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Gomez-Puerta LA, Pacheco JI, Angulo-Tisoc JM, García W, Castillo H, Lopez-Urbina MT, Gonzalez AE. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Sarcoptes scabiei from vicuñas ( Vicugna vicugna) from Southern Peruvian Andes. Parasitology 2021:1-6. [PMID: 35260216 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoptic mange is a disease caused by an infectious parasite in the vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna) from South America. Although molecular studies have provided much information about the epidemiology of this disease, this information is still unknown in vicuñas. This study determined the prevalence and molecular characterization of Sarcoptes scabiei from vicuñas from Southern Peruvian Andes. During the 2018 shearing season, 181 vicuñas were clinically evaluated for lesions compatible with mange. Sarcoptes scabiei was detected in 35 (19.3%) vicuñas, and 50 mites from 25 vicuñas were selected for molecular analyses of the mitochondrial (cox1) and nuclear (ITS2) genetic markers. Molecular analyses of the cox1 and ITS2 sequences showed an identity of 94–99% and 99.8–100% with previous S. scabiei sequences registered in the GenBank, respectively. Sequence polymorphisms were more evident in the ITS2 than in the cox1, but only the cox1 had an association with the host. Phylogenetic analysis of S. scabiei cox1 sequences from vicuñas showed a cluster with S. scabiei cox1 sequences from canids, suggesting that the origin of S. scabiei from vicuña is associated with canid mites. This research is the first molecular analysis of S. scabiei from vicuñas. Future molecular studies will be necessary to determine the species variety, geographic segregation and host–parasite adaptation for this vicuña's mite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Gomez-Puerta
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Circunvalacion 2800, Lima41, Peru
| | - Joel I Pacheco
- Instituto Veterinario de Investigaciones Tropicales y de Altura, Sede Marangani, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Jr. Lima s/n, Cusco, Peru
| | - José M Angulo-Tisoc
- Instituto Veterinario de Investigaciones Tropicales y de Altura, Sede Marangani, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Jr. Lima s/n, Cusco, Peru
| | - Wilber García
- Instituto Veterinario de Investigaciones Tropicales y de Altura, Sede Marangani, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Jr. Lima s/n, Cusco, Peru
| | - Hugo Castillo
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Circunvalacion 2800, Lima41, Peru
| | - Maria T Lopez-Urbina
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Circunvalacion 2800, Lima41, Peru
| | - Armando E Gonzalez
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Circunvalacion 2800, Lima41, Peru
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Dermoscopy, light microscopy, and real-time polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of scabies. Preliminary results. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2021; 38:578-584. [PMID: 34658697 PMCID: PMC8501433 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2020.94275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Scabies is a widespread, contagious parasitic disease causing intense itching. Its detection is a significant problem while there are no internationally agreed standards. Aim To compare diagnostic methods: microscopy of skin scrapings, dermoscopy, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of skin scrapings and wet skin swabs. Material and methods We included patients with clinical signs of scabies. After dermoscopic evaluation, scrapings were collected from skin lesions and assessed by light microscopy and real-time PCR. Wet skin swabs were also analysed by real-time PCR. Surveys on the presence and severity of pruritus and skin lesions were collected. Seventy-five skin scrapings and 41 wet swabs were examined by real-time PCR. Fifty-three patients completed the survey. All patients underwent dermoscopy and microscopy examinations. 6.67% were positive by microscopy, 10.7% by dermoscopy, 28.0% by real-time PCR from scrapings, and 36.6% when both scrapings and swabs were examined by real-time PCR. All microscopy-positive results were also positive by PCR. Results There was a correlation between real-time PCR from positive scrapings and pruritus (p = 0.023) and body surface area of lesions (p = 0.002), a correlation between copies from wet skin swabs and BSA of lesions (p = 0.002) in the whole group, and a correlation between copies of S. scabiei from scrapings and age (p = 0.038). Conclusions Real-time PCR testing of scrapings and dermoscopy are more effective than microscopy. Combined real-time PCR testing of scrapings and skin swabs seemed the most effective. Clinical signs alone should not be used as unambiguous criteria.
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Siddig EE, Hay R. Laboratory-based diagnosis of scabies: a review of the current status. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 116:4-9. [PMID: 33763705 PMCID: PMC8776561 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Scabies is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) of the skin that is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is considered to be an important public health problem in many regions. The disease is at its most prevalent in low-resource countries where there are overcrowded living conditions coupled with poor hygiene. In some regions, mass drug administration using ivermectin is a key population-based approach to the control of scabies. Before starting a patient on specific treatment, confirming the diagnosis by accurate and rapid identification of the organism is critical. Different laboratory-based techniques for scabies have been developed in the last few decades. These include direct microscopy and histopathology. More recently, serological testing, dermoscopy and different molecular techniques have been developed as diagnostic methods for scabies. To date, none of these, apart from microscopy and dermoscopy, has been translated into routine clinical laboratory practice. A simple point-of-care or laboratory test would provide a rapid and confirmed diagnosis and early institution of effective treatment. In this review we present an update on the laboratory techniques currently in use for the identification of scabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Edwar Siddig
- Nile University, Faculty of Medicine, Khartoum, Sudan.,Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Wytemaweg 80 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roderick Hay
- Kings College London, Guys Campus, London SE1 9RT,UK
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Chng L, Holt DC, Field M, Francis JR, Tilakaratne D, Dekkers MH, Robinson G, Mounsey K, Pavlos R, Bowen AC, Fischer K, Papenfuss AT, Gasser RB, Korhonen PK, Currie BJ, McCarthy JS, Pasay C. Molecular diagnosis of scabies using a novel probe-based polymerase chain reaction assay targeting high-copy number repetitive sequences in the Sarcoptes scabiei genome. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009149. [PMID: 33626043 PMCID: PMC7939366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The suboptimal sensitivity and specificity of available diagnostic methods for scabies hampers clinical management, trials of new therapies and epidemiologic studies. Additionally, parasitologic diagnosis by microscopic examination of skin scrapings requires sample collection with a sharp scalpel blade, causing discomfort to patients and difficulty in children. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic assays, combined with non-invasive sampling methods, represent an attractive approach. In this study, we aimed to develop a real-time probe-based PCR test for scabies, test a non-invasive sampling method and evaluate its diagnostic performance in two clinical settings. Methodology/Principal findings High copy-number repetitive DNA elements were identified in draft Sarcoptes scabiei genome sequences and used as assay targets for diagnostic PCR. Two suitable repetitive DNA sequences, a 375 base pair microsatellite (SSR5) and a 606 base pair long tandem repeat (SSR6), were identified. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were tested using relevant positive and negative control materials and compared to a published assay targeting the mitochondrial cox1 gene. Both assays were positive at a 1:100 dilution of DNA from a single mite; no amplification was observed in DNA from samples from 19 patients with other skin conditions nor from house dust, sheep or dog mites, head and body lice or from six common skin bacterial and fungal species. Moderate sensitivity of the assays was achieved in a pilot study, detecting 5/7 (71.4% [95% CI: 29.0% - 96.3%]) of clinically diagnosed untreated scabies patients). Greater sensitivity was observed in samples collected by FLOQ swabs compared to skin scrapings. Conclusions/Significance This newly developed qPCR assay, combined with the use of an alternative non-invasive swab sampling technique offers the possibility of enhanced diagnosis of scabies. Further studies will be required to better define the diagnostic performance of these tests. As scabies control efforts continue to grow, scarcity of diagnostic options hinders success of elimination efforts in endemic areas. Efficiency in large-scale monitoring is further obstructed by invasive sample collection techniques, which are often uncomfortable for patients, and lack sensitivity. We have developed two PCR-based diagnostic assays targeting repetitive DNA elements. These were identified using new data on the S. scabiei genome. Targeting these elements by PCR improved the detection of scabies DNA. Enhanced sensitivity was demonstrated when tested against routine microscopy and a published PCR-based diagnostic assay. When combined with a non-invasive, effective FLOQ swab sampling method, the developed qPCR-based assays may provide a useful complementary tool for diagnosis of scabies, and its application will likely improve scabies control in target populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Chng
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Deborah C. Holt
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Matt Field
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology and Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
- Genome Informatics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Joshua R. Francis
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, Australia
| | - Dev Tilakaratne
- Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, Australia
- Darwin Dermatology, Tiwi, Australia
| | - Milou H. Dekkers
- Queensland Animal Science Precinct, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Greg Robinson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kate Mounsey
- University of Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Rebecca Pavlos
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Asha C. Bowen
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Katja Fischer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Robin B. Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Pasi K. Korhonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Bart J. Currie
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, Australia
| | | | - Cielo Pasay
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Prevalence of scabies in long-term care hospitals in South Korea. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008554. [PMID: 32810163 PMCID: PMC7433867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scabies is a common contagious skin disease. With the economic growth in South Korea, the incidence of scabies has decreased. However, with the recent advancements in medical facilities, mainly the establishment of long-term care hospitals (LTCHs), scabies is now considered an emerging public health problem. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To examine the prevalence and management of scabies in LTCHs in South Korea, we contacted all 1,336 LTCHs registered at the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service in South Korea in 2018. A total of 110 LTCHs completed a questionnaire, and we analyzed their responses. In the last 5 years, 71.8% (79/110) of LTCHs had a high incidence of scabies (suspected/confirmed cases). Usually, patients aged older than 80 years (45.5%) were diagnosed with the disease, with more women being affected than men. Only 30.0% of the patients were transferred to scabies-restricted rooms, and very few LTCHs (7.0%) had special departments for scabies. Fifty-five (61.1%) of 90 LTCHs reported contact between scabies patients and nurses, nurse aides, caregivers, and other employees (hereinafter, referred to as primary exposure), with 29 (32.2%) LTCHs reporting infections due to primary exposure. The most common challenges in managing scabies were patient isolation (47.8%), diagnosis (31.1%), management of individuals exposed to an individual with scabies (17.8%), lack of staff for managing the patients (16.7%), and treatment (11.1%). CONCLUSIONS The incidence rate of scabies in LTCHs in South Korea has increased. Regular and enhanced staff training is needed, considering that most hospitals rarely focused on the handling of equipment and furniture used by scabies patients and on educating their healthcare staff. These findings can be used to develop various strategies to reduce the prevalence of scabies.
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Bae M, Kim JY, Jung J, Cha HH, Jeon NY, Lee HJ, Kim MJ, Chang SE, Kim SH. Diagnostic value of the molecular detection of Sarcoptes scabiei from a skin scraping in patients with suspected scabies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008229. [PMID: 32255795 PMCID: PMC7164670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies is a highly contagious parasitic disease associated with long-term residence in nursing homes, and it is a public health burden worldwide. However, atypical skin manifestations are frequent and the widely used diagnostic test based on microscopic examinations has limited sensitivity. We evaluated the diagnostic value of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from skin scraping in patients with suspected scabies. Adult patients with suspected scabies, unrelated diseases or healthy volunteers were enrolled at a tertiary hospital, in Seoul, South Korea, from December 2017 through October 2018. We classified participants based on the consensus criteria established by the International Alliance for the Control of Scabies in 2018; confirmed (microscopic mite detection), clinical (scabies burrow or typical lesions with two history features including itch and close contact with scabies patients), suspected scabies (typical lesion with one history feature or atypical lesion with two history features), or no scabies. PCR was performed on the skin scrapings to target the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene of Sarcoptes scabiei. A total of 47 participants, 33 with suspected scabies, 10 with unrelated diseases, and 4 healthy volunteers were enrolled. Of the 33 patients, 22 were classified as confirmed scabies, 2 as clinical scabies, 6 as suspected scabies, and 3 as no scabies. The sensitivities of the microscopic examination were 100%, 92%, and 73% in confirmed scabies; confirmed and clinical scabies; and confirmed, clinical, and suspected scabies, respectively (p = 0.006). The sensitivities of PCR were 86%, 83%, and 80% in confirmed scabies; confirmed and clinical scabies; and confirmed, clinical, and suspected scabies, respectively (p = 0.59). The specificity of the scabies PCR in the no scabies control was 100% (95% CI = 80–100).PCR testing for scabies may be helpful in the improvement of sensitivity for the diagnosis of scabies by clinical criteria. Scabies occasionally presents in atypical forms causing a delay in diagnosis, which can lead to the outbreaks in residential and nursing care for elderly people. We hypothesized that polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of Sarcoptes scabiei DNA directly has higher sensitivity than microscopic examination. Recently, clinical consensus criteria have been proposed by the International Alliance for the Control of Scabies (IACS) to overcome the low sensitivities of conventional diagnostic tests for scabies. We thus evaluated the diagnostic capability of in-house real-time PCR for the diagnosis of scabies from skin scraping in subjects with suspected scabies and with unrelated disease according to the criteria of the IACS. We found that the diagnostic sensitivity of scabies PCR maintained between 86% and 80% as the level of diagnostic certainty by the IACS criteria decreased, while the diagnostic sensitivity of microscopic examinations decreased from 100% to 73% as the level of diagnostic certainty by the IACS criteria decreased. Our data suggested that our in-house scabies PCR test was a useful adjunct in the improvement for the diagnosis of scabies by the consensus criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonsuk Bae
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeun Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Jung
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Hee Cha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Young Jeon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jae Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Eun Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SEC); (S-HK)
| | - Sung-Han Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SEC); (S-HK)
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Thornley S, King R, Marshall R, Oakley A, Sundborn G, Harrower J, Reynolds E, Arbuckle M, Johnson RJ. How strong is the relationship between scabies and acute rheumatic fever? An analysis of neighbourhood factors. J Paediatr Child Health 2020; 56:600-606. [PMID: 31774599 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Recent studies have linked scabies with acute rheumatic fever (ARF). We explored the relationship, by neighbourhood, between permethrin dispensing as an indicator of scabies prevalence and ARF cases over the same period. METHODS Incident cases of ARF notified to public health between September 2015 and June 2018 and the annual incidence of prescribing by neighbourhood over the same period were analysed. Evidence of an association between permethrin and ARF was obtained by carrying out Poisson regression of the rate of ARF in terms of permethrin rate at the census area unit level, with adjustment for ethnicity and socio-economic deprivation. RESULTS A total of 413 neighbourhoods were included. The incidence of ARF varied between 0 and 102 per 100 000 people per year (mean 4.3). In contrast, the annual incidence of dispensing of permethrin varied between 0 and 3201 per 100 000 people per year (mean 771). A strong association was observed between the two variables. In an adjusted quasi-Poisson model, permethrin-dispensing rates were strongly associated with ARF incidence, with a change from the 16th to the 84th centile associated with a 16.5-fold increase in incidence (95% confidence interval: 3.82-71.6). CONCLUSIONS Permethrin prescribing as an indicator of scabies is strongly associated with the incidence of ARF. Considered together with other studies, this evidence suggests that improving scabies control may reduce the burden of ARF in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Thornley
- Greenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland Regional Public Health Service, Auckland, New Zealand.,Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ron King
- Greenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland Regional Public Health Service, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Roger Marshall
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Amanda Oakley
- Waikato Clinical Campus, Waikato Hospital, The University of Auckland, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Gerhard Sundborn
- Section of Pacific Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jay Harrower
- Greenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland Regional Public Health Service, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Edwin Reynolds
- Greenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland Regional Public Health Service, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark Arbuckle
- Ōtara Christian and Family Health Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States
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Niedringhaus KD, Brown JD, Sweeley KM, Yabsley MJ. A review of sarcoptic mange in North American wildlife. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2019; 9:285-297. [PMID: 31304085 PMCID: PMC6599944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The "itch mite" or "mange mite", Sarcoptes scabiei, causes scabies in humans and sarcoptic mange in domestic and free-ranging animals. This mite has a wide host range due to its ability to adapt to new hosts and has been spread across the globe presumably through human expansion. While disease caused by S. scabiei has been very well-studied in humans and domestic animals, there are still numerous gaps in our understanding of this pathogen in free-ranging wildlife. The literature on sarcoptic mange in North American wildlife is particularly limited, which may be due to the relatively limited number of clinically-affected species and lack of severe population impacts seen in other continents. This review article provides a summary of the current knowledge of mange in wildlife, with a focus on the most common clinically-affected species in North America including red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), gray wolves (Canis lupus), coyotes (Canis latrans), and American black bears (Ursus americanus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Niedringhaus
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, 589 D.W. Brooks Drive, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Justin D. Brown
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, 115 Henning Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kellyn M. Sweeley
- College of Veterinary Medicine, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Michael J. Yabsley
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, 589 D.W. Brooks Drive, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, 180 E Green Street, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Delaunay P, Hérissé A, Hasseine L, Chiaverini C, Tran A, Mary C, Del Giudice P, Marty P, Akhoundi M, Hubiche T. Scabies polymerase chain reaction with standardized dry swab sampling: an easy tool for cluster diagnosis of human scabies. Br J Dermatol 2019; 182:197-201. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Delaunay
- Parasitologie‐Mycologie Hôpital de l'Archet Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice Nice France
- MIVEGEC UMR IRD 224‐CNRS 5290‐Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - A.L. Hérissé
- Parasitologie‐Mycologie Hôpital de l'Archet Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice Nice France
- Urgences Pédiatriques Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hôpital Pédiatrique Lenval Nice France
| | - L. Hasseine
- Parasitologie‐Mycologie Hôpital de l'Archet Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice Nice France
| | - C. Chiaverini
- Dermatologie Hôpital de l'Archet Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice Nice France
| | - A. Tran
- Urgences Pédiatriques Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hôpital Pédiatrique Lenval Nice France
| | - C. Mary
- Parasitologie‐Mycologie Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille Hôpital de La Timone Marseille France
| | | | - P. Marty
- Parasitologie‐Mycologie Hôpital de l'Archet Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice Nice France
- Inserm U1065 Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire Université Nice‐Sophia Antipolis Nice France
| | - M. Akhoundi
- Parasitologie‐Mycologie Hôpital de l'Archet Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice Nice France
- MIVEGEC UMR IRD 224‐CNRS 5290‐Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - T. Hubiche
- Dermatologie Hôpital de l'Archet Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice Nice France
- Infectiologie‐Dermatologie Hôpital Bonnet Fréjus France
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Hahm JE, Kim CW, Kim SS. The efficacy of a nested polymerase chain reaction in detecting the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene of Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis for diagnosing scabies. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:889-895. [PMID: 29624634 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A widespread scabies infestation, associated with long-term residence in nursing homes, is becoming an issue in high-income countries. Mineral oil examination is regarded as the gold standard in diagnosing scabies, but the sensitivity of this method is generally low - approximately 50%. Molecular techniques may contribute to enhancing the sensitivity of current tests for laboratory diagnosis of human scabies. OBJECTIVES To develop new primers for a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene of Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis to increase the sensitivity of a previously developed conventional PCR. METHODS Patients with clinically suspected scabies underwent dermoscopy-guided skin scraping with microscopic examination. The diagnosis was positive for scabies when mites or eggs were found under the microscope, and patients were then designated as 'microscopy positive'. Patients who presented with negative microscopic results were placed in the 'microscopy-negative' group. Skin scrapings were collected from both groups for PCR. RESULTS Of the total 63 samples, 28 were microscopy positive and 35 were negative with no differences in sex and age between the two groups. All microscopically proven cases of scabies were positive using the cox1 nested PCR. Among microscopy-negative samples, S. scabieiDNA was detected in nine. If sensitivity of the cox1 nested PCR is considered 100% [95% confidence interval (CI) 90·5-100], then sensitivity of microscopy is 75·7% (95% CI 58·8-88·2; P = 0·004). CONCLUSIONS Nested PCR can be successfully used as an alternative method for diagnosing suspected scabies. Therefore, infection control measures and treatments can be initiated before significant transmission occurs, minimizing the risk of outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Hahm
- Department of Dermatology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - C W Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S S Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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ASSAYS FOR DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF MANGE IN FREE-RANGING BLACK BEARS ( URSUS AMERICANUS). J Wildl Dis 2018; 54:471-479. [PMID: 29498895 DOI: 10.7589/2017-06-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Three mite species ( Demodex ursi, Ursicoptes americanus, and Sarcoptes scabiei) have been associated with mange in black bears ( Ursus americanus). Since the early 1990s, the number and geographic distribution of mange cases in black bears in Pennsylvania, US has increased; however, the causative mites have yet to be completely defined. We evaluated several diagnostic approaches for detection and identification of mites in 72 black bears with severe lesions consistent with mange. Sarcoptes scabiei was morphologically identified in skin scrapes from 66 of the bears; no mites were identified in the remaining six. Histopathologic lesions consistent with sarcoptic mange were observed in 39 of 40 bear skin samples examined, and intralesional mites were observed in samples from 38 of these bears. Samples were collected from a subset of the 72 bears for PCR testing targeting both the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-2 region and cytochrome c oxidase I ( cox1) gene including 69 skin scrapes ( ITS-2 only), 56 skin biopsies ( ITS-2 and cox1), and 36 fecal samples ( ITS-2 and cox1). Skin scrapes were a more sensitive sample for PCR detection than either skin biopsies or fecal samples, and the ITS-2 primers proved more sensitive than cox1. Using a commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, antibodies to S. scabiei were detected in 45/49 (92%) black bears with confirmed mange and 0/62 (0%) cubs with no gross lesions suggestive of mange and which were born to seronegative sows. Sarcoptes scabiei was the predominant mite associated with mange in black bears in Pennsylvania. Diagnostically, cytologic examination of skin scrapes was the most effective approach for diagnosing active mite infestations in black bears. The evaluated serologic assay accurately detected antibodies to S. scabiei in most bears with confirmed S. scabiei infestations. Additional research is needed to determine the usefulness of this approach for larger scale surveys and for asymptomatic bears.
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Fraser TA, Martin A, Polkinghorne A, Carver S. Comparative diagnostics reveals PCR assays on skin scrapings is the most reliable method to detect Sarcoptes scabiei infestations. Vet Parasitol 2018; 251:119-124. [PMID: 29426467 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoptic mange is a globally significant parasitic disease of humans and other animals, both domestic and wild. But clinical diagnosis of S. scabiei infestation, using the standard skin scraping followed by microscopy technique, remains highly variable (predominantly due to false-negatives), and a major challenge for human and animal welfare. Here, we utilised a unique sample set from bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus) to evaluate a variety of putatively useful diagnostic approaches for S. scabiei. Against the standard of skin scrapings followed by microscopy, we compared observational scoring of mange severity (often employed in field studies of wildlife), PCR on skin scrapings (recently proposed as an improvement for humans and other animals), and PCR on skin swabs (proposed a non-invasive method for humans and other animals). We find that observational scoring positively correlated with counts of S. scabiei from skin scrapings, particularly as mange severity increases, but underdiagnoses early mange. Species-specific PCR for S. scabiei on skin scrapings had enhanced capacity for mite detection relative to microscopy. Finally, the non-invasive sampling method of PCR on skin swab samples had a high congruence to skin scraping microscopy, however prospective false negatives as a consequence to sampling is concerning. To our knowledge, this is the first study to simultaneously assess this combination of methods for S. scabiei diagnosis. We conclude that PCR on skin scrapings as an advancement on traditional microscopy, and the other techniques (observational, skin swabs and microscopy) remain useful, but harbour greater false-negatives. Outcomes are transferrable to diagnosis of S. scabiei for other host species, including humans, particularly for crusted mange and potentially ordinary mange also.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamieka A Fraser
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, 7001, TAS, Australia; Centre for Animal Health Innovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, 91 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, 4556, QLD, Australia.
| | - Alynn Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, 7001, TAS, Australia
| | - Adam Polkinghorne
- Centre for Animal Health Innovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, 91 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, 4556, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott Carver
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, 7001, TAS, Australia
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Identification of a novel PYP-1 gene in Sarcoptes scabiei and its potential as a serodiagnostic candidate by indirect-ELISA. Parasitology 2017; 145:752-761. [PMID: 29113603 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017001780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Scabies is a parasitic disease caused by the ectoparasite Sarcoptes scabiei, affecting different mammalian species, including rabbits, worldwide. In the present study, we cloned and expressed a novel inorganic pyrophosphatase, Ssc-PYP-1, from S. scabiei var. cuniculi. Immunofluorescence staining showed that native Ssc-PYP-1 was localized in the tegument around the mouthparts and the entire legs, as well as in the cuticle of the mites. Interestingly, obvious staining was also observed on the fecal pellets of mites and in the integument of the mites. Based on its good immunoreactivity, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using recombinant Ssc-PYP-1 (rSsc-PYP-1) as the capture antigen was developed to diagnose sarcoptic mange in naturally infected rabbits; the assay had a sensitivity of 92·0% and specificity of 93·6%. Finally, using the rSsc-PYP-1-ELISA, the Ssc-PYP-1 antibody from 10 experimentally infected rabbits could be detected from 1 week post-infection. This is the first report of S. scabiei inorganic pyrophosphatase and the protein could serve as a potential serodiagnostic candidate for sarcoptic mange in rabbits.
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Naz S, Desclozeaux M, Mounsey KE, Chaudhry FR, Walton SF. Characterization of Sarcoptes scabiei Tropomyosin and Paramyosin: Immunoreactive Allergens in Scabies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:851-860. [PMID: 28722633 PMCID: PMC5590589 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies is a human skin disease due to the burrowing ectoparasite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis resulting in intense itching and inflammation and manifesting as a skin allergy. Because of insufficient mite material and lack of in vitro propagation system for antigen preparation, scabies is a challenging disease to develop serological diagnostics. For allergen characterization, full-length S. scabiei tropomyosin (Sar s 10) was cloned, expressed in pET-15b, and assessed for reactivity with IgE antibodies from human sera. IgE binding was observed to Sar s 10 with sera collected from subjects with ordinary scabies, house dust mite (HDM)-positive and naive subjects and a diagnostic sensitivity of < 30% was observed. S. scabiei paramyosin (Sar s 11) was cloned, and expressed in pET-28a in three overlapping fragments designated Sspara1, Sspara2, and Sspara3. IgE and IgG binding was observed to Sspara2 and Sspara3 antigens with sera collected from ordinary scabies, and HDM-positive subjects, but no binding was observed with sera collected from naive subjects. Sspara2 displayed excellent diagnostic potential with 98% sensitivity and 90% specificity observed for IgE binding and 70% sensitivity for IgG. In contrast, the diagnostic sensitivity of Sspara3 was 84% for IgE binding and 40% for IgG binding. In combination, Sspara2 and Sspara3 provided an IgE sensitivity of 94%. This study shows that IgE binding to Sspara2 and Sspara3 is a highly sensitive method for diagnosis of scabies infestation in clinical practice. The developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay helps direct future development of a specific diagnostic tool for scabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Naz
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Marion Desclozeaux
- Inflammation and Healing Research Cluster, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kate E. Mounsey
- Inflammation and Healing Research Cluster, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - Farhana Riaz Chaudhry
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Shelley F. Walton
- Inflammation and Healing Research Cluster, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
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Ráez-Bravo A, Granados JE, Serrano E, Dellamaria D, Casais R, Rossi L, Puigdemont A, Cano-Manuel FJ, Fandos P, Pérez JM, Espinosa J, Soriguer RC, Citterio C, López-Olvera JR. Evaluation of three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for sarcoptic mange diagnosis and assessment in the Iberian ibex, Capra pyrenaica. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:558. [PMID: 27769278 PMCID: PMC5073795 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1843-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcoptic mange is a contagious skin disease caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, affecting different mammalian species worldwide including the Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica), in which mortalities over 90 % of the population have been reported. No efficient diagnostic methods are available for this disease, particularly when there are low mite numbers and mild or no clinical signs. In this study, three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) developed for dog (ELISA A), Cantabrian chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica parva) (ELISA B) and Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) (ELISA C), were evaluated to detect specific antibodies (IgG) to sarcoptic mange in Iberian ibex sera. METHODS Serum samples from 131 Iberian ibexes (86 healthy and 45 scabietic) were collected from 2005 to 2012 in the Sierra Nevada Natural and National Parks (southern Spain). Based on visual inspection, ibexes were classified into one of three categories, namely healthy (without scabietic compatible lesions), mildly affected (skin lesions over less than 50 % of the body surface) and severely affected (skin lesions over more than 50 % of the body surface). The optimal cut-off point, specificity, sensitivity and the area under the curve (AUC) were calculated, and the agreement between tests was determined. Moreover, differences in the optical density (OD) related to scabies severity have been evaluated for the best test. RESULTS ELISA C showed better performance than the two other tests, reaching higher values of sensitivity (93.0 %) and specificity (93.5 %) against the visual estimation of the percentage of affected skin, chosen as the gold standard. Significantly higher concentrations of specific antibodies were observed with this test in the mildly and severely infested ibexes than in healthy ones. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed that ELISA C was an optimal test to diagnose sarcoptic mange in the Iberian ibex. Further studies characterizing immune response during the course of the disease, including spontaneous or drug induced recovery, should follow in order to better understand sarcoptic mange in Iberian ibex populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arián Ráez-Bravo
- Servei d’Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Wildlife Health Service - Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona E-08193 Spain
| | - José Enrique Granados
- Espacio Natural Sierra Nevada, Carretera Antigua de Sierra Nevada, Km 7, E-18071 Pinos Genil, Granada, Spain
| | - Emmanuel Serrano
- Servei d’Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Wildlife Health Service - Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona E-08193 Spain
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Debora Dellamaria
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD Italy
| | - Rosa Casais
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Centro de Biotecnología Animal, La Olla-Deva, E-33394 Asturias, Spain
| | - Luca Rossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Anna Puigdemont
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Bellaterra Spain
| | | | - Paulino Fandos
- Agencia de Medio Ambiente y Agua, Isla de la Cartuja, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jesús María Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s.n, E-23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - José Espinosa
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s.n, E-23071 Jaén, Spain
| | | | - Carlo Citterio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD Italy
| | - Jorge Ramón López-Olvera
- Servei d’Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Wildlife Health Service - Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona E-08193 Spain
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16
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Abstract
Scabies is a common, highly contagious skin parasitosis caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. Early identification and prompt treatment of infested subjects is essential, as missed diagnosis may result in outbreaks, considerable morbidity, and significantly increased economic burden. The standard diagnostic technique consists of mites' identification by microscopic examination of scales obtained by skin scraping. This is a time-consuming and risk-associated procedure that is also not suitable to a busy practice. In recent years, some advanced and noninvasive techniques such as videodermatoscopy, dermatoscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy, and optical coherence tomography have demonstrated improved efficacy in the diagnosis of scabies. Their advantages include rapid, noninvasive mass screening and post-therapeutic follow-up, with no physical risk. A greater knowledge of these techniques among general practitioners and other specialists involved in the intake care of overcrowded populations vulnerable to scabies infestations is now viewed as urgent and important in the management of outbreaks, as well as in consideration of the recent growing inflow of migrants in Europe from North Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Micali
- Dermatology Clinic, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Olivier Chosidow
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
| | - Robert A. Schwartz
- Dermatology and Pathology, Rutgers University New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
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17
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Development of Conventional and Real-Time Quantitative PCR Assays for Diagnosis and Monitoring of Scabies. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:2095-102. [PMID: 25903566 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00073-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies remains the most prevalent, endemic, and neglected ectoparasitic infestation globally and can cause institutional outbreaks. The sensitivity of routine microscopy for demonstration of Sarcoptes scabiei mites or eggs in skin scrapings is only about 50%. Except for three studies using conventional or two-tube nested PCR on a small number of cases, no systematic study has been performed to improve the laboratory diagnosis of this important infection. We developed a conventional and a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene of S. scabiei. The cox1 gene is relatively well conserved, with its sequence having no high levels of similarity to the sequences of other human skin mites, pathogenic zoonotic mites, or common house dust mite species. This mitochondrial gene is also present in large quantities in arthropod cells, potentially improving the sensitivity of a PCR-based assay. In our study, both assays were specific and were more sensitive than microscopy in diagnosing scabies, with positive and negative predictive values of 100%. The S. scabiei DNA copy number in the microscopy-positive specimens was significantly higher than that in the microscopy-negative specimens (median S. scabiei DNA copy number, 3.604 versus 2.457 log10 copies per reaction; P = 0.0213). In the patient with crusted scabies, the qPCR assay performed on lesional skin swabs instead of scrapings revealed that the parasite DNA load took about 2 weeks to become negative after treatment. The utility of using lesional skin swabs as an alternative sample for diagnosis of scabies by PCR should be further evaluated.
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18
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Alasaad S, Sarasa M, Heukelbach J, Mijele D, Soriguer RC, Zhu XQ, Rossi L. Advances in studies of disease-navigating webs: Sarcoptes scabiei as a case study. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:16. [PMID: 24406101 PMCID: PMC3895661 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The discipline of epidemiology is the study of the patterns, causes and effects of health and disease conditions in defined anima populations. It is the key to evidence-based medicine, which is one of the cornerstones of public health. One of the important facets of epidemiology is disease-navigating webs (disease-NW) through which zoonotic and multi-host parasites in general move from one host to another. Epidemiology in this context includes (i) classical epidemiological approaches based on the statistical analysis of disease prevalence and distribution and, more recently, (ii) genetic approaches with approximations of disease-agent population genetics. Both approaches, classical epidemiology and population genetics, are useful for studying disease-NW. However, both have strengths and weaknesses when applied separately, which, unfortunately, is too often current practice. In this paper, we use Sarcoptes scabiei mite epidemiology as a case study to show how important an integrated approach can be in understanding disease-NW and subsequent disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Alasaad
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda, Américo Vespucio s/n 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
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19
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Rampton M, Walton SF, Holt DC, Pasay C, Kelly A, Currie BJ, McCarthy JS, Mounsey KE. Antibody responses to Sarcoptes scabiei apolipoprotein in a porcine model: relevance to immunodiagnosis of recent infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65354. [PMID: 23762351 PMCID: PMC3675102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
No commercial immunodiagnostic tests for human scabies are currently available, and existing animal tests are not sufficiently sensitive. The recombinant Sarcoptes scabiei apolipoprotein antigen Sar s 14.3 is a promising immunodiagnostic, eliciting high levels of IgE and IgG in infected people. Limited data are available regarding the temporal development of antibodies to Sar s 14.3, an issue of relevance in terms of immunodiagnosis. We utilised a porcine model to prospectively compare specific antibody responses to a primary infestation by ELISA, to Sar s 14.3 and to S. scabiei whole mite antigen extract (WMA). Differences in the antibody profile between antigens were apparent, with Sar s 14.3 responses detected earlier, and declining significantly after peak infestation compared to WMA. Both antigens resulted in >90% diagnostic sensitivity from weeks 8-16 post infestation. These data provide important information on the temporal development of humoral immune responses in scabies and further supports the development of recombinant antigen based immunodiagnostic tests for recent scabies infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Rampton
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Division, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shelley F. Walton
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - Deborah C. Holt
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Cielo Pasay
- Infectious Diseases Division, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Kelly
- Centre for Advanced Animal Science, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bart J. Currie
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - James S. McCarthy
- Infectious Diseases Division, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kate E. Mounsey
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Division, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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20
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Mounsey KE, McCarthy JS, Walton SF. Scratching the itch: new tools to advance understanding of scabies. Trends Parasitol 2012; 29:35-42. [PMID: 23088958 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Scabies remains a significant public health problem worldwide. Research into aspects of Sarcoptes scabiei biology and host-parasite interactions has been impeded by an inability to maintain mites in vitro and by limited access to parasite material and infected subjects. The generation of comprehensive expressed sequence tag libraries has enabled the initial characterisation of molecules of interest to diagnostics, vaccines, and drug resistance. The recent development and utilisation of animal models, combined with next-generation technologies, is anticipated to lead to new strategies to prevent, diagnose, and treat scabies, ultimately improving skin health in both human and veterinary settings. This article will summarise recent molecular and immunologic advances on scabies, and will address priorities for the exciting 'next chapter' of scabies research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Mounsey
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, QLD 4558, Australia.
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21
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Couppié P. [What's new in clinical dermatology?]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2012; 138 Suppl 4:S223-32. [PMID: 22202643 DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(11)70095-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This year more than 3000 medical articles referenced in PubMed concerned dermatology. Our critical analysis covers different fields of dermatology: including epidemiology, clinical, diagnostic and prognostic factors. AIDS is 30 years old and the national HIV/AIDS plan for 2010-2014 recommends generalized screening facilitated by the introduction of rapid tests for diagnostic orientation. In infectious diseases, novelties concern polyomavirus, HTLV-1, leprosy, staphylococcus infections, resistance to antibiotics and scabies. Diseases of the scalp consecutive to practices of black women hairstyles were the subject of important articles. There were two important developments in acne: first, a simplified and more operational classification, secondly a suicidal risk associated with severe forms. Lymphocyte Th-17 immunity is involved in clinical phenomena either by excess (genetic or drug) or default (genetic causes). Allergology: in several studies, false negative patch tests have been published. The natural history of nevi is specified by three important articles. Serological tests to practice in cases of dermatomyositis and bullous pemphigoid are specified.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Couppié
- Service de Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée-Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane Française, France.
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22
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Vazquez F, Otero L, Melón S, de Oña M. Overview of molecular biological methods for the detection of pathogens causing sexually transmitted infections. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 903:1-20. [PMID: 22782808 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-937-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We review here different state-of-the-art molecular methods currently used in the diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Vazquez
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Monte Naranco, Oviedo, Spain.
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23
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Wells B, Burgess STG, McNeilly TN, Huntley JF, Nisbet AJ. Recent developments in the diagnosis of ectoparasite infections and disease through a better understanding of parasite biology and host responses. Mol Cell Probes 2011; 26:47-53. [PMID: 21982815 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Some conventional methods of diagnosis of ectoparasite infections can have low sensitivity and/or specificity. In addition, early infestations, sub-clinical and carrier hosts often go un-diagnosed, allowing infestations to spread. This review focuses on the important ectoparasites of human, livestock and companion animals for which improved diagnostic tools are either already in use, or in development. These advances in diagnostic technologies have resulted in improved treatment, control and preventative strategies for many ectoparasitic diseases. Immunodiagnostic methods have had a large impact, with the emergence of highly sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for sarcoptic and psoroptic mange, with further improved tests in development. In the present review, the advantages and limitations of such tests are discussed and the potential for future development explored. The increasing use of molecular tools, for example, PCR and other molecular methods, has improved our understanding of the epidemiology of ectoparasitic diseases, with practical consequences for community-based control programmes. Recently, the identification of specific signalling pathways during the host response to ectoparasites has led to the identification of disease biomarkers which, along with new technologies, such as multiplexed assays and microfluidic platforms, could lead to more cost-effective, rapid and accurate diagnosis of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Wells
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
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