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Jain M, Yadav D, Jarouliya U, Chavda V, Yadav AK, Chaurasia B, Song M. Epidemiology, Molecular Pathogenesis, Immuno-Pathogenesis, Immune Escape Mechanisms and Vaccine Evaluation for HPV-Associated Carcinogenesis. Pathogens 2023; 12:1380. [PMID: 38133265 PMCID: PMC10745624 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is implicated in over 90% of cervical cancer cases, with factors like regional variability, HPV genotype, the population studied, HPV vaccination status, and anatomical sample collection location influencing the prevalence and pathology of HPV-induced cancer. HPV-16 and -18 are mainly responsible for the progression of several cancers, including cervix, anus, vagina, penis, vulva, and oropharynx. The oncogenic ability of HPV is not only sufficient for the progression of malignancy, but also for other tumor-generating steps required for the production of invasive cancer, such as coinfection with other viruses, lifestyle factors such as high parity, smoking, tobacco chewing, use of contraceptives for a long time, and immune responses such as stimulation of chronic stromal inflammation and immune deviation in the tumor microenvironment. Viral evasion from immunosurveillance also supports viral persistence, and virus-like particle-based prophylactic vaccines have been licensed, which are effective against high-risk HPV types. In addition, vaccination awareness programs and preventive strategies could help reduce the rate and incidence of HPV infection. In this review, we emphasize HPV infection and its role in cancer progression, molecular and immunopathogenesis, host immune response, immune evasion by HPV, vaccination, and preventive schemes battling HPV infection and HPV-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Jain
- Department of Microbiology, Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Gajra Raja Medical College, Gwalior 474009, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Dhananjay Yadav
- Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Urmila Jarouliya
- SOS in Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011 Madhya Pradesh, India;
| | - Vishal Chavda
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Arun Kumar Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot 151203, Punjab, India;
| | - Bipin Chaurasia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Clinic, Birgunj 44300, Nepal;
| | - Minseok Song
- Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
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2
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Avila JP, Carvalho BM, Coimbra EC. A Comprehensive View of the Cancer-Immunity Cycle (CIC) in HPV-Mediated Cervical Cancer and Prospects for Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041333. [PMID: 36831674 PMCID: PMC9954575 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide, with more than 500,000 new cases each year and a mortality rate of around 55%. Over 80% of these deaths occur in developing countries. The most important risk factor for CC is persistent infection by a sexually transmitted virus, the human papillomavirus (HPV). Conventional treatments to eradicate this type of cancer are accompanied by high rates of resistance and a large number of side effects. Hence, it is crucial to devise novel effective therapeutic strategies. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have aimed to develop immunotherapeutic methods for treating cancer. However, these strategies have not proven to be effective enough to combat CC. This means there is a need to investigate immune molecular targets. An adaptive immune response against cancer has been described in seven key stages or steps defined as the cancer-immunity cycle (CIC). The CIC begins with the release of antigens by tumor cells and ends with their destruction by cytotoxic T-cells. In this paper, we discuss several molecular alterations found in each stage of the CIC of CC. In addition, we analyze the evidence discovered, the molecular mechanisms and their relationship with variables such as histological subtype and HPV infection, as well as their potential impact for adopting novel immunotherapeutic approaches.
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King RE, Ward-Shaw ET, Hu R, Lambert PF, Thibeault SL. Expanded Basal Compartment and Disrupted Barrier in Vocal Fold Epithelium Infected with Mouse Papillomavirus MmuPV1. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051059. [PMID: 35632798 PMCID: PMC9146965 DOI: 10.3390/v14051059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Laryngeal infection with low-risk human papillomaviruses can cause recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP), a disease with severe effects on vocal fold epithelium resulting in impaired voice function and communication. RRP research has been stymied by limited preclinical models. We recently reported a murine model of laryngeal MmuPV1 infection and disease in immunodeficient mice. In the current study, we compare quantitative and qualitative measures of epithelial proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and barrier between mice with MmuPV1-induced disease of the larynx and surrounding tissues and equal numbers of uninfected controls. Findings supported our hypothesis that laryngeal MmuPV1 infection recapitulates many features of RRP. Like RRP, MmuPV1 increased proliferation in infected vocal fold epithelium, expanded the basal compartment of cells, decreased differentiated cells, and altered cell–cell junctions and basement membrane. Effects of MmuPV1 on apoptosis were equivocal, as with RRP. Barrier markers resembled human neoplastic disease in severe MmuPV1-induced disease. We conclude that MmuPV1 infection of the mouse larynx provides a useful, if imperfect, preclinical model for RRP that will facilitate further study and treatment development for this intractable and devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee E. King
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (R.E.K.); (E.T.W.-S.); (P.F.L.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ella T. Ward-Shaw
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (R.E.K.); (E.T.W.-S.); (P.F.L.)
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (R.E.K.); (E.T.W.-S.); (P.F.L.)
| | - Susan L. Thibeault
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Correspondence:
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4
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Stanley M. Host defence and persistent human papillomavirus infection. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 51:106-110. [PMID: 34628358 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to establish long term persistent infection is a feature of human papillomaviruses. The available evidence is that this ability is a consequence of a complex local immune milieu whereby innate immune receptors and signalling pathway cascades are inhibited by HPV early proteins resulting in failure of dendritic cell maturation, antigen processing and presentation and activation of cytotoxic antigen specific T cell responses. The development of cutaneous and mucosal infection models with the mouse papillomavirus MmuPV1 and the access to multiple gene deficient strains is providing the frame work to dissect the mechanisms underlying these complex host virus interactions.
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5
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Song JY, Park YM, Choi SY. Type 2 human papillomavirus E7 attenuates E-cadherin expression in human keratinocytes. J Microbiol 2021; 59:616-625. [PMID: 33779957 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-0690-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are known to utilize the down-regulation of epithelial (E)-cadherin, a major component of adherens junctions of keratinocytes, to evade host immune surveillance in high-risk group. However, the effects of HPV on the function of E-cadherin in low-risk groups remain unknown. We investigated whether type 2 HPV (HPV-2) E7 could induce alterations in E-cadherin expression in transiently transfected keratinocytes and cell lines expressing HPV-2 E7. To examine the expression pattern of E-cadherin in cutaneous warts and normal skin samples, immunohistochemical analysis was performed. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions, luciferase assays, western blot, immunocytochemistry, and electron microscopy were used to evaluate the mRNA and protein expression levels of E-cadherin in normal human epidermal keratinocytes transfected with HPV-2 E7 plasmid DNA or E7-specific siRNA and in E7-expressing cell lines. E-cadherin expression levels in HPV-2 positive cutaneous warts were significantly decreased compared to those in normal skin (p < 0.05). Similarly, the mRNA and protein expression levels of E-cadherin in E7 transiently transfected cells were significantly decreased compared to those in empty vector-transfected cells. The decreases were restored by transfection with E7-specific siRNA (p < 0.05). Likewise, cell lines expressing E7 showed a decreased expression of E-cadherin. When the cells were cultured in low attachment plates, cell-to-cell aggregation was inhibited. Taken together, our data suggest that HPV-2 E7, the causative agent of cutaneous warts, could mediate the transcriptional repression of E-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Song
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Nanotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
- Program of Immunology & Microbiology, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Park
- Program of Immunology & Microbiology, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Yong Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Nanotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea.
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Sanz Ressel BL, Massone AR, Barbeito CG. Aberrant Expression of E-cadherin/β-catenin During Epidermal Tumourigenesis in Dogs. J Comp Pathol 2020; 176:1-9. [PMID: 32359620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Clinically relevant epidermal tumours in dogs include cutaneous papillomas (CPs) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (CSCCs). The development of CPs and CSCCs involves dysregulation in expression of E-cadherin/β-catenin; however, knowledge about the contribution of these molecules to epidermal tumourigenesis in dogs is limited. This study examined the immunohistochemical expression pattern of E-cadherin/β-catenin in samples of normal canine epidermis, CPs, preneoplastic epidermis and CSCCs, using tissue microarrays, in order to elucidate whether the dysregulated expression of these molecules may contribute to the pathogenesis of clinically relevant epidermal tumours in dogs. We also investigated the correlation between the immunohistochemical expression pattern of E-cadherin/β-catenin in these tissue microarrays to further evaluate whether the disruption of the adherens junction interactions plays a relevant role in canine epidermal tumourigenesis. In samples of CP and preneoplastic epidermis, the membrane immunoreactivity of E-cadherin/β-catenin was conserved, while in CSCC, the immunoreactivity of these molecules was significantly reduced, independently of the tumour location. There was significant correlation between the membrane expression of E-cadherin/β-catenin in CSCC. β-catenin also showed cytoplasmic and nuclear expression in samples of CP, preneoplastic epidermis and CSCC. These results support the hypothesis that dysregulated expression of E-cadherin/β-catenin may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of relevant canine epidermal tumours, not only due to the disruption of the intercellular adherens junctions, but also due to the dysregulated activity of the signalling pathways in which these molecules are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Sanz Ressel
- Laboratorio de Histología y Embriología Descriptiva, Experimental y Comparada (LHYEDEC), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - A R Massone
- Laboratorio de Patología Especial Veterinaria Dr. Bernardo Epstein, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C G Barbeito
- Laboratorio de Histología y Embriología Descriptiva, Experimental y Comparada (LHYEDEC), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Microparticles produced by human papillomavirus type 16 E7-expressing cells impair antigen presenting cell function and the cytotoxic T cell response. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2373. [PMID: 29402982 PMCID: PMC5799164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20779-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk, cancer-causing human papillomaviruses (HPV) cause infections of the epidermis that may progress to cancer, including cervical cancer. Viral persistence, contributed to by viral evasion of the host immune response, is associated with the likelihood of cancer developing. Langerhans cells (LCs) are the only professional antigen presenting cells located in the epidermis, therefore may influence the antiviral immune response. Microparticles, or microvesicles, are small membrane particles shed by cells that can exert effects on other cells at both a local and systemic level. We found increased numbers of microparticles were shed from human or mouse keratinocytes expressing the HPV16 E7 oncoprotein, compared with control keratinocytes. Co-culture of LCs with microparticles from E7-expressing cells suppressed the cytotoxic T cell response. We attributed this, at least in part, to the reduction in surface of CD40 and intracellular pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12 p40 subunit that we measured in the LCs. The evidence provided here shows that co-culture of E7-microparticles with LCs inhibits antigen-specific cytotoxicity. This is an important finding, suggesting that microparticles from HPV-infected cells could suppress the T cell response by regulating LCs, potentially contributing to persistence of HPV infection and cancer.
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8
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Dreyer G. Clinical implications of the interaction between HPV and HIV infections. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2017; 47:95-106. [PMID: 28958633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
HIV-related immunodeficiency has complex effects on female genital HPV, which include increased risks of infection, multiple types, persistence, reactivation and the risk to develop pre-invasive and invasive disease. Reconstitution of immunity with anti-viral drugs improves cellular immunity, but the risk of HPV-related malignancy remains higher than background incidences and presents at younger ages. Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) allows improved retention of immune memory through existing antibodies and T-cell clones and improves long-term outcomes. Suggestions of a higher risk to contract HIV if there is existing genital HPV infection are supported and explained by pathophysiological cervical changes, including inflammation. HIV-HPV interactions should influence public health decisions towards prioritising large-scale prepubertal HPV-vaccine roll-out, secondary cervical cancer prevention and early detection programmes for HIV-infected women and early initiation of ART. This chapter will also focus on special considerations for the management of women with co-infection with these two viruses and genital HPV-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Dreyer
- Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Zhao M, Li Y, Wei X, Zhang Q, Jia H, Quan S, Cao D, Wang L, Yang T, Zhao J, Pei M, Tian S, Yu Y, Guo Y, Yang X. Negative immune factors might predominate local tumor immune status and promote carcinogenesis in cervical carcinoma. Virol J 2017; 14:5. [PMID: 28086903 PMCID: PMC5237320 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0670-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The disequilibrium of local immune microenvironment is an essential element during tumorigenesis. Method By conducting real-time polymerase chain reaction, we identified the mRNA level of immune factors, FoxP3 (forkhead box protein P3), CCL22/CCR4 (chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 22/CC chemokine receptor 4), OX40L/OX40 (tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 4/tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4) and Smad3 (SMAD family member 3) in neoplastic foci and its periphery tissues from 30 cases of squamous cervical carcinoma and 20 cases of normal cervix. Result The FoxP3, CCL22 and CCR4 mRNA level in local immune microenvironment of normal cervix was lower than that in cervical cancer. While OX40L, OX40 and Smad3 mRNA level profile in normal cervix was higher than that in cervical cancer. Beyond individual effect, the pairwise positive correlations were demonstrated among the mRNA level of FoxP3, CCL22 and CCR4. The mRNA level of OX40 negatively correlated with CCL22, but positively correlated with Smad3. Moreover, the mRNA level of FoxP3 and CCL22 was increased while Smad3 was decreased in cervical tissue with HPV (human papilloma virus) infection. Conclusion Our data yields insight into the roles of these immune factors in cervical carcinogenesis. It may therefore be that, in microenvironment of cervical squamous cell carcinoma, along with the context of HPV infection, negative immune regulators FoxP3, CCL22 and CCR4 might overwhelm positive immune factors OX40L, OX40 and Smad3, giving rise to an immunosuppressive status and promote the progression of cervical carcinogenesis. Trial registration Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyi Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xing Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongran Jia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shimin Quan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Di Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meili Pei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sijuan Tian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanping Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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Gaddipati S, Rao P, Jerome AD, Burugula BB, Gerard NP, Suvas S. Loss of Neurokinin-1 Receptor Alters Ocular Surface Homeostasis and Promotes an Early Development of Herpes Stromal Keratitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:4021-4033. [PMID: 27798158 PMCID: PMC5113833 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Substance P neuropeptide and its receptor, neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R), are reported to present on the ocular surface. In this study, mice lacking functional NK1R exhibited an excessive desquamation of apical corneal epithelial cells in association with an increased epithelial cell proliferation and increased epithelial cell density, but decreased epithelial cell size. The lack of NK1R also resulted in decreased density of corneal nerves, corneal epithelial dendritic cells (DCs), and a reduced volume of basal tears. Interestingly, massive accumulation of CD11c+CD11b+ conventional DCs was noted in the bulbar conjunctiva and near the limbal area of corneas from NK1R-/- mice. After ocular HSV-1 infection, the number of conventional DCs and neutrophils infiltrating the infected corneas was significantly higher in NK1R-/- than C57BL/6J mice. This was associated with an increased viral load in infected corneas of NK1R-/- mice. As a result, the number of IFN-γ-secreting virus-specific CD4 T cells in the draining lymph nodes of NK1R-/- mice was much higher than in infected C57BL/6J mice. An increased number of CD4 T cells and mature neutrophils (CD11b+Ly6ghigh) in the inflamed corneas of NK1R-/- mice was associated with an early development of severe herpes stromal keratitis. Collectively, our results show that the altered corneal biology of uninfected NK1R-/- mice along with an enhanced immunological response after ocular HSV-1 infection causes an early development of herpes stromal keratitis in NK1R-/- mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Conjunctiva/immunology
- Conjunctiva/pathology
- Conjunctiva/virology
- Cornea/immunology
- Cornea/pathology
- Cornea/virology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/physiology
- Homeostasis
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/immunology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/physiopathology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/virology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/deficiency
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/immunology
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/physiology
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Gaddipati
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Pushpa Rao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Andrew David Jerome
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Bala Bharathi Burugula
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Norma P Gerard
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston's Children Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - Susmit Suvas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201;
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
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11
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Songock WK, Kim SM, Bodily JM. The human papillomavirus E7 oncoprotein as a regulator of transcription. Virus Res 2016; 231:56-75. [PMID: 27818212 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) encode oncoproteins which manipulate gene expression patterns in the host keratinocytes to facilitate viral replication, regulate viral transcription, and promote immune evasion and persistence. In some cases, oncoprotein-induced changes in host cell behavior can cause progression to cancer, but a complete picture of the functions of the viral oncoproteins in the productive HPV life cycle remains elusive. E7 is the HPV-encoded factor most responsible for maintaining cell cycle competence in differentiating keratinocytes. Through interactions with dozens of host factors, E7 has an enormous impact on host gene expression patterns. In this review, we will examine the role of E7 specifically as a regulator of transcription. We will discuss mechanisms of regulation of cell cycle-related genes by E7 as well as genes involved in immune regulation, growth factor signaling, DNA damage responses, microRNAs, and others pathways. We will also discuss some unanswered questions about how transcriptional regulation by E7 impacts the biology of HPV in both benign and malignant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K Songock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Seong-Man Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Jason M Bodily
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA.
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12
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Woodby B, Scott M, Bodily J. The Interaction Between Human Papillomaviruses and the Stromal Microenvironment. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 144:169-238. [PMID: 27865458 PMCID: PMC5727914 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small, double-stranded DNA viruses that replicate in stratified squamous epithelia and cause a variety of malignancies. Current efforts in HPV biology are focused on understanding the virus-host interactions that enable HPV to persist for years or decades in the tissue. The importance of interactions between tumor cells and the stromal microenvironment has become increasingly apparent in recent years, but how stromal interactions impact the normal, benign life cycle of HPVs, or progression of lesions to cancer is less understood. Furthermore, how productively replicating HPV impacts cells in the stromal environment is also unclear. Here we bring together some of the relevant literature on keratinocyte-stromal interactions and their impacts on HPV biology, focusing on stromal fibroblasts, immune cells, and endothelial cells. We discuss how HPV oncogenes in infected cells manipulate other cells in their environment, and, conversely, how neighboring cells may impact the efficiency or course of HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Woodby
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - M Scott
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - J Bodily
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States.
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Expression of p300 and p300/CBP associated factor (PCAF) in actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Exp Mol Pathol 2016; 100:378-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Chandra J, Miao Y, Romoff N, Frazer IH. Epithelium Expressing the E7 Oncoprotein of HPV16 Attracts Immune-Modulatory Dendritic Cells to the Skin and Suppresses Their Antigen-Processing Capacity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152886. [PMID: 27031095 PMCID: PMC4816461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen presenting cells (APCs) in skin can promote either antigen-specific effector functions or antigen tolerance, and thus determine clearance or persistence of cutaneous viral infections. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections can persist in squamous epithelium in immunocompetent individuals, and some persisting HPV infections, particularly with HPV16, promote malignant epithelial transformation. Here, we investigate whether local expression of the HPV16 protein most associated with malignant transformation, HPV16-E7, affects the phenotype and function of APC subsets in the skin. We demonstrate an expanded population of Langerhans cells in HPV16-E7 transgenic skin with distinct cell surface markers which express immune-modulatory enzymes and cytokines not expressed by cells from non transgenic skin. Furthermore, HPV16-E7 transgene expression in keratinocytes attracts new APC subsets to the epidermis. In vivo migration and transport of antigen to the draining lymph node by these APCs is markedly enhanced in HPV16-E7 expressing skin, whereas antigen-processing, as measured by proteolytic cleavage of DQ-OVA and activation of T cells in vivo by APCs, is significantly impaired. These data suggest that local expression of HPV16-E7 in keratinocytes can contribute to persisting infection with this oncogenic virus, by altering the phenotype and function of local APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Chandra
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Yan Miao
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Natasha Romoff
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Ian H. Frazer
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Gallagher KE, Baisley K, Grosskurth H, Vallely A, Kapiga S, Vandepitte J, Kamali A, De Sanjosé S, Changalucha J, Hayes R, Watson-Jones D. The Association Between Cervical Human Papillomavirus Infection and Subsequent HIV Acquisition in Tanzanian and Ugandan Women: A Nested Case-Control Study. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:87-95. [PMID: 26951818 PMCID: PMC4907415 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was performed to analyze the associations between cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition, using cervical samples from previous studies in Tanzania and Uganda. METHODS A total of 161 adult women who acquired HIV infection during follow-up and 464 individually matched HIV-seronegative controls were selected from 5 cohorts of women working in bars and recreational facilities. Stored cervical samples were tested for 37 HPV genotypes, using a polymerase chain reaction assay (Roche Linear Array genotyping assay). Multivariate matched analysis using conditional logistic regression was performed to evaluate HPV infection, persistence, and clearance as predictors of HIV acquisition. RESULTS HIV seroconverters were significantly more likely than controls to frequently drink alcohol and to be infected with Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, or herpes simplex virus type 2. There was no evidence of an association between HIV acquisition and any detectable HPV at the visit prior to HIV seroconversion (adjusted odds ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, .66-1.57) or between HIV acquisition and persistent HPV infection (defined as 2 positive HPV genotype-specific test results at least 6 months apart), cleared HPV infection (defined as a positive HPV test result followed by negative HPV genotype-specific test result), or newly acquired HPV infection, compared with HPV-negative women. CONCLUSIONS There was no evidence of association between HPV infection status and subsequent HIV acquisition. These results stand in contrast to other observational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Gallagher
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit
| | - Kathy Baisley
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Heiner Grosskurth
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit
| | - Andrew Vallely
- Public Health Interventions Research Group, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Saidi Kapiga
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit
| | | | | | - Silvia De Sanjosé
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John Changalucha
- Mwanza Research Center, National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania
| | - Richard Hayes
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Watson-Jones
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit
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17
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Da Silva DM, Woodham AW, Skeate JG, Rijkee LK, Taylor JR, Brand HE, Muderspach LI, Roman LD, Yessaian AA, Pham HQ, Matsuo K, Lin YG, McKee GM, Salazar AM, Kast WM. Langerhans cells from women with cervical precancerous lesions become functionally responsive against human papillomavirus after activation with stabilized Poly-I:C. Clin Immunol 2015; 161:197-208. [PMID: 26360252 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-mediated suppression of Langerhans cell (LC) function can lead to persistent infection and development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Women with HPV-induced high-grade CIN2/3 have not mounted an effective immune response against HPV, yet it is unknown if LC-mediated T cell activation from such women is functionally impaired against HPV. We investigated the functional activation of in vitro generated LC and their ability to induce HPV16-specific T cells from CIN2/3 patients after exposure to HPV16 followed by treatment with stabilized Poly-I:C (s-Poly-I:C). LC from patients exposed to HPV16 demonstrated a lack of costimulatory molecule expression, inflammatory cytokine secretion, and chemokine-directed migration. Conversely, s-Poly-I:C caused significant phenotypic and functional activation of HPV16-exposed LC, which resulted in de novo generation of HPV16-specific CD8(+) T cells. Our results highlight that LC of women with a history of persistent HPV infection can present HPV antigens and are capable of inducing an adaptive T cell immune response when given the proper stimulus, suggesting that s-Poly-I:C compounds may be attractive immunomodulators for LC-mediated clearance of persistent HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Da Silva
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Andrew W Woodham
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph G Skeate
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laurie K Rijkee
- Groningen International Program of Science in Medicine, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Julia R Taylor
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Heike E Brand
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laila I Muderspach
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lynda D Roman
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Annie A Yessaian
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Huyen Q Pham
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Koji Matsuo
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yvonne G Lin
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - W Martin Kast
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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18
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Abstract
Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) 6 and 11 are part of a large family of small DNA viruses, some of which are commensal. Although much of the population can contain or clear infection with these viruses, there is a subset of individuals who develop persistent infection that can cause significant morbidity and on occasion mortality. Depending on the site of infection, patients chronically infected with these viruses develop either recurrent, and on occasion, severe genital warts or recurrent respiratory papillomas that can obstruct the upper airway. The HPV-induced diseases described are likely the result of a complex and localized immune suppressive milieu that is characteristic of patients with persistent HPV infection. We review data that documents impaired Langerhans cell responses and maturation, describes the polarized adaptive T-cell immune responses made to these viruses, and the expression of class select II MHC and KIR genes that associate with severe HPV6 and 11 induced disease. Finally, we review evidence that documents the polarization of functional TH2 and T-regulatory T-cells in tissues persistently infected with HPV6 and 11, and we review evidence that there is suppression of natural killer cell function. Together, these altered innate and adaptive immune responses contribute to the cellular and humoral microenvironment that supports HPV 6 and 11-induced disease.
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19
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Masferrer E, Ferrándiz-Pulido C, Masferrer-Niubò M, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Gil I, Pont A, Servitje O, García de Herreros A, Lloveras B, García-Patos V, Pujol RM, Toll A, Hernández-Muñoz I. Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Urol 2015; 193:699-705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emili Masferrer
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Ferrándiz-Pulido
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magalí Masferrer-Niubò
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Gil
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Pont
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Octavi Servitje
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio García de Herreros
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belen Lloveras
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenç García-Patos
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon M. Pujol
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustí Toll
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Hernández-Muñoz
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
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Da Silva DM, Movius CA, Raff AB, Brand HE, Skeate JG, Wong MK, Kast WM. Suppression of Langerhans cell activation is conserved amongst human papillomavirus α and β genotypes, but not a µ genotype. Virology 2014; 452-453:279-86. [PMID: 24606705 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) has evolved mechanisms that allow it to evade the human immune system. Studies have shown HPV-mediated suppression of activation of Langerhans cells (LC) is a key mechanism through which HPV16 evades initial immune surveillance. However, it has not been established whether high- and low-risk mucosal and cutaneous HPV genotypes share a common mechanism of immune suppression. Here, we demonstrate that LC exposed to capsids of HPV types 18, 31, 45, 11, (alpha-papillomaviruses) and HPV5 (beta-papillomavirus) similarly suppress LC activation, including lack of costimulatory molecule expression, lack of cytokine and chemokine secretion, lack of migration, and deregulated cellular signaling. In contrast, HPV1 (mu-papillomavirus) induced costimulatory molecule and cytokine upregulation, but LC migration and cellular signaling was suppressed. These results suggest that alpha and beta HPV genotypes, and partially a mu genotype, share a conserved mechanism of immune escape that enables these viruses to remain undetected in the absence of other inflammatory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Da Silva
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Carly A Movius
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Adam B Raff
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Heike E Brand
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Joseph G Skeate
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Michael K Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - W Martin Kast
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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21
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Lissouba P, Van de Perre P, Auvert B. Association of genital human papillomavirus infection with HIV acquisition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Infect 2013; 89:350-6. [PMID: 23761216 PMCID: PMC3717604 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2011-050346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To conduct a systematic review and a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies investigating the association of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and HIV acquisition. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data Sources Scientific databases and conference abstracts were systematically searched to identify all relevant studies published up to 31 January 2012. Search terms included ‘HIV’, ‘HPV’, ‘human papillomavirus’ and ‘papillomaviridae’ as keywords or text, in the title or abstract. Methods To be eligible for inclusion, a study had to be conducted among humans, report data on HIV incidence, and assess genital HPV infection. Summary ORs and 95% CIs were estimated from the extracted data using random-effect meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses were conducted for high-risk (HR) and low-risk (LR) HPV oncogenic risk groups. Between-study heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed. Results Of 2601 identified abstracts, six observational studies, comprising 6567 participants were retained for the systematic review and the meta-analysis. HIV acquisition was significantly associated with HPV infection (summary OR=1.96; 95% CI 1.55 to 2.49). HIV incident infection was significantly associated with HR-HPV in five of six studies and with LR-HPV in two out of five. The association was significant for HR-HPV (summary OR=1.92; 95% CI 1.49 to 2.46) and borderline for LR-HPV. No between-study heterogeneity was detected. There was a borderline indication of publication bias. Conclusions Further research is needed to elucidate the biological mechanisms involved, and assess the effect of HPV vaccination on HIV acquisition, using vaccines with broad coverage of HPV genotypes. Such research could have important public health implications for HIV prevention.
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Sasagawa T, Takagi H, Makinoda S. Immune responses against human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and evasion of host defense in cervical cancer. J Infect Chemother 2012; 18:807-15. [PMID: 23117294 DOI: 10.1007/s10156-012-0485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most important etiological factor for cervical cancer. A recent study demonstrated that more than 20 HPV types were thought to be oncogenic for uterine cervical cancer. Notably, more than one-half of women show cervical HPV infections soon after their sexual debut, and about 90 % of such infections are cleared within 3 years. Immunity against HPV might be important for elimination of the virus. The innate immune responses involving macrophages, natural killer cells, and natural killer T cells may play a role in the first line of defense against HPV infection. In the second line of defense, adaptive immunity via cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) targeting HPV16 E2 and E6 proteins appears to eliminate cells infected with HPV16. However, HPV can evade host immune responses. First, HPV does not kill host cells during viral replication and therefore neither presents viral antigen nor induces inflammation. HPV16 E6 and E7 proteins downregulate the expression of type-1 interferons (IFNs) in host cells. The lack of co-stimulatory signals by inflammatory cytokines including IFNs during antigen recognition may induce immune tolerance rather than the appropriate responses. Moreover, HPV16 E5 protein downregulates the expression of HLA-class 1, and it facilitates evasion of CTL attack. These mechanisms of immune evasion may eventually support the establishment of persistent HPV infection, leading to the induction of cervical cancer. Considering such immunological events, prophylactic HPV16 and 18 vaccine appears to be the best way to prevent cervical cancer in women who are immunized in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Sasagawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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Kivi N, Rönty M, Tarkkanen J, Auvinen P, Auvinen E. Cell culture model predicts human disease: Altered expression of junction proteins and matrix metalloproteinases in cervical dysplasia. BMC Clin Pathol 2012; 12:9. [PMID: 22863036 PMCID: PMC3495715 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6890-12-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is necessarily caused by human papillomaviruses, which encode three oncogenes manifesting their functions by interfering with a number of cellular proteins and pathways: the E5, E6, and E7 proteins. We have earlier found in our microarray studies that the E5 oncogene crucially affects the expression of cellular genes involved in adhesion and motility of epithelial cells. METHODS In order to biologically validate our previous experimental findings we performed immunohistochemical staining of a representative set of tissue samples from different grades of high-risk human papillomavirus associated cervical disease as well as normal squamous and columnar cervical epithelium. Three-dimensional collagen raft cultures established from E5-expressing and control epithelial cells were also examined. The expression of p16, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -7, MMP-16, cytokeratin (CK) 8/18, laminin, E-cadherin and beta-catenin was studied. RESULTS In agreement with our previous microarray studies, we found intense staining for E-cadherin and beta-catenin in adherens junctions even in high-grade cervical lesions. Staining for MMP-16 was increased in severe disease as well. No significant change in staining for MMP-7 and cytokeratin 8/18 along with the grade of cervical squamous epithelial disease was observed. CONCLUSIONS Here we have confirmed, using tissue material from human papillomavirus associated lesions, some of the cellular gene expression modifications that we earlier reported in an experimental system studying specifically the E5 oncogene of papillomaviruses. These findings were partially surprising in the context of cervical carcinogenesis and emphasize that the complexity of carcinogenesis is not yet fully understood. Microarray approaches provide a wide overwiev of gene expression in experimental settings, which may yield biologically valid biomarkers for disease diagnostics, prognosis, and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Kivi
- Haartman Institute, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, POB 21 (Haartmaninkatu 3), FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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