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Martinelli M, Fioretti MT, Aloi M, Alvisi P, Arrigo S, Banzato C, Bramuzzo M, Campanozzi A, Civitelli F, Knafelz D, Lionetti P, Marseglia A, Musto F, Norsa L, Palumbo G, Renzo S, Romano C, Sansotta N, Strisciuglio C, Miele E. Diagnosis and management of anemia in pediatric inflammatory bowel diseases: Clinical practice guidelines on behalf of the SIGENP IBD Working group. Dig Liver Dis 2024; 56:1257-1269. [PMID: 38503658 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2024.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Anemia is one of the most frequent extra-intestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Insidious onset, variability of symptoms and lack of standardized screening practices may increase the risk of underestimating its burden in children with IBD. Despite its relevance and peculiarity in everyday clinical practice, this topic is only dealt with in a few documents specifically for the pediatric field. The aim of the current guidelines is therefore to provide pediatric gastroenterologists with a practical update to support the clinical and therapeutic management of children with IBD and anemia. A panel of 19 pediatric gastroenterologists and 1 pediatric hematologist with experience in the field of pediatric IBD was agreed by IBD Working group of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (SIGENP) to produce the present article outlining practical clinical approaches to the pediatric patient with IBD and anemia. The levels of evidence and recommendations have been defined for each part of the statement according to the GRADE system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Martinelli
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples "Federico II"
| | - Maria Teresa Fioretti
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples "Federico II"
| | - Marina Aloi
- Women's and Children's Health Department, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Alvisi
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Serena Arrigo
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Claudia Banzato
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, Pediatric Division, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Bramuzzo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Angelo Campanozzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Foggia, Italy
| | - Fortunata Civitelli
- Department of Gender diseases, Child and Adolescent health, Pediatric unit, Sant' Eugenio Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Knafelz
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology Unit, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Lionetti
- University of Florence-Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Florence
| | - Antonio Marseglia
- Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Division of Pediatrics, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Francesca Musto
- Women's and Children's Health Department, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Norsa
- Pediatric Department Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Palumbo
- Department of Haematology, Bambino Gesù Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Renzo
- University of Florence-Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Florence
| | - Claudio Romano
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Naire Sansotta
- Paediatric Hepatology Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Caterina Strisciuglio
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialistic Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Erasmo Miele
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples "Federico II".
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Sundaram B, Pandian N, Kim HJ, Abdelaal HM, Mall R, Indari O, Sarkar R, Tweedell RE, Alonzo EQ, Klein J, Pruett-Miller SM, Vogel P, Kanneganti TD. NLRC5 senses NAD + depletion, forming a PANoptosome and driving PANoptosis and inflammation. Cell 2024; 187:4061-4077.e17. [PMID: 38878777 PMCID: PMC11283362 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
NLRs constitute a large, highly conserved family of cytosolic pattern recognition receptors that are central to health and disease, making them key therapeutic targets. NLRC5 is an enigmatic NLR with mutations associated with inflammatory and infectious diseases, but little is known about its function as an innate immune sensor and cell death regulator. Therefore, we screened for NLRC5's role in response to infections, PAMPs, DAMPs, and cytokines. We identified that NLRC5 acts as an innate immune sensor to drive inflammatory cell death, PANoptosis, in response to specific ligands, including PAMP/heme and heme/cytokine combinations. NLRC5 interacted with NLRP12 and PANoptosome components to form a cell death complex, suggesting an NLR network forms similar to those in plants. Mechanistically, TLR signaling and NAD+ levels regulated NLRC5 expression and ROS production to control cell death. Furthermore, NLRC5-deficient mice were protected in hemolytic and inflammatory models, suggesting that NLRC5 could be a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Sundaram
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Nagakannan Pandian
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hadia M Abdelaal
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Raghvendra Mall
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Omkar Indari
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Roman Sarkar
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Rebecca E Tweedell
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Emily Q Alonzo
- Department of Research and Development, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA 01915, USA
| | - Jonathon Klein
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Animal Resources Center and the Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Jin J, Ran Z, Noseda E, Roubert B, Marty M, Mezzacasa A, Göring UM. A randomized, controlled, open label non-inferiority trial of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose versus iron sucrose in patients with iron deficiency anemia in China. Front Med 2024; 18:98-108. [PMID: 37897561 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-023-1001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Iron deficiency (ID) and ID anemia (IDA) pose significant public health concerns in China. Although iron sucrose (IS) treatment is well-established in the country, ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) offers the advantage of higher doses and fewer infusions. This open label, randomized, controlled, non-inferiority trial was conducted at multiple sites in China to compare the outcomes of FCM (maximum of 2 doses, 500 or 1000 mg iron) and IS (up to 11 infusions, 200 mg iron) treatments in subjects with IDA. The primary endpoint was the achievement of hemoglobin (Hb) response (an increase of ⩾2 g/dL from baseline) within 8 weeks, whereas secondary endpoints included changes in Hb, transferrin saturation, and serum ferritin levels. Among the 371 randomized subjects, a similar percentage of subjects treated with FCM and IS achieved Hb-response (FCM 99.4%, IS 98.3%), thereby confirming the non-inferiority of FCM compared with IS (difference 1.12 (-2.15, 4.71; 95% confidence interval (CI))). Furthermore, a significantly higher proportion of FCM-treated subjects achieved early Hb-response at Week 2 (FCM 85.2%, IS 73.2%; difference 12.1 (3.31, 20.65; 95% CI)). Additionally, the increase in TSAT and serum ferritin levels from baseline was significantly greater at all time points for FCM-treated subjects. The safety profiles of FCM and IS were comparable, with the exception of transient hypophosphatemia and pyrexia, which are consistent with FCM's known safety profile. In conclusion, FCM proves to be an efficacious treatment for IDA, providing faster Hb-response and correction of ID with fewer administrations than IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jin
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhihua Ran
- Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
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Kim YJ, Lee SG, Lee JS, Choi YJ, Son CG. Comparative characteristics of fatigue in irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res 2024; 177:111589. [PMID: 38199049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2024.111589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fatigue is a common symptom in both irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). This study aimed to distinguish fatigue characteristics in IBS and IBD, two functional and organic disorders. METHODS We systematically searched the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases from inception to June 30, 2023, and conducted a meta-analysis to generate precise estimates and 95% confidence intervals. The analyses were stratified by fatigue type, severity, sex, disease phase, and comorbidities, and study quality was assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). RESULTS Our analysis included 74 data (13 IBS, 31 CD, 30 UC) encompassing 16,689 participants (6484 males, 7402 females, and 2803 unknown). Overall, fatigue prevalence trended higher in IBS (54.5% [95%CI, 44.5-64.6]), followed by CD (49.8% [95%CI, 44.0-55.5]) and UC (43.6% [95%CI, 38.5-48.7]). This pattern persisted across sub-analyses, including general fatigue (63.4% vs. 51.3% vs. 45.3%) and moderate to severe fatigue (73.8% vs. 59.5% vs. 52.7%) for IBS, CD, and UC, respectively. Female predominance was observed in all three diseases (odds ratio: 1.5 in IBS and CD, 1.8 in UC). Fatigue prevalence significantly varied between disease phases (active vs. remission) in CD (61.3% vs. 36.3%) and UC (53.8% vs. 32.6%). Anemia, anxiety/depression, and/or IBS-like symptoms also contributed to fatigue in CD and UC. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first extensive comparison of fatigue prevalence and features in IBS, CD, and UC. The findings offer valuable insights for treatment and management, aiding our understanding of functional and organic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Jae Kim
- Korean Medical College of Daejeon University, 62, Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-Gi Lee
- Korean Medical College of Daejeon University, 62, Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Seok Lee
- Research Center for CFS/ME, Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, 176 Daedeokdae-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35235, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Choi
- Research Center for CFS/ME, Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, 176 Daedeokdae-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35235, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Gue Son
- Research Center for CFS/ME, Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, 176 Daedeokdae-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35235, Republic of Korea; Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, 62 Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Lucas S, Garg M. Intravenous iron: an update. Intern Med J 2024; 54:26-34. [PMID: 37490496 DOI: 10.1111/imj.16184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide, with significant adverse health consequences in the presence or absence of anaemia. Total dose intravenous iron replacement is recommended for replacement of iron in patients with severe iron deficiency, especially in the presence of anaemia, intolerance or inefficacy following oral iron, or states of inflammation where upregulation of hepcidin may impair gastrointestinal absorption of iron. Currently, available intravenous iron formulations have been demonstrated to have an excellent overall safety profile, but potential adverse effects, including skin staining, infusion-related reactions and hypophosphataemia, have been described. Knowledge of differences in administration and safety profiles of currently available iron formulations will allow appropriate prescription, counselling, as well as recognition and management of adverse events in patients requiring intravenous iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lucas
- Northern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mayur Garg
- Northern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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da Silva Júnior RT, Apolonio JS, de Souza Nascimento JO, da Costa BT, Malheiro LH, Silva Luz M, de Carvalho LS, da Silva Santos C, Freire de Melo F. Crohn's disease and clinical management today: How it does? World J Methodol 2023; 13:399-413. [PMID: 38229938 PMCID: PMC10789097 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v13.i5.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn's Disease (CD) is an Inflammatory Bowel Disease and is characterized by an immune-mediated nature. Its etiology results from the interaction between genetic, enviromental and microbial factors. Regarding pathophysiology, it involves high levels of interleukin (IL)-12, IL-17, and Th1 profile, along with loss of tolerance mechanisms, an increase in pro-inflammatory interleukins, beyond the possibility to affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its symptoms include abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea, weight loss, anorexia, and fatigue, as well as blood in the stool or rectum. Additionally, conditions comprising musculoskeletal, cutaneous, ocular, hepatic, and hematological alterations may be associated with this scenario and extra-intestinal presentation, such as erythema nodosum, anterior uveitis, osteoporosis, and arthritis can also occur. Today, clinical history, exams as fecal calprotectin, ileocolonocopy, and capsule endoscopy can be performed in the diagnosis investigation, along with treatments to induce and maintain remission. In this sense, anti-inflammatory drugs, such as corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and biological agents, as well as surgery and non-pharmacological interventions plays a role in its therapy. The aim of this review is to bring more current evidence to clinical management of CD, as well as to briefly discuss aspects of its pathophysiology, surveillance, and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Santos Apolonio
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Teixeira da Costa
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luciano Hasimoto Malheiro
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marcel Silva Luz
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Lorena Sousa de Carvalho
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Cleiton da Silva Santos
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Freire de Melo
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
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Ramasamy J, Jagadish C, Sukumaran A, Varghese J, Mani T, Joseph AJ, Simon EG, Jacob M. Low Serum Hepcidin Levels in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis - Implications for Treatment of Co-existent Iron-Deficiency Anemia. Inflammation 2023; 46:2209-2222. [PMID: 37486527 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01872-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is often associated with anemia. Hepcidin, the central regulator of iron homeostasis, is known to be induced by inflammation and suppressed by anemia. It is not clear how hepcidin is affected in those with UC, when both inflammation and anemia may co-exist.Such knowledge may hold implications for treatment. Hematological and iron-related parameters, C-reactive protein (CRP), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) and erythroferrone (ERFE) (erythroid regulators of hepcidin) levels were estimated in blood from those with UC and in control subjects. Values for hematological and iron-related parameters showed evidence of iron-deficiency and resultant anemia, in patients with UC. The presence of UC was significantly associated with inflammation. Serum levels of ERFE, but not of GDF-15, were significantly higher in patients with UC than in control patients, while hepcidin levels were significantly lower. Serum hepcidin concentrations in patients with UC correlated positively with serum iron, ferritin and GDF-15, and negatively with serum ERFE. The iron status and serum hepcidin levels in UC patients with co-existent anemia were significantly lower and serum ERFE values significantly higher than in those with UC without anemia. The effect of anemia on hepcidin predominated over that of inflammation in patients with UC, resulting in suppressed hepcidin levels. This effect is possibly mediated through erythroferrone. We suggest that a serum hepcidin-guided approach may be useful to guide use of oral iron supplements to treat co-existent iron-deficiency anemia in patients with UC and other chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadish Ramasamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632002, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Velammal Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625009, India
| | - Chinmai Jagadish
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632002, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Chandramma Dayanada Sagar Institute of Medical Education and Research, Deverakaggalahalli, Karnataka, 562112, India
| | - Abitha Sukumaran
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632002, India
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joe Varghese
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632002, India
| | - Thenmozhi Mani
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632002, India
| | - A J Joseph
- Department of Gastroenterology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632002, India
| | - Ebby George Simon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632002, India
| | - Molly Jacob
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632002, India.
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Gold SL, Manning L, Kohler D, Ungaro R, Sands B, Raman M. Micronutrients and Their Role in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Function, Assessment, Supplementation, and Impact on Clinical Outcomes Including Muscle Health. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2023; 29:487-501. [PMID: 36287025 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izac223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Gold
- Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura Manning
- Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Kohler
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan Ungaro
- Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bruce Sands
- Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maitreyi Raman
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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9
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Loveikyte R, Bourgonje AR, van der Reijden JJ, Bulthuis MLC, Hawinkels LJAC, Visschedijk MC, Festen EAM, van Dullemen HM, Weersma RK, van Goor H, van der Meulen-de Jong AE, Dijkstra G. Hepcidin and Iron Status in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Undergoing Induction Therapy With Vedolizumab or Infliximab. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2023:7030568. [PMID: 36748574 PMCID: PMC10393210 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepcidin, the systemic iron regulator, could be critical in differentiating iron deficiency (ID) from functional iron restriction in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We assessed hepcidin as a diagnostic ID marker and explored the relationship between hepcidin and its regulators in patients with IBD undergoing induction therapy with infliximab (IFX) or vedolizumab (VEDO). METHODS Patients with active IBD receiving induction therapy with IFX or VEDO were included. Serum samples at baseline and after 6 weeks of induction therapy were analyzed for hepcidin, inflammation- and hypoxia-associated cytokines, and oxidative stress. Data were analyzed by stratifying based on the response at week 14. Results were compared with samples from age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects. RESULTS Patients receiving induction therapy with IFX (n = 71) or VEDO (n = 51) and healthy control subjects (n = 50) were included. At baseline, hepcidin correlated positively with ferritin and negatively with soluble transferrin receptor/log ferritin index (P < .001). ID was prevalent in 96.7% of patients who had hepcidin levels below the median. Hepcidin accurately identified ID: the area under the curve (hepcidin) was 0.89 (95% confidence interval, 0.82-0.95; P < .001). In total, 75.4% of patients responded to induction therapy; inflammation, hepcidin, and ferritin decreased significantly, while transferrin increased during induction therapy. These changes were observed only in patients who responded to the therapy. CONCLUSIONS Hepcidin levels in IBD are primarily determined by ID, even in an inflammatory state. In addition, induction therapy can decrease hepcidin levels, which might lead to better bioavailability of iron supplements. Therefore, hepcidin is a potential diagnostic ID biomarker that could assist therapeutic decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Loveikyte
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arno R Bourgonje
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes J van der Reijden
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marian L C Bulthuis
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lukas J A C Hawinkels
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marijn C Visschedijk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eleonora A M Festen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrik M van Dullemen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rinse K Weersma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Gerard Dijkstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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10
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Rohr M, Brandenburg V, Brunner-La Rocca HP. How to diagnose iron deficiency in chronic disease: A review of current methods and potential marker for the outcome. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:15. [PMID: 36617559 PMCID: PMC9827648 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00922-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency (ID) is the most common nutritional disorder worldwide. It is often observed in patients with chronic diseases, such as heart failure (HF), chronic kidney disease (CKD), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and cancer. ID is associated with poor clinical outcome, including poor performance, reduced quality of life, as well as increased hospitalization and mortality. The aim of this review is to provide an overview about the role of ID in chronic diseases (HF, CKD, IBD, cancer) regarding their current definitions and clinical relevance; diagnostic accuracy of iron parameters in chronic inflammatory conditions and its potential as prognostic markers. Due to different definitions and guideline recommendations of ID, various laboratory parameters for ID diagnostic exist and there is no general consensus about the definition of ID and its treatment. Still, a general trend can be observed across all investigated indications of this review (HF, CKD, IBD, cancer) that serum ferritin and transferrin saturation (TSAT) are the two parameters mentioned most often and emphasized in all guidelines to define ID and guide treatment. The most commonly used threshold values for the diagnosis of ID are TSAT of < 20% and serum ferritin of < 100-300 µg/L. Noteworthy, both TSAT and particularly ferritin are frequently applied, but both may vary due to inflammatory conditions. Studies showed that TSAT is less affected by inflammatory processes and may therefore be more accurate and reliable than serum ferritin, particularly in conditions with elevated inflammatory state. A low iron status and particularly a low TSAT value was associated with a poor outcome in all investigated indications, with the strongest evidence in HF patients. Routine surveillance of iron status in these groups of patients with chronic conditions is advisable to detect ID early. Depending on the inflammatory state, TSAT < 20% may be the more accurate diagnostic marker of ID than ferritin. Moreover, TSAT may also be the more reliable estimate for the prognosis, particularly in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rohr
- grid.476593.a0000 0004 0422 3420Vifor Pharma Deutschland GmbH, Baierbrunner Straße 29, 81379 Munich, Germany
| | - Vincent Brandenburg
- Dept of Cardiology and Nephrology, Rhein-Maas Klinikum Würselen, Mauerfeldchen 25, 52146 Würselen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Brunner-La Rocca
- grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands ,grid.412966.e0000 0004 0480 1382Department of Cardiology, MUMC+, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, Main Building, 3rd Floor, room 3.B2.022, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands ,PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
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11
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Bergamaschi G, Castiglione F, D'Incà R, Astegiano M, Fries W, Milla M, Ciacci C, Rizzello F, Saibeni S, Ciccocioppo R, Orlando A, Bossa F, Principi M, Vernia P, Ricci C, Scribano ML, Bodini G, Mazzucco D, Bassotti G, Riegler G, Buda A, Neri M, Caprioli F, Monica F, Manca A, Villa E, Fiorino G, Comberlato M, Aronico N, Della Corte C, Caccaro R, Gionchetti P, Giuffrida P, Iovino P, Lenti MV, Mengoli C, Pellegrini L, Pieraccini A, Ribaldone D, Testa A, Ubezio C, Viola A, Vecchi M, Klersy C, Di Sabatino A. Prevalence, Pathogenesis and Management of Anemia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An IG-IBD Multicenter, Prospective, and Observational Study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2023; 29:76-84. [PMID: 35366312 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izac054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anemia is a common extraintestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with a 6% to 74% prevalence and a negative impact on patient survival and quality of life, although the prevalence is apparently declining due to improved disease treatment. We aimed to investigate the prevalence, pathogenesis, and clinical correlates of anemia in Italian patients with IBD. METHODS A multicenter, prospective, observational study, involving 28 Italian gastroenterology centers, was conducted to investigate the epidemiology and consequences of IBD-associated anemia. Clinical and laboratory data of anemic patients were obtained at study enrolment. RESULTS Anemia was diagnosed in 737 of 5416 adult IBD outpatients (prevalence 13.6%); females were more commonly affected than males (odds ratio, 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-1.7) and had more severe anemia. In the majority of cases, anemia was due to iron deficiency (62.5% of cases; 95% CI, 58.3%-66.6%), either isolated or in association with inflammation and/or vitamin deficiencies; anemia of inflammation accounted for only 8.3% of cases. More severe anemia was associated with increasing fatigue and worse quality of life. Only 68.9% of anemic patients with iron deficiency (95% CI, 63.4%-73.8%) and 34.6% of those with vitamin deficiencies (95% CI, 26.2%-44.2%) were properly treated with supplementation therapy. CONCLUSIONS In Italy, the prevalence of IBD-associated anemia is lower than previously reported. Anemia of IBD is most commonly due to iron deficiency and contributes to fatigue and poor quality of life, but remains untreated in a large proportion of patients with iron and/or vitamin deficiencies. This study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02872376.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Bergamaschi
- Medicina Generale I, Fondazione stituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo e Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabiana Castiglione
- Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Renata D'Incà
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit-Azienda Ospedaliera-University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Astegiano
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, "Città della Salute e della Scienza" Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Walter Fries
- Gastroenterology and Clinical Unit for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Monica Milla
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Gastroenterologia Cinica, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Firenze, Italy
| | - Carolina Ciacci
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona and University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Fernando Rizzello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simone Saibeni
- Gastroenterology Unit, Rho Hospital, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Rhodense, Rho (MI), Italy
| | - Rachele Ciccocioppo
- Unità Operativa Complessa Gastroenterologia B, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Policlinico G.B. Rossi & Dipartimento di Medicina, Università di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Ambrogio Orlando
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti "Villa Sofia-Cervello" Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bossa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Fondazione "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Mariabeatrice Principi
- Gastroenterology Unit (Department of Emergency and Organ transplantation), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Piero Vernia
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome and Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Ricci
- Gastroenterology Unit, Spedali Civili di Brescia and Department of Clinical and Sperimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria L Scribano
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo-Forlanini, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Bodini
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Policlinico San Martino, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Dario Mazzucco
- Gastroenterology Unit, ASL Torino 3, Rivoli, Torino, Italy
| | - Gabrio Bassotti
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology Unit, Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Riegler
- Unit of Gastroenterology-Reference Center for IBD-Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Buda
- Unità Operativa Complessa Gastroenterologia, Ospedale S. Maria del Prato, Azienda - Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria 1 Dolomiti, Feltre, Italy
| | - Matteo Neri
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences and Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Flavio Caprioli
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Monica
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Azienda sanitaria universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Cattinara Academic Hospital, Trieste, Italy
| | - Aldo Manca
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, S. Croce e Carle Hospital, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Erica Villa
- UC Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Specialità Mediche, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Gionata Fiorino
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Comberlato
- Gastroenterologia, Fisiopatologia ed Endoscopia Digestiva, Azienda Sanitaria dell'Alto Adige, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Nicola Aronico
- Medicina Generale I, Fondazione stituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo e Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Della Corte
- Gastroenterology Unit, Rho Hospital, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Rhodense, Rho (MI), Italy
| | - Roberta Caccaro
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit-Azienda Ospedaliera-University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Gionchetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Giuffrida
- Medicina Generale I, Fondazione stituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo e Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Iovino
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona and University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Marco V Lenti
- Medicina Generale I, Fondazione stituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo e Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Caterina Mengoli
- Medicina Generale I, Fondazione stituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo e Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lucienne Pellegrini
- Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Pieraccini
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Gastroenterologia Cinica, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Firenze, Italy
| | - Davide Ribaldone
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, "Città della Salute e della Scienza" Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Anna Testa
- Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Ubezio
- Medicina Generale I, Fondazione stituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo e Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Viola
- Gastroenterology and Clinical Unit for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maurizio Vecchi
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Catherine Klersy
- Servizio di Epidemiologia Clinica & Biometria, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Sabatino
- Medicina Generale I, Fondazione stituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo e Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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12
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Relationship between Undernutrition and Anemia in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis. GASTROENTEROLOGY INSIGHTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/gastroent14010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the relationship between malnutrition and anemia in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). The cross-sectional retrospective study included 80 patients with UC. Body mass index and total body fat mass were derived retrospectively from bioimpedance measurements. Anemia was diagnosed retrospectively according to WHO criteria. A binary logistic regression was performed to study the relationship between nutritional status parameters and anemia, and adjusted for demographic and disease-associated characteristics. The prevalence of anemia in the study population was 40.0%. Among all included patients, 86.3% had acute disease corresponding to S1–S3 disease behavior. In the adjusted binary logistic model, total serum protein level below 64 g/L and low body fat percentage were associated with high odds for the of development of anemia, with odds ratios of 5.1 (95% CI 1.5; 17.8; p = 0.01) and 8.5 (95% CI 1.1; 63.6; p = 0.037), respectively. The adjusted model included sex, age, disease activity, extent of gut involvement, quantity of relapses from disease onset, and treatment with immunosuppressive drugs as confounders. Hypoproteinemia and low body fat percentage were associated with anemia in patients with UC. These results suggested that undernutrition may be involved as one of the causative factors of anemia in UC.
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13
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Loveikyte R, Boer M, van der Meulen CN, ter Steege RWF, Tack G, Kuyvenhoven J, Jharap B, Vu MK, Vogelaar L, West RL, van der Marel S, Römkens TEH, Mujagic Z, Hoentjen F, van Bodegraven AA, van Schaik FDM, de Vries AC, Dijkstra G, van der Meulen-de Jong AE. Anemia and Iron Deficiency in Outpatients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Ubiquitous Yet Suboptimally Managed. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11226843. [PMID: 36431320 PMCID: PMC9692778 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11226843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Iron deficiency (ID) and anemia in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) are associated with a reduced quality of life. We assessed the prevalence of ID and anemia in Dutch outpatients with IBD and compared routine ID(A) management among medical professionals to the European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation (ECCO) treatment guidelines. Methods: Between January and November 2021, consecutive adult outpatients with IBD were included in this study across 16 Dutch hospitals. Clinical and biochemical data were extracted from medical records. Additionally, medical professionals filled out questionnaires regarding routine ID(A) management. Results: In total, 2197 patients (1271 Crohn’s Disease, 849 Ulcerative Colitis, and 77 IBD-unclassified) were included. Iron parameters were available in 59.3% of cases. The overall prevalence of anemia, ID, and IDA was: 18.0%, 43.4%, and 12.2%, respectively. The prevalence of all three conditions did not differ between IBD subtypes. ID(A) was observed more frequently in patients with biochemically active IBD than in quiescent IBD (ID: 70.8% versus 23.9%; p < 0.001). Contrary to the guidelines, most respondents prescribed standard doses of intravenous or oral iron regardless of biochemical parameters or inflammation. Lastly, 25% of respondents reported not treating non-anemic ID. Conclusions: One in five patients with IBD suffers from anemia that—despite inconsistently measured iron parameters—is primarily caused by ID. Most medical professionals treat IDA with oral iron or standard doses of intravenous iron regardless of biochemical inflammation; however, non-anemic ID is often overlooked. Raising awareness about the management of ID(A) is needed to optimize and personalize routine care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Loveikyte
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Menno Boer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina N. van der Meulen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rinze W. F. ter Steege
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Martini Hospital, 9728 NT Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Greetje Tack
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Center Leeuwarden, 8934 AD Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuyvenhoven
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Spaarne Gasthuis Hospital, 2000 AK Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Bindia Jharap
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, 3813 TZ Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - My K. Vu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Alrijne Hospital, 2350 CC Leiderdorp, The Netherlands
| | - Lauran Vogelaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Diakonessenhuis Hospital, 3582 KE Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel L. West
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland Hospital, 3004 BA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander van der Marel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Haaglanden Medical Center, 2512 VA The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa E. H. Römkens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 5223 GZ Den Bosch, The Netherlands
| | - Zlatan Mujagic
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht University, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Hoentjen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8, Canada
| | - Adriaan A. van Bodegraven
- Department of Gastroenterology, Geriatrics, Internal- and Intensive Care Medicine (COMIK), Zuyderland Medical Center, 6130 MB Sittard-Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona D. M. van Schaik
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie C. de Vries
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Dijkstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea E. van der Meulen-de Jong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-71-5263507
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14
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Toplicanin A, Toncev L, Matovic Zaric V, Sokic Milutinovic A. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Report of a Case and Review of the Literature. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1784. [PMID: 36362944 PMCID: PMC9692605 DOI: 10.3390/life12111784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide spectrum of extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) can burden patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). EIMs contribute fairly to morbidity and mortality rates in IBD patients. Moreover, EIMs in IBD patients are so frequent that some suggest that IBD should be approached as a systemic disorder. Anemia is very common in IBD patients. The two most common types of anemia in IBD, iron deficiency anemia and anemia of chronic disease, are extraintestinal complications. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a rare extraintestinal manifestation of IBD, more frequent in ulcerative colitis (UC) than in Crohn's disease (CD). In this case-based review of the literature, we present a 36-year-old female patient diagnosed with Crohn's disease (CD) and Coombs positive AIHA, complicated by pulmonary thromboembolism and successfully treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy. The underlying pathophysiological mechanism of AIHA in IBD is unclear. Treatment options for AIHA in IBD patients before biologic therapy included corticosteroids alone or in combination with azathioprine (AZA), methotrexate, and surgical treatment (colectomy and/or splenectomy). Currently, biologic therapy is a promising therapeutic option, especially in corticosteroid refractory or corticosteroid-dependent IBD patients with AIHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Toplicanin
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljubisa Toncev
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vera Matovic Zaric
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Sokic Milutinovic
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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15
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O'Meara D, Duyzend M, Harper B, Silverstein J. Severe, Recurrent Anemia in a 17-Year-Old Female. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2022; 61:659-663. [PMID: 35678025 DOI: 10.1177/00099228221101732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O'Meara
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Duyzend
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Beth Harper
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jared Silverstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Bergamaschi G, Caprioli F, Lenti MV, Elli L, Radaelli F, Rondonotti E, Mengoli C, Miceli E, Ricci C, Ardizzone S, Vecchi M, Di Sabatino A. Pathophysiology and therapeutic management of anemia in gastrointestinal disorders. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 16:625-637. [PMID: 35696485 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2022.2089114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anemia is a common complication of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, with a prevalence up to 60% in celiac disease (CeD) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most prevalent form of anemia in these conditions, but chronic inflammation and vitamin B12 deficiency represent other common contributing mechanisms, especially in IBD. AREAS COVERED We discuss the pathogenesis of anemia in various medical GI disorders, the sometime problematic distinction between IDA, anemia of inflammation (AI) and the association of the two, and therapeutic and preventive measures that can be useful for the management of anemia in GI disorders. Unfortunately, with the exception of IDA and AI in IBD, large RCT concerning the treatment of anemia in GI disorders are lacking. EXPERT OPINION Anemia management strategies in GI disorders are outlined, with a focus on the main prevention, diagnostic, and therapeutic measures. Specific problems and situations such as the role of gluten-free diet for IDA treatment in CeD, the choice between oral and parenteral supplementation of iron or vitamin B12 in carential anemias, the use of endoscopic procedures to stop bleeding in intestinal angiodysplasia and preventive/treatment strategies for NSAID-associated GI bleeding are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Bergamaschi
- Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Flavio Caprioli
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Vincenzo Lenti
- Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Elli
- Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Caterina Mengoli
- Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Miceli
- Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Ricci
- Gastroenterology Unit, Spedali Civili di Brescia and Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia Italy
| | - Sandro Ardizzone
- Sacco, University of MilanGastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Department of Biochemical and Clinical Sciences L , Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Vecchi
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Sabatino
- Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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17
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Grova M, Crispino F, Maida M, Renna S, Mannino M, Casà A, Rizzuto G, Macaluso FS, Orlando A. Effectiveness and safety of an on-demand ferric carboxymaltose infusion strategy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a real world experience. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 34:607-612. [PMID: 35102111 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000002348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated an on-demand ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) infusion strategy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients with iron deficiency anemia (IDA). AIMS The primary outcome was the response rate to single or multiple FCM infusions after 12 months. Secondary outcomes were the response rate to a single FCM infusion after 3 months and the FCM safety profile. METHODS We retrospectively included 185 IBD patients who received at least one FCM infusion of 500 mg, between 2015 and 2018. FCM was administered to patients with Hb ≤10 g/dL and hypoferritinemia and repeated according to the physician's assessment. Complete response (CR) was defined as Hb ≥12 g/dL (≥13 g/dL for men) or Hb increase ≥2 g/dL. Partial response (PR) was defined as an Hb increase between 1 and 2 g/dL. A univariate analysis was performed at 3 and 12 months. RESULTS After 12 months, the response rate was 75.1% (CR, 48.6%; PR, 26.4%; mean number of FCM infusions, 1.7 ± 1.1). In total 169/185 patients received a single FCM infusion during the first 3 months and 79.2% achieved response (CR, 56.8%; PR, 22.4%). At univariate analysis, no variable was associated with response. No adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS An on-demand strategy was effective and well-tolerated in treating IDA in IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Grova
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infant Care, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, PROMISE, University of Palermo
- Department of Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, A.O.O.R., "Villa Sofia-Cervello" Hospital, Palermo
| | - Federica Crispino
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infant Care, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, PROMISE, University of Palermo
- Department of Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, A.O.O.R., "Villa Sofia-Cervello" Hospital, Palermo
| | - Marcello Maida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Section of Gastroenterology, "S. Elia-Raimondi" Hospital, Caltanissetta, Italy
| | - Sara Renna
- Department of Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, A.O.O.R., "Villa Sofia-Cervello" Hospital, Palermo
| | - Mariella Mannino
- Department of Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, A.O.O.R., "Villa Sofia-Cervello" Hospital, Palermo
| | - Angelo Casà
- Department of Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, A.O.O.R., "Villa Sofia-Cervello" Hospital, Palermo
| | - Giulia Rizzuto
- Department of Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, A.O.O.R., "Villa Sofia-Cervello" Hospital, Palermo
| | - Fabio Salvatore Macaluso
- Department of Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, A.O.O.R., "Villa Sofia-Cervello" Hospital, Palermo
| | - Ambrogio Orlando
- Department of Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, A.O.O.R., "Villa Sofia-Cervello" Hospital, Palermo
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18
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Kim JK, Cheon JH. Factors associated with the prescription of probiotics in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a cross-sectional study. JOURNAL OF YEUNGNAM MEDICAL SCIENCE 2022; 40:37-48. [PMID: 35430792 PMCID: PMC9946923 DOI: 10.12701/jyms.2022.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGRUOUND Commensal bacteria play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and probiotics have been used as treatment options. We aimed to explore the current use of probiotics and factors associated with their prescription in patients with IBD. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on a single hospital-based cohort. Patients were eligible if they were ≥18 years old, visited the IBD clinic as an outpatient more than twice during the study period, and had a confirmed diagnosis of IBD. Patients were divided into two groups based on the prescription of probiotics. Clinical assessments were compared between the two groups. RESULTS In total, 217 patients were enrolled in this study. In patients with Crohn disease (CD), moderate or severe abdominal pain; prior use of methotrexate (MTX), iron, thiopurines, or biologics; history of IBD-related surgery; and stool frequency were independently associated with the prescription of probiotics. In patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), moderate or severe abdominal pain, hematochezia, stool frequency, and moderate or severe physician global assessment score were independently associated with the prescription of probiotics. CONCLUSION Increased disease activity may be associated with fewer prescriptions of probiotics in patients with IBD. However, physicians prescribed probiotics to control symptoms, such as abdominal pain and increased stool frequency in patients with UC and CD, and hematochezia in patients with UC. Additionally, the use of MTX and iron, and a history of IBD-related surgeries were associated with more frequent probiotic prescriptions in patients with CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hee Cheon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea,Corresponding author: Jae Hee Cheon, MD, PhD Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea Tel: +82-2-2228-1990 • Fax: +82-2-393-6884 • E-mail:
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Su J, Ren Y, Liu L, Hu Y, Shi H, Ren J, Xie C. Decreased serum iron concentration and total iron binding capacity are associated with serious Crohn's disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3923. [PMID: 35273280 PMCID: PMC8913652 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07948-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether serum indicators related to iron stores in the body are associated with clinical and endoscopic disease severity. Eighty-four patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) and twenty-four healthy volunteers were included. The indicators related to iron stores were detected within one week after endoscopic and CT enterography examinations. Patients were divided into three groups according to the CDAI(Crohn's disease activity index)scores. Serum iron levels were decreased in all groups (p < 0.05), and the values of remission group were higher than those of moderate group (p < 0.001). The total iron binding capacity(TIBC)values of the moderate group were lower than those of the controls and the other groups (p < 0.05). None of the indicators differed significantly among the patients classified by SES-CD (p > 0.05). Underweight, decreased serum iron and TIBC were independent risk factors for moderate clinical disease. Combined detection of decreased serum iron and TIBC was helpful in differentiating severe patients. The sensitivity and specificity were 32.7% and 100%, respectively (AUC = 0.812, p < 0.01). Decreases in serum iron and TIBC were associated with the clinical activity of CD. Combined detection of the two indicators was conducive to screening serious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingling Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yandan Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Lupeng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yiqun Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Huaxiu Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jianlin Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chenxi Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, Fujian Province, China.
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Kumar A, Sharma E, Marley A, Samaan MA, Brookes MJ. Iron deficiency anaemia: pathophysiology, assessment, practical management. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2022; 9:e000759. [PMID: 34996762 PMCID: PMC8744124 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgast-2021-000759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The WHO has recognised iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) as the most common nutritional deficiency in the world, with 30% of the population being affected with this condition. Although the most common causes of IDA are gastrointestinal bleeding and menstruation in women, decreased dietary iron and decreased iron absorption are also culpable causes. Patients with IDA should be treated with the aim of replenishing iron stores and returning the haemoglobin to a normal level. This has shown to improve quality of life, morbidity, prognosis in chronic disease and outcomes in pregnancy. Iron deficiency occurs in many chronic inflammatory conditions, including congestive cardiac failure, chronic kidney disease and inflammatory bowel disease. This article will provide an updated overview on diagnosis and management of IDA in patients with chronic conditions, preoperative and in pregnancy. We will discuss the benefits and limitations of oral versus intravenous iron replacement in each cohort, with an overview on cost analysis between the different iron formulations currently on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Kumar
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Esha Sharma
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Marley
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Mark A Samaan
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Matthew James Brookes
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
- Research Institue, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
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Abstract
Anemia is the most common extraintestinal manifestation and complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of anemia in newly diagnosed pediatric patients with IBD and to analyze its association with disease type, extent, and severity. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients with IBD treated in our department in the period of November 2011 to November 2020. The final analysis included the records of 80 children with newly diagnosed IBD: 45 with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 35 with Crohn’s disease (CD). The prevalence of anemia was 60.0% in the UC patients and 77.1% in the CD patients. Of the UC patients with anemia, 37.1% had pancolitis, 18.5% extensive disease, 33.3% left-sided colitis and 11.1% ulcerative proctitis. Of the CD patients with anemia, 81.5% had ileocolonic disease, 11.1% colonic disease and 7.4% ileal disease. Anemia was less common in patients with mild disease than in patients with moderate–severe disease (22.2 vs. 77.8%, p < 0.001 in UC and 25.9% vs. 74.1%, p < 0.001 in CD). Our study confirmed anemia as a frequent problem in pediatric patients with IBD. Children with more extensive and more severe disease are at higher risk to develop anemia.
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Abstract
Introduction: Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) is a leading cause of anemia in Inflammatory Bowel disease (IBD). IDA affects quality of life (QoL) and lead to developmental and cognitive abnormalities. Diagnosis of IDA in IBD is complicated as biochemical tests available at present cannot help distinguish between IDA and anemia of chronic disease. Soluble transferrin receptor ferritin index has been gaining popularity as it can diagnose IDA in presence of chronic inflammation. ECCO guidelines recommend a Hb increase of >2 g/dL and a TfS of >30% within 4 weeks as adequate therapeutic response. IV iron is preferred over oral iron as it bypasses gastrointestinal tract, rapidly increases haemoglobin, and is not associated with intestinal inflammation. Our aim in this review is to provide apathway for physicians to help them diagnose and appropriately treat IDA in IBD.Areas covered: In this review article, we have discussed current diagnosis and treatment in detail and have proposed new directions on how future research can help manage IDA in IBD effectively.Expert opinion: Understanding the pathogenesis of IDA in IBD will further lead to exploring new potential diagnostic tests and treatment regimens for effective management of IDA in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Shah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hackensack Meridian Health Ocean Medical Center, Brick Township, NJ, USA
| | - Dhruvan Patel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mercy Fitzgerald Hospital, Darby, PA, USA
| | - Nabeel Khan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
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The burden and management of anemia in Greek patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective, multicenter, observational study. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:269. [PMID: 34187376 PMCID: PMC8240305 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-01826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anemia is a common extraintestinal manifestation of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) affecting negatively the patients' quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and real-life management of anemia in IBD patients in Greece. METHODS This study was conducted in 17 Greek IBD referral centers. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, IBD and anemia treatment data were collected and analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS A total of 1394 IBD patients [560 ulcerative colitis (UC), 834 Crohn's disease (CD)] were enrolled. Anemia at any time was reported in 687 (49.3%) patients of whom 413 (29.6%) had episodic and 274 (19.7%) had recurrent/persistent anemia. Anemia was diagnosed before IBD in 45 (6.5%), along with IBD in 269 (39.2%) and after IBD in 373 (54.3%) patients. In the multivariate analysis the presence of extraintestinal manifestations (p = 0.0008), IBD duration (p = 0.026), IBD related surgeries and hospitalizations (p = 0.026 and p = 0.004 accordingly) were risk factors of recurrent/persistent anemia. Serum ferritin was measured in 839 (60.2%) IBD patients. Among anemic patients, 535 (77.9%) received treatment. Iron supplementation was administered in 485 (90.6%) patients, oral in 142 (29.3%) and intravenous in 393 (81%). CONCLUSIONS The frequency of anemia in IBD patients, followed at Greek referral centers, is approximately 50%. Development of recurrent/persistent anemia may be observed in 20% of cases and is independently associated with the presence of extraintestinal manifestations, IBD duration, IBD related surgeries and hospitalizations. Anemia treatment is administered in up to [Formula: see text] of anemia IBD patients with the majority of them receiving iron intravenously.
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Aksan A, Beales ILP, Baxter G, de Arellano AR, Gavata S, Valentine WJ, Hunt B. Evaluation of the Cost-Effectiveness of Iron Formulations for the Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the UK. CLINICOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2021; 13:541-552. [PMID: 34168471 PMCID: PMC8216635 DOI: 10.2147/ceor.s306823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) can impair quality of life and increase healthcare costs. Treatment options for IDA-associated IBD include oral iron and intravenous iron formulations (such as ferric carboxymaltose [FCM], ferric derisomaltose [FD, previously known as iron isomaltoside 1000], and iron sucrose [IS]). The present analysis compared the cost-effectiveness of FCM versus FD, IS, and oral iron sulfate in terms of additional cost per additional responder in the UK setting. Methods Cost-effectiveness was calculated for FCM versus FD, IS, and oral iron individually in terms of the additional cost per additional responder, defined as haemoglobin normalisation or an increase of ≥2 g/dL in haemoglobin levels, in a model developed in Microsoft Excel. Relative efficacy inputs were taken from a previously published network meta-analysis, since there is currently no single head-to-head trial evidence comparing all therapy options. Costs were calculated in 2020 pounds sterling (GBP) capturing the costs of iron preparations, healthcare professional time, and consumables. Results The analysis suggested that FCM may be the most effective intervention, with 81% of patients achieving a response. Response rates with FD, IS, and oral iron were 74%, 75%, and 69%, respectively. Total costs with FCM, FD, IS, and oral iron were GBP 296, GBP 312, GBP 503, and GBP 56, respectively. FCM was found to be more effective and less costly than both FD and IS, and therefore was considered dominant. Compared with oral iron, FCM was associated with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of GBP 2045 per additional responder. Conclusions FCM is likely to be the least costly and most effective IV iron therapy in the UK setting. Compared with oral iron, healthcare payers must decide whether the superior treatment efficacy of FCM is worth the additional cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegül Aksan
- Interdisciplinary Crohn Colitis Centre, Rhein-main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.,Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ian L P Beales
- Department of Gastroenterology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Simona Gavata
- Vifor Pharma Group, Market Access, Glattbrugg, Switzerland
| | | | - Barnaby Hunt
- Ossian Health Economics and Communications, Basel, Switzerland
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Detlie TE, Lindstrøm JC, Jahnsen ME, Finnes E, Zoller H, Moum B, Jahnsen J. Hypophosphatemia after high-dose intravenous iron treatment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: Mechanisms and possible clinical impact. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:2039-2053. [PMID: 34007138 PMCID: PMC8108035 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i17.2039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-dose intravenous iron is an effective treatment option for iron deficiency (ID) or ID anaemia (IDA) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, treatment with ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) has been associated with the development of hypophosphatemia.
AIM To investigate mechanisms behind the development of hypophosphatemia after intravenous iron treatment, and disclose symptoms and clinical manifestations related to hypophosphatemia short-term.
METHODS A prospective observational study of adult IBD patients with ID or IDA was conducted between February 1, 2017 and July 1, 2018 at two separate university hospitals in the southeast region of Norway. Patients received one dose of 1000 mg of either FCM or ferric derisomaltose (FDI) and were followed for an observation period of at least 7 wk. Blood and urine samples were collected for relevant analyses at baseline, week 2 and at week 6. Clinical symptoms were assessed at the same timepoints using a respiratory function test, a visual analogue scale, and a health-related quality of life questionnaire.
RESULTS A total of 106 patients was available for analysis in this study. The FCM treatment group consisted of 52 patients and hypophosphatemia was present in 72.5% of the patients at week 2, and in 21.6% at week 6. In comparison, the FDI treatment group consisted of 54 patients and 11.3% of the patients had hypophosphatemia at week 2, and 3.7% at week 6. The difference in incidence was highly significant at both week 2 and 6 (P < 0.001 and P < 0.013, respectively). We observed a significantly higher mean concentration of intact fibroblast growth factor 23 (P < 0.001), a significant rise in mean urine fractional excretion of phosphate (P = 0.004), a significant decrease of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (P < 0.001) and of ionised calcium levels (P < 0.012) in the FCM-treated patients compared with patients who received FDI. No clinical symptoms could with certainty be related to hypophosphatemia, since neither the respiratory function test, SF-36 (36-item short form health survey) or the visual analogue scale scores resulted in significant differences between patients who developed hypophosphatemia or not.
CONCLUSION Fibroblast growth factor 23 has a key role in FCM induced hypophosphatemia, probably by inducing loss of phosphate in the urine. Short-term clinical impact of hypophosphatemia was not demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trond Espen Detlie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog 1478, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Jonas Christoffer Lindstrøm
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
- Health Services Research Unit, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog 1478, Norway
| | - Marte Eide Jahnsen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog 1478, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Finnes
- Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | - Heinz Zoller
- Department of Medicine II, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Bjørn Moum
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
- Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | - Jørgen Jahnsen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog 1478, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
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Acquired Refractory Iron Deficiency Anemia. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2021; 13:e2021028. [PMID: 34007416 PMCID: PMC8114894 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2021.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia is a global health problem affecting one-third of the world population, and half of the cases are due to iron deficiency (ID). Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the leading cause of disability in several countries. Although multiple mechanisms may coexist, ID and IDA causes can be classified as i) insufficient iron intake for the body requirement, ii) reduced absorption, and iii) blood losses. Oral iron represents the mainstay of IDA treatment. IDA is defined as "refractory" when the hematologic response after 4 to 6 weeks of treatment with oral iron (an increase of >=1 g/dL of Hb) is absent. The cause of iron-refractory anemia is usually acquired and frequently related to gastrointestinal pathologies, although a rare genetic form called iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia (IRIDA) exists. In some pathological circumstances, either genetic or acquired, hepcidin increases, limiting the absorption in the gut, remobilization, and recycling of iron, thereby reducing iron plasma levels. Indeed, conditions with high hepcidin levels are often under-recognized as iron refractory, leading to inappropriate and unsuccessful treatments. This review provides an overview of the iron refractory anemia underlying conditions, from gastrointestinal pathologies to hepcidin dysregulation and iatrogenic or provoked conditions, and the specific diagnostic and treatment approach.
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Mahalhal A, Burkitt MD, Duckworth CA, Hold GL, Campbell BJ, Pritchard DM, Probert CS. Long-Term Iron Deficiency and Dietary Iron Excess Exacerbate Acute Dextran Sodium Sulphate-Induced Colitis and Are Associated with Significant Dysbiosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3646. [PMID: 33807459 PMCID: PMC8037348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral iron supplementation causes gastrointestinal side effects. Short-term alterations in dietary iron exacerbate inflammation and alter the gut microbiota, in murine models of colitis. Patients typically take supplements for months. We investigated the impact of long-term changes in dietary iron on colitis and the microbiome in mice. METHODS We fed mice chow containing differing levels of iron, reflecting deficient (100 ppm), normal (200 ppm), and supplemented (400 ppm) intake for up to 9 weeks, both in absence and presence of dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced chronic colitis. We also induced acute colitis in mice taking these diets for 8 weeks. Impact was assessed (i) clinically and histologically, and (ii) by sequencing the V4 region of 16S rRNA. RESULTS In mice with long-term changes, the iron-deficient diet was associated with greater weight loss and histological inflammation in the acute colitis model. Chronic colitis was not influenced by altering dietary iron however there was a change in the microbiome in DSS-treated mice consuming 100 ppm and 400 ppm iron diets, and control mice consuming the 400 ppm iron diet. Proteobacteria levels increased significantly, and Bacteroidetes levels decreased, in the 400 ppm iron DSS group at day-63 compared to baseline. CONCLUSIONS Long-term dietary iron alterations affect gut microbiota signatures but do not exacerbate chronic colitis, however acute colitis is exacerbated by such dietary changes. More work is needed to understand the impact of iron supplementation on IBD. The change in the microbiome, in patients with colitis, may arise from the increased luminal iron and not simply from colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awad Mahalhal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrated Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK; (A.M.); (D.M.P.)
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Benghazi University, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Michael D. Burkitt
- Division of Diabetes Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Carrie A. Duckworth
- Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK;
| | - Georgina L. Hold
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George & Sutherland Clinical School, Clinical Sciences (Pitney) Building, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia;
| | - Barry J. Campbell
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK;
| | - David Mark Pritchard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrated Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK; (A.M.); (D.M.P.)
| | - Chris S. Probert
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrated Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK; (A.M.); (D.M.P.)
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Tański W, Chabowski M, Jankowska-Polańska B, Jankowska EA. Anaemia and iron deficiency in patients with
rheumatoid arthritis and other chronic diseases. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.7838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaemia is one of the most common symptoms accompanying many chronic diseases, e.g.
collagenases, neoplasms, and chronic inflammations (inflammatory bowel disease, chronic
kidney disease and heart failure). Iron deficiency anaemia is the most common type of anaemia
(80%). It affects 1% to 2% of the population. Iron deficiency (ID) – absolute or functional
– is characterised by reduced ferritin levels and transferrin saturation (TSAT) of less than
20%. Iron deficiency is the most common dietary deficiency. However, iron deficiency might
be one of the common causes of anaemia of chronic disease (ACD). Anaemia affects 33%
to 60% of patients with RA. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic immune-mediated systemic
connective tissue disease, in which chronic inflammation of the synovial tissue of the
joints damages articular cartilages, bones and other joint structures. The prevalence of RA is
approximately 0.3% to 2%. Low haemoglobin levels in RA patients are significantly correlated
with disability, activity and duration of the disease as well as damage to joints and joint pain.
Treatment of anaemia in RA patients includes iron supplementation, blood transfusions, the
use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, and treatment of the underlying condition. Biological
treatments used in RA patients, such as e.g. infliximab, tocilizumab and anakinra, not only
slow the progression of joint involvement but also prevent anaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Tański
- Department of Internal Medicine, 4th Military Teaching Hospital, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariusz Chabowski
- Division of Oncology and Palliative Care, Department of Clinical Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Beata Jankowska-Polańska
- Division of Nursing in Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Anita Jankowska
- Dept of Cardiology, Wrocław Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Wrocław, Poland
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Cummings JF, Fraser A, Stansfield C, Beales I, Sebastian S, Hoque S. Ferric maltol Real-world Effectiveness Study in Hospital practice (FRESH): clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with inflammatory bowel disease receiving ferric maltol for iron-deficiency anaemia in the UK. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2021; 8:bmjgast-2020-000530. [PMID: 33622683 PMCID: PMC7907848 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgast-2020-000530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess outcomes in patients with iron-deficient inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treated with ferric maltol in UK real-world practice. Design/Method This observational, multicentre, retrospective cohort study included adults with IBD and iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA; haemoglobin ≥95 to <120 g/L (women) or ≥95 to <130 g/L (men) plus serum ferritin <30 µg/L or transferrin saturation <20%) who received ferric maltol. Data were extracted from patient records. The primary analysis was the proportion of patients with normalised haemoglobin (≥120 g/L (women); ≥130 g/L (men)) over 12 weeks. Iron indices and safety were assessed. Results Thirty of 59 patients had data for the primary outcome, 19 of whom (63%) achieved haemoglobin normalisation at week 12. Mean±SD haemoglobin was 127±16 g/L at week 12 (increase of 14±17 g/L from baseline). Overall, 27 patients achieved haemoglobin normalisation by the end of the observation period; mean±SD time to normalisation was 49.5±25.6 days. Nine of 17 patients had normalised serum ferritin (30–300 µg/L) at week 12, and 16 patients had normalised ferritin at the end of the observation period; mean±SD time to normalisation was 71.3±27.6 days. Twenty-four adverse events occurred in 19 patients (32%); most frequent adverse events were abdominal pain or discomfort (n=9) and constipation (n=3). Conclusion Ferric maltol increases haemoglobin and iron indices and is generally well tolerated in patients with IBD and IDA treated in clinical practice. These real-world data support findings from randomised controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jr Fraser Cummings
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Aileen Fraser
- Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Ian Beales
- Department of Gastroenterology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Shaji Sebastian
- IBD Unit, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, UK
| | - Sami Hoque
- Department of Gastroenterology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
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Incidence and risk factors of micronutrient deficiency in patients with IBD and intestinal Behçet's disease: folate, vitamin B12, 25-OH-vitamin D, and ferritin. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:32. [PMID: 33478396 PMCID: PMC7819164 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-01609-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and intestinal Behçet's disease (BD) are vulnerable to micronutrient deficiencies due to diarrhea-related gastrointestinal loss and poor dietary intake caused by disease-related anorexia. However, few studies have investigated the incidence and risk factors for micronutrient deficiency. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 205 patients with IBD who underwent micronutrient examination, including folate, vitamin B12, 25-OH-vitamin D, and/or ferritin level quantification, with follow-up blood tests conducted 6 months later. RESULTS Eighty patients (39.0%), who were deficient in any of the four micronutrients, were classified as the deficiency group, and the remaining 125 (61.0%) were classified as the non-deficient group. Compared to those in the non-deficiency group, patients in the deficiency group were much younger, had more Crohn's disease (CD) patients, more patients with a history of bowel operation, and significantly less 5-amino salicylic acid usage. Multivariate analysis revealed that CD and bowel operation were significant independent factors associated with micronutrient deficiency. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of micronutrient deficiency was high (39.0%). Factors including CD, bowel operation, and younger ages were found to be associated with higher risks of deficiency. Therefore, patients with IBD, especially young patients with CD who have undergone bowel resection surgery, need more attention paid to micronutrition.
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Gordon M, Sinopoulou V, Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Iqbal T, Allen P, Hoque S, Engineer J, Akobeng AK. Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 1:CD013529. [PMID: 33471939 PMCID: PMC8092475 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013529.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease affects approximately seven million people globally. Iron deficiency anaemia can occur as a common systemic manifestation, with a prevalence of up to 90%, which can significantly affect quality of life, both during periods of active disease or in remission. It is important that iron deficiency anaemia is treated effectively and not be assumed to be a normal finding of inflammatory bowel disease. The various routes of iron administration, doses and preparations present varying advantages and disadvantages, and a significant proportion of people experience adverse effects with current therapies. Currently, no consensus has been reached amongst physicians as to which treatment path is most beneficial. OBJECTIVES The primary objective was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the interventions for the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in people with inflammatory bowel disease. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and two other databases on 21st November 2019. We also contacted experts in the field and searched references of trials for any additional trials. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials investigating the effectiveness and safety of iron administration interventions compared to other iron administration interventions or placebo in the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease. We considered both adults and children, with studies reporting outcomes of clinical, endoscopic, histologic or surgical remission as defined by study authors. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently conducted data extraction and 'Risk of bias' assessment of included studies. We expressed dichotomous and continuous outcomes as risk ratios and mean differences with 95% confidence intervals. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE methodology. MAIN RESULTS We included 11 studies (1670 randomised participants) that met the inclusion criteria. The studies compared intravenous iron sucrose vs oral iron sulphate (2 studies); oral iron sulphate vs oral iron hydroxide polymaltose complex (1 study); oral iron fumarate vs intravenous iron sucrose (1 study); intravenous ferric carboxymaltose vs intravenous iron sucrose (1 study); erythropoietin injection + intravenous iron sucrose vs intravenous iron sucrose + injection placebo (1 study); oral ferric maltol vs oral placebo (1 study); oral ferric maltol vs intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (1 study); intravenous ferric carboxymaltose vs oral iron sulphate (1 study); intravenous iron isomaltoside vs oral iron sulphate (1 study); erythropoietin injection vs oral placebo (1 study). All studies compared participants with CD and UC together, as well as considering a range of disease activity states. The primary outcome of number of responders, when defined, was stated to be an increase in haemoglobin of 20 g/L in all but two studies in which an increase in 10g/L was used. In one study comparing intravenous ferric carboxymaltose and intravenous iron sucrose, moderate-certainty evidence was found that intravenous ferric carboxymaltose was probably superior to intravenous iron sucrose, although there were responders in both groups (150/244 versus 118/239, RR 1.25, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.46, number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) = 9). In one study comparing oral ferric maltol to placebo, there was low-certainty evidence of superiority of the iron (36/64 versus 0/64, RR 73.00, 95% CI 4.58 to 1164.36). There were no other direct comparisons that found any difference in the primary outcomes, although certainty was low and very low for all outcomes, due to imprecision from sparse data and risk of bias varying between moderate and high risk. The reporting of secondary outcomes was inconsistent. The most common was the occurrence of serious adverse events or those requiring withdrawal of therapy. In no comparisons was there a difference seen between any of the intervention agents being studied, although the certainty was very low for all comparisons made, due to risk of bias and significant imprecision due to the low numbers of events. Time to remission, histological and biochemical outcomes were sparsely reported in the studies. None of the other secondary outcomes were reported in any of the studies. An analysis of all intravenous iron preparations to all oral iron preparations showed that intravenous administration may lead to more responders (368/554 versus 205/373, RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.31, NNTB = 11, low-certainty due to risk of bias and inconsistency). Withdrawals due to adverse events may be greater in oral iron preparations vs intravenous (15/554 versus 31/373, RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.74, low-certainty due to risk of bias, inconsistency and imprecision). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose probably leads to more people having resolution of IDA (iron deficiency anaemia) than intravenous iron sucrose. Oral ferric maltol may lead to more people having resolution of IDA than placebo. We are unable to draw conclusions on which of the other treatments is most effective in IDA with IBD (inflammatory bowel disease) due to low numbers of studies in each comparison area and clinical heterogeneity within the studies. Therefore, there are no other conclusions regarding the treatments that can be made and certainty of all findings are low or very low. Overall, intravenous iron delivery probably leads to greater response in patients compared with oral iron, with a NNTB (number needed to treat) of 11. Whilst no serious adverse events were specifically elicited with any of the treatments studied, the numbers of reported events were low and the certainty of these findings very low for all comparisons, so no conclusions can be drawn. There may be more withdrawals due to such events when oral is compared with intravenous iron delivery. Other outcomes were poorly reported and once again no conclusions can be made as to the impact of IDA on any of these outcomes. Given the widespread use of many of these treatments in practice and the only guideline that exists recommending the use of intravenous iron in favour of oral iron, research to investigate this key issue is clearly needed. Considering the current ongoing trials identified in this review, these are more focussed on the impact in specific patient groups (young people) or on other symptoms (such as fatigue). Therefore, there is a need for studies to be performed to fill this evidence gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris Gordon
- School of Medicine, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | | | - Zipporah Iheozor-Ejiofor
- Cochrane Bone Joint and Muscle Trauma Group, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Patrick Allen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ulster Hospital, Belfast, Ireland
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Aksan A, Schoepfer A, Juillerat P, Vavricka S, Bettencourt M, Ramirez de Arellano A, Gavata S, Morin N, Valentine WJ, Hunt B. Iron Formulations for the Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Switzerland. Adv Ther 2021; 38:660-677. [PMID: 33216324 PMCID: PMC7854431 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-020-01553-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a common complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and can result in reduced quality of life and increased healthcare costs. IDA is treated with iron supplementation, either with oral iron therapy (OI) or intravenous iron formulations, including ferric carboxymaltose (FCM), iron isomaltoside 1000 (IIM), and iron sucrose (IS). This analysis compared the cost-effectiveness of FCM versus IIM, IS, and OI in terms of additional cost per additional responder in Switzerland. METHODS A health economic model was developed to assess the additional cost per additional responder, defined as normalization or an increase of at least 2 g/dL in hemoglobin levels, for FCM versus IIM, IS, and OI. To date, no single head-to-head trial comparing all therapies is available, and therefore relative efficacy data were taken from a published network meta-analysis. Costs of treatment were calculated in 2020 Swiss francs (CHF) using a microcosting approach, and included the costs of iron, healthcare professional time, and consumables. Costs are also presented in euros (EUR) based on an exchange rate of CHF 1 = EUR 0.94. RESULTS Response rates with FCM, IIM, IS, and OI were 81%, 74%, 75%, and 69%, respectively, with FCM projected to be the most effective treatment. FCM was associated with cost savings of CHF 24 (EUR 23) versus IIM and of CHF 147 (EUR 138) versus IS, and increased costs by CHF 345 (EUR 324) versus OI. Therefore FCM was considered dominant versus both IIM and IS, improving clinical outcomes with cost savings. FCM was associated with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of CHF 2970 (EUR 2792) per additional responder versus OI. CONCLUSIONS FCM was projected to be the most cost-effective intravenous iron therapy in Switzerland, increasing the number of responders and leading to cost savings for healthcare payers.
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König P, Jimenez K, Saletu-Zyhlarz G, Mittlböck M, Gasche C. Iron deficiency, depression, and fatigue in inflammatory bowel diseases. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2020; 58:1191-1200. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1283-6832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background Iron deficiency and anemia are common findings in IBD. Treatment of anemia improves quality of life. Neurological symptoms like depression or anxiety are also common in IBD; however, their relationship with ID has not been studied in detail.
Methods Prospective, single center, non-interventional trial in an IBD cohort (n = 98), which is generally at risk for ID. Quality of sleep (using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and Insomnia Severity Index) and the presence of fatigue (Piper fatigue scale), depression (Self-rating Depression Scale [SDS]) or anxiety (Self-rating Anxiety Scale [SAS]) were related to ID (ferritin, transferrin saturation), anemia (hemoglobin), and inflammatory disease activity (CRP).
Results ID was present in 35 %, anemia in 16 %, and inflammation in 30 %. The overall quality of sleep in this cohort was similar to that reported for the general population. ID, anemia, or inflammation had no influence on the PSQI (median 4.0 [CI 3.0–5.0]), the ESS 5.5 (5.0–7.0), and the ISI 4.00 (2.5–5.5). Fatigue (PFS; present in 30 %), anxiety (SAS; present in 24 %), and depression (SDS; present in 33 %) were more common than in the general population. Iron deficient and anemic patients were more likely to be depressed (p = 0.02 and p < 0.01) and showed a trend towards presence of fatigue (p = 0.06 and 0.07). Systemic inflammation as measured by CRP had no effect on any of these conditions.
Conclusion In this IBD cohort, ID and anemia affect depression and possibly fatigue independent of the presence of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter König
- Div. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dept Medicine 3
- Dept. of Psychiatry
| | | | | | - Martina Mittlböck
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Gasche
- Div. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dept Medicine 3
- Loha for Life, Centre of Excellence for Iron Deficiency, Vienna, Austria
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Kumar A, Brookes MJ. Iron Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113478. [PMID: 33198376 PMCID: PMC7697745 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common complication seen in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients is iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). Symptoms such as chronic fatigue can be as debilitating to IBD patients as pathological symptoms of abdominal pain and diarrhoea. Recognising and correcting anaemia may be as important as managing IBD symptoms and improving overall quality of life. Thus, iron replacement should be commenced the moment IDA is identified. Although intravenous iron is now considered standard treatment for IBD patients in Europe, oral iron still appears to be the preferred option. Advantages of oral iron include greater availability, lower costs and ease of applicability. However, its multitude of side effects, impact on the microbiome and further exacerbating IBD activity can have consequences on patient compliance. The newer oral iron formulations show promising safety and efficacy data with a good side effect profile. Intravenous iron formulations bypass the gastrointestinal tract absorption thereby leading to less side effects. Multiple studies have shown its superiority compared to oral formulations although its risk for hypersensitivity reactions continue to lead to clinician hesitancy in prescribing this formulation. This article provides an updated review on diagnosis and management of IDA in IBD patients, discussing the newer oral and intravenous formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Kumar
- The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton WV10 0QP, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Matthew J. Brookes
- The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton WV10 0QP, UK;
- Research Institute in Healthcare Science (RIHS), University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
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Kim SY, An S, Park DK, Kwon KA, Kim KO, Chung JW, Kim JH, Kim YJ. Efficacy of iron supplementation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha agents. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2020; 13:1756284820961302. [PMID: 33029199 PMCID: PMC7520924 DOI: 10.1177/1756284820961302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anemia is a common extraintestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, data on the influence of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (anti-TNF-α) agents and iron supplementation on anemia in patients with IBD are sparse. We assessed the effect of iron supplementation in patients with IBD initially treated with an anti-TNF-α agent. METHODS Data from 79 IBD patients who started anti-TNF-α treatment at a tertiary hospital were analyzed. The patients were divided into the anti-TNF-α (n = 52) and anti-TNF-α with iron supplementation (n = 27) groups. Effects on laboratory parameters, the prevalence of anemia, and disease activity were evaluated at baseline (year 0) and 1 year later. RESULTS The hemoglobin (Hb) level significantly increased between years 0 and 1 in both groups [12.0 ± 1.8-13.3 ± 2.0 g/dL in the anti-TNF-α group (p < 0.001) and 9.8 ± 2.4-11.7 ± 2.3 g/dL in the anti-TNF-α and iron supplementation group (p = 0.004)]. In a subgroup analysis of severely anemic patients with IBD, iron supplementation increased the magnitude of the improvement in Hb level (8.5 ± 1.5-11.4 ± 2.1 g/dL; p = 0.001) compared with the anti-TNF-α group (9.3 ± 0.8-11.4 ± 2.7 g/dL; p = 0.081). Disease activity was significantly improved in both groups at year 1 compared with year 0. Persistent anemia was significantly correlated with severe anemia at baseline (p = 0.017). CONCLUSION In anemic patients with IBD, anti-TNF-α agents led to clinically meaningful improvements in anemia independent of iron supplementation. Also, iron supplementation could be helpful in severely anemic patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University, Wonju Medical School, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sejin An
- Department of Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kyun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang An Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Oh Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Won Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Li X, Shi X, Qin X, Yu L, Zhou Y, Rao C. Interlaboratory method validation of imaged capillary isoelectric focusing methodology for analysis of recombinant human erythropoietin. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3836-3843. [PMID: 32678383 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00823k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) is one of the most important biopharmaceuticals worldwide, with global sales expected to reach US$11.9 billion in 2020. The charge heterogeneity of rhEPO must be monitored throughout the entire production process. Imaged capillary isoelectric focusing (icIEF) is a promising method for monitoring rhEPO charge heterogeneity, but it must be validated according to the ICH guideline (International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use). Here, a multi-laboratory joint method validation of the icIEF method for rhEPO analysis was performed according to the ICH Harmonized Tripartite Guideline on Analysis Procedure. This guideline includes specificity, precision, accuracy, linearity, range, LOQ and robustness, whereby precision is defined by the repeatability, intermediate precision and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Palchaudhuri S, Albenberg L, Lewis JD. Diet Recommendations for Hospitalized Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Better Options Than Nil Per Os. CROHN'S & COLITIS 360 2020; 2:otaa059. [PMID: 33954288 PMCID: PMC8096188 DOI: 10.1093/crocol/otaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hospitalizations are a time when providers often have uncertainty about what to feed patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). While there are many trials evaluating the role of diet in the management of IBD, the role of diet for the hospitalized patient is less clear. The hospitalization may serve as an opportunity to educate patients about the role of diet, try different diets, and develop dietary recommendations for after discharge. Here, we review the literature for dietary considerations during hospitalizations and acute settings, as well as upon discharge. Patients with IBD benefit from screening and nutritional support for malnutrition and nutritional deficiencies. Enteral nutrition and exclusion diets are promising as induction and maintenance therapies, but no specific recommendations during hospitalization for adult patients are available currently. There are very few reasons to enforce bowel rest or clear liquids other than bowel obstruction, uncontrolled sepsis, or need for urgent or emergent surgery; most patients - including many with penetrating or stricturing disease - benefit from feeding in whichever capacity is tolerated, with enteral and parenteral nutrition used as needed to reach nutritional goals. Future studies are needed to define how the use of different diets can influence the outcomes of patients hospitalized for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Palchaudhuri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Address correspondence to: Sonali Palchaudhuri, MD, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ()
| | - Lindsey Albenberg
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James D Lewis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Katsaros M, Paschos P, Giouleme O. Red cell distribution width as a marker of activity in inflammatory bowel disease: a narrative review. Ann Gastroenterol 2020; 33:348-354. [PMID: 32624654 PMCID: PMC7315702 DOI: 10.20524/aog.2020.0486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Red blood cell distribution width is a parameter measured automatically in every complete blood count that actually reflects the degree of anisocytosis of the red blood cell population. It is a cost-effective tool used in everyday clinical practice along with other parameters to define and narrow the cause of anemia. In a series of pathologic entities, such as cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, malignancy, chronic renal diseases and chronic respiratory diseases, where inflammation and oxidative stress comprise the major pathophysiologic insults, red cell distribution width behaves as a significant and competent marker able to predict and assess disease activity and severity. A number of clinical studies based on these observations have aimed to evaluate its potential utility as an index of activity in inflammatory bowel disease. In this narrative review we present data from the international literature regarding its ability to express disease activity and we look into its relation with clinical, laboratory and endoscopic indices used to identify active disease. According to the results of published clinical trials, red cell distribution width is considerably correlated with disease activity and might serve as an index to differentiate Crohn's disease from ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Katsaros
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division of the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital (Marios Katsaros, Olga Giouleme)
| | - Paschalis Paschos
- First Department of Internal Medicine, "Papageorgiou" Hospital (Paschalis Paschos), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Olga Giouleme
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division of the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital (Marios Katsaros, Olga Giouleme)
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Fang W, Kenny R, Rizvi QUA, McMahon LP, Garg M. Hypophosphataemia after ferric carboxymaltose is unrelated to symptoms, intestinal inflammation or vitamin D status. BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20:183. [PMID: 32522150 PMCID: PMC7288415 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01298-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intravenous iron replacement is recommended for iron-deficient patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but may be associated with hypophosphataemia, predisposing to osteomalacia and fractures. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence and risk factors for hypophosphataemia following intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) in patients with IBD. Methods This prospective observational study of patients with and without IBD evaluated serum phosphate for 28 days following intravenous FCM, and assessed associations with symptoms, markers of inflammation and vitamin D status. Results Twenty-four patients with IBD (11 with Crohn’s disease [CD], 13 with ulcerative colitis [UC], mean age 45 years [range 19–90], 7 female), and 20 patients without IBD (mean age 56 [22–88] y, 11 female), were included. Overall, serum phosphate declined by a mean of 36% at Day 7, with a mean fall of 42% (SD 19%) at some time point over 28 days (p < 0.001). Twenty-four of 44 (55%) patients developed moderate to severe hypophosphataemia (serum phosphate < 0.6 mmol/L). No differences between patients with and without IBD were seen, but patients with CD had greater decline in phosphate than those with UC. There was no association between hypophosphataemia and symptomatic adverse events, faecal calprotectin, C-reactive protein, albumin, platelet count, 25(OH) vitamin D, or 1,25(di-OH) vitamin D. Serum phosphate < 1.05 mmol/L on Day 2 predicted susceptibility to moderate-severe hypophosphataemia (OR 7.0). Conclusions Hypophosphataemia following FCM is common, unrelated to symptomatic adverse events, baseline intestinal or systemic inflammation, or vitamin D status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Northern Health, 185 Cooper St, Epping, Victoria, 3076, Australia
| | - Rachel Kenny
- Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, 5 Arnold St, Box Hill, Victoria, 3128, Australia
| | - Qurat-Ul-Ain Rizvi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Northern Health, 185 Cooper St, Epping, Victoria, 3076, Australia
| | - Lawrence P McMahon
- Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, 5 Arnold St, Box Hill, Victoria, 3128, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Eastern Health, 8 Arnold St, Box Hill, Victoria, 3128, Australia.,Department of Renal Medicine, Box Hill Hospital, Level 3W, Building B, 8 Arnold St, Box Hill, Victoria, 3128, Australia
| | - Mayur Garg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Northern Health, 185 Cooper St, Epping, Victoria, 3076, Australia. .,Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, 5 Arnold St, Box Hill, Victoria, 3128, Australia. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Northern Health, Epping, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Daude S, Remen T, Chateau T, Danese S, Gastin I, Baumann C, Gueant JL, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Comparative accuracy of ferritin, transferrin saturation and soluble transferrin receptor for the diagnosis of iron deficiency in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2020; 51:1087-1095. [PMID: 32323356 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of iron deficiency is based on ferritin and transferrin saturation (TfS) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, yet guideline thresholds are not evidence-based. Soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) is one of the best noninvasive tests in patients with inflammation. AIMS To evaluate the accuracy of ferritin and/or TfS for diagnosing iron deficiency in IBD and identify the optimal thresholds of these parameters using sTfR as reference. METHODS Two hundred and two patients (2072 samples) receiving at least one infusion of biologic (vedolizumab or infliximab) were included. RESULTS In ulcerative colitis patients with C-reactive protein (CRP) <10 mg/L, optimal iron deficiency diagnostic performances were observed with ferritin and TfS thresholds of 65 µg/L (sensitivity of 0.78 and specificity of 0.76) and 16% (sensitivity of 0.79 and specificity of 0.90), respectively. For ulcerative colitis patients with CRP > 10 mg/L, the thresholds with the best diagnostic performance were 80 µg/L (sensitivity of 0.75 and a specificity of 0.82) for ferritin and 11% for TfS (sensitivity of 0.75 and a specificity of 0.82). There was no added value for combined ferritin and TfS. No ferritin or TfS threshold had good diagnostic performance in Crohn's disease patients (AUC for ferritin was 0.65 (95% CI 0.55-0.75) and the AUC for TfS was 0.70 (95% CI 0.61-0.78). CONCLUSION Ferritin and TfS are reliable parameters for iron deficiency diagnosis only in ulcerative colitis patients, at thresholds different from current guidelines. In Crohn's disease patients, sTfR should be used given the poor diagnostic performance of ferritin and TfS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Daude
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Inserm NGERE 1256, University Hospital of Nancy, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Thomas Remen
- Methodology, Data Management and Statistic Unit, MPI Department, University Hospital of Nancy, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Thomas Chateau
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Inserm NGERE 1256, University Hospital of Nancy, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Grenoble, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Silvio Danese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,IBD Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabelle Gastin
- Department of Biochemistry-Molecular Biology-Nutrition, Nancy University Hospital, Nancy, France.,Inserm UMR_S1256 N-GERE, Nutrition-Genetics-Environmental Risk Exposure, University Hospital of Nancy, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Cédric Baumann
- Methodology, Data Management and Statistic Unit, MPI Department, University Hospital of Nancy, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jean Louis Gueant
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Inserm NGERE 1256, University Hospital of Nancy, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Department of Biochemistry-Molecular Biology-Nutrition, Nancy University Hospital, Nancy, France.,Inserm UMR_S1256 N-GERE, Nutrition-Genetics-Environmental Risk Exposure, University Hospital of Nancy, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Inserm NGERE 1256, University Hospital of Nancy, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Inserm UMR_S1256 N-GERE, Nutrition-Genetics-Environmental Risk Exposure, University Hospital of Nancy, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Kearns J, Jacob SG. Real-world evaluation of an intravenous iron service for the treatment of iron deficiency in patients with gastroenterological disorders. Frontline Gastroenterol 2020; 12:265-271. [PMID: 34249310 PMCID: PMC8231433 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2020-101406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In gastroenterological disorders, iron deficiency (ID) is often treated with intravenous iron. This real-world study assessed the effectiveness and safety of iron isomaltoside (IIM), a high-dose intravenous iron, for the treatment of ID in patients with gastroenterological disorders, as part of a service evaluation and improvement process. METHODS Medical records of 117 patients with gastroenterological disorders, who received IIM, were examined retrospectively. Study outcomes included dose of IIM (estimated iron need versus actual dose received), number of appointments required to deliver the dose and changes in haemoglobin (Hb) and ferritin at ~1 month and ~6 months post-treatment. Safety was assessed through adverse drug reactions (ADRs). RESULTS Overall, 76.1% of patients received their estimated iron need; 23.9% were underdosed. The mean (SD) iron dose was 1317 (409.7) mg; 62.4% of patients received their dose in one appointment. From baseline, mean (SD) Hb increased by 20.9 (15.4) g/L at 1 month post-treatment (p<0.0001) and by 22.0 (17.9) g/L at 6 months post-treatment (p<0.0001). Mean (SD) baseline ferritin was 26.6 (37.8) μg/L, which increased to 234.6 (142.9) μg/L at 1 month post-treatment (p<0.0001), and remained increased at 6 months post-treatment (122.8 (99.2) μg/L; p<0.0001). A substantial proportion of patients were non-anaemic at 1 month (57.5%) and 6 months (61.8%) post-treatment. At both post-treatment timepoints, the proportion of non-anaemic patients was higher in those receiving their total iron need versus those who were underdosed. No serious ADRs were reported. CONCLUSION IIM was efficacious and well tolerated in patients with gastroenterological disorders. This real-world study highlights the importance of administering the full iron need to maximise treatment response.
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Krawiec P, Pac-Kożuchowska E. Biomarkers and Hematological Indices in the Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051358. [PMID: 32397525 PMCID: PMC7284745 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation may affect many routinely available parameters of iron homeostasis. Thus, the recognition of iron deficiency in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains a diagnostic challenge in a clinical routine. The aim of the study was to detect the most efficient marker of iron deficiency in IBD children. In a group of 75 IBD children, we evaluated the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values of erythrocytes' indices, including MCV, MCH, MCHC and RDW, and biochemical markers, including iron, transferrin, sTfR and sTfR/log ferritin, for identifying iron deficiency. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to compare the ability of these parameters to detect iron deficiency. The best predictors of iron deficiency were sTfR/log ferritin, with accuracy 0.86, sensitivity 0.98, specificity 0.63, positive predictive value 0.83 and negative predictive value 0.94, and sTfR, with accuracy 0.77, sensitivity 0.82, specificity 0.67, positive predictive value 0.82 and negative predictive value 0.67. Moreover, sTfR/log ferritin exhibited the largest area under ROC (0.922), followed by sTfR (0.755) and MCH (0.720). The sTfR/log ferritin index appears to be the most efficient marker of iron depletion in pediatric IBD, and it may give an added value in the management of IBD patients.
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Treatment of iron deficiency anemia with liposomal iron in inflammatory bowel disease: efficacy and impact on quality of life. Int J Clin Pharm 2020; 42:895-902. [PMID: 32367457 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-020-01044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Anemia is a clinical condition frequently seen in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, which is responsible for a significant loss of quality of life. Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of using oral liposomal iron to treat iron deficiency anemia in inflammatory bowel disease patients, as well as assess the impact of this treatment on psychometric scores. Methods Patients with inactive/mildly active inflammatory bowel disease were screened for anemia in this interventional pilot study conducted from November 2016 to March 2018. Patients with mild anemia were treated with oral liposomal iron for 8 weeks. Main outcome measure The primary endpoint of the study was the response to liposomal oral iron therapy. Treatment response was defined as patients who achieved a hemoglobin increase of ≥ 1 g/dL and/or hemoglobin normalization by the 8th week of treatment. Results Out of 200 screened patients, 40 (20%) had anemia. Of the 21 patients who completed treatment, 13 (62%) responded to oral liposomal iron replacement therapy (mean increases of hemoglobin from 11.4 to 12.6 g/dL). The transferrin saturation index increased by an average of 10.2 (p = 0.006) and the quality of life by 26.3 (p < 0.0001). There was also a mean reduction of 9.2 in the perception of fatigue (p < 0.0001). Conclusion Treatment with oral liposomal iron is effective in improving mild iron deficiency anemia and quality of life, as well as in decreasing fatigue in patients with inactive or mildly active inflammatory bowel disease.
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Falsetti L, Sampaolesi M, Riccomi F, Nitti C. Adalimumab as a potential cause of drug-induced thrombocytopaenic microangiopathy. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:13/3/e233526. [PMID: 32139450 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-233526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the case of a 63-year-old male patient admitted to our emergency department for dyspnoea, peripheral oedema, severe diarrhoea and asthenia. History revealed Crohn's disease (CD) submitted to several intestinal surgical resections in the previous years. He recently started a treatment with adalimumab for the control of CD. Laboratory tests at the admission revealed severe haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopaenia. Haptoglobin levels were low, schistocyte count was markedly increased. In the suspect of thrombotic microangiopathy, he was admitted to our internal medicine department where we urgently started plasma exchange (PEX). We observed normal ADAMTS-13 activity in absence of Shiga toxin or enterotoxic Escherichia c oli at stool tests. Despite a diagnosis of atypical haemolytic-uraemic syndrome, we observed full platelet count recovery and schistocytes normalisation after the fourth PEX. We then put a diagnosis of adalimumab-induced thrombocytopaenic microangiopathy. Adalimumab was withdrawn. We did not observe relapses in the following 3 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Falsetti
- Medicina Interna Subintensiva, Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Marche, Italy
| | - Mattia Sampaolesi
- Scuola di Specializzazione di Medicina d'Urgenza, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Marche, Italy
| | - Francesca Riccomi
- Scuola di Specializzazione di Medicina d'Urgenza, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Marche, Italy
| | - Cinzia Nitti
- Medicina Interna Subintensiva, Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Marche, Italy
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Abstract
Introduction: Anemia is a common extraintestinal complication of Crohn's disease (CD) mainly caused by iron deficiency, that affects the quality of life in CD patients. Elucidation of the etiology and pathology of iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) and anemia of chronic diseases (ACD) has developed in recent years. Common biochemical parameters of iron status are insufficient for assessment of patients with anemia and CD. Thus, novel iron indices are required for accurate assessment in IDA patients with CD. Oral iron supplementation for IDA treatment is common and is associated with minor gastrointestinal side effects. Intravenous substitution improves safety profiles but may be not tolerable in some patients. Fortunately, additional therapies for anemia of active CD have emerged in recent years.Area covered: Here, we propose the review article on the link among anemia, iron deficiency, and Crohn's disease. We discuss the current diagnosis and therapy of anemia and iron deficiency in CD and propose the new directions for future research.Expert commentary: Exploring pathogeneses and treatments of anemia and iron deficiency in Crohn's disease will develop potential tools for early diagnosis and effective treatment of anemia in CD patients, and improve their life quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yueying
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang Yu Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen Jun
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
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Arabi SM, Ranjbar G, Bahrami LS, Vafa M, Norouzy A. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on hemoglobin concentration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr J 2020; 19:11. [PMID: 32013954 PMCID: PMC6998164 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-020-0526-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this review was to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplements on hemoglobin concentration in subjects aged 17.5-68 years old; using randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS Relevant RCT studies were identified from January 2000 to January 2019 by using MeSH terms in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Clinical trials, Scopus databases and gray literature. The studies were reviewed systematically, and quality assessments were evaluated by the guidelines of the Cochrane risk of bias. The effect of vitamin D supplements (n = 14) on hemoglobin concentration was considered as primary outcome, while its effects on the levels of ferritin, transferrin saturation and iron status were derived as secondary outcomes. In total, 1385 subjects with age range of 17.5 to 68 years old were examined for 3 h to 6 months; Mean (standard deviation) or median interquartile changes in the hemoglobin concentration in each treatment group was recorded for meta-analysis. RESULTS Fourteen RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Current study findings propose that vitamin D supplementation leads to a non-significant reduction in hemoglobin levels in subjects (17.5-68 years old) [std. mean difference (SMD): 0.01; 95% CI: - 0.28, 0.29; P = 0.95], also it has no significant effect on ferritin concentrations [std. mean difference (SMD): -0.01; 95% CI: [- 0.20, 0.18; P = 0.91]. However, vitamin D supplementation demonstrated positive effects on transferrin saturation [mean difference (MD): 1.54; 95% CI: 0.31, 2.76; P = 0.01] and iron status [std. mean difference (SMD): 0.24; 95% CI: - 0.09, 0.39; P = 0.002]. CONCLUSION Current review concluded that supplementation with vitamin D had no significant effect on hemoglobin and ferritin levels while positive effects on transferrin saturation and iron status were observed. Further clinical studies are required to determine the actual effect of this intervention on hemoglobin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mostafa Arabi
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 91179481564 Iran
| | - Golnaz Ranjbar
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 91179481564 Iran
| | - Leila Sadat Bahrami
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 91179481564 Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Vafa
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Norouzy
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 91179481564 Iran
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Balestrieri P, Ribolsi M, Guarino MPL, Emerenziani S, Altomare A, Cicala M. Nutritional Aspects in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020372. [PMID: 32023881 PMCID: PMC7071234 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are chronic, relapsing, inflammatory disorders of the digestive tract that characteristically develop in adolescence and early adulthood. The reported prevalence of malnutrition in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients ranges between 20% and 85%. Several factors, including reduced oral food intake, malabsorption, chronic blood and proteins loss, and intestinal bacterial overgrowth, contribute to malnutrition in IBD patients. Poor nutritional status, as well as selective malnutrition or sarcopenia, is associated with poor clinical outcomes, response to therapy and, therefore, quality of life. The nutritional assessment should include a dietetic evaluation with the assessment of daily caloric intake and energy expenditure, radiological assessment, and measurement of functional capacity.
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Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Gordon M, Iqbal T, Allen P, Hoque S, Sinopoulou V, Engineer J, Akobeng AK. Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease: a network meta-analysis. Hippokratia 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zipporah Iheozor-Ejiofor
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, The University of Manchester; Cochrane Bone Joint and Muscle Trauma Group; Stopford Building, Oxford Road Manchester Oxford Road Manchester UK M13 9PL
| | - Morris Gordon
- University of Central Lancashire; School of Medicine; Preston Lancashire UK
| | - Tariq Iqbal
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital; University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust Birmingham UK
| | - Patrick Allen
- Ulster Hospital; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Belfast Ireland
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Li L, Xu P, Zhang Z, Zhou X, Chen C, Lu C. Platelets can reflect the severity of Crohn's disease without the effect of anemia. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2020; 75:e1596. [PMID: 32667493 PMCID: PMC7337217 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2020/e1596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Anemia and changes in platelets (PLT) are common in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In our study, we aimed to verify whether PLT count can independently reflect the severity of IBD. METHODS In our hospital, 137 Crohn's Disease (CD), 69 Ulcerative colitis (UC) patients, and 412 healthy controls were included to compare the differences in PLT count. In addition, the effect of anemia, C-reactive protein (CRP), age, CD activity index (CDAI) or Mayo on PLTs was also analyzed. If PLTs independently affected CD or UC, we used the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to verify the diagnostic value and obtain the cut-off value of PLT. RESULTS CD and UC patients had higher PLT than controls (p<0.001, p<0.001; respectively). In CD patients, the results showed that patients with anemia (P<0.01), Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) (p<0.001), CRP≥8 mg/L (p=0.046), and CDAI≥150 (p<0.001) had higher PLT, while in UC patients, those with anemia (p=0.018), CRP≥8 mg/L (p=0.045), and Mayo≥3 (p=0.029) had higher PLT. Univariate analysis showed that CDAI was positively correlated with PLT count (p<0.001), while hemoglobin (p=0.001) and age (p<0.001) were negatively correlated with PLT in CD. In UC patients, Mayo (p=0.001) and CRP (p<0.001) were positively correlated with PLT, while hemoglobin (p=0.002) was negatively correlated. Finally, by linear stepwise multivariate analysis, we clarified the positive relationship between PLT and CD (p<0.001) by eliminating the interference of hemoglobin, and determined the cut-off value of PLT as 298×109/L. For UC, we did not obtain similar results. CONCLUSIONS PLT can be an indicator of disease severity in CD, while there is a lack of evidence regarding this finding in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- *Corresponding author. E-mail: /
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- *Corresponding author. E-mail: /
| | - Zhongchen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xinxin Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Chunxiao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- *Corresponding author. E-mail: /
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- *Corresponding author. E-mail: /
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Danko I, Weidkamp M, Eickhoff JC. Improvement of Health-Related Quality of Life in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Receiving Routine Intravenous Iron Supplementation. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2019; 24:517-527. [PMID: 31719814 DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-24.6.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is very common in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). While health-related quality of life (HRQL) is a key outcome measure, no long-term studies have evaluated the effect of correction of IDA on HRQL in children with IBD. Our goal was to prospectively study changes in HRQL in iron-deficient children with IBD receiving routine iron supplementation with periodic intravenous iron sucrose (IVIS). METHODS Thirty-eight children with IBD treated with infliximab participated. Hematology and inflammatory markers were assessed before each infliximab treatment. Iron-deficient patients (transferrin saturation below 20% and/or ferritin below 30 ng/mL or 100 ng/mL with normal or elevated C-reactive protein, respectively) received IVIS after each infliximab infusion until iron indices stayed normal for two consecutive measurements. HRQL was assessed with Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory every 4 months. Correlation between changes in mean hemoglobin levels and HRQL scores was analyzed prospectively in 3-month periods over a period exceeding 3 years. RESULTS At enrollment, 27 patients had already been established on infliximab; 11 had not started or completed induction. Mean iron indices and hemoglobin normalized after 3 and 6 month of starting IVIS, respectively. Multiple HRQL parameters significantly improved, regardless of the duration of infliximab treatment at the time of enrollment. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between correction of anemia and improvement in parent-reported emotional and physical HRQL scores. CONCLUSIONS Periodic IVIS resulted in long-term correction of IDA in children with IBD. Correction of IDA contributed to some improvements in HRQL.
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