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Cytotoxic Activity and Lymphocyte Subtypes in Mice Selected for Maximal and Minimal Inflammatory Response after Transplantation of B16F10 and S91 Melanoma Cells. Int J Inflam 2022; 2022:3298542. [PMID: 35265317 PMCID: PMC8901355 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3298542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIRmax and AIRmin mice strains were selected according to the intensity of their acute inflammatory responsiveness. Previous studies have shown that AIR mice differ in their resistance to chemically induced skin tumors and in the development of melanoma metastases, in addition to differences in neutrophil and NK cells activity. In the present work, we aimed to evaluate whether the difference of susceptibility to murine melanoma is associated with NK cytotoxic activity against Yac.1 cells and lymphocyte subsets. Mice were subcutaneously inoculated with B16F10 or S91 melanoma cells. After 7, 14, or 30 days, the animals were euthanized to analyze the number of lymphocyte subsets, cytotoxic activity, and number of cytokine-producing spleen cells. AIRmax mice presented a higher number of CD4+/CD25+ cells than that of AIRmin mice following inoculation of B16F10 cells, whereas inoculation of S91 cells reduced CD4+/CD25+ and increased TCD8+ cell subsets in the AIRmax mice. AIRmax mice had a higher number of interleukin (IL)-10- and IL-12-producing cells and a lower number of interferon-γ–producing cells than those of AIRmin mice at 30 days. The cytotoxic activity of nonadherent spleen cells was similar in both the AIR strains. These results suggest that melanoma cells can induce different responses in AIR mice, possibly owing to alterations in regulatory mechanisms, such as the action of CD4+/CD25+ regulatory T cells and IL-10, in AIRmax mice.
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Porcellato I, Silvestri S, Menchetti L, Recupero F, Mechelli L, Sforna M, Iussich S, Bongiovanni L, Lepri E, Brachelente C. Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in canine melanocytic tumours: An investigation on the prognostic role of CD3 + and CD20 + lymphocytic populations. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 18:370-380. [PMID: 31750993 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The study of the immune response in several types of tumours has been rapidly increasing in recent years with the dual aim of understanding the interactions between neoplastic and immune cells and their importance in cancer pathogenesis and progression, as well as identifying targets for cancer immunotherapy. Despite being considered one of the most immunogenic tumour types, melanoma can progress in the presence of abundant lymphocytic infiltration, therefore suggesting that the immune response is not able to efficiently control tumour growth. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the density, distribution and grade of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in 97 canine melanocytic tumours is associated with histologic indicators of malignancy and can be considered a prognostic factor in the dog. As a further step in the characterization of the immune response in melanocytic tumours, an immunohistochemical investigation was performed to evaluate the two main populations of TILs, T-lymphocytes (CD3+ ) and B-lymphocytes (CD20+ ). The results of our study show that TILs are present in a large proportion of canine melanocytic tumours, especially in oral melanomas, and that the infiltrate is usually mild. The quantity of CD20+ TILs was significantly associated with some histologic prognostic factors, such as the mitotic count, the cellular pleomorphism and the percentage of pigmented cells. Remarkably, a high infiltration of CD20+ TILs was associated with tumour-related death, presence of metastasis/recurrence, shorter overall and disease-free survival, increased hazard of death and of developing recurrence/metastasis, hence representing a potential new negative prognostic factor in canine melanocytic tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Porcellato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Serenella Silvestri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Menchetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Recupero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luca Mechelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Monica Sforna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Selina Iussich
- Department of Veterinary Science, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Bongiovanni
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Elvio Lepri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Brachelente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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3
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Gutting T, Burgermeister E, Härtel N, Ebert MP. Checkpoints and beyond - Immunotherapy in colorectal cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 55:78-89. [PMID: 29716829 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is the latest revolution in cancer therapy. It continues to show impressive results in malignancies like melanoma and others. At least so far, effects are modest in colorectal cancer (CRC) and only a subset of patients benefits from already approved checkpoint inhibitors. In this review, we discuss major hurdles of immunotherapy like the immunosuppressive niche and low immunogenicity of CRC next to current achievements of checkpoint inhibitors, interleukin treatment and adoptive cell transfer (dendritic cells/cytokine induced killer cells, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, chimeric antigen receptor cells, T cell receptor transfer) in pre-clinical models and clinical trials. We intensively examine approaches to overcome low immunogenicity by combination of different therapies and address future strategies of therapy as well as the need of predictive factors in this emerging field of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Gutting
- Department of Medicine II, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Elke Burgermeister
- Department of Medicine II, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nicolai Härtel
- Department of Medicine II, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; Heilig-Geist Hospital Bensheim, Rodensteinstraße 94, 64625 Bensheim, Germany
| | - Matthias P Ebert
- Department of Medicine II, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
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Tavares MT, Shen S, Knox T, Hadley M, Kutil Z, Bařinka C, Villagra A, Kozikowski AP. Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Selective Histone Deacetylase 6 Inhibitors in Melanoma Models. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:1031-1036. [PMID: 29057046 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Only a handful of therapies offer significant improvement in the overall survival in cases of melanoma, a cancer whose incidence has continued to rise in the past 30 years. In our effort to identify potent and isoform-selective histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors as a therapeutic approach to melanoma, a series of new HDAC6 inhibitors based on the nexturastat A scaffold were prepared. The new analogues 4d, 4e, and 7b bearing added hydrophilic substituents, so as to establish additional hydrogen bonding on the rim of the HDAC6 catalytic pocket, exhibit improved potency against HDAC6 and retain selectivity over HDAC1. Compound 4d exhibits antiproliferative effects on several types of melanoma and lymphoma cells. Further studies indicates that 4d selectively increases acetylated tubulin levels in vitro and elicits an immune response through down-regulating cytokine IL-10. A preliminary in vivo efficacy study indicates that 4d possesses improved capability to inhibit melanoma tumor growth and that this effect is based on the regulation of inflammatory and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício T. Tavares
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Sida Shen
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Tessa Knox
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Melissa Hadley
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Zsófia Kutil
- Institute
of Biotechnology, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Cyril Bařinka
- Institute
of Biotechnology, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Alejandro Villagra
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Alan P. Kozikowski
- StarWise
Therapeutics LLC, University Research Park, Inc., 510 Charmany Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, United States
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Longoria TC, Tewari KS. Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of pembrolizumab in the treatment of melanoma. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:1247-53. [PMID: 27485741 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2016.1216976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Advanced melanoma is a devastating disease that has propelled research in therapeutics beyond chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Being highly immunogenic, melanoma is a model tumor for immunotherapy and has highlighted the therapeutic potential of the immune checkpoint inhibitors. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the pharmacologic properties, clinical efficacy, and safety profile of pembrolizumab, an IgG4-kappa humanized monoclonal antibody against the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) receptor, for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic melanoma. EXPERT OPINION Pembrolizumab was the first PD-1 inhibitor to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Remarkably, this accelerated approval for the treatment of advanced, heavily pretreated melanoma was based on response rates alone from a phase I trial. As anticipated, pembrolizumab confirmed a survival advantage in phase II and III trials and has led the way for the study of other drugs that share its mechanism of action. Defining disease and patient characteristics associated with a response remains amongst the most pressing priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa C Longoria
- a University of California , Irvine Medical Center , Orange , CA , USA
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Ret mouse very large tumors (VLTs) display altered ratios of infiltrating memory to naive T cells: Roles in tumor expansion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:211-20. [PMID: 27397900 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer, however it is immunogenic. The size of the primary tumor is associated with the nodal metastases. Our goals were to characterize melanoma-associated antigens (MAAs) and tumor-infiltrating T-lymphocytes (TILs) subsets in the few very large tumors (VLTs) developing in ret transgenic mice of melanoma. Tumors >700mg (VLTs) were investigated for MAAs and subsets of TILs. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry-based studies were performed to determine the infiltration patterns of T-lymphocytes in VLTs. It was observed that zinc fixative restores the antigenicity of the cell-surface markers of lymphocyte subpopulations without the need of antigen retrieval, whereas formalin-based fixative fails to restore the antigenicity in the presence of antigen retrieval in the immunohistochemistry. VLTs from ret mice express MAAs, such as Tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2 and gp-100. The mean±standard deviation (S.D.) T-cell infiltration per 400 times-high power field in VLTs; CD4(+) (2.33±1.3), CD8(+) (2.00±1.0), and CD4(+) Foxp3(+) (2.5±0.5) regulatory T cells infiltration was exclusively restricted to the tumor stroma. Moreover, our flow cytometry-based data reveal that % mean±S.D. naive CD3(+) CD4(+) T cell infiltration (32.8±4.0%) was significantly larger than effector (25.8±2.8%, p<0.01) and central memory cells (16.1±3.7%, p<0.001) in VLTs. Similarly, between CD3(+) CD8(+) T cells, naive cells infiltrate (57.7±2.3%) in a significantly larger frequency than effector (5.0±0.4%, p<0.0001) and central memory cell (4.8±1.7%, p<0.0001) subsets. These results suggest that the VLTs from ret mice display lowered infiltration ratios between memory and naive T cells, which could be associated with the relatively large growth of VLTs.
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Abstract
Cutaneous drug reactions are common adverse effects that occur in about 2-3% of the hospitalized patients. They have both immunologic and non-immunologic underlying mechanisms. These reactions are clinically and histologically similar to dermatoses. Their significant clinical indicators include: history of drug intake, atypical clinical features and improvement after cessation of the offending drugs. Their diagnostic histological clues include the presence of mixed histological patterns, apoptotic keratinocytes, eosinophils (dermis and epidermis), papillary dermal edema and extravasations of erythrocytes. However, no single clinical or histological feature is specific of drug eruptions. This work attempts to classify the histomorphologic reactions to various drugs in defined categories for assistance in morphologic diagnosis.
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Tikoo S, Haass NK. Friends or foes: IL-10 and TGF-βin melanoma. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:254-5. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Tikoo
- The Centenary Institute; Newtown NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Nikolas K. Haass
- The Centenary Institute; Newtown NSW Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; Translational Research Institute; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld Australia
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9
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Wiguna AP, Walden P. Role of IL-10 and TGF-βin melanoma. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:209-14. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arlina P. Wiguna
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Peter Walden
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
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10
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Toyota H, Yanase N, Yoshimoto T, Harada M, Kato Y, Mizuguchi J. Vaccination with OVA-bound nanoparticles encapsulating IL-7 inhibits the growth of OVA-expressing E.G7 tumor cells in vivo. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:292-6. [PMID: 25394516 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has gained special attention due to its specific effects on tumor cells and systemic action to block metastasis. We recently demonstrated that ovalbumin (OVA) conjugated to the surface of nanoparticles (NPs) (OVA‑NPs) can manipulate humoral immune responses. In the present study, we aimed to ascertain whether vaccination with OVA-NPs entrapping IL-7 (OVA-NPs-IL-7) are able to induce antitumor immune responses in vivo. Pretreatment with a subcutaneous inoculation of OVA-NPs delayed the growth of thymic lymphoma cells expressing a model tumor antigen OVA (E.G7-OVA), and OVA-NPs-IL-7 substantially blocked the growth of E.G7-OVA tumor cells, although NPs-IL-7 alone had a meager effect, as assessed by the mean tumor size and the percentage of tumor-free mice. However, pretreatment with OVA-NPs-IL-7 failed to reduce the growth of parental thymic tumor cells, suggesting that the antitumor effect was antigen-specific. A tetramer assay revealed that vaccination with OVA-NPs-IL-7 tended to enhance the proportion of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) specific for OVA. When the tumor-free mice inoculated with OVA-NPs-IL-7 plus EG.7 cells were rechallenged with E.G7-OVA cells, they demonstrated reduced growth compared with that in the control mice. Thus, a single subcutaneous injection of OVA-NPs-IL-7 into mice induced tumor-specific and also memory-like immune responses, resulting in regression of tumor cells. Antigens on NPs entrapping IL-7 would be a promising carrier to develop and enhance immune responses, including humoral and cellular immunity as well as a method of drug delivery to a specific target of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Toyota
- Department of Immunology, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Noriko Yanase
- Department of Immunology, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yoshimoto
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku‑ku, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
| | | | - Yasuki Kato
- NanoCarrier Co. Ltd., Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-0871, Japan
| | - Junichiro Mizuguchi
- Department of Immunology, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
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11
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Chevolet I, Speeckaert R, Haspeslagh M, Neyns B, Krüse V, Schreuer M, Van Gele M, Van Geel N, Brochez L. Peritumoral indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression in melanoma: an early marker of resistance to immune control? Br J Dermatol 2014; 171:987-95. [PMID: 24814041 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an emerging immunomodulating factor in cancer. IDO expression in tumour-negative sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) of patients with melanoma has a negative prognostic value. OBJECTIVES To analyse the expression pattern of IDO and associated immunological changes in corresponding primary melanomas (PMs), SLNs and metastases. METHODS In 120 patients with melanoma, PMs with corresponding SLNs (n = 85) and metastases (n = 18) were analysed by immunohistochemical staining for IDO and FoxP3. Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were scored. IDO expression in stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was analysed in 27 patients. RESULTS IDO expression in the sentinel node strongly correlated with endothelial IDO expression in the peritumoral stroma of the corresponding primary (P < 0·001) and metastatic melanoma (P < 0·05). Sentinel IDO positivity was inversely correlated with CD8+ lymphocytes (P = 0·01) and TILs (P = 0·05) in PM. Both IDO expression in the sentinel (P < 0·01) and the PM (P = 0·04) had a negative prognostic effect on overall survival, independent of Breslow thickness, sex, age, ulceration and sentinel invasion. IDO expression by PBMCs after stimulation with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 was not correlated with sentinel IDO expression but tended to correlate with disease stage (P = 0·04). CONCLUSIONS Endothelial IDO expression is highly consistent in primary, sentinel and metastatic tissues of patients with melanoma, indicating that immune suppression in melanoma is determined very early in the disease course. This supports that IDO expression in melanoma is a marker of antitumour immune response with an independent prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Chevolet
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
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12
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Camisaschi C, Vallacchi V, Castelli C, Rivoltini L, Rodolfo M. Immune cells in the melanoma microenvironment hold information for prediction of the risk of recurrence and response to treatment. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 14:643-6. [PMID: 24914691 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2014.928206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is an immunogenic tumor and immunotherapy treatment has established an increase in disease-free and overall survival in melanoma patients. However, a complex network of immunosuppressive mechanisms has been demonstrated to occur at the tumor site and in locoregional immune districts, such as sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs). The interplay between tumor cells and the local microenvironment leads to a tumor-driven shaping of the immune response that results in a heterogeneous cellular and molecular composition of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Several studies have reported the potential prognostic value of TILs infiltrating primary tumors and the association of 'immune signature' in SLNs and in melanoma metastases with prognosis and responsiveness to immunotherapeutic approaches. However, a systematic and deeper characterization of the local immunological status of TILs and SLNs is still required to refine melanoma stage classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Camisaschi
- Unit of Immunotherapy, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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13
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Avram G, Sánchez-Sendra B, Martín JM, Terrádez L, Ramos D, Monteagudo C. The density and type of MECA-79-positive high endothelial venules correlate with lymphocytic infiltration and tumour regression in primary cutaneous melanoma. Histopathology 2013; 63:852-61. [PMID: 24102908 DOI: 10.1111/his.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes have prognostic value in malignant melanoma. High endothelial venules (HEVs) are specialized vessels present in lymph nodes and tertiary lymphoid organs. CCL19, CCL21 and CCR7 regulate lymphocyte migration through HEVs. The aim of our study was to correlate HEV density in cutaneous primary and metastatic malignant melanomas with clinicopathological parameters, and with CCL19, CCL21 and CCR7 mRNA expression. METHODS AND RESULTS High endothelial venule density was evaluated by immunohistochemistry with a specific antibody, MECA-79, and chemokine expression was evaluated by real-time PCR. MECA-79-positive vessels, covered by cuboidal (C-HEV) or flat (F-HEV) endothelium, were detected in 55% of melanomas. HEV density was higher in primary melanomas than in metastases. Positive correlations were found between C-HEV density and lymphocytic infiltration, and between F-HEV density and tumour regression. Cases in which the number of C-HEVs exceeded that of F-HEVs had higher levels of CCL19, CCL21, and CCR7. CONCLUSIONS Our results support a predominant role for C-HEV in the recruitment of lymphocytes in cutaneous melanomas, mediated by CCL19 and CCL21, whereas the density of F-HEV strongly correlates with tumour regression, Therefore, cuboidal and flat HEVs may serve as indicators of the active and late quiescent phases, respectively, of tumour regression in cutaneous malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Avram
- Department of Pathology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania
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14
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McKay K, Moore PC, Smoller BR, Hiatt KM. Association between natural killer cells and regression in melanocytic lesions. Hum Pathol 2011; 42:1960-4. [PMID: 21676435 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2011.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mortality from melanoma, the deadliest of skin cancers, continues to increase in all age groups. A small number of melanomas spontaneously regress. In vitro studies suggest a role for the natural killer cell in effecting regression. In this study, the goal was to determine if natural killer cells are preferentially involved in the cytotoxic response in regressing lesions. Forty-two cases were selected: nevi with regression, nonregressing melanoma with brisk inflammation, and regressing melanoma. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and immunostained for CD8, CD56, and T-cell intracytoplasmic antigen 1. Numbers of total lymphocytes, CD8-positive lymphocytes, and T-cell intracytoplasmic antigen 1-positive lymphocytes did not differ among the 3 populations or based on location. CD56 positivity was significantly different among the 3 populations. Regressing melanomas showed the greatest CD56 activity, followed by regressing nevi, whereas inflamed, nonregressing melanomas showed the least. CD56(+) lymphocytes were mostly counted in areas of early regression. The natural killer cell could plausibly play a role in the occurrence of regression as a cytotoxic effector cell or as a mediator of the cytotoxic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher McKay
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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15
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Singh R, Lillard JW, Singh S. Chemokines: key players in cancer progression and metastasis. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2011; 3:1569-82. [PMID: 21622291 DOI: 10.2741/246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Instructed cell migration is a fundamental component of various biological systems and is critical to the pathogenesis of many diseases including cancer. Role of chemokines in providing navigational cues to migrating cancer cells bearing specific receptors is well established. However, functional mechanisms of chemokine are not well implicit, which is crucial for designing new therapeutics to control tumor growth and metastasis. Multiple functions and mode of actions have been advocated for chemokines and their receptors in the progression of primary and secondary tumors. In this review, we have discussed current advances in understanding the role of the chemokines and their corresponding receptor in tumor progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA.
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16
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Conway K, Edmiston SN, Khondker ZS, Groben PA, Zhou X, Chu H, Kuan PF, Hao H, Carson C, Berwick M, Olilla DW, Thomas NE. DNA-methylation profiling distinguishes malignant melanomas from benign nevi. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2011; 24:352-60. [PMID: 21375697 PMCID: PMC3073305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2011.00828.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation, an epigenetic alteration typically occurring early in cancer development, could aid in the molecular diagnosis of melanoma. We determined technical feasibility for high-throughput DNA-methylation array-based profiling using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues for selection of candidate DNA-methylation differences between melanomas and nevi. Promoter methylation was evaluated in 27 common benign nevi and 22 primary invasive melanomas using a 1505 CpG site microarray. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering distinguished melanomas from nevi; 26 CpG sites in 22 genes were identified with significantly different methylation levels between melanomas and nevi after adjustment for age, sex, and multiple comparisons and with β-value differences of ≥0.2. Prediction analysis for microarrays identified 12 CpG loci that were highly predictive of melanoma, with area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of >0.95. Of our panel of 22 genes, 14 were statistically significant in an independent sample set of 29 nevi (including dysplastic nevi) and 25 primary invasive melanomas after adjustment for age, sex, and multiple comparisons. This first report of a DNA-methylation signature discriminating melanomas from nevi indicates that DNA methylation appears promising as an additional tool for enhancing melanoma diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Conway
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Mirjačić Martinović K, Konjević G, Babović N, Inić M. The stage dependent changes in NK cell activity and the expression of activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors in melanoma patients. J Surg Res 2010; 171:637-49. [PMID: 20828749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As NK cell antitumor activity is regulated by the balance between numerous activating and inhibitory receptors the aim of this study was to analyze the changes in these receptors expression as well as the differences in their association with NK cell activity in melanoma patients in different clinical stages. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-three melanoma patients in the three different clinical stages and 17 healthy controls were analyzed for NK cell activity by the standard (51)Cr radioactive assay, as well as for the percentage and absolute number of CD3-CD56+ NK cells and their subsets and the expression of degranulation marker CD107a, activating NKG2D and CD161, and inhibitory KIR, CD158a, and CD158b receptors on CD3-CD56+ NK cells by flow cytometry. IFN-γ and TNF-α PBL production were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS We show that contrary to nonmetastatic, metastatic melanoma patients have significantly impaired NK cell activity, lower CD107a expression, as well as decreased production of IFN-γ and TNF-α. Furthermore, these melanoma patients have a significant decrease in the expression of activating NKG2D receptor, which positively correlates with NK cytotoxicity, and a significant increase in the expression of inhibitory CD158b on CD3-CD56+ NK cells compared with healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we show that metastatic melanoma patients have significant changes in NK cell activity and the expression of activating as well as inhibitory NK cell receptors. These results indicate that only in this patient group, the blocking of inhibitory or enhancing of activating NK cell receptor expression may promote NK cell-mediated cytolysis.
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Marone R, Erhart D, Mertz AC, Bohnacker T, Schnell C, Cmiljanovic V, Stauffer F, Garcia-Echeverria C, Giese B, Maira SM, Wymann MP. Targeting melanoma with dual phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:601-13. [PMID: 19372588 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-08-0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B/Akt and Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways are often constitutively activated in melanoma and have thus been considered as promising drug targets. Exposure of melanoma cells to NVP-BAG956, NVP-BBD130, and NVP-BEZ235, a series of novel, potent, and stable dual PI3K/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, resulted in complete G1 growth arrest, reduction of cyclin D1, and increased levels of p27(KIP1), but negligible apoptosis. In contrast, treatment of melanoma with the pan-class I PI3K inhibitor ZSTK474 or the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin resulted only in minor reduction of cell proliferation. In a syngeneic B16 mouse melanoma tumor model, orally administered NVP-BBD130 and NVP-BEZ235 efficiently attenuated tumor growth at primary and lymph node metastatic sites with no obvious toxicity. Metastatic melanoma in inhibitor-treated mice displayed reduced numbers of proliferating and significantly smaller tumor cells. In addition, neovascularization was blocked and tumoral necrosis increased when compared with vehicle-treated mice. In conclusion, compounds targeting PI3K and mTOR simultaneously were advantageous to attenuate melanoma growth and they develop their potential by targeting tumor growth directly, and indirectly via their interference with angiogenesis. Based on the above results, NVP-BEZ235, which has entered phase I/II clinical trials in patients with advanced solid tumors, has a potential in metastatic melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Marone
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
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Phenotypical characteristics of the immune cells in allergic contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis and pityriasis rosea. Pathol Oncol Res 2008; 15:73-9. [PMID: 18798012 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-008-9103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a cell-mediated, delayed type IV immunologic reaction. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that results from a complex interaction between immunologic, genetic, and environmental factors. Pityriasis rosea (PR) is a self-limited eruption of unknown etiology. Immune cell infiltrate is a constant feature in the inflammatory skin diseases. Here, we performed phenotypical characterization of the immune cells in ACD, AD and PR (ten cases each). We performed immunohistochemical stains for B cells (CD20), T cells (CD3), histiocytes (CD68) and T cells with cytotoxic activity (granzyme-B). The data were compared with findings in 20 specimens of normal skin. The results were scored as mean values of positively stained immune cells. Immunohistochemistry showed significantly high counts of immune cells in lesional skin (ACD, AD and PR) compared to the normal one (p < 0.05). In the lesional skin, the immune cells were composed predominantly of CD3(+) T lymphocytes and CD68(+) cells (histiocytes). Some of the CD3(+) cells were granzyme B(+). The counts of some immune cells (CD3(+) and CD68(+)) were high in ACD compared to AD and PR. The counts of CD20(+) and granzyme B(+) cells were high in PR compared to ACD and AD. However, these differences did not reach the level of statistical significance. The present data describe the profile of the immune cell infiltrate in AD, ACD and PR. The cell-mediated immunity seems to have critical role in the development of these lesions.
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Paredes BE. [Regression in malignant melanoma. Definition, etiopathogenesis, morphology and differential diagnosis]. DER PATHOLOGE 2008; 28:453-63. [PMID: 17874109 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-007-0937-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a neoplasm that more often tends to undergo regression. Clinically, variation in color is perhaps the most important hallmark of primary cutaneous melanoma. The change in color to white, off-white, blue-white and gray-white is a sign of (spontaneous) regression in malignant melanoma. Histopathologically the process starts with a dense lichenoid infiltrate of lymphocytes, and ends with fibrosis and/or melanosis within a thickened papillary dermis. The dense infiltrate of lymphocytes permeates the thin melanoma and destroys the atypical melanocytes in the epidermis and the papillary dermis. A key concern is how to define regression in a reproducible way. Using the following definition, a statistically significant risk of metastases can be demonstrated in thin melanomas (<1.0 mm) with extensive regression (>50%): "fibroplasia with an absence of epidermal and dermal involvement by melanoma cells, but allowing for (lentiginous) single-cell proliferation of atypical melanocytes along the dermo-epidermal junction".
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Paredes
- Dermatopathologische Gemeinschaftspraxis, Siemensstrasse 6/1, 88048, Friedrichshafen.
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22
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Hillen F, Baeten CIM, van de Winkel A, Creytens D, van der Schaft DWJ, Winnepenninckx V, Griffioen AW. Leukocyte infiltration and tumor cell plasticity are parameters of aggressiveness in primary cutaneous melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:97-106. [PMID: 17602225 PMCID: PMC11030822 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0353-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Various clinical and experimental observations detected an immunological host defense in cutaneous melanoma. In order to investigate the prognostic value of leukocyte effector mechanisms, we examined the presence of different subsets of leukocytes in tumor samples of 58 patients diagnosed with primary cutaneous melanoma. The presence of T lymphocytes, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, CD16+ cells and macrophages was correlated to Breslow depth. A significantly higher amount of several subsets of leukocytes was found in samples with a more progressed tumor stage and survival analysis demonstrated that a higher amount of T lymphocytes and CD16+ cells was associated with a short survival. The amount of FOXP3+ regulatory T lymphocytes did not correlate with survival, nevertheless, it correlated with the amount of total infiltrate. In contrast, analysis of the expression of CD69, a marker for activated lymphocytes, demonstrated that patients with a higher amount of CD69+ lymphocytes had a better survival. In addition, a new parameter for aggressiveness of melanoma, tumor cell plasticity [i.e., the presence of periodic acid Schiff's (PAS) reagent positive loops], also predicted short survival and a trend of a higher amount of tumor infiltrating leukocytes in tumors with PAS positive loops was observed. These findings demonstrate that leukocyte infiltration and the presence of PAS loops is a sign of tumor aggressiveness and may have prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Hillen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Research Institute for Growth and Development (GROW), University Hospital Maastricht, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Coen I. M. Baeten
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Research Institute for Growth and Development (GROW), University Hospital Maastricht, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk van de Winkel
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Research Institute for Growth and Development (GROW), University Hospital Maastricht, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David Creytens
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Research Institute for Growth and Development (GROW), University Hospital Maastricht, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daisy W. J. van der Schaft
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Research Institute for Growth and Development (GROW), University Hospital Maastricht, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Véronique Winnepenninckx
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Research Institute for Growth and Development (GROW), University Hospital Maastricht, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan W. Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Research Institute for Growth and Development (GROW), University Hospital Maastricht, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Sutmuller R, Garritsen A, Adema GJ. Regulatory T cells and toll-like receptors: regulating the regulators. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66 Suppl 3:iii91-5. [PMID: 17934105 PMCID: PMC2095279 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2007.078535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a crucial role in maintaining control of leucocytes. Several studies have shown that in vivo Treg depletion results in autoimmune syndromes like thyroiditis, gastritis, diabetes mellitus and colitis, but at the same time, may also result in improved anti-tumour vaccination. Although Treg are recognised to maintain peripheral tolerance in healthy individuals, recent research has shown that Treg also suppress immune responses during infections to prevent tissue damage. How the Treg themselves are regulated is still under investigation. Their suppressive activity must be regulated in order to allow for the effective elimination of pathogens. Until recently, this control of Treg function was found to be through modulation via cytokines or by stimulation via co-stimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells. It is now demonstrated, however, that the presence of pathogens can be communicated to Treg directly through toll-like receptors (TLRs). Up until now, Treg have been reported to respond to ligands for TLR2, 4, 5 and 8, and different TLRs can have alternative effects on Treg resulting in more suppression or, in contrast, abrogation of suppression. As TLRs can also recognise endogenous proteins, such as heat shock proteins, it is tempting to speculate on the role of these proteins in modulating Treg function during chronic inflammation. In this review, we will discuss the implications of TLR engagement on Treg and any consequences this may have for chronic autoinflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Sutmuller
- Target Discovery Oss, NV Organon, 5340 BH Oss, The Netherlands.
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Saleh F, Abdeen S. Pathobiological features of breast tumours in the State of Kuwait: a comprehensive analysis. J Carcinog 2007; 6:12. [PMID: 17892570 PMCID: PMC2169224 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3163-6-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer accounts for 30.3% of all cancer types in Kuwaiti women. Death occurs in approximately 43% of these patients. Our goal was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the pathobiological characteristics of the tumours in an attempt to determine any particular trend that could be present. Methods One hundred and sixty-six cases were included in this study. All the pathology reports and paraffin blocks pertaining to these cases were collected. Four micrometer sections were taken from each block, and immunostaining against Her-2, ER, and PgR was performed. Both the proportion and intensity of immunostaining were scored according to the Allred's method, and typing of the tumour was done according the WHO criteria regarding tumour classification. Grading of invasive carcinomas was done according to the modified Bloom-Richardson-Elston's method, and tumour stage was determined according to the criteria set by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. Results The mean age of the patients below 55 years was 40, as compared to 68 for those above 55 (p < 0.0001). More than half of the cases were in the right breast, and were surgically treated by total mastectomy with axillary clearance. The majority of the tumours had irregular (stellate) margins, was invasive, and had a surrounding breast tissue of adenosis or fibrocystic type. Their mitotic index was 10–20 or >20 with a marked to moderate nuclear pleomorphism. They were mostly grade II or III, sized 2–5 or > 5 cm, had absent or scanty tumour lymphocytes, and were stage II or III. The in situ tumours were mainly ductal carcinoma (DCIS) of which comedo and cribriform were the major histological subtypes. The major histological subtypes of the invasive tumours were ductal-not otherwise specified, lobular, and tubular/cribriform. In this study, we also found a significant (p < 0.05) association between over expression of Her-2, lack of expression of ER and some of the characteristics mentioned above. Conclusion Breast cancer in Kuwait seems to be more aggressive than what is currently seen in Europe, North America, Australia, and parts of Asia. Further investigations regarding the features observed in this study need to be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Saleh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Health Science Centre, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Suad Abdeen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Science Centre, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
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Hussein MR. Immunohistological evaluation of immune cell infiltrate in cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma. Cell Biol Int 2007; 32:157-62. [PMID: 17950633 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2007.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Typically, Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) also presents with immune cell infiltrates. This study does immunophenotype characterization for demographics of some of these cells to test the hypothesis that 'development of end-stage (nodular/tumor) KS is associated with numeric alteration in immune cell infiltrates.' Fifteen cases of classic-KS (nodular/tumor) and 20 normal biopsies were examined using antigen-antibody reactions and immunoperoxidase staining for histiocytes (CD68), B cells (CD20) and T cells (CD3). Variations between normal and lesions were observed with significant increases in immune cell infiltrates (2.3+/-0.6 vs. 6.4+/-0.4); CD68(+) (4.0+/-1.0 vs. 7.0+/-0.5); CD3(+) (3.0+/-1.1 vs. 10.1+/-0.8); and CD20(+) (0.0+/-0.0 vs. 0.3+/-0.0). Increased density of immune cells in the nodular lesions of KS may reflect increased antigenicity of these lesions; the increase in T cells suggests enhanced T cell activity in KS. However, these issues should be tested by further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud R Hussein
- Department of Pathology, Assiut University Hospitals, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
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Rodero M, Rodero P, Descamps V, Lebbe C, Wolkenstein P, Aegerter P, Vitoux D, Basset-Seguin N, Dupin N, Grandchamp B, Soufir N, Combadière C, Saiag P. Melanoma susceptibility and progression: Association study between polymorphisms of the chemokine (CCL2) and chemokine receptors (CX3CR1, CCR5). J Dermatol Sci 2007; 46:72-6. [PMID: 17169533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Huang CM, Ananthaswamy HN, Barnes S, Ma Y, Kawai M, Elmets CA. Mass spectrometric proteomics profiles ofin vivo tumor secretomes: Capillary ultrafiltration sampling of regressive tumor masses. Proteomics 2006; 6:6107-16. [PMID: 17051643 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Identification of in vivo secreted peptides/proteins (secretomes) in tumor masses has the potential to provide important biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer therapy. However, limitations of existing technologies have made obtaining these secretomes for analysis extremely difficult. Here we employed an in vivo sampling technique using capillary ultrafiltration (CUF) probes to collect secretomes directly from tumor masses. Mass spectrometric proteomics approaches were then used to identify the tumor secretomes. A UV-induced skin fibrosarcoma cell line (UV-2240) was subcutaneously injected into C3H/NeH mice, resulting in tumor masses that initially progressed, then regressed and eventually eradicated. We then implanted CUF probes into tumor masses at the progressive and regressive stage. Five secreted proteins (cyclophilin-A, S100A4, profilin-1, thymosin beta 4 and 10), previously associated with tumor progression, were identified from tumor masses at the progressive stage. Five secreted proteins including three protease inhibitors (fetuin-A, alpha-1 antitrypsin 1-6, and contrapsin) were identified from tumor masses at the regressive stage. The technique involving CUF probes linked to mass spectrometric proteomics reinforces systems biology studies of cell-cell interactions and is potentially applicable to the discovery of in vivo biomarkers in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Neeson P, Paterson Y. Effects of the tumor microenvironment on the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy. Immunol Invest 2006; 35:359-94. [PMID: 16916758 DOI: 10.1080/08820130600755009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy utilizes vaccines targeting tumor antigens or tumor endothelium to prevent or regress tumors. Many cancer vaccines are designed to induce antigen-specific effector T cells that migrate to the tumor site. In an optimal situation, the effector T cells penetrate the tumor, release their effector molecules, induce tumor cell death and tumor regression. However, the tumor microenvironment is frequently immunosuppressive and contributes to a state of immune ignorance, impacting on the vaccine's ability to break tolerance to tumor antigen/s. This review discusses the factors in the tumor microenvironment that can affect the efficacy of cancer vaccines. In particular, the review focuses on pathways leading to effector T cell penetration of tumors or the inhibition of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Neeson
- Microbiology Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6076, USA
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Vuylsteke RJCLM, Molenkamp BG, van Leeuwen PAM, Meijer S, Wijnands PGJTB, Haanen JBAG, Scheper RJ, de Gruijl TD. Tumor-Specific CD8+ T Cell Reactivity in the Sentinel Lymph Node of GM-CSF–Treated Stage I Melanoma Patients is Associated with High Myeloid Dendritic Cell Content. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:2826-33. [PMID: 16675577 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Impaired immune functions in the sentinel lymph node (SLN) may facilitate early metastatic events during melanoma development. Local potentiation of tumor-specific T cell reactivity may be a valuable adjuvant treatment option. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined the effect of locally administered granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on the frequency of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in the SLN and blood of patients with stage I melanoma. Twelve patients were randomly assigned to preoperative local administration of either recombinant human GM-CSF or NaCl 0.9%. CD8+ T cells from SLN and peripheral blood were tested for reactivity in an IFNgamma ELISPOT assay against the full-length MART-1 antigen and a number of HLA-A1, HLA-A2, and HLA-A3-restricted epitopes derived from a range of melanoma-associated antigens. RESULTS Melanoma-specific CD8+ T cell response rates in the SLN were one of six for the control group and four of six for the GM-CSF-administered group. Only one patient had detectable tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in the blood, but at lower frequencies than in the SLN. All patients with detectable tumor-specific CD8+ T cells had a percentage of CD1a+ SLN-dendritic cells (DC) above the median (i.e., 0.33%). This association between above median CD1a+ SLN-DC frequencies and tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cell reactivity was significant in a two-sided Fisher's exact test (P = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS Locally primed antitumor T cell responses in the SLN are detectable as early as stage I of melanoma development and may be enhanced by GM-CSF-induced increases in SLN-DC frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J C L M Vuylsteke
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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