1
|
Hmar EBL, Paul S, Boruah N, Sarkar P, Borah S, Sharma HK. Apprehending Ulcerative Colitis Management With Springing Up Therapeutic Approaches: Can Nanotechnology Play a Nascent Role? CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-020-00218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
2
|
Aldea M, Orillard E, Mansi L, Marabelle A, Scotte F, Lambotte O, Michot JM. How to manage patients with corticosteroids in oncology in the era of immunotherapy? Eur J Cancer 2020; 141:239-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
3
|
Hemperly A, Sandborn WJ, Vande Casteele N. Clinical Pharmacology in Adult and Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24:2527-2542. [PMID: 29788338 PMCID: PMC11187819 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the clinical pharmacology of the major drugs used for the treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Pharmacokinetics, drug metabolism, mechanism of action, efficacy, and safety profile are discussed. Some small molecules were developed to act systemically (eg, ozanimod) or locally (eg, aminosalicylates) and thus have disparate pharmacokinetic properties. In addition, locally acting compounds have been optimized to mitigate systemic exposure-eg, budesonide, which undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism-thereby reducing systemic bioavailability and side effects. Other small molecules such as thiopurines are precursors of their active metabolites and differences in genotype or phenotype of metabolizing enzymes may affect efficacy and safety, requiring therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). Monoclonal antibodies (MAs) are large molecules administered parenterally, and their pharmacokinetics may be influenced not only by the general immunoglobulin (Ig) G metabolism and recycling pathways but also by antigen properties such as antigen distribution and antigen concentration. In addition, antibody structure, host factors, concurrent medications, and immunogenicity may contribute to the substantial inter- and intrapatient variability in drug exposure and response observed for MAs. Current guidelines recommend reactive TDM of tumor necrosis factor antagonists at the time of loss of response. Evidence for proactive TDM and for the role of TDM for biologics with a different mechanism of action is emerging. Although small molecules offer potential benefits over biologics with oral administration and lack of immunogenicity, there may be risk for more systemic side effects due to off-target binding. Understanding drug metabolism, pharmacokinetic characteristics, and mechanism of action are important in selecting the right drug at the right time at the right dose for patients with IBD.10.1093/ibd/izy189_video1izy189.video15786062223001.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hemperly
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, La Jolla, California
| | - William J Sandborn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Niels Vande Casteele
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, La Jolla, California
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Corticosteroid Sparing in Inflammatory Bowel Disease is More Often Achieved in the Immunomodulator and Biological Era-Results from the Dutch Population-Based IBDSL Cohort. Am J Gastroenterol 2018; 113:384-395. [PMID: 29317770 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2017.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Corticosteroid-free remission is an emerging treatment goal in the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In the population-based Inflammatory Bowel Disease South Limburg cohort, we studied temporal changes in corticosteroid use and assessed the corticosteroid-sparing effects of immunomodulators and biologicals in real life. METHODS In total, 2,823 newly diagnosed patients with Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) were included. Corticosteroid exposure and cumulative days of use were compared between patients diagnosed in 1991-1998 (CD: n=316, UC: n=539), 1999-2005 (CD: n=387, UC: n=527), and 2006-2011 (CD: n=459, UC: n=595). Second, the corticosteroid-sparing effects of immunomodulators and biologicals were assessed. RESULTS Over time, the corticosteroid exposure rate was stable (54.0% in CD and 31.4% in UC), even as the cumulative corticosteroid use in the first disease year (CD: 83 days (interquartile range (IQR) 35-189), UC: 62 days (IQR 0-137)). On the long-term, a gradual decrease in cumulative corticosteroid use was seen in CD (era '91-'98: 366 days (IQR 107-841), era '06-'11: 120 days (IQR 72-211), P<0.01), whereas in UC an initial decrease was observed (era '91-'98: 184 days (IQR 86-443), era '99-'05: 166 days (IQR 74-281), P=0.03), and stabilization thereafter. Immunomodulator and biological users had a lower risk of requiring corticosteroids than matched controls in CD only (33.6% vs. 49.9%, P<0.01, and 25.7% vs. 38.2%, P=0.04, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In a real-world setting, more recently diagnosed IBD patients used lower amounts of corticosteroids as of the second year of disease. For CD, a significant association was found with the use of immunomodulators and biologicals. These conclusions support the increasing use of these treatment modalities.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao X, Zhou C, Ma J, Zhu Y, Sun M, Wang P, Zhang Y, Ma H, Zhang H. Efficacy and safety of rectal 5-aminosalicylic acid versus corticosteroids in active distal ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46693. [PMID: 28440311 PMCID: PMC5404224 DOI: 10.1038/srep46693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Topical 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and corticosteroids are used frequently in the treatment of active distal ulcerative colitis (UC). Our study aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of different topical drugs used to treat active distal UC. A random-effects model within a Bayesian framework was utilized to compare treatment effects and safety as odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% credible intervals (CrI). The surface under the cumulative ranking area (SUCRA) and median rank (MR) with corresponding 95% CrI were calculated to rank the treatment outcomes. In the induction of clinical and endoscopic remission, most regimens showed significant advantages over placebo except topical budesonide 0.5 mg/d and hydrocortisone 100 mg/d. According to SUCRA and MR values, rectal 5-ASA 1.5 to 2.0 g/d + Beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) 3 mg/d rendered the highest probability of being the best regimen to achieve clinical and endoscopic remission, followed by the separate use of 5-ASA 4 g/d and BDP 3 mg/d. The occurrence of adverse events was not significantly different between each treatments and placebo. In conclusion, the combined use of topical 5-ASA and BDP proved to be the best choice for active distal UC and further well-designed researches are warranted to assess its efficacy and safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yunjuan Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Min Sun
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Peixue Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Haiqin Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gabbani T, Manetti N, Bagnoli S, Annese V. Beclomethasone dipropionate for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2014. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2014.968125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
7
|
Sharma M, Thandassery RB, Hilli SA, Kaabi SA. Abdominal and scrotal wall emphysema in a patient with severe ulcerative colitis. Trop Doct 2014; 44:186-188. [PMID: 24567445 DOI: 10.1177/0049475514524392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Severe ulcerative colitis can be associated with bowel perforation. Bowel perforation rarely leads on to abdominal wall and scrotal wall emphysema. Bowel perforation in such cases can be spontaneous or iatrogenic (colonoscopy-related). We report a rare scenario where a patient presented with abdominal wall and scrotal emphysema after topical corticosteroid enema-induced traumatic rectal perforation. Topical corticosteroids were stopped immediately after identification of rectal perforation. The patient was managed conservatively with intravenous antibiotics. With this report we intend to sensitise clinicians and topical enema manufacturers regarding this rare complication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manik Sharma
- Consultant in Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ragesh Babu Thandassery
- Specialist in Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shatha Al Hilli
- Consultant in Radiology, Department of Radiology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Saad Al Kaabi
- Consultant and Chief in Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Hamad Medical Corportation, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Puthoor PR, de Zoeten EF. Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis: The Therapeutic Road to Infliximab. BIOLOGICS IN THERAPY 2013; 3:1-14. [PMID: 24392300 PMCID: PMC3873070 DOI: 10.1007/s13554-012-0006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that has significant morbidities in the pediatric population. Goals of medical therapy include induction and maintenance of remission while preserving the colon and it's function, while minimizing the risk of treatment related morbidities. For those children who do not respond to initial therapies and progress to develop moderately-to-severely active UC, there has been a dearth of available treatments to help induce remission, necessitating long-term corticosteroid usage, with associated comorbidities of chronic steroid treatment. Significant advances have been made in medical management, including the use of biologic therapies, specifically anti-tumor necrosis factor-α monoclonal antibodies. With the Food and Drug Administration's recent approval of the use of infliximab, a chimeric anti-tumor necrosis factor-α antibody, for children ≥6 years of age with moderately-to-severely active UC, care providers now have a new treatment regimen to offer this pediatric population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela R Puthoor
- University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, Digestive Health Institute, Anschutz Medical Campus, 13123 East 16th Avenue, B290, Denver, USA
| | - Edwin F de Zoeten
- University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, Digestive Health Institute, Anschutz Medical Campus, 13123 East 16th Avenue, B290, Denver, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schicho R, Storr M. Topical and systemic cannabidiol improves trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis in mice. Pharmacology 2012; 89:149-55. [PMID: 22414698 DOI: 10.1159/000336871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Compounds of Cannabis sativa are known to exert anti-inflammatory properties, some of them without inducing psychotropic side effects. Cannabidiol (CBD) is such a side effect-free phytocannabinoid that improves chemically induced colitis in rodents when given intraperitoneally. Here, we tested the possibility whether rectal and oral application of CBD would also ameliorate colonic inflammation, as these routes of application may represent a more appropriate way for delivering drugs in human colitis. METHODS Colitis was induced in CD1 mice by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. Individual groups were either treated with CBD intraperitoneally (10 mg/kg), orally (20 mg/kg) or intrarectally (20 mg/kg). Colitis was evaluated by macroscopic scoring, histopathology and the myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay. RESULTS Intraperitoneal treatment of mice with CBD led to improvement of colonic inflammation. Intrarectal treatment with CBD also led to a significant improvement of disease parameters and to a decrease in MPO activity while oral treatment, using the same dose as per rectum, had no ameliorating effect on colitis. CONCLUSION The data of this study indicate that in addition to intraperitoneal application, intrarectal delivery of cannabinoids may represent a useful therapeutic administration route for the treatment of colonic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Schicho
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Silverman J, Otley A. Budesonide in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2011; 7:419-28. [PMID: 21790284 DOI: 10.1586/eci.11.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, features recurrent episodes of inflammation of the GI tract. The treatment of inflammatory bowel disease is aimed at breaking the cycle of relapsing and remitting inflammation by inducing and maintaining remission. Systemically active conventional corticosteroids have long played a role in the induction of remission in both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, however, their long-term use can lead to adverse systemic effects. Budesonide, a synthetic steroid, has potent local anti-inflammatory effects and limited systemic bioavailability making it an appealing therapeutic option. Ulcerative colitis with predominantly distal disease may be treated with topical budesonide, however, novel oral controlled-release formulations have also been developed to allow for treatment of the entire colon. This article summarizes the use of budesonide in the management of inflammatory bowel disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Silverman
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University and IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vianna EPM, Weinstock J, Elliott D, Summers R, Tranel D. Increased feelings with increased body signals. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2010; 1:37-48. [PMID: 18985099 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsl005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of psychology as a scientific endeavour, the question of whether the body plays a role in how a person experiences emotion has been the centre of emotion research. Patients with structural gastrointestinal disorders, such as Crohn's disease, provide an intriguing opportunity to study the influence of body signals on emotions and feelings. In the present study, emotionally salient films were presented to participants with Crohn's disease in either the active state (Crohn's-active, CA) or silent state (Crohn's-silent, CS), and to normal comparison (NC) participants. We hypothesized that CA participants would have increased feelings, compared with CS and NC participants, when viewing emotional films designed to elicit happiness, disgust, sadness and fear. Gastric myoelectrical activity (electrogastrogram, or EGG) was measured during the films, and after each film was presented, participants rated emotion intensity (arousal) and pleasantness (valence). All groups labelled the emotions similarly. In support of the hypothesis, CA participants showed an increase in subjective arousal for negative emotions compared with CS and NC participants. The CA participants also showed increased EGG during emotional film viewing, as well as a strong positive correlation of EGG with arousal ratings. Together, these findings can be taken as evidence that aberrant feedback from the gastrointestinal system up-regulates the intensity of feelings of negative emotions.
Collapse
|
12
|
Akpinar HA. Therapy of mild to moderate colonic Crohn’s disease. FALK SYMPOSIUM 2008:221-231. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6987-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
|
13
|
van der Woude CJ, Hommes DW. Are we ready for top-down therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases: pro. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 1:243-8. [PMID: 19072416 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.1.2.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Until the 1990s, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) were treated with conventional drugs, such as mesalazine, corticosteroids and thiopurines, which are effective in a proportion of IBD patients. Despite the introduction of immunosuppressive drugs, a significant number of IBD patients have a disabling disease course and, on average, a poor quality of life. The discovery of anti-TNF strategies and the development of biologics targeting several other pathways, important in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, introduced a pivotal discussion. Central to this discussion is the question of whether these new therapies should be introduced early or late in the course of the disease. Important factors that are relevant for this discussion are quality of life, need for corticosteroids and surgery. This article aims to explore whether we are indeed ready for a top-down approach toward biologics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Janneke van der Woude
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
This article reviews current data to optimize the use of both older and newer drugs in inflammatory bowel disease. For patients with severe ulcerative colitis (UC), steroid dosing has been clarified, and a mega-analysis of steroid outcomes and toxicities has been reported. In regard to mesalamine, recent information has suggested benefit of a higher dose of pH-dependent release mesalamine for patients with moderate UC. Also, a once-daily formulation with Multi-Matrix System (MMX) technology (Shire Pharmaceuticals, Wayne, PA), has been approved. In regard to cyclosporine, two centers have reported an increased rate of colectomy over a long-duration follow-up of a cyclosporin A course given for UC. Additional information regarding thiopurines has been published, including the use of metabolite testing and duration of therapy for these drugs. Lastly, additional information regarding the optimal method for using anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy continues to accumulate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Swaminath
- Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, Box 1069, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gisbert JP, Gomollón F. Errores frecuentes en el manejo del paciente ambulatorio con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2007; 30:469-86. [DOI: 10.1157/13110491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
16
|
Manguso F, Balzano A. Meta-analysis: the efficacy of rectal beclomethasone dipropionate vs. 5-aminosalicylic acid in mild to moderate distal ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 26:21-9. [PMID: 17555418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) is a second-generation steroid with topical effects and minimal systemic activity for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). AIM To review all available literature to assess the efficacy of enema/foam BDP compared with enema/foam 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) in the control of left-sided mild-moderate UC. METHODS We selected randomized controlled trials of enema/foam BDP compared with enema/foam 5-ASA treatment in patients with UC. Two reviewers assessed trial quality and extracted data independently. RESULTS Four trials involving 428 UC patients, 209 treated with 5-ASA (1-4 g o.d.) and 219 with BDP (3 mg o.d.), were included. Intention-to-treat analysis showed that 5-ASA induced improvement/remission of UC in 146 (69.9%) patients, while BDP in 143 (65.3%). The test for heterogeneity (Cochran Q) was not significant and Mantel-Haenszel pooled estimate of odds ratio was 1.23 (95% CI = 0.82-1.85). The results did not change when analysis was performed on a per-protocol basis. CONCLUSION The randomized controlled trials identified in this review showed that rectal BDP has equal effect as 5-ASA to control symptoms in UC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Manguso
- Gastroenterology Unit, A. Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are two idiopathic inflammatory bowel disorders. In this paper we discuss the current diagnostic approach, their pathology, natural course, and common complications, the assessment of disease activity, extraintestinal manifestations, and medical and surgical management, and provide diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms. We critically review the evidence for established (5-aminosalicylic acid compounds, corticosteroids, immunomodulators, calcineurin inhibitors) and emerging novel therapies--including biological therapies--directed at cytokines (eg, infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol) and receptors (eg, visilizumab, abatacept) involved in T-cell activation, selective adhesion molecule blockers (eg, natalizumab, MLN-02, alicaforsen), anti-inflammatory cytokines (eg, interleukin 10), modulation of the intestinal flora (eg, antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics), leucocyte apheresis and many more monoclonal antibodies, small molecules, recombinant growth factors, and MAP kinase inhibitors targeting various inflammatory cells and pathways. Finally, we summarise the practical aspects of standard therapies including dosing, precautions, and side-effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Baumgart
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Charité Medical Centre, Virchow Hospital, Medical School of the Humboldt-University of Berlin, 13344 Berlin, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Boivin MA, Ye D, Kennedy JC, Al-Sadi R, Shepela C, Ma TY. Mechanism of glucocorticoid regulation of the intestinal tight junction barrier. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 292:G590-8. [PMID: 17068119 PMCID: PMC3724219 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00252.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A defective intestinal epithelial tight junction (TJ) barrier has been proposed as an important pathogenic factor contributing to the intestinal inflammation of Crohn's disease. Glucocorticoids are first-line therapeutic agents for the treatment of moderate to severe Crohn's disease. Glucocorticoid treatment has been shown to induce retightening of the intestinal TJ barrier defect in Crohn's disease patients. However, the mechanisms that mediate the glucocorticoid therapeutic action on intestinal TJ barrier function remain unknown. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of glucocorticoid modulation of the intestinal epithelial TJ barrier using an in vitro model system. Filter-grown Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells were used as an in vitro model to examine the effects of glucocorticoids on basal intestinal epithelial TJ barrier function and on TNF-alpha-induced disruption of the TJ barrier. Glucocorticoids (prednisolone and dexamethasone) did not have a significant effect on baseline Caco-2 TJ barrier function but prevented the TNF-alpha-induced increase in Caco-2 TJ permeability. The glucocorticoid protective effect against the TNF-alpha-induced increase in Caco-2 TJ permeability required activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) complex. The activation of the GR complex resulted in GR complex binding to the glucocorticoid response element (GRE) site on DNA and activation of a GR-responsive promoter. Glucocorticoids inhibited the TNF-alpha-induced increase in myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) protein expression, a key process mediating the TNF-alpha increase in intestinal TJ permeability. The glucocorticoid inhibition of the TNF-alpha-induced increase in MLCK protein expression was due to the binding of the GR complex to a GRE binding site on the MLCK promoter region suppressing the TNF-alpha-induced activation. Glucocorticoids inhibit the TNF-alpha-induced increase in Caco-2 TJ permeability. The prednisolone protective action was mediated by binding of activated GR complex to the GRE site on the MLCK promoter, suppressing the TNF-alpha-induced increase in MLCK gene activity, protein expression, and subsequent opening of the intestinal TJ barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel A Boivin
- Department of Medicine, Univ of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
HSIA EC, RULEY KM, RAHMAN MU. Infliximab (RemicadeR): from bench to clinical practice. A paradigm shift in rheumatology practice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-8077.2006.00185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
20
|
Martini S, Bonechi C, Casolaro M, Corbini G, Rossi C. Drug–protein recognition processes investigated by NMR relaxation data. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 71:858-64. [PMID: 16413504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2005] [Revised: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we investigated the interaction processes occurring at the protein-solvent interface for prednisolone-albumin and prednisone-albumin systems, using an approach based on the analysis of proton selective relaxation rate enhancements of the ligand in the presence of the macromolecule. The contribution from the bound ligand fraction to the observed relaxation rate in relation to protein concentration allowed the calculation of the affinity index[A]L(T) and the normalized affinity index [AI(N)]L(T) which removes the effects of motional anisotropies and different proton densities, and isolates the contribution due to a decrease in the ligand dynamics caused by the binding with the protein. This approach allowed the comparison of the binding ability of prednisolone and prednisone towards albumin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martini
- Department of Chemical and Biosystem Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Menozzi A, Pozzoli C, Poli E, Lazzaretti M, Cantoni A, Grandi D, Giovannini E, Coruzzi G. Effect of the Macrolide Antibacterial Drug, Tylosin, on TNBS-Induced Colitis in the Rat. Pharmacology 2005; 74:135-42. [PMID: 15756055 DOI: 10.1159/000084324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2005] [Accepted: 01/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial antigens, such as intestinal microflora, are known to play a role in the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Tylosin, a macrolide antimicrobial agent, has proven to be effective in cat and dog chronic colitis, but the reasons underlying this efficacy are still unclear. In the present study we evaluated the effects of tylosin on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in the rat, in comparison with the antibacterial drug metronidazole and the corticosteroid budesonide. Colitis was induced by a single intrarectal administration of 10 mg TNBS under light ether anesthesia. Tylosin (20 mg/kg twice a day), metronidazole (160 mg/kg twice a day) and budesonide (500 microg/kg once a day) were given orally for up to 6 days to separate groups of rats. The animals were sacrificed after 6 days and colonic lesions evaluated (colon weight, macroscopic and histologic damage, myeloperoxidase activity). Tylosin and metronidazole significantly lowered macroscopic lesion score, reduced colon weight, the severity of histologic lesions and myeloperoxidase activity; budesonide did not significantly change the parameters of colonic inflammation. These data indicate a protective effect of tylosin against intestinal inflammation, suggesting a major role for bacteria, anaerobes in particular, in the development of TNBS-induced mucosal damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Menozzi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|