reduction was much smaller than that of TYLCV. The results suggested that TSWV had an antagonistic effect on the accumulation of TYLCV in N. benthamiana. It mainly focused on the changes in unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) caused by the co-infection of TSWV and TYLCV. The eight pathways enriched by upregulated DEGs mainly included amino acid biosynthesis, citrate cycle (or tricarboxylic acid cycle, TCA cycle), and so on. However, only pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and peptidoglycan biosynthesis could be downregulated in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway in which peptidoglycan biosynthesis was involved in upregulated and downregulated pathways. CONCLUSIONS The antagonistic effect of TSWV on TYLCV in N.benthamiana and the change trends and specific pathways of DEGs in this process were found. Our study provided new insights into the host regulation and competition between viruses in response to TSWV and TYLCV mixed infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Qiao
- Shandong Facility Horticulture Bioengineering Research Center, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang, Shandong, China.,College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yongguang Liu
- Shandong Facility Horticulture Bioengineering Research Center, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Shandong Facility Horticulture Bioengineering Research Center, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang, Shandong, China
| | - Dezhen Zhang
- Shandong Facility Horticulture Bioengineering Research Center, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjuan Chi
- Shandong Facility Horticulture Bioengineering Research Center, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang, Shandong, China
| | - Jintang Li
- Shandong Facility Horticulture Bioengineering Research Center, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Hongmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Fajun Li
- Shandong Facility Horticulture Bioengineering Research Center, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang, Shandong, China
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Fiallo-Olivé E, Navas-Castillo J. The Role of Extensive Recombination in the Evolution of Geminiviruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 439:139-166. [PMID: 36592245 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-15640-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mutation, recombination and pseudo-recombination are the major forces driving the evolution of viruses by the generation of variants upon which natural selection, genetic drift and gene flow can act to shape the genetic structure of viral populations. Recombination between related virus genomes co-infecting the same cell usually occurs via template swapping during the replication process and produces a chimeric genome. The family Geminiviridae shows the highest evolutionary success among plant virus families, and the common presence of recombination signatures in their genomes reveals a key role in their evolution. This review describes the general characteristics of members of the family Geminiviridae and associated DNA satellites, as well as the extensive occurrence of recombination at all taxonomic levels, from strain to family. The review also presents an overview of the recombination patterns observed in nature that provide some clues regarding the mechanisms involved in the generation and emergence of recombinant genomes. Moreover, the results of experimental evolution studies that support some of the conclusions obtained in descriptive or in silico works are summarized. Finally, the review uses a number of case studies to illustrate those recombination events with evolutionary and pathological implications as well as recombination events in which DNA satellites are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Fiallo-Olivé
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Dr. Wienberg s/n, 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Navas-Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Dr. Wienberg s/n, 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain.
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Qureshi MA, Lal A, Nawaz-ul-Rehman MS, Vo TTB, Sanjaya GNPW, Ho PT, Nattanong B, Kil EJ, Jahan SMH, Lee KY, Tsai CW, Dao HT, Hoat TX, Aye TT, Win NK, Lee J, Kim SM, Lee S. Emergence of Asian endemic begomoviruses as a pandemic threat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:970941. [PMID: 36247535 PMCID: PMC9554542 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.970941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses are responsible for the most devastating and commercially significant plant diseases, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. The genus begomovirus is the largest one in the family Geminiviridae, with a single-stranded DNA genome, either monopartite or bipartite. Begomoviruses are transmitted by insect vectors, such as Bemisia tabaci. Begomoviruses are the major causative agents of diseases in agriculture globally. Because of their diversity and mode of evolution, they are thought to be geographic specific. The emerging begomoviruses are of serious concern due to their increasing host range and geographical expansion. Several begomoviruses of Asiatic origin have been reported in Europe, causing massive economic losses; insect-borne transmission of viruses is a critical factor in virus outbreaks in new geographical regions. This review highlights crucial information regarding Asia's four emerging and highly destructive begomoviruses. We also provided information regarding several less common but still potentially important pathogens of different crops. This information will aid possible direction of future studies in adopting preventive measures to combat these emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Amir Qureshi
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Aamir Lal
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | | | - Thuy Thi Bich Vo
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | | | - Phuong Thi Ho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Bupi Nattanong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Eui-Joon Kil
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
| | | | - Kyeong-Yeoll Lee
- Division of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chi-Wei Tsai
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hang Thi Dao
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Tin-Tin Aye
- Department of Entomology, Yezin Agricultural University, Yezin, Myanmar
| | - Nang Kyu Win
- Department of Plant Pathology, Yezin Agricultural University, Yezin, Myanmar
| | - Jangha Lee
- Crop Breeding Research Center, NongWoo Bio, Yeoju, South Korea
| | - Sang-Mok Kim
- Plant Quarantine Technology Center, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, South Korea
| | - Sukchan Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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Viruses of Economic Impact on Tomato Crops in Mexico: From Diagnosis to Management-A Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061251. [PMID: 35746722 PMCID: PMC9228091 DOI: 10.3390/v14061251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato is the most economically important vegetable crop worldwide and the second most important for Mexico. However, viral diseases are among the main limiting factors that affect the productivity of this crop, causing total losses in some cases. This review provides key information and findings on the symptoms, distribution, transmission, detection, and management of diseases caused by viruses of major importance in tomato crops in Mexico. Currently, about 25 viruses belonging to nine different families have been reported infecting tomato in Mexico, but not all of them cause economically significant diseases. Viruses of economic importance include tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), pepino mosaic virus (PepMV), and tomato marchitez virus (ToMarV). The topics discussed here will provide updated information about the status of these plant viruses in Mexico as well as diverse management strategies that can be implemented according to the specific circumstances of each viral pathosystem. Additionally, a list of tomato-affecting viruses not present in Mexico that are continuous threats to the crop health is included.
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Ontiveros I, López-Moya JJ, Díaz-Pendón JA. Coinfection of Tomato Plants with Tomato yellow leaf curl virus and Tomato chlorosis virus Affects the Interaction with Host and Whiteflies. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:944-952. [PMID: 34698541 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-21-0341-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Susceptible plants infected by single or multiple viruses can differ in symptoms and other alterations influencing virus dissemination. Furthermore, behavior of viruliferous vectors may be altered in certain cases to favor acquisition and inoculation processes conductive to virus transmission. We explored single and mixed infections frequently occurring in tomato crops, caused by two viruses transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci: Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV, Begomovirus, Geminiviridae) and Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV, Crinivirus, Closteroviridae). Coinfection of both viruses in tomato plants showed more severe symptoms at late stages compared with single infections, although at earlier stages the interaction began with attenuation. This asymmetric synergism correlated with the dynamics of ToCV accumulation and expression of the salicylic acid responsive gene PR-P6. Visual and olfactory cues in whitefly preference were evaluated under controlled conditions in choice assays, testing viruliferous and nonviruliferous adult whiteflies. In experiments allowing both visual and olfactory cues, whiteflies preferred symptomatic leaflets from plants infected either with TYLCV alone or with TYLCV and ToCV, over those infected with ToCV alone or noninfected leaflets, suggesting that TYLCV drove host selection. Odor cues tested in Y-tube olfactometer assays showed neutral effects on whiteflies' preference, and bioassays comparing the attractiveness of colored sticky cards confirmed preference for sectors colored to mimic TYLCV symptomatic leaves compared with asymptomatic leaves. Our results show that the presence of coinfecting viruses affect the host and could alter the behavior of insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ontiveros
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," Universidad de Málaga Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Estación Experimental "La Mayora," E-29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan José López-Moya
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Díaz-Pendón
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," Universidad de Málaga Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Estación Experimental "La Mayora," E-29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
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Tu L, Wu S, Gan S, Zhao W, Li S, Cheng Z, Zhou Y, Zhu Y, Ji Y. A simplified RT-PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of tomato chlorosis virus and tomato yellow leaf curl virus in tomato. J Virol Methods 2021; 299:114282. [PMID: 34648823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), a species of single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Crinivirus genus, and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a species of single-stranded circular DNA virus belonging to the Begomovirus genus, are two major emerging viruses transmitted by whiteflies and are causing huge losses to tomato production worldwide. To facilitate the simultaneous detection of both viruses in co-infected plants for disease control, a duplex reverse-transcription PCR assay was developed. The assay used three primers, a degenerate reverse primer targeting a conserved region of TYLCV and the RNA2 of ToCV, and two virus-specific forward primers targeting the minor coat protein gene of ToCV and the C3 gene of TYLCV, respectively, to amplify a 762-bp and a 338-bp fragment from ToCV and TYLCV, respectively, in a single reaction. The concentration of the primers, annealing temperature and amplification cycles used in the assay were optimized, and the sensitivity of the assay was assessed. Using this assay, 150 tomato leaf samples collected from the field during 2018 were tested. The results showed that both viruses could be detected simultaneously in co-infected field samples. The assay should benefit the rapid detection of these two viruses in tomato crops and would facilitate early warning of infections for the control of the two virus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Tu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, 210014, China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shuhua Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Shexiang Gan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Wenhao Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Zhaobang Cheng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yuelin Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yinghua Ji
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, 210014, China.
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12
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Gong P, Tan H, Zhao S, Li H, Liu H, Ma Y, Zhang X, Rong J, Fu X, Lozano-Durán R, Li F, Zhou X. Geminiviruses encode additional small proteins with specific subcellular localizations and virulence function. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4278. [PMID: 34257307 PMCID: PMC8277811 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24617-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses are plant viruses with limited coding capacity. Geminivirus-encoded proteins are traditionally identified by applying a 10-kDa arbitrary threshold; however, it is increasingly clear that small proteins play relevant roles in biological systems, which calls for the reconsideration of this criterion. Here, we show that geminiviral genomes contain additional ORFs. Using tomato yellow leaf curl virus, we demonstrate that some of these small ORFs are expressed during the infection, and that the encoded proteins display specific subcellular localizations. We prove that the largest of these additional ORFs, which we name V3, is required for full viral infection, and that the V3 protein localizes in the Golgi apparatus and functions as an RNA silencing suppressor. These results imply that the repertoire of geminiviral proteins can be expanded, and that getting a comprehensive overview of the molecular plant-geminivirus interactions will require the detailed study of small ORFs so far neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huang Tan
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Siwen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Ma
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Rong
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Fu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rosa Lozano-Durán
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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13
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Ban F, Zhong Y, Pan L, Mao L, Wang X, Liu Y. Coinfection by Two Begomoviruses Aggravates Plant Symptoms But Does Not Influence the Performance and Preference of Insect Vector Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:547-554. [PMID: 33503240 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In nature, a plant can be infected by multiple viruses simultaneously. However, the effects of coinfection on plant-vector interactions are less well studied. Two begomoviruses of the family Geminiviridae, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV), occur sympatrically in China. Each of them is reported to increase the performance of whitefly vector via manipulation of plant traits. In this study, we examined the effects of coinfection by the two viruses TYLCV and TYLCCNV on plant-whitefly interactions, compared to that infected by a single virus. We found that plants infected by two viruses showed aggravated symptoms but the performance and preference of whiteflies were not altered significantly compared to singly-infected plants. Coinfection suppressed the transcription of genes involved in jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway in plants, but showed no significant difference to single-virus infected plants. These findings suggest that although TYLCV and TYLCCNV may synergistically induce plant symptoms, they did not manipulate synergistically plant-mediated responses to the insect vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixue Ban
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogen and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Zhong
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogen and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lilong Pan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogen and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Mao
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Life and Environment Sciences (ACAES), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogen and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinquan Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogen and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Lee JH, Chung DJ, Lee JM, Yeam I. Development and Application of Gene-Specific Markers for Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Resistance in Both Field and Artificial Infections. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E9. [PMID: 33374801 PMCID: PMC7824369 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a disease that is damaging to tomato production worldwide. Resistance to TYLCV has been intensively investigated, and single resistance genes such as Ty-1 have been widely deployed in breeding programs. However, resistance-breaking incidences are frequently reported, and achieving durable resistance against TYLCV in the field is important. In this study, gene-specific markers for Ty-2 and ty-5, and closely-linked markers for Ty-4 were developed and applied to distinguish TYLCV resistance in various tomato genotypes. Quantitative infectivity assays using both natural infection in the field and artificial inoculation utilizing infectious TYLCV clones in a growth chamber were optimized and performed to investigate the individual and cumulative levels of resistance. We confirmed that Ty-2 could also be an effective source of resistance for TYLCV control, together with Ty-1. Improvement of resistance as a result of gene-pyramiding was speculated, and breeding lines including both Ty-1 and Ty-2 showed the strongest resistance in both field and artificial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Hee Lee
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.H.L.); (D.J.C.)
- Department of Horticulture and Breeding, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Korea
| | - Dae Jun Chung
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.H.L.); (D.J.C.)
| | - Je Min Lee
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.H.L.); (D.J.C.)
| | - Inhwa Yeam
- Department of Horticulture and Breeding, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Korea
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15
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Disease Pandemics and Major Epidemics Arising from New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Introduced Crops. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121388. [PMID: 33291635 PMCID: PMC7761969 DOI: 10.3390/v12121388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus disease pandemics and epidemics that occur in the world’s staple food crops pose a major threat to global food security, especially in developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates. Moreover, this threat is escalating rapidly due to increasing difficulties in controlling virus diseases as climate change accelerates and the need to feed the burgeoning global population escalates. One of the main causes of these pandemics and epidemics is the introduction to a new continent of food crops domesticated elsewhere, and their subsequent invasion by damaging virus diseases they never encountered before. This review focusses on providing historical and up-to-date information about pandemics and major epidemics initiated by spillover of indigenous viruses from infected alternative hosts into introduced crops. This spillover requires new encounters at the managed and natural vegetation interface. The principal virus disease pandemic examples described are two (cassava mosaic, cassava brown streak) that threaten food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and one (tomato yellow leaf curl) doing so globally. A further example describes a virus disease pandemic threatening a major plantation crop producing a vital food export for West Africa (cacao swollen shoot). Also described are two examples of major virus disease epidemics that threaten SSA’s food security (rice yellow mottle, groundnut rosette). In addition, brief accounts are provided of two major maize virus disease epidemics (maize streak in SSA, maize rough dwarf in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions), a major rice disease epidemic (rice hoja blanca in the Americas), and damaging tomato tospovirus and begomovirus disease epidemics of tomato that impair food security in different world regions. For each pandemic or major epidemic, the factors involved in driving its initial emergence, and its subsequent increase in importance and geographical distribution, are explained. Finally, clarification is provided over what needs to be done globally to achieve effective management of severe virus disease pandemics and epidemics initiated by spillover events.
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16
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Shen X, Yan Z, Wang X, Wang Y, Arens M, Du Y, Visser RGF, Kormelink R, Bai Y, Wolters AMA. The NLR Protein Encoded by the Resistance Gene Ty-2 Is Triggered by the Replication-Associated Protein Rep/C1 of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:545306. [PMID: 33013967 PMCID: PMC7511541 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.545306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The whitefly-transmitted tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is one of the most destructive viral pathogens of cultivated tomato. To combat TYLCV, resistance gene Ty-2 has been introduced into cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) from wild tomato species Solanum habrochaites by interspecific crossing. Introgression lines with Ty-2 contain a large inversion compared with S. lycopersicum, which causes severe suppression of recombination and has hampered the cloning of Ty-2 so far. Here, we report the fine-mapping and cloning of Ty-2 using crosses between a Ty-2 introgression line and several susceptible S. habrochaites accessions. Ty-2 was shown to encode a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein. For breeding purposes, a highly specific DNA marker tightly linked to the Ty-2 gene was developed permitting marker-assisted selection. The resistance mediated by Ty-2 was effective against the Israel strain of TYLCV (TYLCV-IL) and tomato yellow leaf curl virus-[China : Shanghai2] (TYLCV-[CN : SH2]), but not against tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV) and leafhopper-transmitted beet curly top virus (BCTV). By co-infiltration experiments we showed that transient expression of the Rep/C1 protein of TYLCV, but not of TYLCSV triggered a hypersensitive response (HR) in Nicotiana benthamiana plants co-expressing the Ty-2 gene. Our results indicate that the Rep/C1 gene of TYLCV-IL presents the avirulence determinant of Ty-2-mediated resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexue Shen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Zhe Yan
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- Institute of Vegetable and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinlei Wang
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, China
| | - Marjon Arens
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Yongchen Du
- Institute of Vegetable and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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17
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Zhao W, Wu S, Barton E, Fan Y, Ji Y, Wang X, Zhou Y. Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus V2 Protein Plays a Critical Role in the Nuclear Export of V1 Protein and Viral Systemic Infection. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1243. [PMID: 32587585 PMCID: PMC7297916 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses are an important group of circular, single-stranded DNA viruses that cause devastating diseases in crops. Geminiviruses replicate their genomic DNA in the nucleus and the newly synthesized viral DNA is subsequently transported to the cytoplasm for further cell-to-cell and long-distance movement to establish systemic infection. Thus, nucleocytoplasmic transportation is crucial for successful infection by geminiviruses. For Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), the V1 protein is known to bind and shuttle viral genomic DNA, however, the role of the V2 protein in this process is still unclear. Here, we report that the V1 protein is primarily localized in the nucleus when expressed but the nucleus-localized V1 protein dramatically decreases when co-expressed with V2 protein. Moreover, the V2-facilitated nuclear export of V1 protein depends on host exportin-α and a specific V1-V2 interaction. Chemical inhibition of exportin-α or a substitution at cysteine 85 of the V2 protein, which abolishes the V1-V2 interaction, blocks redistribution of the V1 protein to the perinuclear region and the cytoplasm. When the V2C85S mutation is incorporated into a TYLCV infectious clone, the TYLCV-C85S causes delayed onset of very mild symptoms compared to wild-type TYLCV, suggesting that the V1-V2 interaction and, thus, the V2-mediated nuclear export of the V1 protein is crucial for viral spread and systemic infection. Our data point to a critical role of the V2 protein in promoting the nuclear export of the V1 protein and viral systemic infection, likely by promoting V1 protein-mediated nucleocytoplasmic transportation of TYLCV genomic DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, China.,School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Shuhua Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, China
| | - Elizabeth Barton
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Yongjian Fan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, China
| | - Yinghua Ji
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Yijun Zhou
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, China
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18
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Islam W, Noman A, Naveed H, Alamri SA, Hashem M, Huang Z, Chen HYH. Plant-insect vector-virus interactions under environmental change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 701:135044. [PMID: 31726403 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Insects play an important role in the spread of viruses from infected plants to healthy hosts through a variety of transmission strategies. Environmental factors continuously influence virus transmission and result in the establishment of infection or disease. Plant virus diseases become epidemic when viruses successfully dominate the surrounding ecosystem. Plant-insect vector-virus interactions influence each other; pushing each other for their benefit and survival. These interactions are modulated through environmental factors, though environmental influences are not readily predictable. This review focuses on exploiting the diverse relationships, embedded in the plant-insect vector-virus triangle by highlighting recent research findings. We examined the interactions between viruses, insect vectors, and host plants, and explored how these interactions affect their behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Islam
- College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China; Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Naveed
- College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan, Sichuan 614004, China
| | - Saad A Alamri
- King Khalid University, Faculty of Science, Biological Science Department, P.O. Box 10255, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia; Prince Sultan Ben Abdulaziz Center for Environmental and Tourism Research and Studies, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- King Khalid University, Faculty of Science, Biological Science Department, P.O. Box 10255, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia; Assiut University, Faculty of Science, Botany Department, Assiut 71516, Egypt
| | - Zhiqun Huang
- College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China; Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
| | - Han Y H Chen
- College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China; Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada.
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19
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Marchant WG, Gautam S, Hutton SF, Srinivasan R. Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus-Resistant and -Susceptible Tomato Genotypes Similarly Impact the Virus Population Genetics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:599697. [PMID: 33365041 PMCID: PMC7750400 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.599697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus is a species in the genus Begomovirus and family Geminiviridae. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) infection induces severe symptoms on tomato plants and causes serious yield losses worldwide. TYLCV is persistently transmitted by the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). Cultivars and hybrids with a single or few genes conferring resistance against TYLCV are often planted to mitigate TYLCV-induced losses. These resistant genotypes (cultivars or hybrids) are not immune to TYLCV. They typically develop systemic infection, display mild symptoms, and produce more marketable tomatoes than susceptible genotypes under TYLCV pressure. In several pathosystems, extensive use of resistant cultivars with single dominant resistance-conferring gene has led to intense selection pressure on the virus, development of highly virulent strains, and resistance breakdown. This study assessed differences in TYLCV genomes isolated from susceptible and resistant genotypes in Florida and Georgia. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that Florida and Georgia isolates were distinct from each other. Population genetics analyses with genomes field-collected from resistant and susceptible genotypes from Florida and/or Georgia provided no evidence of a genetic structure between the resistant and susceptible genotypes. No codons in TYLCV genomes from TYLCV-resistant or susceptible genotypes were under positive selection, suggesting that highly virulent or resistance-breaking TYLCV strains might not be common in tomato farmscapes in Florida and Georgia. With TYLCV-resistant genotypes usage increasing recently and multiple tomato crops being planted during a calendar year, host resistance-induced selection pressure on the virus remains a critical issue. To address the same, a greenhouse selection experiment with one TYLCV-resistant and susceptible genotype was conducted. Each genotype was challenged with TYLCV through whitefly-mediated transmission serially 10 times (T1-T10). Population genetics parameters at the genome level were assessed at T1, T5, and T10. Results indicated that genomes from resistant and susceptible genotypes did not differentiate with increasing transmission number, no specific mutations were repeatedly observed, and no positive selection was detected. These results reiterate that resistance in tomato might not be exerting selection pressure against TYLCV to facilitate development of resistance-breaking strains. TYLCV populations rather seem to be shaped by purifying selection and/or population expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy G. Marchant
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Saurabh Gautam
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States
| | - Samuel F. Hutton
- Horticulture Sciences Department, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States
| | - Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan
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20
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Liu J, Wang X. Tomato Diseases and Pests Detection Based on Improved Yolo V3 Convolutional Neural Network. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:898. [PMID: 32612632 PMCID: PMC7309963 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tomato is affected by various diseases and pests during its growth process. If the control is not timely, it will lead to yield reduction or even crop failure. How to control the diseases and pests effectively and help the vegetable farmers to improve the yield of tomato is very important, and the most important thing is to accurately identify the diseases and insect pests. Compared with the traditional pattern recognition method, the diseases and pests recognition method based on deep learning can directly input the original image. Instead of the tedious steps such as image preprocessing, feature extraction and feature classification in the traditional method, the end-to-end structure is adopted to simplify the recognition process and solve the problem that the feature extractor designed manually is difficult to obtain the feature expression closest to the natural attribute of the object. Based on the application of deep learning object detection, not only can save time and effort, but also can achieve real-time judgment, greatly reduce the huge loss caused by diseases and pests, which has important research value and significance. Based on the latest research results of detection theory based on deep learning object detection and the characteristics of tomato diseases and pests images, this study will build the dataset of tomato diseases and pests under the real natural environment, optimize the feature layer of Yolo V3 model by using image pyramid to achieve multi-scale feature detection, improve the detection accuracy and speed of Yolo V3 model, and detect the location and category of diseases and pests of tomato accurately and quickly. Through the above research, the key technology of tomato pest image recognition in natural environment is broken through, which provides reference for intelligent recognition and engineering application of plant diseases and pests detection.
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21
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A Novel Genus of Actinobacterial Tectiviridae. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121134. [PMID: 31817897 PMCID: PMC6950372 DOI: 10.3390/v11121134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces phages WheeHeim and Forthebois are two novel members of the Tectiviridae family. These phages were isolated on cultures of the plant pathogen Streptomyces scabiei, known for its worldwide economic impact on potato crops. Transmission electron microscopy showed viral particles with double-layered icosahedral capsids, and frequent instances of protruding nanotubes harboring a collar-like structure. Mass-spectrometry confirmed the presence of lipids in the virion, and serial purification of colonies from turbid plaques and immunity testing revealed that both phages are temperate. Streptomycesphages WheeHeim and Forthebois have linear dsDNA chromosomes (18,266 bp and 18,251 bp long, respectively) with the characteristic two-segment architecture of the Tectiviridae. Both genomes encode homologs of the canonical tectiviral proteins (major capsid protein, packaging ATPase and DNA polymerase), as well as PRD1-type virion-associated transglycosylase and membrane DNA delivery proteins. Comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses firmly establish that these two phages, together with Rhodococcusphage Toil, form a new genus within the Tectiviridae, which we have tentatively named Deltatectivirus. The identification of a cohesive clade of Actinobacteria-infecting tectiviruses with conserved genome structure but with scant sequence similarity to members of other tectiviral genera confirms that the Tectiviridae are an ancient lineage infecting a broad range of bacterial hosts.
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Zhao J, Chi Y, Zhang XJ, Wang XW, Liu SS. Implication of whitefly vesicle associated membrane protein-associated protein B in the transmission of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus. Virology 2019; 535:210-217. [PMID: 31319278 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) poses serious threat to tomato production worldwide, and the vector, Bemisia tabaci, plays a key role in the transmission of this virus. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the transmission remain poorly understood. In this study, firstly, we identified the whitefly proteins that presumably interact with TYLCV coat protein (CP) using split-ubiquitin yeast two-hybrid system. Next, we conducted GST pull-down and immunofluorescence to examine the potential interaction between TYLCV CP and one of the proteins identified, namely vesicle associated membrane protein-associated protein B (VAPB), an protein abundantly expressed in whitefly midgut. Further experiments demonstrated that VAPB was significantly up-regulated upon virus acquisition, and silencing VAPB led to a significant increase of relative virus quantity in whitefly haemolymph and salivary glands, as well as an increase of TYLCV transmission efficiency. These findings indicate an important role of VAPB in the transmission of TYLCV by whiteflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yao Chi
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Xin-Jia Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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Piedra-Aguilera Á, Jiao C, Luna AP, Villanueva F, Dabad M, Esteve-Codina A, Díaz-Pendón JA, Fei Z, Bejarano ER, Castillo AG. Integrated single-base resolution maps of transcriptome, sRNAome and methylome of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in tomato. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2863. [PMID: 30814535 PMCID: PMC6393547 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses are plant ssDNA viruses that replicate through dsDNA intermediates and form minichromosomes which carry the same epigenetic marks as the host chromatin. During the infection, geminiviruses are targets of the post-transcriptional and transcriptional gene silencing machinery. To obtain insights into the connection between virus-derived small RNAs (vsRNAs), viral genome methylation and gene expression, we obtained the transcriptome, sRNAome and methylome from the geminivirus Tomato yellow leaf curl virus-infected tomato plants. The results showed accumulation of transcripts just at the viral ORFs, while vsRNAs spanned the entire genome, showing a prevalent accumulation at regions where the viral ORFs overlapped. The viral genome was not homogenously methylated showing two highly methylated regions located in the C1 ORF and around the intergenic region (IR). The compilation of those results showed a partial correlation between vsRNA accumulation, gene expression and DNA methylation. We could distinguish different epigenetic scenarios along the viral genome, suggesting that in addition to its function as a plant defence mechanism, DNA methylation could have a role in viral gene regulation. To our knowledge, this is the first report that shows integrative single-nucleotide maps of DNA methylation, vsRNA accumulation and gene expression from a plant virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Piedra-Aguilera
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, E-29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Chen Jiao
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Ana P Luna
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, E-29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Villanueva
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Plant Virology group, E. E. La Mayora CSIC, Algarrobo-Costa, E-29750, Málaga, Spain
| | - Marc Dabad
- CNAG-CRG, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), E-08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan A Díaz-Pendón
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Plant Virology group, E. E. La Mayora CSIC, Algarrobo-Costa, E-29750, Málaga, Spain
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Eduardo R Bejarano
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, E-29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Araceli G Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, E-29071, Málaga, Spain.
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24
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Juárez M, Rabadán MP, Martínez LD, Tayahi M, Grande-Pérez A, Gómez P. Natural Hosts and Genetic Diversity of the Emerging Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus in Spain. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:140. [PMID: 30842757 PMCID: PMC6391364 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about the host range and genetic structure of emerging plant viruses provides insights into fundamental ecological and evolutionary processes, and from an applied perspective, facilitates the design and implementation of sustainable disease control measures. Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) is an emerging whitefly transmitted begomovirus that is rapidly spreading and inciting economically important diseases in cucurbit crops of the Mediterranean basin. Genetic characterization of the ToLCNDV Mediterranean populations has shown that they are monophyletic in cucurbit plants. However, the extent to which other alternative (cultivated and wild) hosts may affect ToLCNDV genetic population structure and virus prevalence remains unknown. In this study a total of 683 samples from 13 cultivated species, and 203 samples from 24 wild species from three major cucurbit-producing areas of Spain (Murcia, Alicante and Castilla-La Mancha) from five cropping seasons (2012-2016) were analyzed for ToLCNDV infection. Except for watermelon, ToLCNDV was detected in all cultivated-cucurbit species as well as in tomato. Among weeds, Ecballium elaterium, Datura stramonium, Sonchus oleraceus, and Solanum nigrum were identified as alternative ToLCNDV plant hosts, which could act as new potential sources of virus inoculum. Furthermore, we performed full-genome deep-sequencing of 80 ToLCNDV isolates from different hosts, location and cropping year. Our phylogenetic analysis supports a Mediterranean virus population that is genetically very homogeneous, with no clustering pattern, and clearly different from Asian virus populations. Additionally, D. stramonium displayed higher levels of within-host genetic diversity than cultivated plants, and this variability appeared to increase with time. These results suggest that the potential ToLCNDV adaptive evolution occurring in wild plant hosts could serve as a source of virus genetic variability, thereby affecting the genetic structure and spatial-temporal dynamics of the viral population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Juárez
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - María Pilar Rabadán
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Departamento Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis Díaz Martínez
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Málaga, Spain
| | - Monia Tayahi
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Immunology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ana Grande-Pérez
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Málaga, Spain
| | - Pedro Gómez
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Departamento Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Murcia, Spain
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25
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Torre C, Donaire L, Gómez-Aix C, Juárez M, Peterschmitt M, Urbino C, Hernando Y, Agüero J, Aranda MA. Characterization of Begomoviruses Sampled during Severe Epidemics in Tomato Cultivars Carrying the Ty-1 Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2614. [PMID: 30177671 PMCID: PMC6164481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV, genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) is a major species that causes a tomato disease for which resistant tomato hybrids (mainly carriers of the Ty-1/Ty-3 gene) are being used widely. We have characterized begomoviruses severely affecting resistant tomato crops in Southeast Spain. Circular DNA was prepared from samples by rolling circle amplification, and sequenced by massive sequencing (2015) or cloning and Sanger sequencing (2016). Thus, 23 complete sequences were determined, all belonging to the TYLCV Israel strain (TYLCV-IL). Massive sequencing also revealed the absence of other geminiviral and beta-satellite sequences. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the Spanish isolates belonged to two groups, one related to early TYLCV-IL isolates in the area (Group 1), and another (Group 2) closely related to El Jadida (Morocco) isolates, suggesting a recent introduction. The most parsimonious evolutionary scenario suggested that the TYLCV isolates of Group 2 are back recombinant isolates derived from TYLCV-IS76, a recombinant virus currently predominating in Moroccan epidemics. Thus, an infectious Group 2 clone (TYLCV-Mu15) was constructed and used in in planta competition assays against TYLCV-IS76. TYLCV-Mu15 predominated in single infections, whereas TYLCV-IS76 did so in mixed infections, providing credibility to a scenario of co-occurrence of both types of isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Covadonga Torre
- Abiopep S.L., Departamento de I + D + i, Parque Científico de Murcia, Ctra. de Madrid, Km 388, Complejo de Espinardo, Edf. R, 2°, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Livia Donaire
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)-CSIC, Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Cristina Gómez-Aix
- Abiopep S.L., Departamento de I + D + i, Parque Científico de Murcia, Ctra. de Madrid, Km 388, Complejo de Espinardo, Edf. R, 2°, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Miguel Juárez
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Ctra. de Beniel, Km 3.2, 03312 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Michel Peterschmitt
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR-BGPI, Equipe Interactions Virus-Insecte-Plante, TA A-54/K, Campus International de Baillarguet, CEDEX 5, 34398 Monptellier, France.
| | - Cica Urbino
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR-BGPI, Equipe Interactions Virus-Insecte-Plante, TA A-54/K, Campus International de Baillarguet, CEDEX 5, 34398 Monptellier, France.
| | - Yolanda Hernando
- Abiopep S.L., Departamento de I + D + i, Parque Científico de Murcia, Ctra. de Madrid, Km 388, Complejo de Espinardo, Edf. R, 2°, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Jesús Agüero
- Abiopep S.L., Departamento de I + D + i, Parque Científico de Murcia, Ctra. de Madrid, Km 388, Complejo de Espinardo, Edf. R, 2°, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Miguel A Aranda
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)-CSIC, Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Yan Z, Pérez-de-Castro A, Díez MJ, Hutton SF, Visser RGF, Wolters AMA, Bai Y, Li J. Resistance to Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in Tomato Germplasm. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1198. [PMID: 30177938 PMCID: PMC6110163 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a virus species causing epidemics in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) worldwide. Many efforts have been focused on identification of resistance sources by screening wild tomato species. In many cases, the accession numbers were either not provided in publications or not provided in a consistent manner, which led to redundant screenings. In the current study, we summarized efforts on the screenings of wild tomato species for TYLCV resistance from various publications. In addition, we screened 708 accessions from 13 wild tomato species using different inoculation assays (i.e., whitefly natural infection and Agrobacterium-mediated inoculation) from which 138 accessions exhibited no tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) symptoms. These symptomless accessions include 14 accessions from S. arcanum, 43 from S. chilense, 1 from S. chmielewskii, 28 from S. corneliomulleri, 5 from S. habrochaites, 4 from S. huaylasense, 2 from S. neorickii, 1 from S. pennellii, 39 from S. peruvianum, and 1 from S. pimpinellifolium. Most of the screened S. chilense accessions remained symptomless. Many symptomless accessions were also identified in S. arcanum, S. corneliomulleri, and S. peruvianum. A large number of S. pimpinellifolium accessions were screened. However, almost all of the tested accessions showed TYLCD symptoms. Further, we studied allelic variation of the Ty-1/Ty-3 gene in few S. chilense accessions by applying virus-induced gene silencing and allele mining, leading to identification of a number of allele-specific polymorphisms. Taken together, we present a comprehensive overview on TYLCV resistance and susceptibility in wild tomato germplasm, and demonstrate how to study allelic variants of the cloned Ty-genes in TYLCV-resistant accessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yan
- The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Plant Breeding, Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ana Pérez-de-Castro
- Instituto Universitario de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria J. Díez
- Instituto Universitario de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Samuel F. Hutton
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Richard G. F. Visser
- Plant Breeding, Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie A. Wolters
- Plant Breeding, Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Junming Li
- The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Sánchez-Campos S, Domínguez-Huerta G, Díaz-Martínez L, Tomás DM, Navas-Castillo J, Moriones E, Grande-Pérez A. Differential Shape of Geminivirus Mutant Spectra Across Cultivated and Wild Hosts With Invariant Viral Consensus Sequences. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:932. [PMID: 30013589 PMCID: PMC6036239 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Geminiviruses (family Geminiviridae) possess single-stranded circular DNA genomes that are replicated by cellular polymerases in plant host cell nuclei. In their hosts, geminivirus populations behave as ensembles of mutant and recombinant genomes, known as viral quasispecies. This favors the emergence of new geminiviruses with altered host range, facilitating new or more severe diseases or overcoming resistance traits. In warm and temperate areas several whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses of the genus Begomovirus cause the tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) with significant economic consequences. TYLCD is frequently controlled in commercial tomatoes by using the dominant Ty-1 resistance gene. Over a 45 day period we have studied the diversification of three begomoviruses causing TYLCD: tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV) and tomato yellow leaf curl Malaga virus (TYLCMaV, a natural recombinant between TYLCV and TYLCSV). Viral quasispecies resulting from inoculation of geminivirus infectious clones were examined in plants of susceptible tomato (ty-1/ty-1), heterozygous resistant tomato (Ty-1/ty-1), common bean, and the wild reservoir Solanum nigrum. Differences in virus fitness across hosts were observed while viral consensus sequences remained invariant. However, the complexity and heterogeneity of the quasispecies were high, especially in common bean and the wild host. Interestingly, the presence or absence of the Ty-1 allele in tomato did not lead to differences in begomovirus mutant spectra. However, the fitness decrease of TYLCSV and TYLCV in tomato at 45 dpi might be related to an increase in CP (Coat protein) mutation frequency. In Solanum nigrum the recombinant TYLCMaV, which showed lower fitness than TYLCSV, at 45 dpi actively explored Rep (Replication associated protein) ORF but not the overlapping C4. Our results underline the importance of begomovirus mutant spectra during infections. This is especially relevant in the wild reservoir of the viruses, which has the potential to maintain highly diverse mutant spectra without modifying their consensus sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sánchez-Campos
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Málaga, Estación Experimental “La Mayora,” Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Guillermo Domínguez-Huerta
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Málaga, Estación Experimental “La Mayora,” Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Málaga, Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
| | - Luis Díaz-Martínez
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Málaga, Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
| | - Diego M. Tomás
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Málaga, Estación Experimental “La Mayora,” Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Navas-Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Málaga, Estación Experimental “La Mayora,” Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Enrique Moriones
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Málaga, Estación Experimental “La Mayora,” Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana Grande-Pérez
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Málaga, Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
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Single amino acid in V2 encoded by TYLCV is responsible for its self-interaction, aggregates and pathogenicity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3561. [PMID: 29476063 PMCID: PMC5824789 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The V2 protein encoded by Begomovirus is essential for virus infection and is involved in multiple functions, such as virus movement and suppression of the host defence response. In this study, we reported that V2 encoded by the Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), which is one of the most devastating tomato-infecting begomoviruses, could interact with itself and a S71A mutation of V2 (V2S71A) abolished its self-interaction. Fluorescence results showed that V2 localized primarily in the cytoplasm and around the nucleus. Site-directed mutagenesis V2S71A had the similar subcellular localization, but V2S71A formed fewer large aggregates in the cytoplasm compared to wild-type V2, whereas the level of aggregates came to a similar after treatment with MG132, which indicates that the S71A mutation might affect 26S proteasome-mediated degradation of V2 aggregates. Meanwhile, heterologous expression of V2S71A from a Potato virus X vector induced mild symptoms compared to wild-type V2, delay of virus infection associated with mild symptoms was observed in plants inoculated with TYLCV-S71A, which indicates that the amino acid on position 71 is also involved in the pathogenicity of V2. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first to state that the S71A mutation of V2 encoded by TYLCV affects the self-interaction, aggregate formation and pathogenicity of V2.
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Reyes MI, Flores‐Vergara MA, Guerra‐Peraza O, Rajabu C, Desai J, Hiromoto‐Ruiz YH, Ndunguru J, Hanley‐Bowdoin L, Kjemtrup S, Ascencio‐Ibáñez JT, Robertson D. A VIGS screen identifies immunity in the Arabidopsis Pla-1 accession to viruses in two different genera of the Geminiviridae. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:796-807. [PMID: 28901681 PMCID: PMC5725698 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Geminiviruses are DNA viruses that cause severe crop losses in different parts of the world, and there is a need for genetic sources of resistance to help combat them. Arabidopsis has been used as a source for virus-resistant genes that derive from alterations in essential host factors. We used a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) vector derived from the geminivirus Cabbage leaf curl virus (CaLCuV) to assess natural variation in virus-host interactions in 190 Arabidopsis accessions. Silencing of CH-42, encoding a protein needed to make chlorophyll, was used as a visible marker to discriminate asymptomatic accessions from those showing resistance. There was a wide range in symptom severity and extent of silencing in different accessions, but two correlations could be made. Lines with severe symptoms uniformly lacked extensive VIGS, and lines that showed attenuated symptoms over time (recovery) showed a concomitant increase in the extent of VIGS. One accession, Pla-1, lacked both symptoms and silencing, and was immune to wild-type infectious clones corresponding to CaLCuV or Beet curly top virus (BCTV), which are classified in different genera in the Geminiviridae. It also showed resistance to the agronomically important Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). Quantitative trait locus mapping of a Pla-1 X Col-0 F2 population was used to detect a major peak on chromosome 1, which is designated gip-1 (geminivirus immunity Pla-1-1). The recessive nature of resistance to CaLCuV and the lack of obvious candidate genes near the gip-1 locus suggest that a novel resistance gene(s) confers immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ines Reyes
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Miguel A. Flores‐Vergara
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
- Paradigm GeneticsResearch Triangle ParkNCUSA
| | - Orlene Guerra‐Peraza
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
- Present address:
Citrus Research and Education CenterUniversity of FloridaLake AlfredFL33850USA
| | - Cyprian Rajabu
- Mikocheni Agricultural Research InstituteDar es SalaamTanzania
| | - Jigar Desai
- Department of Molecular and Structural BiochemistryNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | | | - Joseph Ndunguru
- Mikocheni Agricultural Research InstituteDar es SalaamTanzania
| | - Linda Hanley‐Bowdoin
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Susanne Kjemtrup
- Paradigm GeneticsResearch Triangle ParkNCUSA
- Present address:
Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Jose T. Ascencio‐Ibáñez
- Department of Molecular and Structural BiochemistryNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Dominique Robertson
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
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Czosnek H, Hariton-Shalev A, Sobol I, Gorovits R, Ghanim M. The Incredible Journey of Begomoviruses in Their Whitefly Vector. Viruses 2017; 9:E273. [PMID: 28946649 PMCID: PMC5691625 DOI: 10.3390/v9100273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Begomoviruses are vectored in a circulative persistent manner by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. The insect ingests viral particles with its stylets. Virions pass along the food canal and reach the esophagus and the midgut. They cross the filter chamber and the midgut into the haemolymph, translocate into the primary salivary glands and are egested with the saliva into the plant phloem. Begomoviruses have to cross several barriers and checkpoints successfully, while interacting with would-be receptors and other whitefly proteins. The bulk of the virus remains associated with the midgut and the filter chamber. In these tissues, viral genomes, mainly from the tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) family, may be transcribed and may replicate. However, at the same time, virus amounts peak, and the insect autophagic response is activated, which in turn inhibits replication and induces the destruction of the virus. Some begomoviruses invade tissues outside the circulative pathway, such as ovaries and fat cells. Autophagy limits the amounts of virus associated with these organs. In this review, we discuss the different sites begomoviruses need to cross to complete a successful circular infection, the role of the coat protein in this process and the sites that balance between virus accumulation and virus destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Czosnek
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Aliza Hariton-Shalev
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Iris Sobol
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Rena Gorovits
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, HaMaccabim Road 68, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel.
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Fuentes A, Yoon S, Kim SC, Park DS. A Robust Deep-Learning-Based Detector for Real-Time Tomato Plant Diseases and Pests Recognition. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17092022. [PMID: 28869539 PMCID: PMC5620500 DOI: 10.3390/s17092022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant Diseases and Pests are a major challenge in the agriculture sector. An accurate and a faster detection of diseases and pests in plants could help to develop an early treatment technique while substantially reducing economic losses. Recent developments in Deep Neural Networks have allowed researchers to drastically improve the accuracy of object detection and recognition systems. In this paper, we present a deep-learning-based approach to detect diseases and pests in tomato plants using images captured in-place by camera devices with various resolutions. Our goal is to find the more suitable deep-learning architecture for our task. Therefore, we consider three main families of detectors: Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Faster R-CNN), Region-based Fully Convolutional Network (R-FCN), and Single Shot Multibox Detector (SSD), which for the purpose of this work are called "deep learning meta-architectures". We combine each of these meta-architectures with "deep feature extractors" such as VGG net and Residual Network (ResNet). We demonstrate the performance of deep meta-architectures and feature extractors, and additionally propose a method for local and global class annotation and data augmentation to increase the accuracy and reduce the number of false positives during training. We train and test our systems end-to-end on our large Tomato Diseases and Pests Dataset, which contains challenging images with diseases and pests, including several inter- and extra-class variations, such as infection status and location in the plant. Experimental results show that our proposed system can effectively recognize nine different types of diseases and pests, with the ability to deal with complex scenarios from a plant's surrounding area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Fuentes
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 54896, Korea.
| | - Sook Yoon
- Research Institute of Realistic Media and Technology, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 534-729, Korea.
- Department of Computer Engineering, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 534-729, Korea.
| | - Sang Cheol Kim
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Suwon 441-707, Korea.
| | - Dong Sun Park
- IT Convergence Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 54896, Korea.
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Zaidi SS, Martin DP, Amin I, Farooq M, Mansoor S. Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus: a widespread bipartite begomovirus in the territory of monopartite begomoviruses. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:901-911. [PMID: 27553982 PMCID: PMC6638225 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) is an exceptional Old World bipartite begomovirus. On the Indian subcontinent, a region in which monopartite DNA satellite-associated begomoviruses with mostly narrow geographical ranges predominate, it is widespread, with a geographical range also including the Far East, Middle East, North Africa and Europe. The success of ToLCNDV probably derives from its broad host range and highly flexible genomic configuration: its DNA-A component is capable of productively interacting with, and trans-replicating, diverse DNA-B components and betasatellites. An understanding of the capacity of ToLCNDV to infect a variety of hosts and spread across a broad and ecologically variable geographical range could illuminate the potential economic threats associated with similar begomoviral invasions. Towards this end, we used available ToLCNDV sequences to reconstruct the history of ToLCNDV spread. TAXONOMY Family Geminiviridae, Genus Begomovirus. ToLCNDV is a bipartite begomovirus. Following the revised begomovirus taxonomic criteria of 91% and 94% nucleotide identity for species and strain demarcation, respectively, ToLCNDV is a distinct species with two strains: ToLCNDV and ToLCNDV-Spain. HOST RANGE The primary cultivated host of ToLCNDV is tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), but the virus is also known to infect 43 other plant species from a range of families, including Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Solanaceae, Malvaceae and Fabaceae. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Typical symptoms of ToLCNDV infection in its various hosts include leaf curling, vein thickening, puckering, purpling/darkening of leaf margins, leaf area reduction, internode shortening and severe stunting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Shan‐E‐Ali Zaidi
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringJhang RoadFaisalabad. PO Box 577, Pakistan
| | - Darren P. Martin
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Division of Computational BiologyUniversity of Cape TownAnzio RdObservatoryCape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Imran Amin
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringJhang RoadFaisalabad. PO Box 577, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringJhang RoadFaisalabad. PO Box 577, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringJhang RoadFaisalabad. PO Box 577, Pakistan
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Alabi OJ, Al Rwahnih M, Jifon JL, Sétamou M, Brown JK, Gregg L, Park JW. A Mixed Infection of Lettuce chlorosis virus, Papaya ringspot virus, and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus-IL Detected in a Texas Papaya Orchard Affected by a Virus-Like Disease Outbreak. PLANT DISEASE 2017; 101:1094-1102. [PMID: 30682949 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-17-0118-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Severe virus-like symptoms consisting of mosaic, distortion, yellowing, and brittleness were observed on papaya plants in a 20-ha orchard in South Texas during the 2014-15 growing season. Incidence of symptomatic plants increased from ∼40 to 100% within 6 months of the outbreak; the most severely affected plants were stunted, and fruit yield and quality were reduced compared with asymptomatic plants. The orchard papaya plant virome was explored using the Illumina NextSeq 500 platform and results were validated by Sanger DNA sequencing of complete viral genomes obtained by PCR amplification. The combined results revealed the presence of Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV; Potyvirus), Lettuce chlorosis virus (LCV; Crinivirus), and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus-IL (TYLCV-IL; Begomovirus). The RT-PCR analyses of leaves from 51 randomly sampled papaya plants indicated the presence of PRSV, LCV, and TYLCV-IL in 100, 39.2, and 15.7% of the samples, respectively. Plants infected with PRSV, in combination with LCV and/or TYLCV-IL, exhibited more severe symptoms compared with plants infected with PRSV alone. Furthermore, successful whitefly-mediated transmission of TYLCV-IL and LCV was accomplished by exposing virus-free papaya seedlings to viruliferous Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) under greenhouse conditions. The results of this study document a new host record for LCV and the first successful whitefly-mediated transmission of TYLCV-IL and LCV to papaya. As a perennial crop, infected papaya serving as an over-seasoning reservoir for TYLCV-IL and LCV, presents a new challenge to viral disease management in papaya orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufemi J Alabi
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX
| | - M Al Rwahnih
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - J L Jifon
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX
| | - M Sétamou
- Department of Agriculture, Agribusiness, and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University, Kingsville Citrus Center, Weslaco, TX
| | - J K Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - L Gregg
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research & Extension Center, Weslaco, TX
| | - J-W Park
- Texas A&M University, Kingsville Citrus Center, Weslaco, TX
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Vector development and vitellogenin determine the transovarial transmission of begomoviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:6746-6751. [PMID: 28607073 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1701720114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of plant viruses are transmitted by insect vectors between hosts, and transovarial transmission of viruses from vector parents to offspring has great significance to their epidemiology. Begomoviruses are transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci in a circulative manner and are maintained through a plant-insect-plant cycle. Other routes of begomovirus transmission are not clearly known. Here, we report that transovarial transmission from female whiteflies to offspring often happens for one begomovirus, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), and may have contributed significantly to its global spread. We found that TYLCV entry of the reproductive organ of its vector mainly depended on the developmental stage of the whitefly ovary, and the transovarial transmission of TYLCV to offspring increased with whitefly adult age. The specific interaction between virus coat protein (CP) and whitefly vitellogenin (Vg) was vital for virus entry into whitefly ovary. When knocking down the expression of Vg, the entry of TYLCV into ovary was inhibited and the transovarial transmission efficiency decreased. In contrast, another begomovirus, Papaya leaf curl China virus (PaLCuCNV), CP did not interact with whitefly Vg, and PaLCuCNV could not be transovarially transmitted by whiteflies. We further showed that TYLCV could be maintained for at least two generations in the absence of virus-infected plants, and the adult progenies were able to infect healthy plants in both the laboratory and field. This study reports the transovarial transmission mechanism of begomoviruses, and it may help to explain the evolution and global spread of some begomoviruses.
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Gorovits R, Moshe A, Amrani L, Kleinberger R, Anfoka G, Czosnek H. The six Tomato yellow leaf curl virus genes expressed individually in tomato induce different levels of plant stress response attenuation. Cell Stress Chaperones 2017; 22:345-355. [PMID: 28324352 PMCID: PMC5425365 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-017-0766-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a begomovirus infecting tomato plants worldwide. TYLCV needs a healthy host environment to ensure a successful infection cycle for long periods. Hence, TYLCV restrains its destructive effect and induces neither a hypersensitive response nor cell death in infected tomatoes. On the contrary, TYLCV counteracts cell death induced by other factors, such as inactivation of HSP90 functionality. Suppression of plant death is associated with the inhibition of the ubiquitin 26S proteasome degradation and with a deactivation of the heat shock transcription factor HSFA2 pathways (including decreased HSP17 levels). The goal of the current study was to find if the individual TYLCV genes were capable of suppressing HSP90-dependent death and HSFA2 deactivation. The expression of C2 (C3 and CP to a lesser extent) caused a decrease in the severity of death phenotypes, while the expression of V2 (C1 and C4 to a lesser extent) strengthened cell death. However, C2 or V2 markedly affected stress response under conditions of viral infection. The downregulation of HSFA2 signaling, initiated by the expression of C1 and V2, was detected in the absence of virus infection, but was enhanced in infected plants, while CP and C4 mitigated HSFA2 levels only in the infected tomatoes. The dependence of analyzed plant stress response suppression on the interaction of the expressed genes with the environment created by the whole virus infection was more pronounced than on the expression of individual TYLCV genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Gorovits
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Adi Moshe
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Tel-Aviv University, 69978, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Linoy Amrani
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rotem Kleinberger
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ghandi Anfoka
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Al-Balqa' Applied University, Al-Salt, 19117, Jordan
| | - Henryk Czosnek
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
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36
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Gorovits R, Czosnek H. The Involvement of Heat Shock Proteins in the Establishment of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:355. [PMID: 28360921 PMCID: PMC5352662 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a begomovirus, induces protein aggregation in infected tomatoes and in its whitefly vector Bemisia tabaci. The interactions between TYLCV and HSP70 and HSP90 in plants and vectors are necessity for virus infection to proceed. In infected host cells, HSP70 and HSP90 are redistributed from a soluble to an aggregated state. These aggregates contain, together with viral DNA/proteins and virions, HSPs and components of the protein quality control system such as ubiquitin, 26S proteasome subunits, and the autophagy protein ATG8. TYLCV CP can form complexes with HSPs in tomato and whitefly. Nonetheless, HSP70 and HSP90 play different roles in the viral cell cycle in the plant host. In the infected host cell, HSP70, but not HSP90, participates in the translocation of CP from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. Viral amounts decrease when HSP70 is inhibited, but increase when HSP90 is downregulated. In the whitefly vector, HSP70 impairs the circulative transmission of TYLCV; its inhibition increases transmission. Hence, the efficiency of virus acquisition by whiteflies depends on the functionality of both plant chaperones and their cross-talk with other protein mechanisms controlling virus-induced aggregation.
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Mabvakure B, Martin DP, Kraberger S, Cloete L, van Brunschot S, Geering ADW, Thomas JE, Bananej K, Lett JM, Lefeuvre P, Varsani A, Harkins GW. Ongoing geographical spread of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus. Virology 2016; 498:257-264. [PMID: 27619929 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) seriously impacts tomato production throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. It has a broad geographical distribution and continues to spread to new regions in the Indian and Pacific Oceans including Australia, New Caledonia and Mauritius. We undertook a temporally-scaled, phylogeographic analysis of all publicly available, full genome sequences of TYLCV, together with 70 new genome sequences from Australia, Iran and Mauritius. This revealed that whereas epidemics in Australia and China likely originated through multiple independent viral introductions from the East-Asian region around Japan and Korea, the New Caledonian epidemic was seeded by a variant from the Western Mediterranean region and the Mauritian epidemic by a variant from the neighbouring island of Reunion. Finally, we show that inter-continental scale movements of TYLCV to East Asia have, at least temporarily, ceased, whereas long-distance movements to the Americas and Australia are probably still ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batsirai Mabvakure
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Darren P Martin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Simona Kraberger
- School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Leendert Cloete
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Sharon van Brunschot
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Ecosciences Precinct, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Andrew D W Geering
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Ecosciences Precinct, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - John E Thomas
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Ecosciences Precinct, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Kaveh Bananej
- Department of Plant Virus Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP), Tehran 19395-1454, Iran
| | - Jean-Michel Lett
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 7 chemin de l'IRAT, Saint-Pierre, Ile de la Réunion 97410, France
| | - Pierre Lefeuvre
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 7 chemin de l'IRAT, Saint-Pierre, Ile de la Réunion 97410, France
| | - Arvind Varsani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; The Center for Functional Microbiomics, The Biodesign Institute and School of Life sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Gordon W Harkins
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
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The Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Knottin-1 Gene Is Implicated in Regulating the Quantity of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Ingested and Transmitted by the Insect. Viruses 2016; 8:v8070205. [PMID: 27455309 PMCID: PMC4974540 DOI: 10.3390/v8070205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a major pest to agricultural crops. It transmits begomoviruses, such as Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), in a circular, persistent fashion. Transcriptome analyses revealed that B. tabaci knottin genes were responsive to various stresses. Upon ingestion of tomato begomoviruses, two of the four knottin genes were upregulated, knot-1 (with the highest expression) and knot-3. In this study, we examined the involvement of B. tabaci knottin genes in relation to TYLCV circulative transmission. Knottins were silenced by feeding whiteflies with knottin dsRNA via detached tomato leaves. Large amounts of knot-1 transcripts were present in the abdomen of whiteflies, an obligatory transit site of begomoviruses in their circulative transmission pathway; knot-1 silencing significantly depleted the abdomen from knot-1 transcripts. Knot-1 silencing led to an increase in the amounts of TYLCV ingested by the insects and transmitted to tomato test plants by several orders of magnitude. This effect was not observed following knot-3 silencing. Hence, knot-1 plays a role in restricting the quantity of virions an insect may acquire and transmit. We suggest that knot-1 protects B. tabaci against deleterious effects caused by TYLCV by limiting the amount of virus associated with the whitefly vector.
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Analysis of the Mild strain of tomato yellow leaf curl virus, which overcomes Ty-2 gene-mediated resistance in tomato line H24. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2207-17. [PMID: 27231006 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2898-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In tomato line H24, an isolate of the Mild (Mld) strain of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV-Mld [JR:Kis]) overcomes Ty-2 gene-mediated resistance and causes typical symptoms of tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD). No systemic infection with visible symptoms or accumulation of viral DNA in the upper leaves was observed in H24 challenged with another isolate, TYLCV-IL (TYLCV-IL [JR:Osaka]), confirming that H24 is resistant to the IL strain. To elucidate the genomic regions that cause the breakdown of the Ty-2 gene-mediated resistance, we constructed a series of chimeras by swapping genes between the two strains. A chimeric virus that had the overlapping C4/Rep region of the Mld strain in the context of the IL strain genome, caused severe TYLCD in H24 plants, suggesting that the overlapping C4/Rep region of the Mld strain is associated with the ability of this strain to overcome Ty-2 gene-mediated resistance.
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40
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Matić S, Pegoraro M, Noris E. The C2 protein of tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus acts as a pathogenicity determinant and a 16-amino acid domain is responsible for inducing a hypersensitive response in plants. Virus Res 2016; 215:12-9. [PMID: 26826600 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of the C2 protein in the pathogenicity of tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV) was investigated. Here we report that Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of TYLCSV C2 resulted in a strong hypersensitive response (HR) in Nicotiana benthamiana, N. tabacum, and Arabidopsis thaliana, with induction of plant cell death and production of H2O2. Since HR is not evident in plants infected by TYLCSV, it is expected that TYLCSV encodes a gene (or genes) that counters this response. HR was partially counteracted by co-agroinfiltration of TYLCSV V2 and Rep, leading to chlorotic reaction, with no HR development. Considering that the corresponding C2 protein of the closely related tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) did not induce HR, alignment of the C2 proteins of TYLCSV and TYLCV were carried out and a hypervariable region of 16 amino acids was identified. Its role in the induction of HR was demonstrated using TYLCSV-TYLCV C2 chimeric genes, encoding two TYLCSV C2 variants with a complete (16 aa) or a partial (10 aa only) swap of the corresponding sequence of TYLCV C2. Furthermore, using NahG transgenic N. benthamiana lines compromised in the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), a key regulator of HR, only a chlorotic response occurred in TYLCSV C2-infiltrated tissue, indicating that SA participates in such plant defense process. These findings demonstrate that TYLCSV C2 acts as a pathogenicity determinant and induces host defense responses controlled by the SA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavica Matić
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Mattia Pegoraro
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuela Noris
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy.
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Tomato yellow leaf curl virus infection mitigates the heat stress response of plants grown at high temperatures. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19715. [PMID: 26792235 PMCID: PMC4726131 DOI: 10.1038/srep19715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultured tomatoes are often exposed to a combination of extreme heat and infection with Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). This stress combination leads to intense disease symptoms and yield losses. The response of TYLCV-susceptible and resistant tomatoes to heat stress together with viral infection was compared. The plant heat-stress response was undermined in TYLCV infected plants. The decline correlated with the down-regulation of heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) HSFA2 and HSFB1, and consequently, of HSF-regulated genes Hsp17, Apx1, Apx2 and Hsp90. We proposed that the weakened heat stress response was due to the decreased capacity of HSFA2 to translocate into the nuclei of infected cells. All the six TYLCV proteins were able to interact with tomato HSFA2 in vitro, moreover, coat protein developed complexes with HSFA2 in nuclei. Capturing of HSFA2 by viral proteins could suppress the transcriptional activation of heat stress response genes. Application of both heat and TYLCV stresses was accompanied by the development of intracellular large protein aggregates containing TYLCV proteins and DNA. The maintenance of cellular chaperones in the aggregated state, even after recovery from heat stress, prevents the circulation of free soluble chaperones, causing an additional decrease in stress response efficiency.
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Becker N, Rimbaud L, Chiroleu F, Reynaud B, Thébaud G, Lett JM. Rapid accumulation and low degradation: key parameters of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus persistence in its insect vector Bemisia tabaci. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17696. [PMID: 26625871 PMCID: PMC4667217 DOI: 10.1038/srep17696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Of worldwide economic importance, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV, Begomovirus) is responsible for one of the most devastating plant diseases in warm and temperate regions. The DNA begomoviruses (Geminiviridae) are transmitted by the whitefly species complex Bemisia tabaci. Although geminiviruses have long been described as circulative non-propagative viruses, observations such as long persistence of TYLCV in B. tabaci raised the question of their possible replication in the vector. We monitored two major TYLCV strains, Mild (Mld) and Israel (IL), in the invasive B. tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 cryptic species, during and after the viral acquisition, within two timeframes (0-144 hours or 0-20 days). TYLCV DNA was quantified using real-time PCR, and the complementary DNA strand of TYLCV involved in viral replication was specifically quantified using anchored real-time PCR. The DNA of both TYLCV strains accumulated exponentially during acquisition but remained stable after viral acquisition had stopped. Neither replication nor vertical transmission were observed. In conclusion, our quantification of the viral loads and complementary strands of both Mld and IL strains of TYLCV in B. tabaci point to an efficient accumulation and preservation mechanism, rather than to a dynamic equilibrium between replication and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Becker
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE. Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, F-75005, Paris, France
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 7 chemin de l’Irat, F-97410 Saint Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, France
| | - Loup Rimbaud
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 7 chemin de l’Irat, F-97410 Saint Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, France
- Montpellier SupAgro, UMR 385 BGPI, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Chiroleu
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 7 chemin de l’Irat, F-97410 Saint Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, France
| | - Bernard Reynaud
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 7 chemin de l’Irat, F-97410 Saint Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, France
| | | | - Jean-Michel Lett
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 7 chemin de l’Irat, F-97410 Saint Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, France
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43
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Gorovits R, Fridman L, Kolot M, Rotem O, Ghanim M, Shriki O, Czosnek H. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus confronts host degradation by sheltering in small/midsized protein aggregates. Virus Res 2015; 213:304-313. [PMID: 26654789 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a begomovirus transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci to tomato and other crops. TYLCV proteins are endangered by the host defenses. We have analyzed the capacity of the tomato plant and of the whitefly insect vector to degrade the six proteins encoded by the TYLCV genome. Tomato and whitefly demonstrated the highest proteolytic activity in the fractions containing soluble proteins, less-in large protein aggregates; a significant decrease of TYLCV proteolysis was detected in the intermediate-sized aggregates. All the six TYLCV proteins were differently targeted by the cytoplasmic and nuclear degradation machineries (proteases, ubiquitin 26S proteasome, autophagy). TYLCV could confront host degradation by sheltering in small/midsized aggregates, where viral proteins are less exposed to proteolysis. Indeed, TYLCV proteins were localized in aggregates of various sizes in both host organisms. This is the first study comparing degradation machinery in plant and insect hosts targeting all TYLCV proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Gorovits
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Lilia Fridman
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Mikhail Kolot
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Or Rotem
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Oz Shriki
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Henryk Czosnek
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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44
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Legarrea S, Barman A, Marchant W, Diffie S, Srinivasan R. Temporal Effects of a Begomovirus Infection and Host Plant Resistance on the Preference and Development of an Insect Vector, Bemisia tabaci, and Implications for Epidemics. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142114. [PMID: 26529402 PMCID: PMC4631503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent plant viruses, by altering phenotypic and physiological traits of their hosts, could modulate the host preference and fitness of hemipteran vectors. A majority of such modulations increase vector preference for virus-infected plants and improve vector fitness, ultimately favouring virus spread. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how these virus-induced modulations on vectors vary temporally, and whether host resistance to the pathogen influences such effects. This study addressed the two questions using a Begomovirus-whitefly-tomato model pathosystem. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) -susceptible and TYLCV-resistant tomato genotypes were evaluated by whitefly-mediated transmission assays. Quantitative PCR revealed that virus accumulation decreased after an initial spike in all genotypes. TYLCV accumulation was less in resistant than in susceptible genotypes at 3, 6, and 12 weeks post inoculation (WPI). TYLCV acquisition by whiteflies over time from resistant and susceptible genotypes was also consistent with virus accumulation in the host plant. Furthermore, preference assays indicated that non-viruliferous whiteflies preferred virus-infected plants, whereas viruliferous whiteflies preferred non-infected plants. However, this effect was prominent only with the susceptible genotype at 6 WPI. The development of whiteflies on non-infected susceptible and resistant genotypes was not significantly different. However, developmental time was reduced when a susceptible genotype was infected with TYLCV. Together, these results suggest that vector preference and development could be affected by the timing of infection and by host resistance. These effects could play a crucial role in TYLCV epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saioa Legarrea
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Apurba Barman
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wendy Marchant
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stan Diffie
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia, United States of America
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Sequence variation of Bemisia tabaci Chemosensory Protein 2 in cryptic species B and Q: New DNA markers for whitefly recognition. Gene 2015; 576:284-91. [PMID: 26481237 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci Gennadius biotypes B and Q are two of the most important worldwide agricultural insect pests. Genomic sequences of Type-2 B. tabaci chemosensory protein (BtabCSP2) were cloned and sequenced in B and Q biotypes, revealing key biotype-specific variations in the intron sequence. A Q260 sequence was found specifically in Q-BtabCSP2 and Cucumis melo LN692399, suggesting ancestral horizontal transfer of gene between the insect and the plant through bacteria. A cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) method was then developed to differentiate B and Q based on the sequence variation in exon of BtabCSP2 gene. The performances of CSP2-based CAPS for whitefly recognition were assessed using B. tabaci field collections from Shandong Province (P.R. China). Our SacII based CAPS method led to the same result compared to mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase-based CAPS method in the field collections. We therefore propose an explanation for CSP origin and a new rapid simple molecular method based on genomic DNA and chemosensory gene to differentiate accurately the B and Q whiteflies of the Bemisia complex around the world.
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46
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Sicard A, Zeddam JL, Yvon M, Michalakis Y, Gutiérrez S, Blanc S. Circulative Nonpropagative Aphid Transmission of Nanoviruses: an Oversimplified View. J Virol 2015; 89:9719-26. [PMID: 26178991 PMCID: PMC4577921 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00780-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Plant virus species of the family Nanoviridae have segmented genomes with the highest known number of segments encapsidated individually. They thus likely represent the most extreme case of the so-called multipartite, or multicomponent, viruses. All species of the family are believed to be transmitted in a circulative nonpropagative manner by aphid vectors, meaning that the virus simply crosses cellular barriers within the aphid body, from the gut to the salivary glands, without replicating or even expressing any of its genes. However, this assumption is largely based on analogy with the transmission of other plant viruses, such as geminiviruses or luteoviruses, and the details of the molecular and cellular interactions between aphids and nanoviruses are poorly investigated. When comparing the relative frequencies of the eight genome segments in populations of the species Faba bean necrotic stunt virus (FBNSV) (genus Nanovirus) within host plants and within aphid vectors fed on these plants, we unexpectedly found evidence of reproducible changes in the frequencies of some specific segments. We further show that these changes occur within the gut during early stages of the virus cycle in the aphid and not later, when the virus is translocated into the salivary glands. This peculiar observation, which was similarly confirmed in three aphid vector species, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aphis craccivora, and Myzus persicae, calls for revisiting of the mechanisms of nanovirus transmission. It reveals an unexpected intimate interaction that may not fit the canonical circulative nonpropagative transmission. IMPORTANCE A specific mode of interaction between viruses and arthropod vectors has been extensively described in plant viruses in the three families Luteoviridae, Geminiviridae, and Nanoviridae, but never in arboviruses of animals. This so-called circulative nonpropagative transmission contrasts with the classical biological transmission of animal arboviruses in that the corresponding viruses are thought to cross the vector cellular barriers, from the gut lumen to the hemolymph and to the salivary glands, without expressing any of their genes and without replicating. By monitoring the genetic composition of viral populations during the life cycle of Faba bean necrotic stunt virus (FBNSV) (genus Nanovirus), we demonstrate reproducible genetic changes during the transit of the virus within the body of the aphid vector. These changes do not fit the view that viruses simply traverse the bodies of their arthropod vectors and suggest more intimate interactions, calling into question the current understanding of circulative nonpropagative transmission.
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47
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Chen W, Hasegawa DK, Arumuganathan K, Simmons AM, Wintermantel WM, Fei Z, Ling KS. Estimation of the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Genome Size Based on k-mer and Flow Cytometric Analyses. INSECTS 2015; 6:704-15. [PMID: 26463411 PMCID: PMC4598660 DOI: 10.3390/insects6030704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Whiteflies of the Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) cryptic species complex are among the most important agricultural insect pests in the world. These phloem-feeding insects can colonize over 1000 species of plants worldwide and inflict severe economic losses to crops, mainly through the transmission of pathogenic viruses. Surprisingly, there is very little genomic information about whiteflies. As a starting point to genome sequencing, we report a new estimation of the genome size of the B. tabaci B biotype or Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) population. Using an isogenic whitefly colony with over 6500 haploid male individuals for genomic DNA, three paired-end genomic libraries with insert sizes of ~300 bp, 500 bp and 1 Kb were constructed and sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 system. A total of ~50 billion base pairs of sequences were obtained from each library. K-mer analysis using these sequences revealed that the genome size of the whitefly was ~682.3 Mb. In addition, the flow cytometric analysis estimated the haploid genome size of the whitefly to be ~690 Mb. Considering the congruency between both estimation methods, we predict the haploid genome size of B. tabaci MEAM1 to be ~680–690 Mb. Our data provide a baseline for ongoing efforts to assemble and annotate the B. tabaci genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Chen
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Daniel K Hasegawa
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29414, USA.
| | | | - Alvin M Simmons
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29414, USA.
| | | | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Kai-Shu Ling
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29414, USA.
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Replication of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in Its Whitefly Vector, Bemisia tabaci. J Virol 2015; 89:9791-803. [PMID: 26178995 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00779-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a begomovirus transmitted exclusively by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci in a persistent, circulative manner. Replication of TYLCV in its vector remains controversial, and thus far, the virus has been considered to be nonpropagative. Following 8 h of acquisition on TYLCV-infected tomato plants or purified virions and then transfer to non-TYLCV-host cotton plants, the amounts of virus inside whitefly adults significantly increased (>2-fold) during the first few days and then continuously decreased, as measured by the amounts of genes on both virus DNA strands. Reported alterations in insect immune and defense responses upon virus retention led us to hypothesize a role for the immune response in suppressing virus replication. After virus acquisition, stress conditions were imposed on whiteflies, and the levels of three viral gene sequences were measured over time. When whiteflies were exposed to TYLCV and treatment with two different pesticides, the virus levels continuously increased. Upon exposure to heat stress, the virus levels gradually decreased, without any initial accumulation. Switching of whiteflies between pesticide, heat stress, and control treatments caused fluctuating increases and decreases in virus levels. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis confirmed these results and showed virus signals inside midgut epithelial cell nuclei. Combining the pesticide and heat treatments with virus acquisition had significant effects on fecundity. Altogether, our results demonstrate for the first time that a single-stranded DNA plant virus can replicate in its hemipteran vector. IMPORTANCE Plant viruses in agricultural crops are of great concern worldwide. Many of them are transmitted from infected to healthy plants by insects. Persistently transmitted viruses often have a complex association with their vectors; however, most are believed not to replicate within these vectors. Such replication is important, as it contributes to the virus's spread and can impact vector biology. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a devastating begomovirus that infects tomatoes. It is persistently transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci but is believed not to replicate in the insect. To demonstrate that TYLCV is, in fact, propagative (i.e., it replicates in its insect host), we hypothesized that insect defenses play a role in suppressing virus replication. We thus exposed whitefly to pesticide and heat stress conditions to manipulate its physiology, and we showed that under such conditions, the virus is able to replicate and significantly influence the insect's fecundity.
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49
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Balique F, Lecoq H, Raoult D, Colson P. Can plant viruses cross the kingdom border and be pathogenic to humans? Viruses 2015; 7:2074-98. [PMID: 25903834 PMCID: PMC4411691 DOI: 10.3390/v7042074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoviruses are highly prevalent in plants worldwide, including vegetables and fruits. Humans, and more generally animals, are exposed daily to these viruses, among which several are extremely stable. It is currently accepted that a strict separation exists between plant and vertebrate viruses regarding their host range and pathogenicity, and plant viruses are believed to infect only plants. Accordingly, plant viruses are not considered to present potential pathogenicity to humans and other vertebrates. Notwithstanding these beliefs, there are many examples where phytoviruses circulate and propagate in insect vectors. Several issues are raised here that question if plant viruses might further cross the kingdom barrier to cause diseases in humans. Indeed, there is close relatedness between some plant and animal viruses, and almost identical gene repertoires. Moreover, plant viruses can be detected in non-human mammals and humans samples, and there are evidence of immune responses to plant viruses in invertebrates, non-human vertebrates and humans, and of the entry of plant viruses or their genomes into non-human mammal cells and bodies after experimental exposure. Overall, the question raised here is unresolved, and several data prompt the additional extensive study of the interactions between phytoviruses and non-human mammals and humans, and the potential of these viruses to cause diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Balique
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Émergentes (URMITE) UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 3R198 INSERM U1095, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France.
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR 407, Pathologie Végétale, 84140 Montfavet, France.
| | - Hervé Lecoq
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR 407, Pathologie Végétale, 84140 Montfavet, France.
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Émergentes (URMITE) UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 3R198 INSERM U1095, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France.
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Assistance publique - hôpitaux de Marseille, 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France.
| | - Philippe Colson
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Émergentes (URMITE) UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 3R198 INSERM U1095, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France.
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Assistance publique - hôpitaux de Marseille, 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France.
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50
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Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation ofTomato yellow leaf curl virusand related viruses causing tomato yellow leaf curl disease in Europe. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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