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Fritz DI, Ding Y, Merrill-Skoloff G, Flaumenhaft R, Hanada T, Chishti AH. Dematin Regulates Calcium Mobilization, Thrombosis, and Early Akt Activation in Platelets. Mol Cell Biol 2023; 43:283-299. [PMID: 37216480 PMCID: PMC10251785 DOI: 10.1080/10985549.2023.2210033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex intrinsic and extrinsic pathways contributing to platelet activation profoundly impact hemostasis and thrombosis. Detailed cellular mechanisms that regulate calcium mobilization, Akt activation, and integrin signaling in platelets remain incompletely understood. Dematin is a broadly expressed actin binding and bundling cytoskeletal adaptor protein regulated by phosphorylation via cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Here, we report the development of a conditional mouse model specifically lacking dematin in platelets. Using the new mouse model termed PDKO, we provide direct evidence that dematin is a major regulator of calcium mobilization, and its genetic deletion inhibits the early phase of Akt activation in response to collagen and thrombin agonists in platelets. The aberrant platelet shape change, clot retraction, and in vivo thrombosis observed in PDKO mice will enable future characterization of dematin-mediated integrin activation mechanisms in thrombogenic as well as nonvascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I. Fritz
- Programs in Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yiwen Ding
- Pharmacology and Drug Development, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Glenn Merrill-Skoloff
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert Flaumenhaft
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Toshihiko Hanada
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Athar H. Chishti
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Overlapping Machinery in Lysosome-Related Organelle Trafficking: A Lesson from Rare Multisystem Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223702. [PMID: 36429129 PMCID: PMC9688865 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosome-related organelles (LROs) are a group of functionally diverse, cell type-specific compartments. LROs include melanosomes, alpha and dense granules, lytic granules, lamellar bodies and other compartments with distinct morphologies and functions allowing specialised and unique functions of their host cells. The formation, maturation and secretion of specific LROs are compromised in a number of hereditary rare multisystem disorders, including Hermansky-Pudlak syndromes, Griscelli syndrome and the Arthrogryposis, Renal dysfunction and Cholestasis syndrome. Each of these disorders impacts the function of several LROs, resulting in a variety of clinical features affecting systems such as immunity, neurophysiology and pigmentation. This has demonstrated the close relationship between LROs and led to the identification of conserved components required for LRO biogenesis and function. Here, we discuss aspects of this conserved machinery among LROs in relation to the heritable multisystem disorders they associate with, and present our current understanding of how dysfunctions in the proteins affected in the disease impact the formation, motility and ultimate secretion of LROs. Moreover, we have analysed the expression of the members of the CHEVI complex affected in Arthrogryposis, Renal dysfunction and Cholestasis syndrome, in different cell types, by collecting single cell RNA expression data from the human protein atlas. We propose a hypothesis describing how transcriptional regulation could constitute a mechanism that regulates the pleiotropic functions of proteins and their interacting partners in different LROs.
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3
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Brancalion L, Haase B, Wade CM. Canine coat pigmentation genetics: a review. Anim Genet 2021; 53:3-34. [PMID: 34751460 DOI: 10.1111/age.13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of canine coat colour genetics and the associated health implications is developing rapidly. To date, there are 15 genes with known roles in canine coat colour phenotypes. Many coat phenotypes result from complex and/or epistatic genetic interactions among variants within and between loci, some of which remain unidentified. Some genes involved in canine pigmentation have been linked to aural, visual and neurological impairments. Consequently, coat pigmentation in the domestic dog retains considerable ethical and economic interest. In this paper we discuss coat colour phenotypes in the domestic dog, the genes and variants responsible for these phenotypes and any proven coat colour-associated health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Brancalion
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - B Haase
- Faculty of Science, School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - C M Wade
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
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4
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Effects of Cocoa Genotypes on Coat Color, Platelets and Coagulation Parameters in French Bulldogs. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071092. [PMID: 34356108 PMCID: PMC8304396 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A nonsense variant in HPS3, c.2420G>A or p.Trp807*, was recently discovered as the cause for a brown coat color termed cocoa in French Bulldogs. Here, we studied the genotype-phenotype correlation regarding coat color in HPS3 mutant dogs that carried various combinations of mutant alleles at other coat color genes. Different combinations of HPS3, MLPH and TYRP1 genotypes resulted in subtly different shades of brown coat colors. As HPS3 variants in humans cause the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 3, which in addition to oculocutaneous albinism is characterized by a storage pool deficiency leading to bleeding tendency, we also investigated the phenotypic consequences of the HPS3 variant in French Bulldogs on hematological parameters. HPS3 mutant dogs had a significantly lowered platelet dense granules abundance. However, no increased bleeding tendencies in daily routine were reported by dog owners. We therefore conclude that in dogs, the phenotypic effect of the HPS3 variant is largely restricted to pigmentation. While an effect on platelet morphology is evident, we did not obtain any indications for major health problems associated with the cocoa coat color in French Bulldogs. Further studies will be necessary to definitely rule out very subtle effects on visual acuity or a clinically relevant bleeding disorder.
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5
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Kiener S, Kehl A, Loechel R, Langbein-Detsch I, Müller E, Bannasch D, Jagannathan V, Leeb T. Novel Brown Coat Color (Cocoa) in French Bulldogs Results from a Nonsense Variant in HPS3. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11060636. [PMID: 32526956 PMCID: PMC7349258 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown or chocolate coat color in many mammalian species is frequently due to variants at the B locus or TYRP1 gene. In dogs, five different TYRP1 loss-of-function alleles have been described, which explain the vast majority of dogs with brown coat color. Recently, breeders and genetic testing laboratories identified brown French Bulldogs that did not carry any of the known mutant TYRP1 alleles. We sequenced the genome of a TYRP1+/+ brown French Bulldog and compared the data to 655 other canine genomes. A search for private variants revealed a nonsense variant in HPS3, c.2420G>A or p.(Trp807*). The brown dog was homozygous for the mutant allele at this variant. The HPS3 gene encodes a protein required for the correct biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles, including melanosomes. Variants in the human HPS3 gene cause Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome 3, which involves a mild form of oculocutaneous albinism and prolonged bleeding time. A variant in the murine Hps3 gene causes brown coat color in the cocoa mouse mutant. We genotyped a cohort of 373 French Bulldogs and found a strong association of the homozygous mutant HPS3 genotype with the brown coat color. The genotype–phenotype association and the comprehensive knowledge on HPS3 function from other species strongly suggests that HPS3:c.2420G>A is the causative variant for the observed brown coat color in French Bulldogs. In order to clearly distinguish HPS3-related from the TYRP1-related brown coat color, and in line with the murine nomenclature, we propose to designate this dog phenotype as “cocoa”, and the mutant allele as HPS3co.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kiener
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (S.K.); (D.B.); (V.J.)
- Dermfocus, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Kehl
- Laboklin, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (A.K.); (I.L.-D.); (E.M.)
| | | | | | - Elisabeth Müller
- Laboklin, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (A.K.); (I.L.-D.); (E.M.)
| | - Danika Bannasch
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (S.K.); (D.B.); (V.J.)
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (S.K.); (D.B.); (V.J.)
- Dermfocus, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (S.K.); (D.B.); (V.J.)
- Dermfocus, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-3163-123-26
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6
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Claushuis TAM, de Vos AF, Roelofs JJTH, de Boer OJ, van 't Veer C, van der Poll T. Platelet-Dense Granules Worsen Pre-Infection Thrombocytopenia during Gram-Negative Pneumonia-Derived Sepsis. J Innate Immun 2018; 11:168-180. [PMID: 30557883 DOI: 10.1159/000494147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-dense (δ) granules are important for platelet function. Platelets contribute to host defense and vascular integrity during pneumonia and sepsis, and δ granule products, including adenosine diphosphate (ADP), can influence inflammatory responses. We therefore aimed to study the role of platelet δ granules in the host response during sepsis. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (Hps)3coa mice (with reduced δ granule content), mice treated with the platelet ADP receptor inhibitor clopidogrel, and appropriate control mice were infected with the human sepsis pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae via the airways to induce pneumonia and sepsis. In order to override potential redundancy in platelet functions, we also studied Hps3coa and control mice with moderate antibody-induced thrombocytopenia (10%) prior to infection. We found that sepsis-induced thrombocytopenia tended to be less severe in Hps3coa mice, and was significantly ameliorated in Hps3coa mice with low pre-infection platelet counts. Bacterial growth was similar in Hps3coa and control mice in the presence of normal platelet counts prior to infection, but lower in the lungs of Hps3coa mice with low pre-infection platelet counts. Hps3coa mice had unaltered lung pathology and distant organ injury during pneumosepsis, irrespective of pre-infection platelet counts; lung bleeding did not differ between Hps3coa and control mice. Clopidogrel did not influence any host response parameter. These data suggest that platelet δ granules can play a detrimental role in pneumosepsis by aggravating thrombocytopenia and impairing local antibacterial defense, but that these unfavorable effects only become apparent in the presence of low platelet counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora A M Claushuis
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
| | - Alex F de Vos
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joris J T H Roelofs
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Onno J de Boer
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis van 't Veer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Jakubowski M, Szahidewicz-Krupska E, Doroszko A. The Human Carbonic Anhydrase II in Platelets: An Underestimated Field of Its Activity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4548353. [PMID: 30050931 PMCID: PMC6046183 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4548353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases constitute a group of enzymes that catalyse reversible hydration of carbon dioxide leading to the formation of bicarbonate and proton. The platelet carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) was described for the first time in the '80s of the last century. Nevertheless, its direct role in platelet physiology and pathology still remains poorly understood. The modulation of platelet CAII action as a therapeutic approach holds promise as a novel strategy to reduce the impact of cardiovascular diseases. This short review paper summarises the current knowledge regarding the role of human CAII in regulating platelet function. The potential future directions considering this enzyme as a potential drug target and important pathophysiological chain in platelet-related disorders are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Jakubowski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Occupational Diseases and Hypertension, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Szahidewicz-Krupska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Occupational Diseases and Hypertension, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Adrian Doroszko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Occupational Diseases and Hypertension, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
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8
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Michaud V, Lasseaux E, Plaisant C, Verloes A, Perdomo-Trujillo Y, Hamel C, Elcioglu NH, Leroy B, Kaplan J, Jouk PS, Lacombe D, Fergelot P, Morice-Picard F, Arveiler B. Clinico-molecular analysis of eleven patients with Hermansky-Pudlak type 5 syndrome, a mild form of HPS. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017. [PMID: 28640947 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS), first described in 1959, is a rare form of syndromic oculocutaneous albinism associated with bleeding diathesis and in some cases pulmonary fibrosis and granulomatous colitis. All 10 HPS types are caused by defects in vesicle trafficking of lysosome-related organelles (LRO) proteins. The HPS5 protein associates with HPS3 and HPS6 to form the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-2 (BLOC-2). Here, we report the clinical and genetic data of 11 patients with HPS-5 analyzed in our laboratory. We report 11 new pathogenic variants. The 11 patients present with ocular features that are typical for albinism, with mild hypopigmentation, and with no other major complication, apart from a tendency to bleed. HPS-5 therefore appears as a mild form of HPS, which is often clinically undistinguishable from mild oculocutaneous or ocular forms of albinism. Molecular analysis is therefore required to establish the diagnosis of this mild HPS form, which has consequences in terms of prognosis and of clinical management of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Michaud
- Service Génétique Médicale, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Alain Verloes
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | | | - Christian Hamel
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nursel H Elcioglu
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey.,Eastern Mediterranean University Medical School, Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Bart Leroy
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Josseline Kaplan
- Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Simon Jouk
- Service Génétique Clinique, CHU de Grenoble Site La Tronche, Hôpital Couple Enfant, Grenoble, France
| | - Didier Lacombe
- Service Génétique Médicale, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Unité INSERM U1211, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patricia Fergelot
- Service Génétique Médicale, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Unité INSERM U1211, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fanny Morice-Picard
- Service Génétique Médicale, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Service de Dermatologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares de la Peau, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benoit Arveiler
- Service Génétique Médicale, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Unité INSERM U1211, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme, Bordeaux, France
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9
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Platelet Carbonic Anhydrase II, a Forgotten Enzyme, May Be Responsible for Aspirin Resistance. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:3132063. [PMID: 29090039 PMCID: PMC5635279 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3132063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Thromboembolic events constitute a major health problem, despite the steadily expanding arsenal of antiplatelet drugs. Hence, there is still a need to optimize the antiplatelet therapy. Objectives The aim of our study was to verify a hypothesis that there are no differences in platelet proteome between two groups of healthy people representing different acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) responses as assessed by the liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) technique. Patients/Methods A total of 61 healthy volunteers were recruited for the study. Physical examination and blood collection were followed by platelet-rich plasma aggregation assays and platelet separation for proteomic LC/MS analysis. Arachidonic acid- (AA-) induced aggregation (in the presence of aspirin) allowed to divide study participants into two groups aspirin-resistant (AR) and aspirin-sensitive (AS) ones. Subsequently, platelet proteome was compared in groups using the LC/MS analysis. Results The LC/MS analysis of platelet proteome between groups revealed that out of all identified proteins, the only discriminatory protein, affecting aspirin responsiveness, is platelet carbonic anhydrase II (CA II). Conclusions CA II is a platelet function modulator and should be taken into consideration as a cardiovascular event risk factor or therapeutic target.
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10
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Dennis MK, Mantegazza AR, Snir OL, Tenza D, Acosta-Ruiz A, Delevoye C, Zorger R, Sitaram A, de Jesus-Rojas W, Ravichandran K, Rux J, Sviderskaya EV, Bennett DC, Raposo G, Marks MS, Setty SRG. BLOC-2 targets recycling endosomal tubules to melanosomes for cargo delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 209:563-77. [PMID: 26008744 PMCID: PMC4442807 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201410026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative analyses of melanosome cargo localization and trafficking and of endosomal membrane dynamics in immortalized melanocytes from mouse Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome models show that BLOC-2 functions to specify the delivery of recycling endosomal cargo transport intermediates to maturing melanosomes. Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a group of disorders characterized by the malformation of lysosome-related organelles, such as pigment cell melanosomes. Three of nine characterized HPS subtypes result from mutations in subunits of BLOC-2, a protein complex with no known molecular function. In this paper, we exploit melanocytes from mouse HPS models to place BLOC-2 within a cargo transport pathway from recycling endosomal domains to maturing melanosomes. In BLOC-2–deficient melanocytes, the melanosomal protein TYRP1 was largely depleted from pigment granules and underwent accelerated recycling from endosomes to the plasma membrane and to the Golgi. By live-cell imaging, recycling endosomal tubules of wild-type melanocytes made frequent and prolonged contacts with maturing melanosomes; in contrast, tubules from BLOC-2–deficient cells were shorter in length and made fewer, more transient contacts with melanosomes. These results support a model in which BLOC-2 functions to direct recycling endosomal tubular transport intermediates to maturing melanosomes and thereby promote cargo delivery and optimal pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Dennis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Adriana R Mantegazza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Olivia L Snir
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Danièle Tenza
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche; Structure and Membrane Compartments, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 144; and Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR144, Paris F-75248, France Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche; Structure and Membrane Compartments, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 144; and Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR144, Paris F-75248, France
| | - Amanda Acosta-Ruiz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Cédric Delevoye
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche; Structure and Membrane Compartments, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 144; and Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR144, Paris F-75248, France Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche; Structure and Membrane Compartments, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 144; and Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR144, Paris F-75248, France
| | - Richard Zorger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Anand Sitaram
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Wilfredo de Jesus-Rojas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Keerthana Ravichandran
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560 012
| | - John Rux
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 In Silico Molecular, LLC, Blue Bell, PA 19422
| | - Elena V Sviderskaya
- Molecular Cell Sciences Research Centre, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, England, UK
| | - Dorothy C Bennett
- Molecular Cell Sciences Research Centre, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, England, UK
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche; Structure and Membrane Compartments, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 144; and Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR144, Paris F-75248, France Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche; Structure and Membrane Compartments, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 144; and Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR144, Paris F-75248, France Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche; Structure and Membrane Compartments, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 144; and Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR144, Paris F-75248, France
| | - Michael S Marks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Subba Rao Gangi Setty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560 012
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11
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Ku SK, Lee IC, Bae JS. Antithrombotic activities of oroxylin A in vitro and in vivo. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 37:679-86. [PMID: 23963976 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Here, the anticoagulant activities of oroxylin A (OroA), a major component of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, were examined by monitoring activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), and the activities of cell-based thrombin and activated factor X (FXa). Furthermore, the effects of OroA on the expressions of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) were tested in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Treatment with OroA resulted in prolonged aPTT and PT and inhibition of the activities of thrombin and FXa, and OroA inhibited production of thrombin and FXa in HUVECs. And OroA inhibited thrombin-catalyzed fibrin polymerization and platelet aggregation. In accordance with these anticoagulant activities, OroA elicited anticoagulant effects in mouse. In addition, treatment of OroA resulted in the inhibition of TNF-α-induced production of PAI-1, and treatment with OroA resulted in the significant reduction of the PAI-1 to t-PA ratio. Collectively, OroA possess antithrombotic activities and offer bases for development of a novel anticoagulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae-Kwang Ku
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, 712-715, Republic of Korea
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12
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Greene TK, Schiviz A, Hoellriegl W, Poncz M, Muchitsch EM. Towards a standardization of the murine tail bleeding model. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:2820-2. [PMID: 21138523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T K Greene
- Department of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and the Division of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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13
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Mengel-From J, Wong TH, Morling N, Rees JL, Jackson IJ. Genetic determinants of hair and eye colours in the Scottish and Danish populations. BMC Genet 2009; 10:88. [PMID: 20042077 PMCID: PMC2810292 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-10-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Eye and hair colour is highly variable in the European population, and is largely genetically determined. Both linkage and association studies have previously been used to identify candidate genes underlying this variation. Many of the genes found were previously known as underlying mutant mouse phenotypes or human genetic disease, but others, previously unsuspected as pigmentation genes, have also been discovered. Results We assayed the hair of a population of individuals of Scottish origin using tristimulus colorimetry, in order to produce a quantitative measure of hair colour. Cluster analysis of this data defined two groups, with overlapping borders, which corresponded to visually assessed dark versus red/light hair colour. The Danish population was assigned into categorical hair colour groups. Both cohorts were also assessed for eye colour. DNA from the Scottish group was genotyped at SNPs in 33 candidate genes, using 384 SNPs identified by HapMap as representatives of each gene. Associations found between SNPs and colorimetric hair data and eye colour categories were replicated in a cohort of the Danish population. The Danish population was also genotyped with SNPs in 4 previously described pigmentation genes. We found replicable associations of hair colour with the KITLG and OCA2 genes. MC1R variation correlated, as expected, with the red dimension of colorimetric hair colour in Scots. The Danish analysis excluded those with red hair, and no associations were found with MC1R in this group, emphasising that MC1R regulates the colour rather than the intensity of pigmentation. A previously unreported association with the HPS3 gene was seen in the Scottish population. However, although this replicated in the smaller cohort of the Danish population, no association was seen when the whole study population was analysed. Conclusions We have found novel associations with SNPs in known pigmentation genes and colorimetrically assessed hair colour in a Scottish and a Danish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Mengel-From
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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14
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King SM, McNamee RA, Houng AK, Patel R, Brands M, Reed GL. Platelet dense-granule secretion plays a critical role in thrombosis and subsequent vascular remodeling in atherosclerotic mice. Circulation 2009; 120:785-91. [PMID: 19687360 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.845461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet aggregation plays a critical role in myocardial infarction and stroke; however, the role of platelet secretion in atherosclerotic vascular disease is poorly understood. Therefore, we examined the hypothesis that platelet dense-granule secretion modulates thrombosis, inflammation, and atherosclerotic vascular remodeling after injury. METHODS AND RESULTS Functional deletion of the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome 3 gene (HPS3(-/-)) markedly reduces platelet dense-granule secretion. HPS3(-/-) mice have normal platelet counts, platelet morphology, and alpha-granule number, as well as maximal secretion of the alpha-granule marker P-selectin; however, their capacity to form platelet-leukocyte aggregates is significantly reduced (P<0.05). To examine the role of platelet dense-granule secretion in these processes, atherosclerosis-prone mice with combined genetic deficiency of apolipoprotein E and HPS3 (ApoE(-/-), HPS3(-/-)) were compared with congenic, atherosclerosis-prone mice with normal platelet secretion (ApoE(-/-), HPS3(+/+)). After 16 to 18 weeks on a high-fat diet, both groups of mice had similar fasting cholesterol levels and body weight. Carotid arteries of ApoE(-/-), HPS3(+/+) mice thrombosed rapidly after FeCl(3) injury, but ApoE(-/-), HPS3(-/-) mice were completely resistant to thrombotic arterial occlusion (P<0.01). Three weeks after injury, neointimal hyperplasia (from alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive cells) was significantly less (P<0.001) in arteries from ApoE(-/-), HPS3(-/-) mice. In ApoE(-/-), HPS3(-/-) mice, there were also pronounced reductions in arterial inflammation, as indicated by a 74% decrease in CD45-positive leukocytes (P<0.01) and a 73% decrease in Mac-3-positive macrophages (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS In atherosclerotic mice, reduced platelet dense-granule secretion is associated with marked protection against the development of arterial thrombosis, inflammation, and neointimal hyperplasia after vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M King
- Cardiovascular Biology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Mass, USA
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15
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Lee DH, Blajchman MA. Animal Models. Platelets 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012369367-9/50795-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Yoshida M, Saiga K, Hato T, Iwaki S, Niiya T, Arita N, Komori H, Tsubaki T, Furukawa H, Terada M, Maeyama K, Nemoto K, Nose M, Ono M. Cappuccino mutation in an autoimmune-prone strain of mice suggests a role of platelet function in the progression of immune complex crescentic glomerulonephritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:2934-43. [PMID: 16948132 DOI: 10.1002/art.22059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Crescent formation in the renal glomerulus is a typical manifestation of progressive glomerulopathy associated with fatal renal failure; therefore, its prevention is of clinical importance. Little is known about the pathogenic mechanism for crescent formation. This study was undertaken in an attempt to identify the events that are critical for crescent formation in immune complex crescentic glomerulonephritis (CGN) by analyzing a novel mutant strain of mice. METHODS A spontaneous mutant strain of mice was isolated from the autoimmune-prone strain EOD, which stably develops fatal CGN. The mutant phenotypes were assessed histopathologically, hematologically, and immunologically. The mutation was searched for with positional cloning using microsatellite markers. RESULTS Compared with wild-type EOD (WT-EOD) mice, mutant EOD (mut-EOD) mice showed marked improvement in CGN in conjunction with an improvement in spontaneous mortality. In WT-EOD mice, an inverse correlation between blood urea nitrogen concentration and blood platelet count and massive accumulation of platelets in the glomerulus were evident, suggesting that an accumulation of platelets in the glomerulus contributes to the progression of CGN. The mutant platelets showed an abnormal aggregation in response to collagen and thrombin, associated with a bleeding tendency in mut-EOD mice. Genetic analysis revealed a deleterious mutation in the cappuccino gene (cno), which encodes a protein that belongs to a complex called the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelle complex 1 and is profoundly involved in platelet function. Morphologic examination revealed a partial defect in dense body formation in the delta-granule of platelets. CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that platelet functions have a critical role in crescent formation in autoimmune GN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Yoshida
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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17
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Abstract
The Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a collection of related autosomal recessive disorders which are genetically heterogeneous. There are eight human HPS subtypes, characterized by oculocutaneous albinism and platelet storage disease; prolonged bleeding, congenital neutropenia, pulmonary fibrosis, and granulomatous colitis can also occur. HPS is caused primarily by defects in intracellular protein trafficking that result in the dysfunction of intracellular organelles known as lysosome-related organelles. HPS gene products are all ubiquitously expressed and all associate in various multi-protein complexes, yet HPS has cell type-specific disease expression. Impairment of specialized secretory cells such as melanocytes, platelets, lung alveolar type II epithelial cells and cytotoxic T cells are observed in HPS. This review summarizes recent molecular, biochemical and cell biological analyses together with clinical studies that have led to the correlation of molecular pathology with clinical manifestations and led to insights into such diverse disease processes such as albinism, fibrosis, hemorrhage, and congenital neutropenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center 190, University of California, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, USA.
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18
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Helip-Wooley A, Westbroek W, Dorward H, Mommaas M, Boissy RE, Gahl WA, Huizing M. Association of the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type-3 protein with clathrin. BMC Cell Biol 2005; 6:33. [PMID: 16159387 PMCID: PMC1249560 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-6-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a disorder of lysosome-related organelle biogenesis characterized by oculocutaneous albinism and prolonged bleeding. These clinical findings reflect defects in the formation of melanosomes in melanocytes and dense bodies in platelets. HPS type-3 (HPS-3) results from mutations in the HPS3 gene, which encodes a 1004 amino acid protein of unknown function that contains a predicted clathrin-binding motif (LLDFE) at residues 172–176. Results Clathrin was co-immunoprecipitated by HPS3 antibodies from normal but not HPS3 null melanocytes. Normal melanocytes expressing a GFP-HPS3 fusion protein demonstrated partial co-localization of GFP-HPS3 with clathrin following a 20°C temperature block. GFP-HPS3 in which the predicted clathrin-binding domain of HPS3 was mutated (GFP-HPS3-delCBD) did not co-localize with clathrin under the same conditions. Immunoelectron microscopy of normal melanocytes expressing GFP-HPS3 showed co-localization of GFP-HPS3 with clathrin, predominantly on small vesicles in the perinuclear region. In contrast, GFP-HPS3-delCBD did not co-localize with clathrin and exhibited a largely cytoplasmic distribution. Conclusion HPS3 associates with clathrin, predominantly on small clathrin-containing vesicles in the perinuclear region. This association most likely occurs directly via a functional clathrin-binding domain in HPS3. These results suggest a role for HPS3 and its protein complex, BLOC-2, in vesicle formation and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Helip-Wooley
- Section on Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Wendy Westbroek
- Section on Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Heidi Dorward
- Section on Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Mieke Mommaas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Raymond E Boissy
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH, USA
| | - William A Gahl
- Section on Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Marjan Huizing
- Section on Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda MD, USA
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19
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Li W, Rusiniak ME, Chintala S, Gautam R, Novak EK, Swank RT. Murine Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome genes: regulators of lysosome-related organelles. Bioessays 2004; 26:616-28. [PMID: 15170859 DOI: 10.1002/bies.20042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the mouse, at least 16 genes regulate vesicle trafficking to specialized lysosome-related organelles, including platelet dense granules and melanosomes. Fourteen of these genes have been identified by positional cloning. All 16 mouse mutants are models for the genetically heterogeneous human disease, Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome (HPS). Five HPS genes encode known vesicle trafficking proteins. Nine genes are novel, are found only in higher eukaryotes and encode members of three protein complexes termed BLOCs (Biogenesis of Lysosome-related Organelles Complexes). Mutations in murine HPS genes, which encode protein co-members of BLOCs, produce essentially identical phenotypes. In addition to their well-known effects on pigmentation, platelet function and lysosome secretion, HPS genes control a wide range of physiological processes including immune recognition, neuronal functions and lung surfactant trafficking. Studies of the molecular functions of HPS proteins will reveal important details of vesicle trafficking and may lead to therapies for HPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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20
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Gautam R, Chintala S, Li W, Zhang Q, Tan J, Novak EK, Di Pietro SM, Dell'Angelica EC, Swank RT. The Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome 3 (Cocoa) Protein Is a Component of the Biogenesis of Lysosome-related Organelles Complex-2 (BLOC-2). J Biol Chem 2004; 279:12935-42. [PMID: 14718540 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m311311200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a genetically heterogeneous inherited disease affecting vesicle trafficking among lysosome-related organelles. The Hps3, Hps5, and Hps6 genes are mutated in the cocoa, ruby-eye-2, and ruby-eye mouse pigment mutants, respectively, and their human orthologs are mutated in HPS3, HPS5, and HPS6 patients. These three genes encode novel proteins of unknown function. The phenotypes of Hps5/Hps5,Hps6/Hps6 and Hps3/Hps3,Hps6/Hps6 double mutant mice mimic, in coat and eye colors, in melanosome ultrastructure, and in levels of platelet dense granule serotonin, the corresponding phenotypes of single mutants. These facts suggest that the proteins encoded by these genes act within the same pathway or protein complex in vivo to regulate vesicle trafficking. Further, the Hps5 protein is destabilized within tissues of Hps3 and Hps6 mutants, as is the Hps6 protein within tissues of Hps3 and Hps5 mutants. Also, proteins encoded by these genes co-immunoprecipitate and occur in a complex of 350 kDa as determined by sucrose gradient and gel filtration analyses. Together, these results indicate that the Hps3, Hps5, and Hps6 proteins regulate vesicle trafficking to lysosome-related organelles at the physiological level as components of the BLOC-2 (biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-2) protein complex and suggest that the pathogenesis and future therapies of HPS3, HPS5, and HPS6 patients are likely to be similar. Interaction of the Hps5 and Hps6 proteins within BLOC-2 is abolished by the three-amino acid deletion in the Hps6(ru) mutant allele, indicating that these three amino acids are important for normal BLOC-2 complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashi Gautam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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21
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Di Pietro SM, Falcón-Pérez JM, Dell'Angelica EC. Characterization of BLOC-2, a Complex Containing the Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome Proteins HPS3, HPS5 and HPS6. Traffic 2004; 5:276-83. [PMID: 15030569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2004.0171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) defines a group of at least seven autosomal recessive disorders characterized by albinism and prolonged bleeding due to defects in the lysosome-related organelles, melanosomes and platelet-dense granules, respectively. Most HPS genes, including HPS3, HPS5 and HPS6, encode ubiquitously expressed novel proteins of unknown function. Here, we report the biochemical characterization of a stable protein complex named Biogenesis of Lysosome-related Organelles Complex-2 (BLOC-2), which contains the HPS3, HPS5 and HPS6 proteins as subunits. The endogenous HPS3, HPS5 and HPS6 proteins from human HeLa cells coimmunoprecipitated with each other from crude extracts as well as from fractions resulting from size-exclusion chromatography and density gradient centrifugation. The native molecular mass of BLOC-2 was estimated to be 340 +/- 64 kDa. As inferred from the biochemical properties of the HPS6 subunit, BLOC-2 exists in a soluble pool and associates to membranes as a peripheral membrane protein. Fibroblasts deficient in the BLOC-2 subunits HPS3 or HPS6 displayed normal basal secretion of the lysosomal enzyme beta-hexosaminidase. Our results suggest a common biological basis underlying the pathogenesis of HPS-3, -5 and -6 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago M Di Pietro
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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22
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Nguyen T, Novak EK, Kermani M, Fluhr J, Peters LL, Swank RT, Wei ML. Melanosome morphologies in murine models of hermansky-pudlak syndrome reflect blocks in organelle development. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:1156-64. [PMID: 12445206 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.19535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by pigment dilution and prolonged bleeding time. At least 15 mutant mouse strains have been classified as models of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. Some of the genes are implicated in intracellular vesicle trafficking: budding, targeting, and secretion. Many of the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome genes remain uncharacterized and their functions are unknown. Clues to the functions of these genes can be found by analyzing the physiologic and cellular phenotypes. Here we have examined the morphology of the melanosomes in the skin of 10 of the mutant mouse Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome strains by transmission electron microscopy. We demonstrate that the morphologies reflect inhibition of organelle maturation or transfer. The Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome strains are classified into morphologic groups characterized by the step at which melanosome biogenesis or transfer to keratinocytes is inhibited, with the cappuccino strain observed to be blocked at the earliest step and gunmetal blocked at the latest step. We show that all Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome mutant strains except gunmetal have an increase in unpigmented or hypopigmented immature melanosomal forms, leading to the hypopigmented coat colors seen in these strains. In contrast, the hypopigmentation seen in the gunmetal strain is due to the retention of melanosomes in melanocytes, and inefficient transfer into keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuyen Nguyen
- Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco 94121, USA
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23
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Abstract
Platelet granule exocytosis plays a critical role in thrombosis and wound healing. Platelets have three major types of secretory granules that are defined by their unique molecular contents, kinetics of exocytosis and morphologies. Although the ontogeny of platelet granules is poorly understood, a convergence of new insights into megakaryocyte development, the molecular mechanisms of vesicle trafficking and the genetic basis of platelet granule defects, is beginning to define the cellular and molecular pathways responsible for platelet granule ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M King
- Cardiovascular Biology Laboratory, Harvard School of Public Health, Bldg. II-127, 677 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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24
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Suzuki T, Li W, Zhang Q, Novak EK, Sviderskaya EV, Wilson A, Bennett DC, Roe BA, Swank RT, Spritz RA. The gene mutated in cocoa mice, carrying a defect of organelle biogenesis, is a homologue of the human Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome-3 gene. Genomics 2001; 78:30-7. [PMID: 11707070 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2001.6644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a group of human disorders of organelle biogenesis characterized by defective synthesis of melanosomes, lysosomes, and platelet dense granules. In the mouse, at least 15 loci are associated with mutant phenotypes similar to human HPS. We have identified the gene mutated in cocoa (coa) mice, which is associated with an HPS-like mutant phenotype and thus represents a strong candidate for human HPS. Analysis of coa-mutant mice and cultured coa-mutant mouse melanocytes indicates that the normal coa gene product is involved in early stages of melanosome biogenesis and maturation.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromosome Mapping
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genes/genetics
- Hair Color/genetics
- Heterozygote
- Homozygote
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Male
- Melanocytes/cytology
- Melanocytes/metabolism
- Melanocytes/ultrastructure
- Melanosomes/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Microscopy, Electron
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Organelles/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- T Suzuki
- Human Medical Genetics Program, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, B161, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
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25
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Wilson SM, Yip R, Swing DA, O'Sullivan TN, Zhang Y, Novak EK, Swank RT, Russell LB, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA. A mutation in Rab27a causes the vesicle transport defects observed in ashen mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:7933-8. [PMID: 10859366 PMCID: PMC16648 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.140212797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dilute (d), leaden (ln), and ashen (ash) mutations provide a unique model system for studying vesicle transport in mammals. All three mutations produce a lightened coat color because of defects in pigment granule transport. In addition, all three mutations are suppressed by the semidominant dilute-suppressor (dsu), providing genetic evidence that these mutations function in the same or overlapping transport pathways. Previous studies showed that d encodes a major vesicle transport motor, myosin-VA, which is mutated in Griscelli syndrome patients. Here, using positional cloning and bacterial artificial chromosome rescue, we show that ash encodes Rab27a. Rab GTPases represent the largest branch of the p21 Ras superfamily and are recognized as key players in vesicular transport and organelle dynamics in eukaryotic cells. We also show that ash mice have platelet defects resulting in increased bleeding times and a reduction in the number of platelet dense granules. These defects have not been reported for d and ln mice. Collectively, our studies identify Rab27a as a critical gene for organelle-specific protein trafficking in melanocytes and platelets and suggest that Rab27a functions in both MyoVa dependent and independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Wilson
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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26
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McGarry MP, Reddington M, Jackson CW, Zhen L, Novak EK, Swank RT. Increased incidence and analysis of emperipolesis in megakaryocytes of the mouse mutant gunmetal. Exp Mol Pathol 1999; 66:191-200. [PMID: 10486237 DOI: 10.1006/exmp.1999.2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutant gunmetal (gm/gm) mice exhibit prolonged bleeding, platelet granule defects, abnormal megakaryocyte demarcation membranes, and thrombocytopenia. The number of megakaryocytes in gm/gm mice is increased substantially. Also, the percentage of gm/gm megakaryocytes exhibiting emperipolesis is increased. However, the number of emperipolesed cells per megakaryocyte is not. EC are of several hematopoietic lineages, with a slight skew to granulocytes, and include mature, primitive, and degenerating cells. No significant differences in the types of emperipolesed cells were observed between mutant mice and their normal gm/+ or +/+ counterparts. The increased incidence of emperipolesis in gm/gm megakaryocytes is controlled by the megakaryocyte genotype, not systemic factors. A significant practical finding of these studies was the demonstration that increased emperipolesis results in a significant "right shift" in megakaryocyte ploidy determined by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P McGarry
- Department of Laboratory Animal Resources, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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27
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Abstract
The advances that have been made over the last decade in microscopic, biochemical, molecular, and genetic techniques have led to substantial improvement in our understanding of platelet dense granule structure and function, and the implications of dense granule deficiencies for haemostasis. However, much has still to be learned. For example, what is the specific mechanism of docking and fusion that occurs during dense granule exocytosis? What are the roles of dense granule membrane proteins during exocytosis or after expression on the surface of activated platelets? Finally, how do the genetic defects identified in HPS and CHS result in the clinical phenotype of these diseases, and what does this tell us about the origin and function of the affected subcellular organelles?
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Affiliation(s)
- A McNicol
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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28
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Iwaki M, Kamachi K, Heveker N, Konda T. Suppression of platelet aggregation by Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin. Infect Immun 1999; 67:2763-8. [PMID: 10338478 PMCID: PMC96579 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.6.2763-2768.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) on platelet aggregation was investigated. This cell-invasive adenylate cyclase completely suppressed ADP (10 microM)-induced aggregation of rabbit platelets at 3 micrograms/ml and strongly suppressed thrombin (0. 2 U/ml)-induced aggregation at 10 micrograms/ml. The suppression was accompanied by marked increase in platelet intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) content and was diminished by the anti-ACT monoclonal antibody B7E11. A catalytically inactive point mutant of ACT did not show the suppressive effect. Since an increase of cAMP content is a known cause of platelet dysfunction, these results indicate that the observed platelet inactivation was due to the catalytic activity of ACT through increase of intracellular cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iwaki
- Department of Bacterial and Blood Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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29
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Kahn ML, Zheng YW, Huang W, Bigornia V, Zeng D, Moff S, Farese RV, Tam C, Coughlin SR. A dual thrombin receptor system for platelet activation. Nature 1998; 394:690-4. [PMID: 9716134 DOI: 10.1038/29325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 718] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-dependent arterial thrombosis triggers most heart attacks and strokes. Because the coagulation protease thrombin is the most potent activator of platelets, identification of the platelet receptors for thrombin is critical for understanding thrombosis and haemostasis. Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) is important for activation of human platelets by thrombin, but plays no apparent role in mouse platelet activation. PAR3 is a thrombin receptor that is expressed in mouse megakaryocytes. Here we report that thrombin responses in platelets from PAR3-deficient mice were markedly delayed and diminished but not absent. We have also identified PAR4, a new thrombin-activated receptor. PAR4 messenger RNA was detected in mouse megakaryocytes and a PAR4-activating peptide caused secretion and aggregation of PAR3-deficient mouse platelets. Thus PAR3 is necessary for normal thrombin responses in mouse platelets, but a second PAR4-mediated mechanism for thrombin signalling exists. Studies with PAR-activating peptides suggest that PAR4 also functions in human platelets, which implies that an analogous dual-receptor system also operates in humans. The identification of a two-receptor system for platelet activation by thrombin has important implications for the development of antithrombotic therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- Female
- Gene Targeting
- Humans
- Ligands
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptides/metabolism
- Platelet Activation/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/analysis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Receptors, Thrombin/deficiency
- Receptors, Thrombin/genetics
- Receptors, Thrombin/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Thrombin/physiology
- Xenopus
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Kahn
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0130, USA
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30
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Swank RT, Novak EK, McGarry MP, Rusiniak ME, Feng L. Mouse models of Hermansky Pudlak syndrome: a review. PIGMENT CELL RESEARCH 1998; 11:60-80. [PMID: 9585243 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.1998.tb00713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hermansky Pudlak Syndrome (HPS) is a recessively inherited disease affecting the contents and/or the secretion of several related subcellular organelles including melanosomes, lysosomes, and platelet dense granules. It presents with disorders of pigmentation, prolonged bleeding, and ceroid deposition, often accompanied by severe fibrotic lung disease and colitis. In the mouse, the disorder is clearly multigenic, caused by at least 14 distinct mutations. Studies on the mouse mutants have defined the granule abnormalities of HPS and have shown that the disease is associated with a surprising variety of phenotypes affecting many tissues. This is an exciting time in HPS research because of the recent molecular identification of the gene causing a major form of human HPS and the expected identifications of several mouse HPS genes. Identifications of mouse HPS genes are expected to increase our understanding of intracellular vesicle trafficking, lead to discovery of new human HPS genes, and suggest diagnostic and therapeutic approaches toward the more severe clinical consequences of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Swank
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA.
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31
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Sviderskaya EV, Novak EK, Swank RT, Bennett DC. The murine misty mutation: phenotypic effects on melanocytes, platelets and brown fat. Genetics 1998; 148:381-90. [PMID: 9475748 PMCID: PMC1459760 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/148.1.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the recessive murine mutation misty (m) is well known, its phenotype has never been reported beyond brief descriptions of a dilution of coat color and white spotting of the belly and extremities, suggesting a developmental mutation. A report in abstract has also suggested effects on white fat and body weight. Here, we report effects of the homozygous misty mutation on an unusual combination of three cell types: melanocytes, platelets, and brown fat. Brown fat appeared to be completely absent from all expected locations in neonatal m/m mice. A prolonged bleeding time was observed; platelet count and platelet serotonin and ATP levels were normal, but the level of ADP in m/m platelets was low. Primary cultures and immortal lines of melanocytes from m/m mice showed several abnormalities. There was a marked deficiency in net proliferation, suggesting that the color dilution and spotting in vivo may result from reduced numbers of melanocytes and their precursors. m/m melanocytes were also hyperdendritic in morphology, overproduced melanin, and had deficient responses to the cAMP agonists cholera toxin and melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which normally promote melanin production. The misty gene product may be involved in adenine nucleotide metabolism or signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Sviderskaya
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK
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32
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Abstract
Abstract
Thrombopoietin (TPO) has been established as the major regulator of megakaryocyte and platelet production. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that TPO affects both megakaryocyte proliferation and maturation. In vitro, TPO has been reported to be essential for full development of megakaryocytes and platelets. These studies are in contrast to results observed in vivo in mice deficient in the TPO or c-mpl gene (TPO-/- and c-mpl-/-). Both TPO-/- and c-mpl-/- mice exhibit a 90% reduction in megakaryocyte and platelet levels. But even with this small number of circulating platelets, these mice do not have any excessive bleeding. Ultrastructural analysis indicates that platelets and megakaryocytes present in the knockout mice are morphologically normal. Characterization of platelet function shows that platelets from knockout mice are functionally identical to the wild-type platelets as measured by upregulation of 125I-fibrinogen binding to platelets in response to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) stimulation and by platelet attachment to the immobilized extracellular matrix proteins, collagen and von Willebrand factor (vWF). These results demonstrate that in vivo, TPO is required for the control of megakaryocyte and platelet number but not for their maturation. Other factors with megakaryocytopoietic activity may be able to compensate for the maturational role of TPO and lead to the formation of normal megakaryocytes and platelets in TPO-/- and c-mpl-/- mice.
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33
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Colley WC, Altshuller YM, Sue-Ling CK, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, Branch KD, Tsirka SE, Bollag RJ, Bollag WB, Frohman MA. Cloning and expression analysis of murine phospholipase D1. Biochem J 1997; 326 ( Pt 3):745-53. [PMID: 9307024 PMCID: PMC1218729 DOI: 10.1042/bj3260745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Activation of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase D(PLD) occurs as part of the complex signal-transduction cascade initiated by agonist stimulation of tyrosine kinase and G-protein-coupled receptors. A variety of mammalian PLD activities have been described, and cDNAs for two PLDs recently reported (human PLD1 and murine PLD2). We describe here the cloning and chromosomal localization of murine PLD1. Northern-blot hybridization and RNase protection analyses were used to examine the expression of murine PLD1 and PLD2 ina variety of cell lines and tissues. PLD1 and PLD2 were expressed in all RNA samples examined, although the absolute expression of each isoform varied, as well as the ratio of PLD1 to PLD2. Moreover, in situ hybridization of adult brain and murine embryo sections revealed high levels of expression of individual PLDs in some cell types and no detectable expression in others. Thus the two PLDs probably carry out distinct roles in restricted subsets of cells rather than ubiquitous roles in all cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Colley
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Program in Genetics, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA
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Rusiniak ME, O'Brien EP, Novak EK, Barone SM, McGarry MP, Reddington M, Swank RT. Molecular markers near the mouse brachymorphic (bm) gene, which affects connective tissues and bleeding time. Mamm Genome 1996; 7:98-102. [PMID: 8835524 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Several inherited skeletal/connective tissue defects are associated with hemorrhagic disorders in humans. Accordingly, three mouse mutants (brachymorphic [bm], hemimelic extra toes [Hx], and ulnaless [Ul]), with inherited skeletal abnormalities, were analyzed for hemorrhagic tendencies. All three had prolonged bleeding times. Platelet numbers, size, and function, as well as common soluble plasma clotting factors, were not measurably affected. To further define the bm mutation, its chromosomal location relative to 19 other molecular markers was determined to a high resolution in a large interspecific backcross. Several microsatellite markers were found to be very closely linked to bm and should provide useful entry points for the eventual identification of this gene by positional/candidate cloning techniques. These results suggest that inherited skeletal abnormalities and bleeding tendencies are associated more frequently in both humans and animal models than is commonly recognized. Identification of these genes may reveal novel relationships between osteogenesis and hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Rusiniak
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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Suzuki H, Yamazaki H, Tanoue K. Immunocytochemical aspects of platelet membrane glycoproteins and adhesive proteins during activation. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 1996; 30:1-106. [PMID: 8824844 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(96)80009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Suzuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan
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36
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37
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Tsuji A, Wakayama T, Ishikawa A. A new spontaneous allele at the pink-eyed dilution (p) locus discovered in Mus musculus castaneus. Exp Anim 1995; 44:347-51. [PMID: 8575552 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.44.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutant mice characterized by a cream coat and pink eyes were spontaneously discovered among the descendants of Indonesian wild mice (Mus musculus castaneus). This mutant phenotype was controlled by a single autosomal recessive gene that was allelic to the pink-eyed dilution (p) gene. The mutant mouse phenotypically resembled the original p mouse which was the first mutant identified at this locus. Nevertheless, these two alleles differed in origin, a previous report suggesting that the original p allele was derived from Japanese wild mice (M. m. molossinus). Thus the symbol pcas (pink-eyed castaneus) was proposed for the present mutation allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tsuji
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
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38
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O'Brien EP, Novak EK, Zhen L, Manly KF, Stephenson D, Swank RT. Molecular markers near two mouse chromosome 13 genes, muted and pearl, which cause platelet storage pool deficiency (SPD). Mamm Genome 1995; 6:19-24. [PMID: 7719021 DOI: 10.1007/bf00350888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The recessive muted (mu) and pearl (pe) mutations on Chromosome (Chr) 13 cause pigment dilution and platelet storage pool deficiency (SPD) in mice. In addition, mu causes inner ear abnormalities and pe has symptoms associated with night blindness. Using an interspecific backcross involving the wild-derived Mus musculus musculus (PWK) stock, we have mapped 33 microsatellite markers and four cDNAs relative to mu, pe, and another recessive mutation, satin (sa). Analyzing a total of 528 backcross offspring, we found tight linkage between the pigment loci and several microsatellite markers (D13Mit87, D13Mit88, D13Mit137 with mu; and D13Mit104, D13Mit160, D13Mit161, and D13Mit169 with pe). These markers should aid the eventual molecular identification of these specific SPD genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P O'Brien
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
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Sichel G, Corsaro C, Cassiani E, Magnani C, Bolognani L. ATPase activity of melanosomes in liver pigment cells of Rana esculenta L. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1994; 108:521-8. [PMID: 7953071 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(94)90105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Luminometric methods show that melanosomes in liver pigment cells of Rana esculenta L. have endogenous ATP and ATPase activity. The Km value of ATPase is 0.42 x 10(-8) mol/l at pH 7.0. Inhibition of ATPase by antimycin and by ouabain is not effective. In the presence of an excess of ADP and Pi, ATP synthesis was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sichel
- Istituto di Biologia Generale, University of Catania, Italy
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40
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O'Brien EP, Novak EK, Keller SA, Poirier C, Guénet JL, Swank RT. Molecular map of chromosome 19 including three genes affecting bleeding time: ep, ru, and bm. Mamm Genome 1994; 5:356-60. [PMID: 8043950 DOI: 10.1007/bf00356554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The mouse ruby eye (ru) and pale ear (ep) pigment dilution genes cause platelet storage pool deficiency (SPD) and prolonged bleeding times. The brachymorphic (bm) gene, in addition to causing skeletal abnormalities, is also associated with prolonged bleeding times. All three hemorrhagic genes are found within 10 cM on Chromosome (Chr) 19. In this study, 15 microsatellite markers and five cDNAs, spanning 21 cM of Chr 19, were mapped in relation to the bm, ep, and ru genes in 457 progeny of an interspecific backcross utilizing the highly inbred strain PWK derived from the Mus musculus musculus species. Several markers were found to be closely linked to the three genes and should be useful as entry points in their eventual molecular identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P O'Brien
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
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41
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Weiss HJ, Lages B, Vicic W, Tsung LY, White JG. Heterogeneous abnormalities of platelet dense granule ultrastructure in 20 patients with congenital storage pool deficiency. Br J Haematol 1993; 83:282-95. [PMID: 8457477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1993.tb08284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Studies on platelet dense granule structure were carried out in 20 patients with various types of congenital storage pool deficiency (SPD), including 15 with specific deficiencies of dense granules and dense granule substances (delta-SPD), and five with combined deficiencies of dense and alpha-granules (alpha delta-SPD). Dense granules were identified by their high affinity for uranyl ions (uranaffin reaction), by their ability to accumulate the fluorescent dye mepacrine, and by their inherent electron opacity on unfixed, unstained whole mount preparations. By all these methods, dense granules were markedly decreased in seven albino patients with the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) variant of delta-SPD. These findings suggest that the basic defect in these patients is a specific abnormality in organelle development which prevents the formation of an intact granule structure, a quantitative abnormality which may differ from that in animals with related pigment disorders. In contrast, eight non-albino patients with delta-SPD had, on average, only a slightly reduced number of uranaffin-positive and mepacrine-positive granules, but a shift in uranaffin-granule distribution towards those lacking a dense core ('empty granules'), suggesting a more qualitative type of dense granule defect. These results are consistent with previous evidence suggesting a decreased uptake of ATP across the granule membrane in delta-SPD. In addition, on whole mounts, these patients' platelets contained substantial numbers of electron dense chains and clusters which contained P and Ca, but with a P/Ca ratio less than that of typical dense granules, and which were retained, along with a larger amount of ATP, after thrombin treatment of the platelets. The various findings in these patients raise the possibility that these structures may represent microvesicles, derived from the Golgi apparatus, which provide a transport mechanism for concentrating adenine nucleotides and calcium in dense granules and which is impaired in some patients with SPD. Additional defects may account for the more extensive granule abnormalities observed in alpha delta-SPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, N.Y
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42
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White RA, Peters LL, Adkison LR, Korsgren C, Cohen CM, Lux SE. The murine pallid mutation is a platelet storage pool disease associated with the protein 4.2 (pallidin) gene. Nat Genet 1992; 2:80-3. [PMID: 1284644 DOI: 10.1038/ng0992-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pallid is one of 12 independent murine mutations with a prolonged bleeding time that are models for human platelet storage pool deficiencies in which several intracellular organelles are abnormal. We have mapped the murine gene for protein 4.2 (Epb4.2) to chromosome 2 where it co-localizes with pallid. Southern blot analyses suggest that pallid is a mutation in the Epb4.2 gene. Northern blot analyses demonstrate a smaller than normal Epb4.2 transcript in affected pallid tissues, such as kidney and skin. This is the first gene defect to be associated with a platelet storage pool deficiency, and may allow the identification of a novel structure or biological pathway that influences granulogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A White
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Abstract
Mouse models of human genetic disorders provide a valuable resource for investigating the pathogenesis of genetic disease and for testing potential therapies. The high degree of resolution of linkage mapping in the mouse allows mutant phenotypes to be mapped precisely which, combined with the accurate definition of areas of homology between the mouse and human genomes, greatly facilitates the identification of mouse models. We describe here mouse models of human single gene disorders dividing them into three categories depending on the information available; phenotypic similarities, comparative mapping and identification of the underlying genetic lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Meisler
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0618
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Swank RT, Sweet HO, Davisson MT, Reddington M, Novak EK. Sandy: a new mouse model for platelet storage pool deficiency. Genet Res (Camb) 1991; 58:51-62. [PMID: 1936982 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672300029608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sandy (sdy) is a mouse mutant with diluted pigmentation which recently arose in the DBA/2J strain. Genetic tests indicate it is caused by an autosomal recessive mutation on mouse Chromosome 13 near the cr and Xt genetic loci. This mutation is different genetically and hematologically from previously described mouse pigment mutations with storage pool deficiency (SPD). The sandy mutant has diluted pigmentation in both eyes and fur, is fully viable and has prolonged bleeding times. Platelet serotonin levels are extremely low although ATP dependent acidification activity of platelet organelles appears normal. Also, platelet dense granules are extremely reduced in number when analysed by electron microscopy of unfixed platelets. Platelets have abnormal uptake and flashing of the fluorescent dye mepacrine. Secretion of lysosomal enzymes from kidney and from thrombin-stimulated platelets is depressed 2- and 3-fold, and ceroid pigment is present in kidney. Sandy platelets have a reduced rate of aggregation induced by collagen. The sandy mutant has an unusually severe dense granule defect and thus may be an appropriate model for cases of human Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome with similarly extreme types of SPD. It represents the tenth example of a mouse mutant with simultaneous defects in melanosomes, lysosomes and/or platelet dense granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Swank
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Buffalo, NY 14263
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Justice
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, ABL-Basic Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, MD 21702
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Meisler
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0618
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48
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