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Bazid HAS, Marae AH, Farag B, Abdallah RA. The value of immunohistochemical expression of SOX9 and CD34 in alopecia areata. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2024:1-15. [PMID: 39041618 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2024.2383676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alopecia areata (AA), an immune-mediated disorder, is marked by temporary, nonscarring hair loss. The bulge area is protected from immune attacks by immune privilege; however, recent studies demonstrated immune cells infiltrating the bulge area. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of the sex-determining region Y-box 9 (SOX9) and cluster of differentiation 34 (CD34) in AA patients as markers of hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) and progenitor cells, respectively. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining of SOX9 and CD34 was applied on skin samples of 20 AA patients and 20 healthy controls. RESULTS SOX9 and CD34 were significantly lower in lesional samples of cases compared to perilesional and control skin biopsies. Furthermore, SOX9 level was negatively correlated with the severity of alopecia tool score (SALT score) among the studied AA patients. Moreover, lowered SOX9 expression was present in patients with recurrent attacks. CONCLUSIONS The significant reduction of stem cell markers (SOX9 and CD34) in our studied AA cases signifies the pathological affection of HFSCs and their progeny in AA. This is thought to cause a loss of competence in generating new hair in some AA cases, which needs to be validated in further research. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY This study has a small sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A S Bazid
- Dermatology and Andrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebeen El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Alaa H Marae
- Dermatology and Andrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebeen El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Bassant Farag
- Dermatology and Andrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebeen El-Kom, Egypt
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2
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Xing YZ, Guo HY, Xiang F, Li YH. Recent progress in hair follicle stem cell markers and their regulatory roles. World J Stem Cells 2024; 16:126-136. [PMID: 38455104 PMCID: PMC10915958 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v16.i2.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) in the bulge are a multipotent adult stem cell population. They can periodically give rise to new HFs and even regenerate the epidermis and sebaceous glands during wound healing. An increasing number of biomarkers have been used to isolate, label, and trace HFSCs in recent years. Considering more detailed data from single-cell transcriptomics technology, we mainly focus on the important HFSC molecular markers and their regulatory roles in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Zhan Xing
- Department of Cell Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hai-Ying Guo
- Department of Cell Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Fei Xiang
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yu-Hong Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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3
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Cuevas-Diaz Duran R, Martinez-Ledesma E, Garcia-Garcia M, Bajo Gauzin D, Sarro-Ramírez A, Gonzalez-Carrillo C, Rodríguez-Sardin D, Fuentes A, Cardenas-Lopez A. The Biology and Genomics of Human Hair Follicles: A Focus on Androgenetic Alopecia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2542. [PMID: 38473791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia is a highly prevalent condition mainly affecting men. This complex trait is related to aging and genetics; however, multiple other factors, for example, lifestyle, are also involved. Despite its prevalence, the underlying biology of androgenetic alopecia remains elusive, and thus advances in its treatment have been hindered. Herein, we review the functional anatomy of hair follicles and the cell signaling events that play a role in follicle cycling. We also discuss the pathology of androgenetic alopecia and the known molecular mechanisms underlying this condition. Additionally, we describe studies comparing the transcriptional differences in hair follicles between balding and non-balding scalp regions. Given the genetic contribution, we also discuss the most significant risk variants found to be associated with androgenetic alopecia. A more comprehensive understanding of this pathology may be generated through using multi-omics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Cuevas-Diaz Duran
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey 64710, NL, Mexico
- CapilarFix®, Monterrey 66220, NL, Mexico
| | - Emmanuel Martinez-Ledesma
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey 64710, NL, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Monterrey 64849, NL, Mexico
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4
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Cardoso JC, Alves F, Carreira IM, Tellechea O. Basal Cell Carcinomas After Radiotherapy Show More Frequent Follicular Differentiation Than Tumors From Sun-Exposed Areas: Immunohistochemical Study With a Special Focus on Infundibulocystic Basal Cell Carcinoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2022; 44:879-885. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000002321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Castro AR, Portinha C, Logarinho E. The Emergent Power of Human Cellular vs Mouse Models in Translational Hair Research. Stem Cells Transl Med 2022; 11:1021-1028. [PMID: 35962707 PMCID: PMC9585950 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szac059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Different animal models have been used for hair research and regeneration studies based on the similarities between animal and human skins. Primary knowledge on hair follicle (HF) biology has arisen from research using mouse models baring spontaneous or genetically engineered mutations. These studies have been crucial for the discovery of genes underlying human hair cycle control and hair loss disorders. Yet, researchers have become increasingly aware that there are distinct architectural and cellular features between the mouse and human HFs, which might limit the translation of findings in the mouse models. Thus, it is enticing to reason that the spotlight on mouse models and the unwillingness to adapt to the human archetype have been hampering the emergence of the long-awaited human hair loss cure. Here, we provide an overview of the major limitations of the mainstream mouse models for human hair loss research, and we underpin a future course of action using human cell bioengineered models and the emergent artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Castro
- Aging and Aneuploidy Group, IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Saúde Viável-Insparya Hair Center, Porto, Portugal.,Doctoral Program in Biomedical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Elsa Logarinho
- Aging and Aneuploidy Group, IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Saúde Viável-Insparya Hair Center, Porto, Portugal
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6
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Panfolliculoma: Report of the Youngest Case and Literature Review of Its Histopathologic Variants. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12060881. [PMID: 35743912 PMCID: PMC9225048 DOI: 10.3390/life12060881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Panfolliculoma (PF) is a relative rare, benign follicular tumor comprised of all elements of the hair follicle, with a limited number of cases reported in the literature. Articles on the demographic and pathological analysis of this tumor are also lacking. Case presentation: In this report, we presented an unusual case of cystic PF on the back of a 14-year-old male, and we performed a thorough literature review and analysis of all previously reported cases. Conclusions: PF is a rare benign follicular neoplasm with characteristic differentiation toward all components of the hair follicle. In our analysis, PF occurred most frequently on the head region and was usually diagnosed in middle- to old-aged persons, with cystic PF being the most common histologic subtype. Since this tumor is rare and easily misdiagnosed as other tumors both clinically and pathologically, a thorough understanding of the histopathological manifestations and differential diagnosis of this tumor is necessary for both dermatologists and pathologists.
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7
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Kim HJ, Choi EW, Choi EJ, Kim HS, Kim J, Cho G, Kim H, Na S, Shin JH, Do SH, Park BJ. Non-thermal plasma promotes hair growth by improving the inter-follicular macroenvironment. RSC Adv 2021; 11:27880-27896. [PMID: 35480732 PMCID: PMC9037796 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04625j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-thermal plasma (NTP) is widely used in the disinfection and surface modification of biomaterials. NTP treatment can regenerate and improve skin function; however, its effectiveness on hair follicle (HF) growth and its underlying mechanisms need to be elucidated. Herein, we propose an air-based NTP treatment, which generates exogenous nitric oxide (eNO), as a therapeutic strategy for hair growth. The topical application of air-based NTP generates large amounts of eNO, which can be directly detected using a microelectrode NO sensor, in the dermis of mouse dorsal skin. Additionally, NTP-induced eNO has no cytotoxicity in normal human skin cells and promotes hair growth by increasing capillary tube formation, cellular proliferation, and hair/angiogenesis-related protein expression. Furthermore, NTP treatment promotes hair growth with adipogenesis and activation of CD34+CD44+ stem cells and improves the inter-follicular macroenvironment via increased perifollicular vascularity in the mouse hair regrowth model. Given the importance of the hair follicle (HF) cycle ratio (growth vs. regression vs. resting) in diagnosing alopecia, NTP treatment upregulates the stem cell activity of the HF to promote the anagen : catagen : telogen ratio, leading to improved hair growth. We confirmed the upregulation of increasing Wnt/β-catenin signaling and activation of perifollicular adipose tissue and angiogenesis in HF regeneration. In conclusion, these results show that the eNO from NTP enhances the cellular activities of human skin cells and endothelial cells in vitro and stem cells in vivo, thereby increasing angiogenesis, adipogenesis, and hair growth in the skin dermis. Furthermore, the results of this study suggest that NTP treatment may be a highly efficient alternative in regenerative medicine for achieving enhanced hair growth. Non-thermal plasma (NTP) is widely used in the disinfection and surface modification of biomaterials.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Jun Kim
- Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University Seoul 05029 Republic of Korea +82 2 450 3706.,Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California - Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA.,Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation Los Angeles CA 90024 USA
| | - Eun-Wook Choi
- R&D Center, Prostemics Co., Ltd Seoul 04778 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Choi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University Seoul 05029 Republic of Korea +82 2 450 3706
| | - Hyo-Sung Kim
- Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University Seoul 05029 Republic of Korea +82 2 450 3706
| | - Junggil Kim
- Department of Electrical Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University Seoul 01897 Republic of Korea +82 2 940 8629
| | - Guangsup Cho
- Department of Electrical Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University Seoul 01897 Republic of Korea +82 2 940 8629
| | - Heesu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University Seoul 01897 Republic of Korea
| | - Seulgi Na
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University Seoul 01897 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University Seoul 01897 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Do
- Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University Seoul 05029 Republic of Korea +82 2 450 3706
| | - Bong Joo Park
- Department of Electrical Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University Seoul 01897 Republic of Korea +82 2 940 8629.,Institute of Biomaterials, Kwangwoon University Seoul 01897 Republic of Korea
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8
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Hu XM, Li ZX, Zhang DY, Yang YC, Fu SA, Zhang ZQ, Yang RH, Xiong K. A systematic summary of survival and death signalling during the life of hair follicle stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:453. [PMID: 34380571 PMCID: PMC8359037 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02527-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) are among the most widely available resources and most frequently approved model systems used for studying adult stem cells. HFSCs are particularly useful because of their self-renewal and differentiation properties. Additionally, the cyclic growth of hair follicles is driven by HFSCs. There are high expectations for the use of HFSCs as favourable systems for studying the molecular mechanisms that contribute to HFSC identification and can be applied to hair loss therapy, such as the activation or regeneration of hair follicles, and to the generation of hair using a tissue-engineering strategy. A variety of molecules are involved in the networks that critically regulate the fate of HFSCs, such as factors in hair follicle growth and development (in the Wnt pathway, Sonic hedgehog pathway, Notch pathway, and BMP pathway), and that suppress apoptotic cues (the apoptosis pathway). Here, we review the life cycle, biomarkers and functions of HFSCs, concluding with a summary of the signalling pathways involved in HFSC fate for promoting better understanding of the pathophysiological changes in the HFSC niche. Importantly, we highlight the potential mechanisms underlying the therapeutic targets involved in pathways associated with the treatment of hair loss and other disorders of skin and hair, including alopecia, skin cancer, skin inflammation, and skin wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Min Hu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Morphological Sciences Building, 172 Tongzi Po Road, Changsha, 410013, China.,Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Morphological Sciences Building, 172 Tongzi Po Road, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Dan-Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Morphological Sciences Building, 172 Tongzi Po Road, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Yi-Chao Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Morphological Sciences Building, 172 Tongzi Po Road, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Shen-Ao Fu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Morphological Sciences Building, 172 Tongzi Po Road, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Zai-Qiu Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Morphological Sciences Building, 172 Tongzi Po Road, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Rong-Hua Yang
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, #81, Lingnan North Road, Foshan, 528000, China.
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Morphological Sciences Building, 172 Tongzi Po Road, Changsha, 410013, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410008, China.
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9
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Seria E, Galea G, Borg J, Schembri K, Grech G, Tagliaferro SS, Felice A. Novel leukocyte-depleted platelet-rich plasma-based skin equivalent as an in vitro model of chronic wounds: a preliminary study. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:28. [PMID: 33971814 PMCID: PMC8111747 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-021-00366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic leg ulcerations are associated with Haemoglobin disorders, Type2 Diabetes Mellitus, and long-term venous insufficiency, where poor perfusion and altered metabolism develop into a chronic inflammation that impairs wound closure. Skin equivalent organotypic cultures can be engineered in vitro to study skin biology and wound closure by modelling the specific cellular components of the skin. This study aimed to develop a novel bioactive platelet-rich plasma (PRP) leukocyte depleted scaffold to facilitate the study of common clinical skin wounds in patients with poor chronic skin perfusion and low leukocyte infiltration. A scratch assay was performed on the skin model to mimic two skin wound conditions, an untreated condition and a condition treated with recombinant tumour necrotic factor (rTNF) to imitate the stimulation of an inflammatory state. Gene expression of IL8 and TGFA was analysed in both conditions. Statistical analysis was done through ANOVA and paired student t-test. P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS A skin model that consisted of a leukocyte-depleted, platelet-rich plasma scaffold was setup with embedded fibroblasts as dermal equivalents and seeded keratinocytes as multi-layered epidermis. Gene expression levels of IL8 and TGFA were significantly different between the control and scratched conditions (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01 respectively), as well as between the control and treated conditions (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively). The scratch assay induced IL8 upregulation after 3 h (p < 0.05) which continued to increase up to day 1 (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the administration of TNF led to the downregulation of IL8 (p < 0.01), followed by an upregulation on day 2. IL8 gene expression decreased in the scratched condition after day 1 as the natural healing process took place and was lower than in the treated condition on day 8 (p < 0.05). Both untreated and treated conditions showed a downregulation of TGFA 3 h after scratch when compared with the control condition (p < 0.01). Administration of rTNF showed significant downregulation of TGFA after 24 h when compared with the control (p < 0.01) and treated conditions (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study suggests that a leukocyte-depleted PRP-based skin equivalent can be a useful model for the in vitro study of chronic skin wounds related to poor skin perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Seria
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry and Centre of Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, MSD2080, Malta.
| | - George Galea
- National Blood Transfusion Centre and Department of Pathology, University of Malta, Msida, MSD2080, Malta
| | - Joseph Borg
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, MSD2080, Malta
| | - Kevin Schembri
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta Medical School and Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, MSD2080, Malta
| | - Gabriella Grech
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta Medical School and Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, MSD2080, Malta
| | - Sarah Samut Tagliaferro
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry and Centre of Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, MSD2080, Malta
| | - Alexander Felice
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry and Centre of Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, MSD2080, Malta
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10
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Zhang L, Cen Y, Huang Q, Li H, Mo X, Meng W, Chen J. Computational flow cytometric analysis to detect epidermal subpopulations in human skin. Biomed Eng Online 2021; 20:22. [PMID: 33596908 PMCID: PMC7891025 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-021-00858-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The detection and dissection of epidermal subgroups could lead to an improved understanding of skin homeostasis and wound healing. Flow cytometric analysis provides an effective method to detect the surface markers of epidermal cells while producing high-dimensional data files. Methods A 9-color flow cytometric panel was optimized to reveal the heterogeneous subgroups in the epidermis of human skin. The subsets of epidermal cells were characterized using automated methods based on dimensional reduction approaches (viSNE) and clustering with Spanning-tree Progression Analysis of Density-normalized Events (SPADE). Results The manual analysis revealed differences in epidermal distribution between body sites based on a series biaxial gating starting with the expression of CD49f and CD29. The computational analysis divided the whole epidermal cell population into 25 clusters according to the surface marker phenotype with SPADE. This automatic analysis delineated the differences between body sites. The consistency of the results was confirmed with PhenoGraph. Conclusion A multicolor flow cytometry panel with a streamlined computational analysis pipeline is a feasible approach to delineate the heterogeneity of the epidermis in human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Cen
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiaorong Huang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Huifang Li
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianming Mo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Wentong Meng
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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11
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Li H, Masieri FF, Schneider M, Bartella A, Gaus S, Hahnel S, Zimmerer R, Sack U, Maksimovic-Ivanic D, Mijatovic S, Simon JC, Lethaus B, Savkovic V. The Middle Part of the Plucked Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath Is Identified as an Area Rich in Lineage-Specific Stem Cell Markers. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020154. [PMID: 33503918 PMCID: PMC7912066 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair follicle outer root sheath (ORS) is a putative source of stem cells with therapeutic capacity. ORS contains several multipotent stem cell populations, primarily in the distal compartment of the bulge region. However, the bulge is routinely obtained using invasive isolation methods, which require human scalp tissue ex vivo. Non-invasive sampling has been standardized by means of the plucking procedure, enabling to reproducibly obtain the mid-ORS part. The mid-ORS shows potential for giving rise to multiple stem cell populations in vitro. To demonstrate the phenotypic features of distal, middle, and proximal ORS parts, gene and protein expression profiles were studied in physically separated portions. The mid-part of the ORS showed a comparable or higher NGFR, nestin/NES, CD34, CD73, CD44, CD133, CK5, PAX3, MITF, and PMEL expression on both protein and gene levels, when compared to the distal ORS part. Distinct subpopulations of cells exhibiting small and round morphology were characterized with flow cytometry as simultaneously expressing CD73/CD271, CD49f/CD105, nestin, and not CK10. Potentially, these distinct subpopulations can give rise to cultured neuroectodermal and mesenchymal stem cell populations in vitro. In conclusion, the mid part of the ORS holds the potential for yielding multiple stem cells, in particular mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanluo Li
- Department of Cranial Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (H.L.); (A.B.); (S.G.); (R.Z.); (B.L.)
| | | | - Marie Schneider
- Clinic for Hematology, Cell Therapy and Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Alexander Bartella
- Department of Cranial Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (H.L.); (A.B.); (S.G.); (R.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Sebastian Gaus
- Department of Cranial Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (H.L.); (A.B.); (S.G.); (R.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Sebastian Hahnel
- Polyclinic for Dental Prosthetics and Material Sciences, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Rüdiger Zimmerer
- Department of Cranial Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (H.L.); (A.B.); (S.G.); (R.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Ulrich Sack
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Danijela Maksimovic-Ivanic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research ‘Sinisa Stankovic’ (IBISS)-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.M.-I.); (S.M.)
| | - Sanja Mijatovic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research ‘Sinisa Stankovic’ (IBISS)-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.M.-I.); (S.M.)
| | - Jan-Christoph Simon
- Clinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Bernd Lethaus
- Department of Cranial Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (H.L.); (A.B.); (S.G.); (R.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Vuk Savkovic
- Department of Cranial Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (H.L.); (A.B.); (S.G.); (R.Z.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-9721115
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12
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Sumathy B, Nair PD. Keratinocytes-hair follicle bulge stem cells-fibroblasts co-cultures on a tri-layer skin equivalent derived from gelatin/PEG methacrylate nanofibers. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2020; 31:869-894. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2020.1725861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Babitha Sumathy
- Division of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Technologies, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Prabha D Nair
- Division of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Technologies, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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13
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Kapoor S, Shenoy SP, Bose B. CD34 cells in somatic, regenerative and cancer stem cells: Developmental biology, cell therapy, and omics big data perspective. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:3058-3069. [PMID: 31886574 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The transmembrane phosphoglycoprotein protein CD34 has conventionally been regarded as a marker for hematopoietic progenitors. Its expression on these cells has been leveraged for cell therapy applications in various hematological disorders. More recently, the expression of CD34 has also been reported on cells of nonhematopoietic origin. The list includes somatic cells such as endothelial cells, fibrocytes and interstitial cells and regenerative stem cells such as corneal keratocytes, muscle satellite cells, and muscle-derived stem cells. Furthermore, its expression on some cancer stem cells (CSCs) has also been reported. Till date, the functional roles of this molecule have been implicated in a multitude of cellular processes including cell adhesion, signal transduction, and maintenance of progenitor phenotype. However, the complete understanding about this molecule including its developmental origins, its embryonic connection, and associated functions is far from complete. Here, we review our present understanding of the structure and putative functions of the CD34 molecule based upon our literature survey. We also probed various biological databases to retrieve data related to the expression and associated molecular functions of CD34. Such information, upon synthesis, is hence likely to provide the suitability of such cells for cell therapy. Moreover, we have also covered the existing cell therapy and speculated cell therapy applications of CD34+ cells isolated from various lineages. We have also attempted here to speculate the role(s) of CD34 on CSCs. Finally, we discuss number of large-scale proteomics and transcriptomics studies that have been performed using CD34+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saketh Kapoor
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudheer P Shenoy
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Bipasha Bose
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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14
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Khalil S, Ariel Gru A, Saavedra AP. Cutaneous extramedullary haematopoiesis: Implications in human disease and treatment. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:1201-1209. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Khalil
- Department of Dermatology University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville Virginia
| | - Alejandro Ariel Gru
- Department of Pathology University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville Virginia
| | - Arturo P. Saavedra
- Department of Dermatology University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville Virginia
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15
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Daniels G, Akram S, Westgate GE, Tamburic S. Can plant-derived phytochemicals provide symptom relief for hair loss? A critical review. Int J Cosmet Sci 2019; 41:332-345. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Daniels
- Cosmetic Science Research Group; University of the Arts, London; 20 John Princes Street London U.K
| | - S. Akram
- Cosmetic Science Research Group; University of the Arts, London; 20 John Princes Street London U.K
| | - G. E. Westgate
- Gill Westgate Consultancy Ltd; Stevington Bedfordshire U.K
| | - S. Tamburic
- Cosmetic Science Research Group; University of the Arts, London; 20 John Princes Street London U.K
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16
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Panteleyev AA. Functional anatomy of the hair follicle: The Secondary Hair Germ. Exp Dermatol 2019; 27:701-720. [PMID: 29672929 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The secondary hair germ (SHG)-a transitory structure in the lower portion of the mouse telogen hair follicle (HF)-is directly involved in anagen induction and eventual HF regrowth. Some crucial aspects of SHG functioning and ontogenetic relations with other HF parts, however, remain undefined. According to recent evidence (in contrast to previous bulge-centric views), the SHG is the primary target of anagen-inducing signalling and a source of both the outer root sheath (ORS) and ascending HF layers during the initial (morphogenetic) anagen subphase. The SHG is comprised of two functionally distinct cell populations. Its lower portion (originating from lower HF cells that survived catagen) forms all ascending HF layers, while the upper SHG (formed by bulge-derived cells) builds up the ORS. The predetermination of SHG cells to a specific morphogenetic fate contradicts their attribution to the "stem cell" category and supports SHG designation as a "germinative" or a "founder" cell population. The mechanisms of this predetermination driving transition of the SHG from "refractory" to the "competent" state during the telogen remain unknown. Functionally, the SHG serves as a barrier, protecting the quiescent bulge stem cell niche from the extensive follicular papilla/SHG signalling milieu. The formation of the SHG is a prerequisite for efficient "precommitment" of these cells and provides for easier sensing and a faster response to anagen-inducing signals. In general, the formation of the SHG is an evolutionary adaptation, which allowed the ancestors of modern Muridae to acquire a specific, highly synchronized pattern of hair cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Panteleyev
- Kurchatov complex of NBICS Technologies, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
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17
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Yang G, Chen Q, Wen D, Chen Z, Wang J, Chen G, Wang Z, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Hu Q, Zhang L, Gu Z. A Therapeutic Microneedle Patch Made from Hair-Derived Keratin for Promoting Hair Regrowth. ACS NANO 2019; 13:4354-4360. [PMID: 30942567 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Activating hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) to promote hair follicle regrowth holds promise for hair loss therapy, while challenges still remain to develop a scenario that enables enhanced therapeutic efficiency and easy administration. Here we describe a detachable microneedle patch-mediated drug delivery system, mainly made from hair-derived keratin, for sustained delivery of HFSC activators. It was demonstrated that this microneedle device integrated with mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes and a small molecular drug, UK5099, could enhance the treatment efficiency at a reduced dosage, leading to promoted pigmentation and hair regrowth within 6 days through two rounds of administration in a mouse model. This microneedle-based transdermal drug delivery approach shows augmented efficacy compared to the subcutaneous injection of exosomes and topical administration of UK5099.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , Donghua University , Shanghai , 201620 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Di Wen
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Zhaowei Chen
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Jinqiang Wang
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Guojun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Zejun Wang
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Quanyin Hu
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Liang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , 200031 , People's Republic of China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District , Beijing , 100101 , People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences-Changzheng Hospital Joint Center for Translational Research , Institutes for Translational Research (CAS-SMMU) , Shanghai , 200433 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Gu
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
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18
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Llamas-Velasco M, Pérez-Gónzalez YC, Bosch-Príncep R, Fernández-Figueras MT, Rütten A. Solid carcinoma is a variant of microcystic adnexal carcinoma: A 14-case series. J Cutan Pathol 2018; 45:897-904. [PMID: 30187501 DOI: 10.1111/cup.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solid carcinoma is a poorly characterized malignant apocrine neoplasm as only 16 cases have been published. OBJECTIVE To characterize its clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical features. METHODS We compiled 14 cases of solid carcinoma and clinical information were updated. Hematoxylin and eosin slides were reviewed and we stained all the cases for CEA, EMA, SMA, PHLDA-1, BerP4, nestin, p53, p63, p75, CK5/6, CK7 and some with remaining material for CK14, 15, CK10, CK19, S100, CD117, and CAM5. RESULTS All the lesions were located on the scalp. Histopathologically, all the cases were characterized by solid aggregates of neoplastic epithelial cells without nuclear atypia or mitotic figures involving all the dermis. All the cases presented perineural infiltration and most of them had cornified cystic structures. CK5/6 and p63 were positive. CEA and EMA underlined the scarce ducts. Ki67 was lower than 1%. BerEP4 and PHLDA-1 were negative. CONCLUSION Solid carcinoma is a solid variant of MAC affecting the scalp more frequently than classic MAC, mostly in old males and showing variable-sized nests involving the entire dermis and composed by poroid, clear-cells, or a mixture of both. It is positive for p63 and CK5/6 and negative for BerEP4 and PHLDA-1. Staining features with CK19 and PHLDA1 differ from classic MAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Llamas-Velasco
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yosmar Carolina Pérez-Gónzalez
- Pathology Department, Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid, Spain.,Head of the Pathology Department, Dermatopathologist, Centro Médico Voth, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Arno Rütten
- Dermatologist and Dermatopathologist, Friedrichshafen Dermatopathologie, Friedrichshafen, Germany
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19
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Plaque-Like Pilar Sheath Acanthoma: Histopathologic and Immunohistochemical Study of 3 Unusual Cases. Am J Dermatopathol 2018; 40:125-130. [PMID: 28609346 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pilar sheath acanthoma is an uncommon, benign follicular neoplasm that frequently presents as a solitary lesion. This neoplasm usually appears on the skin around the upper lip of elderly patients. Histopathologically, the neoplasm usually shows a cystic configuration with epithelial lobules resembling to those of the outer root sheath of the hair follicle at the level of the isthmus emanating radially from the cyst wall. We present 3 peculiar cases of a pilar sheath acanthoma showing a plaque-like architecture because the lesions exhibited a horizontal configuration. To our knowledge, there are no previously reported examples of plaque-like pilar sheath acanthoma.
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20
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Elmaadawi IH, Mohamed BM, Ibrahim ZAS, Abdou SM, El Attar YA, Youssef A, Shamloula MM, Taha A, Metwally HG, El Afandy MM, Salem ML. Stem cell therapy as a novel therapeutic intervention for resistant cases of alopecia areata and androgenetic alopecia. J DERMATOL TREAT 2018; 29:431-440. [PMID: 27553744 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2016.1227419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Management of alopecia areata (AA) and androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is often challenging as patients may be resistant to currently available modalities of treatment. The use of stem cells may be a novel option for resistant cases. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the use of autologous bone marrow derived mononuclear cells (including stem cells) as compared to follicular stems cells for the management of resistant cases of AA and AGA. METHODS This study included 40 patients (20 AA patients and 20 AGA patients), all patients were treated with a single session of intradermal injection of autologous stem cells (SCs) therapy. They were divided into four groups according to the applied modality [either autologous bone marrow derived mononuclear cells (bone marrow mononuclear cells [BMMCs] or autologous follicular stem cells [FSC]). RESULTS Six months after stem cell therapy (SCT) injection, there was a significant improvement, confirmed by immunostaining and digital dermoscopy. The mean improvement in all groups was "very good". There was no significant difference between both methods in either type of alopecia. No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION Autologous BMMCs and FSC seem to be a safe tolerable and effective treatment for the management of both resistant AA and AGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Hamed Elmaadawi
- a Department of Dematology and Venereology , Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University , Tanta , Egypt
| | - Basma Mourad Mohamed
- a Department of Dematology and Venereology , Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University , Tanta , Egypt
| | | | - Said Mohamed Abdou
- b Department of Clinical Pathology , Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University , Tanta , Egypt
| | - Yasmina Ahmed El Attar
- a Department of Dematology and Venereology , Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University , Tanta , Egypt
| | - Amira Youssef
- b Department of Clinical Pathology , Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University , Tanta , Egypt
| | | | - Atef Taha
- d Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Tanta University , Tanta , Egypt
| | - Hala Gabr Metwally
- e Department Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Mohamed M El Afandy
- f Department of Anathesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine , Tanta University , Tanta , Egypt
| | - Mohamed Labib Salem
- g Department of Zoology, Immunology and Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Science , Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, Tanta University , Tanta , Egypt
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21
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de Castro RVG, Tavares MR, Bressan FF, Pieri NCG, Baracho Trindade Hill A, Souza AF, da R N Cruz N, Martins DS, Ambrósio CE, Meirelles FV, Garcia JM. In vitro identification of a stem cell population from canine hair follicle bulge region. Tissue Cell 2017; 50:43-50. [PMID: 29429517 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Skin is an extensive and easily accessible organ possessing various cell types that are constantly renewed. Previous studies have suggested the presence of a stem cell niche at the bulge region of the hair follicle, which contains cells positive for CD200 and CD34. Thus, this study sought to identify these cell populations in canine skin cells using the following methods 1- collecting samples of adult and fetal skin and isolating and culturing these cells using a method of simple enzymatic digestion and 2- testing the cell cultures for CD200 and CD34 in vitro and comparing them with skin tissue samples (in situ). Immunofluorescence results were negative for both CD200 and CD34 in frozen and paraffin embedded tissue, whereas the analysis showed that cultured cells positive for CD34, CD200 and double positive cells could be visualized in different percentages. Additionally, the pluripotency marker OCT4 was positive in the isolated cells. Analysis of CD34, CD200 and OCT4 by RT-qPCR showed that there is expression in fetal and adult cells, although no difference was observed between groups. Our results suggest that bulge stem cells from both fetuses and adult dogs were reported with the use of CD34 and CD200 markers in this study, and further techniques for cell isolation and in vitro cultivation are needed in order to obtain enriched populations of skin stem cells in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel V G de Castro
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal/SP, Brazil.
| | - Mariana R Tavares
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal/SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiana F Bressan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga/SP, Brazil; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Naira C G Pieri
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda Baracho Trindade Hill
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal/SP, Brazil
| | - Aline F Souza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga/SP, Brazil
| | - Nathan da R N Cruz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Surgery, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal/SP, Brazil
| | - Daniele S Martins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga/SP, Brazil; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos E Ambrósio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga/SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio V Meirelles
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga/SP, Brazil
| | - Joaquim M Garcia
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal/SP, Brazil
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22
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Divergent proliferation patterns of distinct human hair follicle epithelial progenitor niches in situ and their differential responsiveness to prostaglandin D2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15197. [PMID: 29123134 PMCID: PMC5680340 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human scalp hair follicles (hHF) harbour several epithelial stem (eHFSC) and progenitor cell sub-populations organised into spatially distinct niches. However, the constitutive cell cycle activity of these niches remains to be characterized in situ. Therefore, the current study has studied these characteristics of keratin 15+ (K15), CD200+ or CD34+ cells within anagen VI hHFs by immunohistomorphometry, using Ki-67 and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU). We quantitatively demonstrate in situ the relative cell cycle inactivity of the CD200+/K15+ bulge compared to other non-bulge CD34+ and K15+ progenitor compartments and found that in each recognized eHFSC/progenitor niche, proliferation associates negatively with eHFSC-marker expression. Furthermore, we also show how prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), which is upregulated in balding scalp, differentially impacts on the proliferation of distinct eHFSC populations. Namely, 24 h organ-cultured hHFs treated with PGD2 displayed reduced Ki-67 expression and EdU incorporation in bulge resident K15+ cells, but not in supra/proximal bulb outer root sheath K15+ progenitors. This study emphasises clear differences between the cell cycle behaviour of spatially distinct stem/progenitor cell niches in the hHF, and demonstrates a possible link between PGD2 and perturbed proliferation dynamics in epithelial stem cells.
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23
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Sheng P, Cheng YL, Cai CC, Guo WJ, Zhou Y, Shi G, Fan YM. Clinicopathological Features and Immunohistochemical Alterations of Keratinocyte Proliferation, Melanocyte Density, Smooth Muscle Hyperplasia and Nerve Fiber Distribution in Becker's Nevus. Ann Dermatol 2016; 28:697-703. [PMID: 27904268 PMCID: PMC5125950 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2016.28.6.697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although Becker's nevus (BN) is a relatively common disease, the systematic studies of clinicopathological and immunohistochemical results are poorly reported. Objective To investigate the clinicopathological features and immunohistochemical alterations of keratinocyte proliferation, melanocyte density, smooth muscle hyperplasia and nerve fiber distribution in BN. Methods Clinical and pathological data were collected in 60 newly-diagnosed BN cases. Immunohistochemical stain of Ki-67, Melan-A, keratin 15, smooth muscle actin and protein gene product 9.5 was performed in 21 cases. Results The median diagnostic and onset age was 17 and 12 years, respectively. Skin lesions usually appeared on the upper trunk and upper limbs. The pathological features included the rete ridge elongation and fusion and basal hyperpigmentation. Epidermal Ki-67, Melan-A and keratin 15 expression and dermal nerve fiber length were significantly higher in lesional and perilesional skin than in normal skin (p<0.05~0.01), while smooth muscle actin expression was upregulated only in skin lesion (p<0.05). Conclusion Although the clinical diagnosis of BN is often straightforward, histopathology is helpful to differentiate from other pigmentary disorders. The hyperproliferation of keratinocytes, melanocytes, arrector pili muscle and dermal nerve fibers could be involved in the pathogenesis of BN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Sheng
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun-Long Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuan-Chuan Cai
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei-Jin Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Gaobu Hospital of Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Ge Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Ming Fan
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, China
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24
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Isolation and characterization of hair follicle stem cells from Arbas Cashmere goat. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:2579-2588. [PMID: 27193423 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-016-9981-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, highly purified hair follicle stem cells from Arbas Cashmere goat (gHFSCs) were isolated using enzyme digestion and adhesion to type IV collagen. The biological characteristics of the gHFSCs were identified by morphological observation, growth curve, markers assay and differentiation in vitro. The gHFSCs were in small cell size with typical cobblestone morphology, good adhesion and high refractive index. Immunocytochemistry staining showed the cells were expressing Krt15, Krt19, CD34, Itgβ1 and Krt14. Cell growth curve indicated that cultured gHFSCs had strong proliferation ability. Krt14 and CD34 were high expressed at the mRNA level, respectively, 39.68 and 24.37 times of the Cashmere goat keratinocytes, and krt15 expression was 5.62 times and itgβ1 expression was 1.81 times higher (p < 0.01). Western blot detected the expression of all the above markers. After osteogenic induction, the cells were positive for Von Kossa staining and expressed Osteocalcin. Sulfated proteoglycans in cartilaginous matrices were positively stained by Alcian blue after chondrogenic induction and COL2A1 was expressed. In myogenic induction, Hoechst 33342 staining evidenced cytoplasm fusion and positive expression of MyoG was detected by immunocytochemistry.
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25
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Yuan YP, Huang K, Xu YM, Chen XC, Li HH, Cai BZ, Liu Y, Zhang H, Li Y, Lin CM. Canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling control the regeneration of amputated rodent vibrissae follicles. J Mol Histol 2016; 47:1-8. [PMID: 26742765 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-015-9648-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although mammals are notoriously poor at regeneration compared with many lower-order species, the hair follicle, particular to mammals, is capable of regeneration following partial amputation. The detailed internal mechanism of this phenomenon is still unclear. Development and regrowth of the hair follicle depends on dermal-epidermal interaction within the hair follicle. Previous studies have shown that Wnt/β-catenin, Shh, Bmp, PDGF, TGF and Notch signals all take part in the development and growth of the hair follicle, and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling additionally plays an indispensable role in hair follicle morphogenesis and regrowth. In this study, we investigated the localization, as well as, protein levels of Wnt/β-catenin signaling molecules during amputated whisker follicle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Yuan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Keng Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Min Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Cai Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Hong Li
- Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo-Zhi Cai
- Department of Cell Biology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Li
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Min Lin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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Sidney LE, Branch MJ, Dunphy SE, Dua HS, Hopkinson A. Concise review: evidence for CD34 as a common marker for diverse progenitors. Stem Cells 2015; 32:1380-9. [PMID: 24497003 PMCID: PMC4260088 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD34 is a transmembrane phosphoglycoprotein, first identified on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Clinically, it is associated with the selection and enrichment of hematopoietic stem cells for bone marrow transplants. Due to these historical and clinical associations, CD34 expression is almost ubiquitously related to hematopoietic cells, and it is a common misconception that CD34-positive (CD34+) cells in nonhematopoietic samples represent hematopoietic contamination. The prevailing school of thought states that multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) do not express CD34. However, strong evidence demonstrates CD34 is expressed not only by MSC but by a multitude of other nonhematopoietic cell types including muscle satellite cells, corneal keratocytes, interstitial cells, epithelial progenitors, and vascular endothelial progenitors. In many cases, the CD34+ cells represent a small proportion of the total cell population and also indicate a distinct subset of cells with enhanced progenitor activity. Herein, we explore common traits between cells that express CD34, including associated markers, morphology and differentiation potential. We endeavor to highlight key similarities between CD34+ cells, with a focus on progenitor activity. A common function of CD34 has yet to be elucidated, but by analyzing and understanding links between CD34+ cells, we hope to be able to offer an insight into the overlapping properties of cells that express CD34. Stem Cells2014;32:1380–1389
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Sidney
- Academic Ophthalmology, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Najafzadeh N, Sagha M, Heydari Tajaddod S, Golmohammadi MG, Massahi Oskoui N, Deldadeh Moghaddam M. In vitro neural differentiation of CD34 (+) stem cell populations in hair follicles by three different neural induction protocols. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2014; 51:192-203. [PMID: 25294494 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-014-9818-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) into neurons and glial cells represents a promising cell-based therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. The hair follicle bulge area is reported as a putative source of new stem cell population for many years. In vitro studies have implicated neural differentiation of HFSCs. Here, we report the identification and purification of CD34 (+) cells from hair follicle by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS). We next determined the cytotoxic effects of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) by using cell viability assays. Moreover, the neural differentiation potential of CD34 (+) cells was evaluated in the presence of RA, serum-free condition, and neural differentiation medium (NDM) treatments by using immunocytochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Our results showed that the isolated CD34 (+) stem cells were 12% of the total cells in the bulge area, and the neural cells derived from the stem cells expressed nestin, microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Interestingly, all the neural induction media supported neuronal differentiation most effectively, but treatment with serum-free medium significantly increased the number of GFAP-positive glial cells. Moreover, increasing RA concentration (≥10 μM) leads to increased cell death in the cells, but a lower concentration of RA (1 μM) treatment results in a decrease in CD34-expressing stem cells. These findings show an instructive neuronal effect of three neural induction media in HFSCs, indicating the important role of this induction media in the specification of the stem cells toward a neural phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nowruz Najafzadeh
- Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences and Pathology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran,
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Purba TS, Haslam IS, Poblet E, Jiménez F, Gandarillas A, Izeta A, Paus R. Human epithelial hair follicle stem cells and their progeny: current state of knowledge, the widening gap in translational research and future challenges. Bioessays 2014; 36:513-25. [PMID: 24665045 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial hair follicle stem cells (eHFSCs) are required to generate, maintain and renew the continuously cycling hair follicle (HF), supply cells that produce the keratinized hair shaft and aid in the reepithelialization of injured skin. Therefore, their study is biologically and clinically important, from alopecia to carcinogenesis and regenerative medicine. However, human eHFSCs remain ill defined compared to their murine counterparts, and it is unclear which murine eHFSC markers really apply to the human HF. We address this by reviewing current concepts on human eHFSC biology, their immediate progeny and their molecular markers, focusing on Keratin 15 and 19, CD200, CD34, PHLDA1, and EpCAM/Ber-EP4. After delineating how human eHFSCs may be selectively targeted experimentally, we close by defining as yet unmet key challenges in human eHFSC research. The ultimate goal is to transfer emerging concepts from murine epithelial stem cell biology to human HF physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talveen S Purba
- The Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Misago N, Takai T, Toda S, Narisawa Y. The changes in the expression levels of follicular markers in keratoacanthoma depend on the stage: keratoacanthoma is a follicular neoplasm exhibiting infundibular/isthmic differentiation without expression of CK15. J Cutan Pathol 2014; 41:437-46. [PMID: 24666173 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the precise etiology of keratoacanthoma (KA) is unknown, KA is generally assumed to differentiate toward hair follicles based on previous studies of experimental carcinogenesis. METHODS We performed a comprehensive immunohistochemical study of various follicular markers in all stages of KA. A total of 67 tumors, including 16 early or proliferative stage lesions, 43 well-developed stage lesions, five regressing stage lesions and three regressed stage lesions, were subjected to the analysis. RESULTS CK15 (clone C8/144B), CK19 and CD34 were not expressed at any stage. CK1, CK10, CK16, CK17, CK15 (clone LHK15) and calretinin showed dynamic changes in their expression in KA depending on the stage. CONCLUSIONS KA is a follicular neoplasm with infundibular/isthmic (upper segmental region of hair follicles) differentiation. It is considered that early or proliferative stage tumors show keratin-filled invaginations with infundibular differentiation and gradual isthmic differentiation. Well-developed examples of KA generally show isthmic differentiation in the whole lesions. The regressed stage KAs lose the features of this type of follicular differentiation and show epidermal characteristics. No expression of CK15 (clone C8/144B) was observed in KAs, although this finding is insufficient to completely rule out the correlation between the regression of KA and the hair follicle cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Misago
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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Schneider M, Dieckmann C, Rabe K, Simon JC, Savkovic V. Differentiating the stem cell pool of human hair follicle outer root sheath into functional melanocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1210:203-227. [PMID: 25173171 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1435-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bench-to-Bedside concepts for regenerative therapy place significant weight on noninvasive approaches, with harvesting of the starting material as a header. This is particularly important in autologous treatments, which use one's bodily constituents for therapy. Precisely the stretch between obtaining therapeutic elements invasively and noninvasively places non-intrusive "sampling" rather than "biopsy" in the center of the road map of developing an autologous regenerative therapy. We focus on such a noninvasively available source of adult stem cells that we carry with us throughout our life, available at our fingertips-or shall we say hair roots, by a simple plucking of hair: the human hair follicle. This chapter describes an explant procedure for cultivating melanocytes differentiated from the stem cell pool of the hair follicle Outer Root Sheath (ORS). In vivo, the most abundant derivatives of the heterogeneous ORS stem cell pool are epidermal cells-melanocytes and keratinocytes which complete their differentiation-either spontaneously or upon picking up regenerative cues from damaged skin-and migrate from the ORS towards the adjacent regenerating area of the epidermis. We have taken advantage of the ORS developmental potential by optimizing explant primary culture, expansion and melanogenic differentiation of resident ORS stem cells towards end-stage melanocytes in order to obtain functional melanocytes noninvasively for the purposes of transplantation and use them for the treatment of depigmentation disorders. Our protocol specifies sampling of hair with their ORS, follicle medium-air interface primary culture, stimulation of cell outgrowth, adherent culture and differentiation of ORS stem cells and precursors towards fully functional melanocytes. Along with cultivation, we describe selection techniques for establishing and maintaining a pure melanocyte population and methods suitable for determining melanocyte identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Schneider
- Translationszentrum für Regenerative Medizin, Universität Leipzig, Phillip-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103, Leipzig, BR, Germany
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Hashmani K, Branch MJ, Sidney LE, Dhillon PS, Verma M, McIntosh OD, Hopkinson A, Dua HS. Characterization of corneal stromal stem cells with the potential for epithelial transdifferentiation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:75. [PMID: 23800436 PMCID: PMC4058700 DOI: 10.1186/scrt226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The corneal stroma is being increasingly recognized as a repository for stem cells. Like the limbal and endothelial niches, stromal stem cells often reside in the peripheral cornea and limbus. These peripheral and limbal corneal stromal cells (PLCSCs) are known to produce mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Recently, a common corneal stromal and epithelial progenitor was hinted at. This study aims to examine the stem cell potential of corneal stromal cells and to investigate their epithelial transdifferentiation ability. METHODS PLCSCs were grown in traditional Dulbecco modified Eagle medium (DMEM)-based keratocyte culture medium and an M199-based medium and analyzed for a profile of cell-surface markers by using flow cytometry and differentiated into mesenchymal phenotypes analyzed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and histologic staining. PLCSCs in M199 were subsequently divided into subpopulations based on CD34 and CD105 expression by using fluorescence- activated cell sorting (FACS). Subpopulations were characterized by marker profile and mesenchymal differentiation ability. Both whole PLCSCs and subpopulations were also cultured for epithelial transdifferentiation. RESULTS Cells cultured in M199 demonstrated a more stem-like cell-surface marker profile, and the keratocyte marker CD34 was retained for several passages but absent in cells cultured in DMEM. Cells cultured in M199 also exhibited a greater mesenchymal differentiation potential, compared with DMEM. PLCSCs could be divided into CD34(+)CD105(+), CD34-CD105(+), and CD34-CD105- subpopulations, of which CD34(+)CD105(+) cells were the most stemlike with regard to marker expression and mesenchymal differentiation potential. Subpopulations of PLCSCs exhibited differing abilities to transdifferentiate into epithelial phenotypes. Cells that were initially CD34(+)CD105(+) showed the greatest differentiation potential, producing CK3(+) and CK19(+) cells, and expressed a range of both epithelial progenitor (HES1, FRZB1, DCT, SOD2, ABCG2, CDH1, KRT19) and terminally differentiated (DSG3, KRT3, KRT12, KRT24) genes. CONCLUSIONS Culture medium has a significant effect on the phenotype and differentiation capacity of PLCSCs. The stroma contains a heterogeneous cell population in which we have identified CD34(+) cells as a stem cell population with a capacity for mesenchymal and epithelial differentiation.
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Bohr S, Patel SJ, Vasko R, Shen K, Huang G, Yarmush ML, Berthiaume F. Highly upregulated Lhx2 in the Foxn1-/- nude mouse phenotype reflects a dysregulated and expanded epidermal stem cell niche. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64223. [PMID: 23696871 PMCID: PMC3656088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair cycling is a prime example of stem cell dependent tissue regeneration and replenishment, and its regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of a blockage in terminal keratinocytic lineage differentiation in the Foxn1(-/-) nude phenotype on the epithelial progeny. Most notably we found a constitutive upregulation of LIM homeobox protein 2 (Lhx2), a marker gene of epithelial stem cellness indispensible for hair cycle progression. However, histological evidence along with an erratic, acyclic rise of otherwise suppressed CyclinD1 levels along with several key markers of keratinocyte lineage differentiation indicate a frustrated expansion of epithelial stem cell niches in skin. In addition, CD49f/CD34/CD200-based profiling demonstrated highly significant shifts in subpopulations of epithelial progeny. Intriguingly this appeared to include the expansion of Oct4+ stem cells in dermal fractions of skin isolates in the Foxn1 knock-out opposed to wild type. Overall our findings indicate that the Foxn1(-/-) phenotype has a strong impact on epithelial progeny and thus offers a promising model to study maintenance and regulation of stem cell niches within skin not feasible in other in vitro or in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bohr
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children and Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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Hori M, Juniantito V, Izawa T, Ichikawa C, Tanaka M, Tanaka K, Takenaka S, Kuwamura M, Yamate J. Distribution of Cells Labelled by a Novel Somatic Stem Cell-recognizing Antibody (A3) in Pulmonary Genesis and Bleomycin induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Rats. J Comp Pathol 2013; 148:385-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hong L, Hou C, Li X, Li C, Yu M. Expression Pattern of CD34 at the Maternal-Foetal Interface During Pregnancy in Pigs. Reprod Domest Anim 2013; 48:762-7. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Hong
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology; Huazhong (Central China) Agricultural University; Wuhan; Hubei; China
| | - C Hou
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology; Huazhong (Central China) Agricultural University; Wuhan; Hubei; China
| | - X Li
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology; Huazhong (Central China) Agricultural University; Wuhan; Hubei; China
| | - C Li
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology; Huazhong (Central China) Agricultural University; Wuhan; Hubei; China
| | - M Yu
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology; Huazhong (Central China) Agricultural University; Wuhan; Hubei; China
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Sellheyer K, Nelson P. CD133, a stem cell marker in mice: results in animal models cannot always be applied to human skin. J Cutan Pathol 2013; 40:690-2. [DOI: 10.1111/cup.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Nelson
- Nelson Dermatopathology Associates; Atlanta; GA; USA
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Scalp, Skull, Orbit, and Maxilla Reconstruction and Hair Transplantation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013; 131:411e-424e. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e31827c7167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wang X, Shi Y, Zhou Q, Liu X, Xu S, Lei T. Detailed histological structure of human hair follicle bulge region at different ages: a visible niche for nesting adult stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 32:648-656. [PMID: 23073792 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-012-1012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the bulge region of the hair follicle, a densely and concentrically packed cell mass is encircled by the arrector pili muscle (APM), which offers a specilized microenvironment (niche) for housing heterogeneous adult stem cells. However, the detailed histological architecture and the cellular composition of the bulge region warrants intensive study and may have implications for the regulation of hair follicle growth regulation. This study was designed to define the gene-expression profiles of putative stem cells and lineage-specific precursors in the mid-portions of plucked hair follicles prepared according to the presence of detectable autofluorescence. The structure was also characterized by using a consecutive sectioning technique. The bulge region of the hair follicle with autofluorescence was precisely excised by employing a micro-dissection procedure. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to identify the gene expression profiles specific for epithelial, melanocyte and stromal stem cells in the bulge region of the hair follicle visualized by autofluorescence. The morphology and its age-dependent changes of bulge region of the hair follicles with autofluorescence segment were also examined in 9 scalp skin specimens collected from patients aged 30 weeks to 75 years, by serial sectioning and immuno-staining. Gene expression profile analysis revealed that there were cells with mRNA transcripts of Dct(Hi)Tyrase(Lo)-Tyrp1(Lo)MC1R(Lo)MITF(Lo)/K15(Hi)/NPNT(Hi) in the bulge region of the hair follicle with autofluorescence segments, which differed from the patterns in hair bulbs. Small cell-protrusions that sprouted from the outer root sheath (ORS) were clearly observed at the APM inserting level in serial sections of hair follicles by immunohistological staining, which were characteristically replete with K15+/K19+expressing cells. Likewise, the muscle bundles of APM positive for smooth muscle actin intimately encircled these cell-protrusions, and the occurrence frequency of the cell-protrusions was increased in fetal scalp skin compared with adult scalp skin. This study provided the evidence that the cell-protrusions occurring at the ORS relative to the APM insertion are more likely to be characteristic of the visible niches that are filled with abundant stem cells. The occurrence frequency of these cell-protrusions was significantly increased in fetal scalp skin samples (128%) as compared with the scalp skins of younger (49.4%) and older (25.4%) adults (P<0.01), but difference in the frequency between the two adult groups were not significant. These results indicated that these cell-protrusions function as a niche house for the myriad stem cells and/or precursors to meet the needs of the development of hair follicles in an embryo. The micro-dissection used in this study was simple and reliable in excising the bulge region of the hair follicle with autofluorescence segments dependent on their autofluorescence is of value for the study of stem cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Shizheng Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Tiechi Lei
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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Nanashima N, Ito K, Ishikawa T, Nakano M, Nakamura T. Damage of hair follicle stem cells and alteration of keratin expression in external radiation-induced acute alopecia. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:579-84. [PMID: 22692500 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alopecia is known as a symptom of acute radiation, yet little is known concerning the mechanism of this phenomenon and the alteration of hair protein profiles. To examine this, 6-week-old male C57/BL6 mice were exposed to 6 Gy of X-ray irradiation, which caused acute alopecia. Their hair and skin were collected, and hair proteins were analyzed with liquid chromatography/electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry. No change was observed in the composition of major hair keratins, such as Krt81, Krt83 and Krt86. However, cytokeratin Krt15 and CD34, which are known as hair follicle stem cell markers, were decreased in alopecic mice. Cytokeratin Krt5, which is known as a marker for basal and undifferentiated keratinocytes, was increased in the epidermis of alopecic mice. These findings suggest that radiation damages hair stem cells and the differentiation of keratinocytes in the epidermis. For the evaluation of radiation exposure, chromosomal aberration is considered to be the gold standard, yet our results suggest that Krt5 may be a novel biological marker for acute radiation symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Nanashima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Life Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Japan.
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Misago N, Toda S, Narisawa Y. CD34 expression in human hair follicles and tricholemmoma: a comprehensive study. J Cutan Pathol 2011; 38:609-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2011.01749.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Oh JH, Mohebi P, Farkas DL, Tajbakhsh J. Towards expansion of human hair follicle stem cells in vitro. Cell Prolif 2011; 44:244-53. [PMID: 21535265 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2011.00754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Multipotential human hair follicle stem cells can differentiate into various cell lineages and thus are investigated here as potential autologous sources for regenerative medicine. Towards this end, we have attempted to expand these cells, directly isolated from minimal amounts of hair follicle explants, to numbers more suitable for stem-cell therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two types of human follicle stem cells, commercially available and directly isolated, were cultured using an in-house developed medium. The latter was obtained from bulge areas of hair follicles by mechanical and enzymatic dissociation, and was magnetically enriched for its CD200(+) fraction. Isolated cells were cultured for up to 4 weeks, on different supports: blank polystyrene, laminin- and Matrigel(TM) -coated surfaces. RESULTS Two-fold expansion was found, highlighting the slow-cycling nature of these cells. Flow cytometry characterization revealed: magnetic enrichment increased the proportion of CD200(+) cells from initially 43.3% (CD200+, CD34: 25.8%; CD200+, CD34+: 17.5%) to 78.2% (CD200+, CD34: 41.5%; CD200+, CD34+: 36.7%). Enriched cells seemed to have retained and passed on their morphological and molecular phenotypes to their progeny, as isolated CD200(+) presenting cells expanded in our medium to a population with 80% of cells being CD200(+): 51.5% (CD200(+), CD34(-)) and 29.6% (CD200(+), CD34(+)). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the possibility of culturing human hair follicle stem cells without causing any significant changes to phenotypes of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Oh
- Translational Cytomics Group, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Deterding LJ, Williams JG, Humble MM, Petrovich RM, Wei SJ, Trempus CS, Gates MB, Zhu F, Smart RC, Tennant RW, Tomer KB. CD34 Antigen: Determination of Specific Sites of Phosphorylation In Vitro and In Vivo. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 301:12-21. [PMID: 21499536 PMCID: PMC3077033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2010.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
CD34, a type I transmembrane glycoprotein, is a surface antigen which is expressed on several cell types, including hematopoietic progenitors, endothelial cells, as well as mast cells. Recently, CD34 has been described as a marker for epidermal stem cells in mouse hair follicles, and is expressed in outer root sheath cells of the human hair follicle. Although the biological function and regulation of CD34 is not well understood, it is thought to be involved in cell adhesion as well as possibly having a role in signal transduction. In addition, CD34 was shown to be critical for skin tumor development in mice, although the exact mechanism remains unknown.Many proteins' functions and biological activities are regulated through post-translational modifications. The extracellular domain of CD34 is heavily glycosylated but the role of these glycans in CD34 function is unknown. Additionally, two sites of tyrosine phosphorylation have been reported on human CD34 and it is known that CD34 is phosphorylated, at least in part, by protein kinase C; however, the precise location of the sites of phosphorylation has not been reported. In an effort to identify specific phosphorylation sites in CD34 and delineate the possible role of protein kinase C, we undertook the identification of the in vitro sites of phosphorylation on the intracellular domain of mouse CD34 (aa 309-382) following PKC treatment. For this work, we are using a combination of enzymatic proteolysis and peptide sequencing by mass spectrometry. After which the in vivo sites of phosphorylation of full-length mouse CD34 expressed from HEK293F cells were determined. The observed in vivo sites of phosphorylation, however, are not consensus PKC sites, but our data indicate that one of these sites may possibly be phosphorylated by AKT2. These results suggest that other kinases, as well as PKC, may have important signaling functions in CD34.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leesa J. Deterding
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institutes of Health, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Jason G. Williams
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institutes of Health, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Margaret M. Humble
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Robert M. Petrovich
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institutes of Health, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Sung-Jen Wei
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Carol S. Trempus
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Matthew B. Gates
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institutes of Health, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Feng Zhu
- Cell Signaling and Cancer Group, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Box 7633, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Robert C. Smart
- Cell Signaling and Cancer Group, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Box 7633, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Raymond W. Tennant
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Kenneth B. Tomer
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institutes of Health, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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Nemeth K, Key S, Bottlik G, Masszi T, Mezey E, Karpati S. Analyses of donor-derived keratinocytes in hairy and nonhairy skin biopsies of female patients following allogeneic male bone marrow transplantation. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:152-7. [PMID: 21288071 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin samples taken from 6 female patients receiving allogeneic bone marrow transplants (BMT) from male siblings (n=5) or from unrelated human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched male donor (n=1) due to hematological malignancies were studied for the presence of donor cells. One nontransplanted male and 1 female control that received female BM were used as further controls of the technique. Skin biopsies were taken from the scalp and the back from each patient 12-16 years after the successful BMT. We have found donor chimerism in all of the 6 patients in both of their biopsies. Using single and double immunostainings in combination with Y chromosome hybridization, we observed that there are cytokeratin-expressing donor-derived cells in the epidermis of all the 6 patients, the numbers being slightly higher in the scalp (0.37%-1.78%) than in the back (0.32%-1.08%) biopsies. The indication for BMT, and the age of the patient did not seem to have any effect on the numbers found. A few of the double-labeled cells also stained for Ki67, a marker of cellular proliferation, suggesting that the engrafted cells were able to further divide in the epidermis. In 2 patients we observed patches of donor keratinocytes within the epidermis, suggesting a clonal origin. We conclude that in agreement with some and in contrast to other published studies, BM-derived circulating cells are able to engraft in the human skin and to further proliferate there and thus contribute to tissue renewal. These data raise the possibility to use BM cells in regenerative medicine to help in extended injuries, large surface burns, or lack of skin due to other reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztian Nemeth
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institutes of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Sellheyer K. Basal cell carcinoma: cell of origin, cancer stem cell hypothesis and stem cell markers. Br J Dermatol 2011; 164:696-711. [PMID: 21128907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells have recently been described in several high-grade neoplasms. It is still unclear if they also occur in cutaneous malignancies. Cancer stem cells are not identical with somatic stem cells. The presence of tumour stem cells in a neoplasm does not in itself equal that the tumour derives from a somatic stem cell. A cell originally lacking stem cell characteristics could also acquire those features during the course of carcinogenesis and then becomes the clonal founder cell of a tumour. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cutaneous malignancy. A plethora of various stem cell markers has been applied to study its cellular origin. Intriguingly, the anatomical origin of BCC is still uncertain. This review will discuss the various stem cell markers used in BCC and the cellular origin of this tumour, and touches briefly on the possibility of cancer stem cells in BCC. If BCC or other skin cancers harbour tumour stem cells, these cells could be specifically targeted, making use of specific cell surface molecules such as receptor proteins. Novel drugs directed against those receptor proteins could replace currently available shotgun approaches including imiquimod.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sellheyer
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Sellheyer K. Stem cell markers can help identify adnexal tumor differentiation when evaluated in the context of morphology: methodology matters. J Cutan Pathol 2011; 38:460-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2010.01671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Garza LA, Yang CC, Zhao T, Blatt HB, Lee M, He H, Stanton DC, Carrasco L, Spiegel JH, Tobias JW, Cotsarelis G. Bald scalp in men with androgenetic alopecia retains hair follicle stem cells but lacks CD200-rich and CD34-positive hair follicle progenitor cells. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:613-22. [PMID: 21206086 DOI: 10.1172/jci44478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), also known as common baldness, is characterized by a marked decrease in hair follicle size, which could be related to the loss of hair follicle stem or progenitor cells. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed bald and non-bald scalp from AGA individuals for the presence of hair follicle stem and progenitor cells. Cells expressing cytokeratin15 (KRT15), CD200, CD34, and integrin, α6 (ITGA6) were quantitated via flow cytometry. High levels of KRT15 expression correlated with stem cell properties of small cell size and quiescence. These KRT15(hi) stem cells were maintained in bald scalp samples. However, CD200(hi)ITGA6(hi) and CD34(hi) cell populations--which both possessed a progenitor phenotype, in that they localized closely to the stem cell-rich bulge area but were larger and more proliferative than the KRT15(hi) stem cells--were markedly diminished. In functional assays, analogous CD200(hi)Itga6(hi) cells from murine hair follicles were multipotent and generated new hair follicles in skin reconstitution assays. These findings support the notion that a defect in conversion of hair follicle stem cells to progenitor cells plays a role in the pathogenesis of AGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Garza
- Department of Dermatology, Kligman Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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JIMENEZ FRANCISCO, IZETA ANDER, POBLET ENRIQUE. Morphometric Analysis of the Human Scalp Hair Follicle: Practical Implications for the Hair Transplant Surgeon and Hair Regeneration Studies. Dermatol Surg 2011; 37:58-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2010.01809.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kobayashi T, Iwasaki T, Amagai M, Ohyama M. Canine follicle stem cell candidates reside in the bulge and share characteristic features with human bulge cells. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:1988-95. [PMID: 20357816 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hair follicle bulge has attracted great interest as a stem cell repository. Previous studies have focused on rodent or human bulge stem cells, and our understanding of those in other species is limited. In this study, we attempted to localize and characterize stem cell candidates in canine hair follicles. The canine skin xenografting study located label-retaining cells in the outer root sheath around the insertion point of the arrector pili muscle, where the immunoreactivity of human bulge markers, keratin 15 and follistatin, were detected. Canine bulge cell-enriched keratinocytes up-regulated human bulge biomarkers CD200 and DIO2, and conserved key cell regulators of bulge stem cells, such as SOX9 and LHX2. Importantly, canine bulge-derived keratinocytes were highly proliferative in vitro and, when combined with trichogenic dermal cells, reconstituted pilosebaceous structures as well as the epidermis in vivo. Successful detection of canine specific DNA sequences suggested that the regenerated tissue was of canine origin. In addition, canine specific bulge cell and sebocyte lineage markers were expressed in reconstituted pilosebaceous units, implying the multipotency of canine bulge cells. Our findings demonstrate a unique strategy utilizing canine bulge cells to investigate human stem cell biology and intractable hair disorders that involve the bulge region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Kobayashi
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Gutiérrez-Rivera A, Pavón-Rodríguez A, Cormenzana P, Sanz-Jaka JP, Izeta A. A protocol for enrichment of CD34+ stromal cell fraction through human skin disaggregation and magnetic separation. J Dermatol Sci 2010; 59:60-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gutiérrez-Rivera A, Pavón-Rodríguez A, Jiménez-Acosta F, Poblet E, Braun KM, Cormenzana P, Ciria JP, Larretxea R, Cárdenas JM, Izeta A. Functional characterization of highly adherent CD34+ keratinocytes isolated from human skin. Exp Dermatol 2010; 19:685-8. [PMID: 20500767 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Compared to murine models, data on cells responsible for the homeostasis of human epidermis are scarce and often contradictory. Given the conflicting results and the availability of clinical grade protocols to purify CD34 cells from a given tissue, we pursued to phenotypically characterize human epidermal CD34+ population. After magnetic separation of whole skin CD34+ and CD34- cell fractions and selection for cells highly adherent to extracellular matrix, both CD34+/- fractions retained the ability to form a stratified epidermis in organotypic cultures and presented similar in vitro migratory phenotypes. However CD34- cells showed higher clonogenic potential and in vitro proliferative capacity. These results indicated that CD34- cell fraction contains stem/early progenitor cells, while CD34+ cells might be a transit-amplifying precursor for hair follicle (HF) sheath cells. The ability to isolate living cells using differential cell adhesion and surface markers provides an opportunity to study cells from different morphological regions of the HF.
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