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Lin L, Zhao Y, Li Z, Li Y, Wang W, Kang J, Wang Q. Expression of S100A9 and KL-6 in common interstitial lung diseases. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29198. [PMID: 35512076 PMCID: PMC9276110 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
By evaluating S100 calcium binding protein A9 (S100A9) and Klebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) expression in patients with 4 common interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), we aimed to investigate whether S100A9 or KL-6 can be of any value in the differential diagnosis of these ILDs and simultaneously signal the disease progression.We collected the data of patients diagnosed with the 4 ILDs and underwent fiber-optic bronchoscopy and BAL in the First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University from January 2012 to December 2020. The data related to BGA, C-reactive protein, pulmonary function test, total number and fraction of cells, T lymphocyte subsets in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and the expression of S100A9 and KL-6 in BALF and serum were collected. We analyzed, whether S100A9 or KL-6 could serve as a biomarker for differential diagnosis between the 4 common ILDs; whether the levels of S100A9 and KL-6 correlated with each other; whether they were correlated with other clinical parameters and disease severity.This study included 98 patients, 37 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), 12 with hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 13 with connective tissue disease-associated ILD, and 36 with sarcoidosis (SAR): stage I (18), stage II (9), stage III (5), and stage IV (4). The expression of KL-6 in BALF was significantly higher in IPF patients than other 3 groups (all P-value < .05). However, there was no significant difference in the levels of S100A9 in BALF and serum between the 4 groups (P-value > .05). The levels of S100A9 in BALF of IPF patients was positively and significantly correlated with KL-6 expression and the percentage of neutrophils in BALF (P-value < .05). Along with the stage increase of SAR patients, the level of S100A9 in BALF gradually increased, which was negatively and significantly correlated with the forced vital capacity/predicted, carbon monoxide diffusing capacity/predicted%, and PaO2 (all P-value < .05).The expression of KL-6 in BALF can be used as a biomarker to differentiate IPF from the other 3 common ILDs. While, this was not the case with expression of S100A9 in BALF and serum. However, the expression S100A9 in BALF is useful to indicate the progression of SAR. Thus, simultaneous measurement of KL-6 and S100A9 levels in BALF makes more sense in differential diagnosing of the 4 common ILDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yabin Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory, The First Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Kang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiuyue Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Kotsiou OS, Papagiannis D, Papadopoulou R, Gourgoulianis KI. Calprotectin in Lung Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041706. [PMID: 33567747 PMCID: PMC7915440 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Calprotectin (CLP) is a heterodimer formed by two S-100 calcium-binding cytosolic proteins, S100A8 and S100A9. It is a multifunctional protein expressed mainly by neutrophils and released extracellularly by activated or damaged cells mediating a broad range of physiological and pathological responses. It has been more than 20 years since the implication of S100A8/A9 in the inflammatory process was shown; however, the evaluation of its role in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases or its usefulness as a biomarker for the appropriate diagnosis and prognosis of lung diseases have only gained attention in recent years. This review aimed to provide current knowledge regarding the potential role of CLP in the pathophysiology of lung diseases and describe how this knowledge is, up until now, translated into daily clinical practice. CLP is involved in numerous cellular processes in lung health and disease. In addition to its anti-microbial functions, CLP also serves as a molecule with pro- and anti-tumor properties related to cell survival and growth, angiogenesis, DNA damage response, and the remodeling of the extracellular matrix. The findings of this review potentially introduce CLP in daily clinical practice within the spectrum of respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ourania S. Kotsiou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece;
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece;
- Correspondence:
| | - Dimitrios Papagiannis
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Rodanthi Papadopoulou
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK;
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Sreejit G, Flynn MC, Patil M, Krishnamurthy P, Murphy AJ, Nagareddy PR. S100 family proteins in inflammation and beyond. Adv Clin Chem 2020; 98:173-231. [PMID: 32564786 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The S100 family proteins possess a variety of intracellular and extracellular functions. They interact with multiple receptors and signal transducers to regulate pathways that govern inflammation, cell differentiation, proliferation, energy metabolism, apoptosis, calcium homeostasis, cell cytoskeleton and microbial resistance. S100 proteins are also emerging as novel diagnostic markers for identifying and monitoring various diseases. Strategies aimed at targeting S100-mediated signaling pathways hold a great potential in developing novel therapeutics for multiple diseases. In this chapter, we aim to summarize the current knowledge about the role of S100 family proteins in health and disease with a major focus on their role in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle C Flynn
- Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mallikarjun Patil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Prasanna Krishnamurthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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4
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Mizobuchi H, Fujii W, Ishizuka K, Wang Y, Watanabe S, Sanjoba C, Matsumoto Y, Goto Y. MRP14 is dispensable for LPS-induced shock in BALB/c mice. Immunol Lett 2017; 194:13-20. [PMID: 29253495 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-related protein (MRP) 14 and MRP8 are abundantly expressed by myeloid cells and are involved in various inflammatory disorders. Although accumulating evidence revealed the roles of MRP14 and MRP8 in inflammatory responses by using MRP14-knockout (KO) mice, the KO mice were only available in the C57BL/6 background. We established BALB/c-background MRP14-KO mice to examine if its biological functions are conserved in mice with a different genetic background. MRP14-KO BALB/c mice showed different phenotypes from the reported MRP14-KO C57BL/6 mice in terms of bone marrow cell response to LPS and peripheral leukocyte population. When an acute lethal dose of LPS was injected, the survival rate was not different between MRP14-KO and WT mice, which was also different from results previously reported on C57BL/6 mice. These results suggest that immunological functions of MRP14, and possibly also the associated molecule MRP8, are different between BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, at least in the response to LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wataru Fujii
- Laboratory of Applied Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yihan Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Tokyo, Japan
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Crouser ED, White P, Caceres EG, Julian MW, Papp AC, Locke LW, Sadee W, Schlesinger LS. A Novel In Vitro Human Granuloma Model of Sarcoidosis and Latent Tuberculosis Infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:487-498. [PMID: 28598206 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0321oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many aspects of pathogenic granuloma formation are poorly understood, requiring new relevant laboratory models that represent the complexity (genetics and diversity) of human disease. To address this need, we developed an in vitro model of granuloma formation using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from patients with active sarcoidosis, latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI), or normal healthy control subjects. PBMCs were incubated for 7 days with uncoated polystyrene beads or beads coated with purified protein derivative (PPD) or human serum albumin. In response to PPD-coated beads, PBMCs from donors with sarcoidosis and LTBI formed robust multicellular aggregates resembling granulomas, displaying a typical T-helper cell type 1 immune response, as assessed by cytokine analyses. In contrast, minimal PBMC aggregation occurred when control PBMCs were incubated with PPD-coated beads, whereas the response to uncoated beads was negligible in all groups. Sarcoidosis PBMCs responded to human serum albumin-coated beads with modest cellular aggregation and inflammatory cytokine release. Whereas the granuloma-like aggregates formed in response to PPD-coated beads were similar for sarcoidosis and LTBI, molecular profiles differed significantly. mRNA expression patterns revealed distinct pathways engaged in early granuloma formation in sarcoidosis and LTBI, and they resemble molecular patterns reported in diseased human tissues. This novel in vitro human granuloma model is proposed as a tool to investigate mechanisms of early granuloma formation and for preclinical drug discovery research of human granulomatous disorders. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01857401).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott D Crouser
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Peter White
- 2 Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Evelyn Guirado Caceres
- 3 Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, and
| | - Mark W Julian
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Audrey C Papp
- 4 Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Landon W Locke
- 3 Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, and
| | - Wolfgang Sadee
- 4 Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- 3 Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, and
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Guirgis M, Wendt E, Wang LM, Walsh A, Burger D, Bryant RV, Kent A, Adamson R, Brain O, Travis SPL, Keshav S. Beyond Histological Remission: Intramucosal Calprotectin as a Potential Predictor of Outcomes in Ulcerative Colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11:460-467. [PMID: 27856523 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Histological remission and low faecal calprotectin are positive prognostic factors in ulcerative colitis [UC]. Intramucosal calprotectin [iMC], which can be readily determined by immunohistochemistry, has not so far been evaluated as a predictor of outcome in UC. We aimed to investigate the relationship between iMC and clinical, endoscopic, and histological measures of remission in UC, and the independent prognostic value of iMC. METHODS Ambulant patients with UC were recruited for a study comparing clinical activity indices. Sigmoidoscopy and biopsy were performed at the index visit. Clinical, endoscopic, and histological activity were scored and iMC semi-quantitatively measured using immunohistochemistry for the S100A8/9 heterodimer on colonic biopsies, scored as the mean number of positive cells in five high-power fields [HPF]. At the end of follow-up [6 years], data on steroid use, hospitalisation, and colectomy ['adverse outcomes'] were collected. RESULTS iMC was determined in 83 patients and 20 controls, and correlated with clinical, endoscopic, and histological activity [r = 0.51, 0.65, 0.53, p > 0.001, respectively]. iMC was lowest (median 2.4, interquartile range [IQR]: 5.2-5, p < 0.001) in patients with concordance between clinical, endoscopic, and histological remission. Median iMC > 5/HPF was associated with adverse outcome (hazard ratio [HR] 3.36, confidence interval [CI] 1.58, 7.15, p < 0.001). Only 53%, 33%, and 25% of patients in histological remission with iMC > 5 cells/HPF avoided an adverse outcome after 1, 3, and 6 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS iMC was lowest in patients with concordant clinical, endoscopic, and histological remission. Median iMC > 5/HPF was associated with adverse outcomes despite histological remission. Therefore iMC is a potentially useful independent marker of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Guirgis
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Emily Wendt
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Lai Mun Wang
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Alissa Walsh
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Burger
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert V Bryant
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Alex Kent
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebecca Adamson
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Oliver Brain
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon P L Travis
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Satish Keshav
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford, UK
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7
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Abu El-Asrar AM, Alam K, Siddiquei MM, Van den Eynde K, Mohammad G, De Hertogh G, Opdenakker G. Myeloid-Related Protein-14/MRP-14/S100A9/Calgranulin B is Associated with Inflammation in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2016; 26:615-624. [PMID: 27849448 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2016.1245759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the expression of the leukocyte proteins myeloid-related protein (MRP)-8 and MRP-14 in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and the effect of MRP-8/MRP-14 (calprotectin) heterodimer on induction of proinflammatory factors in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMEC). METHODS Epiretinal membranes from 20 patients with PDR and 10 patients with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), vitreous fluid samples from PDR and non-diabetic subjects and HRMEC were studied by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. RESULTS MRP-14 expression was localized in endothelial cells, leukocytes and myofibroblasts in all PDR membranes. MRP-8 expression was limited to intravascular leukocytes in 42% of the studied membranes. In PVR membranes, MRP-14 was expressed in leukocytes and myofibroblasts, whereas MRP-8 immunoreactivity was limited to leukocytes. MRP-14 was significantly upregulated in vitreous from PDR patients. MRP-8/MRP-14 (calprotectin) increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, but attenuated vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in HRMEC. CONCLUSIONS Increased MRP-14 levels are associated with inflammation in PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Abu El-Asrar
- a Department of Ophthalmology , College of Medicine, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.,b Dr Nasser Al-Rashid Research Chair in Ophthalmology , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Kaiser Alam
- a Department of Ophthalmology , College of Medicine, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad M Siddiquei
- a Department of Ophthalmology , College of Medicine, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Kathleen Van den Eynde
- c Laboratory of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, University of Leuven , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Ghulam Mohammad
- a Department of Ophthalmology , College of Medicine, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Gert De Hertogh
- c Laboratory of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, University of Leuven , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- d Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Leuven , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
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8
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Akbarzadeh R, Yu X, Vogl T, Ludwig RJ, Schmidt E, Zillikens D, Petersen F. Myeloid-related proteins-8 and -14 are expressed but dispensable in the pathogenesis of experimental epidermolysis bullosa acquisita and bullous pemphigoid. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 81:165-72. [PMID: 26692467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myeloid-related protein-8 (MRP-8) and its heterodimeric partner, MRP-14 belong to the group of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and are associated with numerous chronic human disorders. However, their functional role in autoimmunity remains largely unclear. OBJECTIVE Here, we examined the involvement of MRP-8/-14 in two difficult-to-treat autoimmune blistering diseases, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) and bullous pemphigoid (BP). METHODS MRP-8/-14 concentrations in the sera of EBA and BP patients were quantified by ELISA. Experimental EBA and BP in mice were induced by transfer of antibodies directed against type VII or XVII collagen, respectively. Expression of MRP-8/-14 was analyzed in skin samples of these experimental mouse models. The functional role of MRP-8/-14 proteins was evaluated by the induction of experimental EBA and BP in MRP-14-deficient mice. RESULTS We found serum levels of MRP-8/-14 to be elevated in both, EBA and BP patients. Furthermore, in the lesional skin of mice with experimental diseases expression of MRP-8/-14 was increased as compared to healthy controls. However, MRP-14-deficient mice were fully susceptible to experimental disease with a phenotype comparable to that of wild type controls. CONCLUSION Although MRP-8/-14 expression is highly increased in experimental as well as human disease, these proteins do not contribute to the pathogenesis in the effector phase of EBA and BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Akbarzadeh
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, Germany; Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany; Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Xinhua Yu
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, Germany; Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany; Laboratory of Autoimmunity, The Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ralf J Ludwig
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Enno Schmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Detlef Zillikens
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Frank Petersen
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, Germany; Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany.
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Lee HW, Kim TS, Kang YJ, Kim JY, Lee S, Lee WJ, Sohn Y, Lee HW. Up-regulated S100 calcium binding protein A8 in Plasmodium-infected patients correlates with CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3 regulatory T cell generation. Malar J 2015; 14:385. [PMID: 26438270 PMCID: PMC4594961 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0855-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pro-inflammatory S100 calcium binding protein A8 (S100A8) is elevated in the serum of patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria, but its function in Plasmodium vivax malaria is not yet clear. This function was investigated in P. vivax-infected patients in this study. METHODS The level of S100A8 in the serum was measured with ELISA. Full amino acids of S100A8 were synthesized to verify the functions for maturation of immature dendritic cell (iDC) and evaluation of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) generation by mature DC (mDC). RESULTS A higher amount of S100A8 was detected in vivax-infected patients (141.2 ± 61.849 ng/ml, n = 40) compared with normal control group (48.1 ± 27.384 ng/ml, n = 40). The level of S100A8 did not coincide with that of anti-malarial antibody measured by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) using parasite-infected red blood cells as antigen. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) was up-regulated on the surface of iDCs following treatment with synthetic S100A8, not with synthetic MSP-1, AMA-1 and CSP, as compared to the expression seen for non-treated iDCs. The addition of red blood cells of infected patients to iDCs also elevated their surface expression of CD86. However, the serum levels of S100A8 decreased with increase in parasitaemia. DCs matured by sera containing S100A8 generated Treg cells from naïve T cells. The ratio of Treg cells generated was inversely proportional to the concentration of S100A8 in sera. CONCLUSIONS Treg cells suppress the activity of cytotoxic T cells, which kill malaria parasites; therefore, the up-regulation of S100A8 in malaria patients may contribute to pathogen immune escape or tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Woo Lee
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Tong-Soo Kim
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Inha Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, 400-712, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoon-Joong Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, Goesan, Chungbuk, 367-805, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Yeon Kim
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Disease, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, 363-951, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sangeun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Won-Ja Lee
- Division of Arbovirus, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, 363-951, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngjoo Sohn
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyeong-Woo Lee
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Larsson G, Shenoy KT, Ramasubramanian R, Thayumanavan L, Balakumaran LK, Bjune GA, Moum BA. High faecal calprotectin levels in intestinal tuberculosis are associated with granulomas in intestinal biopsies. Infect Dis (Lond) 2014; 47:137-43. [PMID: 25522183 DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2014.974206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis (ITB) is sometimes difficult to establish and requires endoscopic investigation with biopsies for histopathological examination. This study aimed to evaluate calprotectin as a marker of inflammation in ITB. METHODS Patients with ITB were prospectively recruited in Southern India from October 2009 until July 2012. Demographic, clinical, endoscopic and histological features were examined along with faecal calprotectin (FC), serum calprotectin (SC) and C-reactive protein (CRP). RESULTS Thirty patients (median age 34.5 years, 19 men) were included. Clinical features were abdominal pain (97%), weight loss (83%), cachexia (75%), fatigue (63%), watery diarrhoea (62%), nausea (55%) and fever (53%). Endoscopy showed transverse ulcers (61%), nodularity of mucosa (55%), aphthous ulcers (39%), strictures (10%) and fissures (10%). The terminal ileum and right colon harboured 81% of the lesions. Histology revealed granulomas in biopsies from 10 of the patients. FC and CRP levels showed a strong positive correlation (rs = 0.70, p < 0.01). FC, SC and CRP levels were higher in the granulomatous than the non-granulomatous patients, respectively (median FC 988 μg/g, interquartile range (IQR) 940 vs 87 μg/g, IQR 704, p < 0.01; median SC 8.2 μg/ml, IQR 7.3 vs 3.8 μg/ml, IQR 8.9, p = 0.23; median CRP 38.8 mg/L, IQR 42.9 vs 2.3 mg/L, IQR 13.5, p < 0.01). Higher median calprotectin and CRP levels were detected in patients with extensive than localized disease, but the differences did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION ITB patients with granulomas on histology have high levels of faecal calprotectin and CRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Larsson
- Department of Medicine, Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital , Oslo , Norway
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11
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Riva M, He Z, Källberg E, Ivars F, Leanderson T. Human S100A9 protein is stabilized by inflammatory stimuli via the formation of proteolytically-resistant homodimers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61832. [PMID: 23626736 PMCID: PMC3633927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
S100A8 and S100A9 are Ca(2+)-binding proteins that are associated with acute and chronic inflammation and cancer. They form predominantly heterodimers even if there are data supporting homodimer formation. We investigated the stability of the heterodimer in myeloid and S100A8/S100A9 over-expressing COS cells. In both cases, S100A8 and S100A9 proteins were not completely degraded even 48 hrs after blocking protein synthesis. In contrast, in single transfected cells, S100A8 protein was completely degraded after 24 h, while S100A9 was completely unstable. However, S100A9 protein expression was rescued upon S100A8 co-expression or inhibition of proteasomal activity. Furthermore, S100A9, but not S100A8, could be stabilized by LPS, IL-1β and TNFα treatment. Interestingly, stimulation of S100A9-transfected COS cells with proteasomal inhibitor or IL-1β lead to the formation of protease resistant S100A9 homodimers. In summary, our data indicated that S100A9 protein is extremely unstable but can be rescued upon co-expression with S100A8 protein or inflammatory stimuli, via proteolytically resistant homodimer formation. The formation of S100A9 homodimers by this mechanism may constitute an amplification step during an inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Riva
- Immunology Group, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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12
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Phagocyte-specific S100 proteins in the local response to the Echinococcus granulosus larva. Parasitology 2012; 139:271-83. [PMID: 22216900 DOI: 10.1017/s003118201100179x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Infection by larval Echinococcus granulosus is usually characterized by tight inflammatory control. However, various degrees of chronic granulomatous inflammation are also observed, reaching a high point in infection of cattle by the most prevalent parasite strain worldwide, which is not well adapted to this host species. In this context, epithelioid and multinucleated giant macrophages surround the parasite, and the secreted products of these cells often associate with the larval wall. The phagocyte-specific S100 proteins, S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12, are important non-conventionally secreted amplifiers of inflammatory responses. We have analysed by proteomics and immunohistochemistry the presence of these proteins at the E. granulosus larva-host interface. We found that, in the context of inflammatory control as observed in human infections, the S100 proteins are not abundant, but S100A9 and S100A8 can be expressed by eosinophils distal to the parasite. In the granulomatous inflammation context as observed in cattle infections, we found that S100A12 is one of the most abundant host-derived, parasite-associated proteins, while S100A9 and S100A8 are not present at similarly high levels. As expected, S100A12 derives mostly from the epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells. S100A12, as well as cathepsin K and matrix metalloproteinase-9, also expressed by E. granulosus-elicited epithelioid cells, are connected to the Th17 arm of immunity, which may therefore be involved in this granulomatous response.
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13
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Hermeyer K, Jacobsen B, Spergser J, Rosengarten R, Hewicker-Trautwein M. Detection of Mycoplasma bovis by In-Situ Hybridization and Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase, Nitrotyrosine and Manganese Superoxide Dismutase in the Lungs of Experimentally-Infected Calves. J Comp Pathol 2011; 145:240-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Korthagen NM, Nagtegaal MM, van Moorsel CHM, Kazemier KM, van den Bosch JMM, Grutters JC. MRP14 is elevated in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of fibrosing interstitial lung diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 161:342-7. [PMID: 20550547 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is defined by an overgrowth of fibroblasts and extracellular matrix deposition, and results in respiratory dysfunction that is often fatal. It is the end stage in many chronic inflammatory interstitial lung diseases (ILD) such as sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The myeloid-related proteins (MRPs) belong to the S100 family of calcium-binding proteins and are highly expressed by neutrophils, macrophages and epithelial cells during chronic inflammation. MRP14 stimulates fibroblast proliferation in vitro and is expressed in granulomas from sarcoidosis patients. We hypothesized that MRP14 may be a biomarker for fibrotic interstitial lung diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate whether levels of MRP14 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of patients with sarcoidosis and IPF correlate with clinical parameters. We used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure MRP14 in BALF of 74 sarcoidosis patients, 54 IPF patients and 19 controls. Mean BALF levels of MRP14 were elevated significantly in IPF (P < 0.001) and sarcoidosis (P < 0.05) patients compared to controls. MRP14 levels were associated linearly with sarcoidosis disease severity based on chest radiographic stage. Moreover, BALF MRP14 levels were correlated inversely with diffusion capacity and forced vital capacity in sarcoidosis patients. In IPF patients, a correlation with BALF neutrophil percentage was found. In conclusion, BALF MRP14 levels are elevated in IPF and sarcoidosis and are associated with disease severity in sarcoidosis. The results support the need for further studies into the role of MRP14 in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Korthagen
- Center for Interstitial Lung Diseases, Department of Pulmonology, St Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
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15
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Schwartz R, Lu Y, Villines D, Sroussi HY. Effect of human immunodeficiency virus infection on S100A8/A9 inhibition of peripheral neutrophils oxidative metabolism. Biomed Pharmacother 2010; 64:572-5. [PMID: 20630697 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are endowed with a highly active oxidative metabolism that is crucial for their antimicrobial functions but can produce oxidative conditions disruptive to the host. Opportunistic infections associated with HIV disease and ex vivo studies of neutrophils from HIV patients suggest that neutrophil dysfunctions significantly contribute to HIV disease. The calcium-binding proteins S100A8 and S100A9 are abundant cytosolic constituents of human neutrophils. Our previous work has shown that S100A8 and S100A9 inhibit neutrophil oxidative metabolism. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that neutrophils from HIV infected subjects respond differently to S100A8 and S100A9 when compared to neutrophils isolated from control HIV naive subjects. Neutrophils, freshly isolated from whole blood, were tested in a 96-well plate assay for their ability to oxidize the DCFH-DA probe. The neutrophils from HIV+ and HIV- subjects were stimulated with LPS and inhibited with recombinant S100A8 and S100A9. Our data indicate that when compared to neutrophils isolated from HIV- subjects, neutrophils from HIV+ subjects display an exaggerated response to LPS and a diminished response to S100A8 and S100A9 inhibition. Our data support our hypothesis and signify that, in HIV disease, dysregulated neutrophil responses to endotoxins stimulation and S100A8/A9 inhibition may contribute to a higher risk for oxidative stress associated ailments. The mechanism for the observed differences in neutrophil response and their biological significance in the course of HIV disease should be addressed in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schwartz
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois, 801 S. Paulina Street, M/C838, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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16
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Goyette J, Geczy CL. Inflammation-associated S100 proteins: new mechanisms that regulate function. Amino Acids 2010; 41:821-42. [PMID: 20213444 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0528-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on new aspects of extracellular roles of the calgranulins. S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12 are constitutively expressed in neutrophils and induced in several cell types. The S100A8 and S100A9 genes are regulated by pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators and their functions may depend on cell type, mediators within a particular inflammatory milieu, receptors involved in their recognition and their post-translational modification. The S100A8 gene induction in macrophages is dependent on IL-10 and potentiated by immunosuppressive agents. S100A8 and S100A9 are oxidized by peroxide, hypochlorite and nitric oxide (NO). HOCl generates intra-chain sulfinamide bonds; stronger oxidation promotes cross-linked forms that are seen in human atheroma. S100A8 is >200-fold more sensitive to oxidative cross-linking than low-density lipoprotein and may reduce oxidative damage. S100A8 and S100A9 can be S-nitrosylated. S100A8-SNO suppresses mast cell activation and inflammation in the microcirculation and may act as an NO transporter to regulate vessel tone in inflammatory lesions. S100A12 activates mast cells and is a monocyte and mast cell chemoattractant; a G-protein-coupled mechanism may be involved. Structure-function studies are discussed in relation to conservation and divergence of functions in S100A8. S100A12 induces cytokines in mast cells, but not monocytes/macrophages. It forms complexes with Zn(2+) and, by chelating Zn(2+), S100A12 significantly inhibits MMPs. Zn(2+) in S100A12 complexes co-localize with MMP-9 in foam cells in atheroma. In summary, S100A12 has pro-inflammatory properties that are likely to be stable in an oxidative environment, because it lacks Cys and Met residues. Conversely, S100A8 and S100A9 oxidation and S-nitrosylation may have important protective mechanisms in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Goyette
- Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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17
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Adhesion of MRP8/14 to amastigotes in skin lesions of Leishmania major-infected mice. Exp Parasitol 2008; 119:80-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Pagano RL, Mariano M, Giorgi R. Neutrophilic cell-free exudate induces antinociception mediate by the protein S100A9. Mediators Inflamm 2007; 2006:36765. [PMID: 17047291 PMCID: PMC1618946 DOI: 10.1155/mi/2006/36765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium-binding protein S100A9 (MRP-14) induces
antinociceptive effect in an experimental model of
painful sensibility and participates of antinociception observed
during neutrophilic peritonitis induced by glycogen or carrageenan
in mice. In this study, the direct antinociceptive role of the
protein S100A9 in neutrophilic cell-free exudates obtained of mice
injected with glycogen was investigated. Mice were
intraperitoneally injected with a glycogen solution, and after
4, 8, 24, and 48 hours, either the pattern of cell
migration of the peritoneal exudate or the nociceptive response of
animals was evaluated. The glycogen-induced neutrophilic
peritonitis evoked antinociception 4 and 8 hours after
inoculation of the irritant. Peritoneal cell-free exudates,
collected in different times after the irritant injection, were
transferred to naive animals which were submitted to the
nociceptive test. The transference of exudates also induced
antinociceptive effect, and neutralization of S100A9 activity by
anti-S100A9 monoclonal antibody totally reverted this response.
This effect was not observed when experiments were made 24 or
48 hours after glycogen injection. These results clearly
indicate that S100A9 is secreted during glycogen-induced
neutrophilic peritonitis, and that this protein is responsible by
antinociception observed in the initial phase of inflammatory
reaction. Thus, these data reinforce the hypothesis that the
calcium-binding protein S100A9 participates of the endogenous
control of inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana L. Pagano
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute,
Avenue Vital Brazil 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Mario Mariano
- Discipline of Immunology, Federal University of
São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 862, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
- Discipline of Immunology, Paulista University, Rua Dr Bacelar 1212, São Paulo 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Renata Giorgi
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute,
Avenue Vital Brazil 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
- *Renata Giorgi:
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19
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Goto Y, Sanjoba C, Arakaki N, Okamoto M, Saeki K, Onodera T, Ito M, Matsumoto Y. Accumulation of macrophages expressing MRP8 and MRP14 in skin lesions during Leishmania major infection in BALB/c and RAG-2 knockout mice. Parasitol Int 2007; 56:231-4. [PMID: 17409015 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2007.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 02/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Migration inhibitory factor-related protein 8 (MRP8) and MRP14 are expressed by myeloid cells and especially known as marker proteins of an immature and inflammatory subtype of macrophages. In this study, we immunohistochemically examined an accumulation of MRP8+ and MRP14+ macrophages in skin lesions during Leishmania major infection in susceptible BALB/c and RAG-2-/- mice. L. major infection caused the development of a nodular type of skin lesion at the infection site in mice and a massive accumulation of macrophages was observed in the lesions at four weeks after the infection. Immunohistochemical analyses showed MRP8+ and MRP14+ macrophages are predominant cell types in the skin lesions in both mouse strains. In contrast, F4/80+ cells, which correspond to mature macrophages, were rarely found in the skin lesions. These data suggest that the accumulation of inflammatory subtype of macrophages in BALB/c mice during L. major infection can be induced without acquired immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Goto
- Department of Molecular Immunology, School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Kurata A, Terado Y, Schulz A, Fujioka Y, Franke FE. Inflammatory cells in the formation of tumor-related sarcoid reactions. Hum Pathol 2005; 36:546-54. [PMID: 15948122 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2005.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-related sarcoid reactions were analyzed in 14 lymph nodes in comparison with sarcoidosis using immunohistochemical markers to lymphocytes (CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD20), myeloid-related protein (MRP) 8 and MRP14 (S100A8 and S100A9), angiotensin I-converting enzyme (CD143), and mature or immature dendritic cells (S100, HLA-DR, fascin, CD83, and CD1a). We found that solitary epithelioid cell granuloma (ECG) first occur between lymph sinus and T-zone and that multiple ECGs mainly occur within T-zone, whereas confluent types often occupy the whole lymph node except some residual lymphoid follicles. This pattern suggests a continuous spread and growth of ECGs in sarcoid reactions along T-zone, where antigen presentation mainly takes place. Irrespective of granuloma type, a constant invasion of freshly recruited MRP8 + and MRP14 + macrophages was observed. Similar to sarcoidosis, angiotensin I-converting enzyme expression was a constant finding in epithelioid and giant cells, suggesting a common inflammatory pathway. An increasing ratio of CD4 + to CD8 + T lymphocytes (r = 0.789, P = .001) and a decreasing number of S100 + and CD83 + dendritic cells (r = 0.787, P = .001) within ECGs correlated with granuloma growth, whereas CD1a + immature dendritic cells were never observed inside ECGs. Our findings show that sarcoid reactions represent a T-cell-mediated immune response, leading to histological appearance and cell distribution similar to sarcoidosis and other granulomatous conditions, but the mechanism is different from dendritic cell-based tumor vaccination. Furthermore, mature dendritic cells occur inside ECGs especially of early sarcoid reactions but may not be required for the enlargement and further maintenance of ECGs, in contrast to CD4 + lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kurata
- Department of Patholofy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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21
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Frosch M, Metze D, Foell D, Vogl T, Sorg C, Sunderkötter C, Roth J. Early activation of cutaneous vessels and epithelial cells is characteristic of acute systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Exp Dermatol 2005; 14:259-65. [PMID: 15810883 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2005.00271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In biopsies of 16 patients (mean: 5.2 years) with acute systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SOJIA), we analysed the initial cellular events during the characteristic cutaneous rash for composition of the infiltrate and for expression of activation markers on epithelial and endothelial cells. Despite the fleeting nature of the rash, there was a characteristic infiltration of neutrophils and monocytes, accompanied by a marked expression of endothelial adhesion receptors. In addition, we found a general activation of the cutaneous epithelium reflected by the expression of the pro-inflammatory S100-proteins - myeloid-related protein 8 (MRP8) and MRP14. In responders to therapy, follow-up biopsies showed a complete normalization of these inflammatory parameters, whereas non-responders presented with continuous signs of activation. In conjunction with the high level of epithelial activation, we detected an infiltrate of leucocytes within epithelium of sweat gland ducts during active SOJIA. Such a pattern has not been described for other inflammatory skin diseases nor did we find it in biopsies from nine patients with acute urticaria. It was accompanied by exclusive expression of MRP8, but not MRP14 by the secretory cells of sweat glands. Because MRP8 and MRP14, released by epithelial cells, exhibit pro-inflammatory effects on endothelial cells and leucocytes, the particular expression pattern of MRP8 and MRP14 in SOJIA is likely to represent a decisive early constitutive component in this inflammatory disease. Their differential expression further points to distinct roles of the individual molecules in inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Frosch
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Münster, Germany
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22
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Abstract
The etiology of primary hypophysitis is still not fully elucidated. Histologically, primary hypophysitis includes three different main subtypes: lymphocytic (LYH), granulomatous (GRH), and xanthomatous (XH) hypophysitis. Clinical and laboratory findings suggest an autoimmune basis in primary hypophysitis. Controversy still exists about the composition of the inflammatory infiltrate and the relevant immunopathogenic effector mechanisms. Therefore, 21 cases of primary hypophysitis of different subtypes were analyzed with respect to the expression of lymphocyte and macrophage antigens as well as MHC class I and II molecules of the inflammatory infiltrate and the resident pituitary acinar cells. Lymphocyte infiltration in LYH (n = 15), but also in GRH (n = 4) and XH (n = 2), mainly consisted of T cells, while B cells were rare. Independent from the histopathologic subtype, T cell subsets showed equal ratios of CD4+ to CD8+ T cells. Highest numbers of activated CD8+ T cells were observed in LYH presenting during pregnancy, surrounding or even infiltrating preserved pituitary acinar cells. Moreover, an increased rate of activated CD8+ T cells correlated with a shorter duration of clinical symptoms. In LYH, aberrant expression of MHC class II antigens as well as overexpression of MHC class I molecules on pituitary cells were observed. Independent of the histologic subtype, macrophages mostly expressed markers of chronic activation and showed MHC class II positivity. LYH, GRH, and XH, although heterogeneous in their histologic appearance and in age distribution, exhibit a similar if not identical immunohistologic profile. It is highly likely that direct T cell-mediated cytotoxicity through CD8+ T cells, with the initial help of CD4+ T cells, is pivotal in the pathogenesis of primary hypophysitis, implicating a target autoantigen expressed by pituitary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gutenberg
- Department Neuropathology, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany.
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23
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Tugizov S, Berline J, Herrera R, Penaranda ME, Nakagawa M, Palefsky J. Inhibition of human papillomavirus type 16 E7 phosphorylation by the S100 MRP-8/14 protein complex. J Virol 2005; 79:1099-112. [PMID: 15613338 PMCID: PMC538578 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.2.1099-1112.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E7 is a major viral oncoprotein that is phosphorylated by casein kinase II (CKII). Two S100 family calcium-binding proteins, macrophage inhibitory-related factor protein 8 (MRP-8) and MRP-14, form a protein complex, MRP-8/14, that inactivates CKII. The MRP-8/14 protein complex may inhibit CKII-mediated E7 phosphorylation and therefore may alter its interaction with cellular ligands and reduce E7 oncogenic activity. We examined the inhibitory effect of the MRP-8/14 complex on CKII activity and HPV16 E7 phosphorylation. We have shown that CKII activity and HPV16 E7 phosphorylation were inhibited by uptake of exogenous MRP-8/14 and activation of endogenous MRP-8/14. MRP-8/14-mediated inhibition of E7 phosphorylation occurred at the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Analysis of MRP expression in primary keratinocytes and in HPV16- and 18-transformed cervical and foreskin epithelial cell lines showed that expression of MRP-8, MRP-14, and the MRP-8/14 complex was detected only in primary untransformed keratinocytes and not in the HPV-infected immortalized epithelial cells. CKII activity in HPV-immortalized keratinocytes was approximately fourfold higher than in HPV-negative primary keratinocytes. Treatment of HPV-positive immortalized epithelial cells with exogenous MRP-8/14 resulted in E7 hypophosphorylation and complete inhibition of cell growth within 2 weeks, compared with HPV-negative primary and immortalized HPV-negative cervical epithelial cells, which showed 25 and 40% growth inhibition, respectively. Together these results suggests that the MRP-8/14 protein complex in HPV-infected epithelial cells may play an important role in regulation of CKII-mediated E7 phosphorylation and inhibition of its oncogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharof Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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24
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Foell D, Roth J. Proinflammatory S100 proteins in arthritis and autoimmune disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:3762-71. [PMID: 15593206 DOI: 10.1002/art.20631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Foell
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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25
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Wu N, Davidson JM. Migration inhibitory factor-related protein (MRP)8 and MRP14 are differentially expressed in free-electron laser and scalpel incisions. Wound Repair Regen 2004; 12:327-36. [PMID: 15225211 DOI: 10.1111/j.1067-1927.2004.012313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Incisions made in mouse skin by scalpel or the free-electron laser heal at different rates. To identify genes that are differentially expressed in free-electron laser or scalpel wounds, we isolated total RNA from free-electron laser- or scalpel-produced incisions and normal skin at day 7 postwounding. cDNA microarray analysis identified 89 of 15,000 genes in a mouse microarray as having significantly different expression levels. Migration inhibitory factor-related protein (MRP) 14 was almost 30 times more highly expressed in scalpel wounds than in free-electron laser wounds. This result was confirmed by Northern blot analysis, which also showed that scalpel wounds expressed higher levels of MRP8, a related S100 protein that can heterodimerize with MRP14, at days 2, 7, and 14 postwounding. Free-electron laser wounds also showed elevated expression of MRP8 and MRP14 relative to normal skin. In situ hybridization showed that the patterns of MRP14 and MRP8 expression in free-electron laser and scalpel wound tissues were similar. MRP14 and MRP8 were expressed in the dermal wound margin, while a very low level of MRP14 and MRP8 expression was seen in the migrating epidermis. Dual immunofluorescence staining for MRP14 or MRP8 and macrophage (F4/80) showed that most of the wound macrophages simultaneously expressed MRP14 and MRP8. Some expression was also found in neutrophils, while neither antigen accumulated to a significant degree in the epidermis. Relatively lower MRP8 and 14 expression in free-electron laser wounds was correlated with a higher level of matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression and a reduced rate of wound healing. While the regulation of MRP8 expression in mouse may be different from human skin, we suggest that elevated expression of MRP8 and MRP14 may have a relevant therapeutic effect against inflammation in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanjun Wu
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2561, USA
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26
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Shibata F, Miyama K, Shinoda F, Mizumoto J, Takano K, Nakagawa H. Fibroblast growth-stimulating activity of S100A9 (MRP-14). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:2137-43. [PMID: 15153104 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts play a critical role in chronic inflammation and wound healing. In this study, a fibroblast growth-stimulating factor was purified from the exudate of carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats. The purified protein was a disulfide-linked homodimer. Amino acid sequence analysis of the peptides generated by cleavage with cyanogen bromide and proteinase V8 resulted in identification of the protein as S100A9. Recombinant S100A9 as well as its disulfide-linked homodimer stimulated the proliferation of fibroblasts at a similar concentration of the purified protein. The concentration of S100A9 in the exudate was determined by immunoblot analysis. The total protein concentration in the exudate reached a maximum 4 days after carrageenan injection and then slightly decreased, whereas the concentration of S100A9 reached a maximum at day 3 and then decreased rapidly. These studies show that S100A9 is present at a high concentration in the exudate of carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats, and that S100A9 stimulates proliferation of fibroblasts, suggesting that it plays a role in chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futoshi Shibata
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
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27
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Cipriano IM, Mariano M, Freymüller E, Carneiro CRW. Murine macrophages cultured with IL-4 acquire a phenotype similar to that of epithelioid cells from granulomatous inflammation. Inflammation 2004; 27:201-11. [PMID: 14527173 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025084413767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Epithelioid cells (ECs) found in granulomas are thought to derive from mononuclear phagocytes. Although GM-CSF and/or IL-4 are known to promote cell differentiation their role in the development of ECs has never been demonstrated. Here we showed that mouse macrophages treated exclusively with recombinant IL-4 (rIL-4) differentiate into epithelioid-like cells. Macrophages cultivated with rIL-4 presented a fried-egg shape, and ultrastructural studies revealed membrane interdigitations, cytoplasmic vesicles, prominent Golgi complex, and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Compared with controls, rIL-4 treated cells displayed increased expression of MHC class II molecules and of Migration Inhibitory Factor-Related Protein-14. Whereas mannose receptor-mediated phagocytosis was increased, Fcgamma-receptor mediated phagocytosis and the production of nitric oxide were decreased in treated cultures. All these features overlap those reported for ECs from granulomatous lesions. In conclusion, treatment of mouse peritoneal macrophages with rIL-4 drives their in vitro differentiation to an epithelioid phenotype and provides a tool to investigate the biology of ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivone Martins Cipriano
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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28
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Dale CS, Gonçalves LRDC, Juliano L, Juliano MA, da Silva AMM, Giorgi R. The C-terminus of murine S100A9 inhibits hyperalgesia and edema induced by jararhagin. Peptides 2004; 25:81-9. [PMID: 15003359 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2003.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2003] [Accepted: 12/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a synthetic peptide (H92-G110) identical to the C-terminus of murine S100A9 (mS100A9p) was investigated on hyperalgesia and edema induced by either jararhagin or papain in the rat paw. mS100A9p not only reverted hyperalgesia and edema induced by jararhagin, but also the highest concentration induced antinociception. Hemorrhage induced by jararhagin and its hydrolytic activity were inhibited by mS100A9p. These data suggest that mS100A9p might block jararhagin-induced hyperalgesia and edema by inhibiting jararhagin catalytic activity, since papain-induced hyperalgesia and edema were not inhibited by mS100A9p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Squarzoni Dale
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503-900, Brazil
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29
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Itou H, Yao M, Fujita I, Watanabe N, Suzuki M, Nishihira J, Tanaka I. The crystal structure of human MRP14 (S100A9), a Ca(2+)-dependent regulator protein in inflammatory process. J Mol Biol 2002; 316:265-76. [PMID: 11851337 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2001.5340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human MRP14 (hMRP14) is a Ca(2+)-binding protein from the S100 family of proteins. This protein is co-expressed with human MRP8 (hMRP8), a homologue protein in myeloid cells, and plays an indispensable role in Ca(2+)-dependent functions during inflammation. This role includes the activation of Mac-1, the beta(2) integrin which is involved in neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells. The crystal structure of the holo form of hMRP14 was analyzed at 2.1 A resolution. hMRP14 is distinguished from other S100 member proteins by its long C-terminal region, and its structure shows that the region is extensively flexible. In this crystal structure of hMRP14, Chaps molecules bind to the hinge region that connects two EF-hand motifs, which suggests that this region is a target-binding site of this protein. Based on a structural comparison of hMRP14 with hMRP8 and human S100A12 (hS100A12) that is another homologue protein, the character of MRP8/14 hetero-complex and the functional significance of the flexibility of the C-terminal region of hMRP14 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Itou
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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30
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Nacife VP, Soeiro MD, Araújo-Jorge TC, Castro-Faria Neto HC, Meirelles MD. Ultrastructural, immunocytochemical and flow cytometry study of mouse peritoneal cells stimulated with carrageenan. Cell Struct Funct 2000; 25:337-50. [PMID: 11280704 DOI: 10.1247/csf.25.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present paper we performed a morphological characterization of mouse peritoneal cells stimulated in vivo for 24 h with carrageenan (CAR) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by ultrastructural and flow cytometry analysis. In all samples, the flow cytometry studies showed the presence of three major populations consisting of monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes. A special recruitment of monocytes was detected in CAR-injected mice. Macrophages and monocytes from CAR-treated mice displayed a characteristic phenotype, with a larger number of cytoplasmic vacuoles and numerous membrane projections, as compared to the cells collected from LPS- and PBS-injected mice. The induction of vacuolization was also confirmed upon in vitro treatment with CAR for 15 min to 24 h. The in vivo CAR-induced vacuoles were not related to lipid storage as judged by the lack of lipidic labeling after imidazole treatment at the ultrastructural level. In order to investigate the acidic nature of the vacuoles we used acidothropic probes, Lysotracker Yellow (LY) and Acridine Orange (AO). CAR injection activated the ability of peritoneal cells to incorporate LY around 2-5 times higher than control cells. However, the AO incorporation was 10-fold lower in CAR-stimulated cells than in LPS-stimulated ones. It is possible that the increase in intracellular vacuolization observed in CAR-stimulated cells could be related to exocytosis, since in most vacuoles the inflammatory protein MRP-14 was immunolocalized. The presence of MRP-14 in the culture supernatant of adherent peritoneal cells from CAR-injected mice was further comfirmed by ELISA, suggesting the discharge of MRP-14 enriched vacuole contents in the extracellular medium. We concluded that the morphological characteristics of activated monocytes and macrophages may depend on the nature of the triggering stimuli. Our observations reflect different functional phenotypes of monocytes/macrophages after in vivo stimulation with inflammatory agents such as CAR and LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Nacife
- Lab. Ultra-estrutura e Celular, Dept. de Ultra-estrutura e Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
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31
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Eue I, Pietz B, Storck J, Klempt M, Sorg C. Transendothelial migration of 27E10+ human monocytes. Int Immunol 2000; 12:1593-604. [PMID: 11058579 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/12.11.1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The myeloid-related proteins MRP8 (S100A8) and MRP14 (S100A9), two members of the S100 family of calcium-binding proteins, are co-expressed and form a cell-surface and cytoskeleton-associated heterodimer upon calcium mobilization which is recognized by the mAb 27E10. The heterodimer is abundantly expressed in the cytoplasm of granulocytes and a subpopulation of blood monocytes. Previously, we and others demonstrated endothelium-associated MRP8/14 in inflamed tissues in the vicinity of transmigrating leukocytes, suggesting a function of the proteins in this process. Here, we demonstrate that 27E10(+) cells represent a fast-migrating monocyte subpopulation which preferentially utilizes an ICAM-1-dependent mechanism. The following observations imply a function of MRP8/14 in the transmigration process: (i) higher secretion of MRP8/14 from 27E10(+) monocytes compared to 27E10(-) monocytes after interaction with activated endothelium, (ii) higher expression of CD11b on 27E10(+) compared to 27E10(-) monocytes, (iii) up-regulation of CD11b on 27E10(-) monocytes in the presence of MRP14 or MRP8/14 heterodimers but not MRP8 and (iv) active participation of MRP14 but not of MRP8 in transmigration as shown by blocking with respective antibodies. We show that the interaction of 27E10(+) monocytes with activated endothelium leads to MRP8/14 release which may account for the high MRP8/14 concentrations in body fluids of patients with acute or chronic inflammatory diseases. Released MRP8/14 may serve a function by enhancing CD11b expression and/or affinity in human monocytes and by participating in the transendothelial migration mechanism. Thus, MRP8/14 substantially contributes to the recruitment of monocytes to an inflammatory site.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Eue
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Münster, von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
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32
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Pechkovsky DV, Zalutskaya OM, Ivanov GI, Misuno NI. Calprotectin (MRP8/14 protein complex) release during mycobacterial infection in vitro and in vivo. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2000; 29:27-33. [PMID: 10967257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2000.tb01501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The calprotectin (MRP8/14) protein complex belongs to the S100 family of Ca2+ binding proteins and is expressed during myelomonocytic differentiation. MRP8/14 plasma levels were determined by ELISA in 35 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) showing mild (n = 12), moderate (n = 11) or severe (n = 12) disease, 13 patients with active pulmonary sarcoidosis (SR) and 21 healthy controls. TB patients had significantly increased plasma levels of MRP8/14 in comparison with SR and controls, which significantly depended on the volume of lung tissue involved in the inflammatory process. In TB patients, there was no correlation between plasma levels of MRP8/14 and total white blood cell (WBC) count, and blood polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) count. In SR patients, MRP8/14 plasma levels were twofold higher in comparison with controls, but were lower compared with mild TB, and correlated with PMN and WBC counts. Human monocytes infected and cultured for 7 days with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin showed fivefold higher MRP8/14 levels in supernatants compared with unstimulated or purified protein derivative-stimulated cells. Human MRP8/14 significantly increased Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv growth in liquid medium in a dose- and time-dependent manner. These findings suggest that MRP8/14 plays an important role in the immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Pechkovsky
- Institute of Pulmonology and Phthisiology, Minsk, Belarus.
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Abstract
Fecal calprotectin is a marker of inflammatory and neoplastic disease in the lower gastrointestinal tract. A new fecal sample preparation procedure for the measurement of calprotectin has been developed, with higher calprotectin yield and lower contamination risk. Changes in the new method compared to the original [Roseth AG, Fagerhol MK, Aadland E, Schonsby H. Assessment of the neutrophil dominating protein calprotectin in feces. A methodologic study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992;27(9):793-798] are smaller sample size, higher dilution of the sample, presence of dissociating agents in the extraction solution and procedure performed in closed disposable tubes. The extraction yield was 78% (41-100%) of total calprotectin, giving an overall five-fold increase compared to the original method. Samples with high calprotectin values were increased to a slightly higher degree, than low calprotectin samples, thus improving the separation between high and low calprotectin levels. Median calprotectin level in healthy subjects was 26 microg/g. Pathological samples with pancolitis showed levels up to 30000 microg/g. The mean C.V. (coefficient of variation) in blended feces was lower than that of unblended, suggesting uneven distribution of calprotectin. However, no significant difference between spot measurements was found when five samples from each of 47 stools were measured. Thus measurements of calprotectin in fecal samples were accurate and reproducible. No interference with foods or relevant oral pharmaceuticals or nutraceuticals was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tøn
- Nycomed Pharma AS, Oslo, Norway
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34
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Vogl T, Roth J, Sorg C, Hillenkamp F, Strupat K. Calcium-induced noncovalently linked tetramers of MRP8 and MRP14 detected by ultraviolet matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1999; 10:1124-1130. [PMID: 10536818 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(99)00085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
MRP8 and MRP14 are members of the S100 family of calcium-binding proteins which play an important role during calcium-induced activation of phagocytes. Both proteins form noncovalently associated complexes as a prerequisite for biological functions. The exact stoichiometric composition of these complexes, however, has not been completely clarified yet. In the present study we show for the first time by ultraviolet matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (UV-MALDI-MS) the calcium-induced formation of noncovalently associated (MRP8/MRP14)2 tetramers. Furthermore, we could determine posttranslational modifications of MRP8 and MRP14, the stoichiometric proportion of the two known MRP14 isoforms in the complexes as well as the number of calcium ions bound to the single MRP8 and MRP14 monomers and tetramers. MRP14 showed a higher affinity for calcium than MRP8. Upon complex formation the calcium binding increased to maximal saturation of the known EF hands in the complexed forms. Calcium-induced stabilization of the MRP8/MRP14 complexes was confirmed by DSC studies. Our results extend scope and application of UV-MALDI-MS by allowing identification of noncovalent protein complexes, the identification of minor alterations of subunits in such complexes as well as the determination of bound calcium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vogl
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Münster, Germany.
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35
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Melkonyan H, Hofmann HA, Nacken W, Sorg C, Klempt M. The gene encoding the myeloid-related protein 14 (MRP14), a calcium-binding protein expressed in granulocytes and monocytes, contains a potent enhancer element in the first intron. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:27026-32. [PMID: 9756953 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.41.27026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-related proteins 8 and 14 (MRP8 and MRP14) are two Ca2+-binding proteins of the S-100 family highly abundant in myelomonocytic cells. The expression is not only dependent on the developmental status of the cell but also on the inflammatory situation in the tissue. In order to identify regulatory elements responsible for the high expression of MRP14 in myeloid cells, reporter gene constructs have been transfected into HL-60 cells, Mono Mac 6 cells, and L132 cells. We demonstrated that a DNA element in the first intron (positions 153-361) enhances the transcriptional activity of the homologous promoter and of the heterologous herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase promoter up to 37-fold. To further identify the functional site, the region between positions 153 and 192 was analyzed functionally using the thymidine kinase promoter. The region increased the expression in the same magnitude as the complete intron. This enhancer is highly conserved in the human and murine MRP genes, indicative of its involvement in the transcription of MRPs. Protein binding to the region is demonstrated using EMSA, DNA cross-linking, Southwestern blotting, and affinity purification. Affinity purification confirms that four proteins bind to the enhancer element.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Melkonyan
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Münster, von Esmarchstr. 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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36
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Hunter MJ, Chazin WJ. High level expression and dimer characterization of the S100 EF-hand proteins, migration inhibitory factor-related proteins 8 and 14. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:12427-35. [PMID: 9575199 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.20.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotypical and functional heterogeneity of different macrophage subpopulations are defined by discrete changes in the expression of two S100 calcium-binding proteins, migration inhibitory factor-related proteins (MRPs) 8 and 14. To further our understanding of MRP8 and MRP14 in the developmental stages of inflammatory responses, overexpression of the MRPs was obtained through a combination of a T7-based expression vector and the Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cell line. An efficient, two-step chromatographic protocol was then developed for rapid, facile purification. Extensive biophysical characterization and chemical cross-linking experiments show that MRP8 and MRP14 form oligomers with a strong preference to associate as a heterodimer. Heteronuclear NMR experiments indicate that a specific well packed dimer is formed only in equimolar mixtures of the two proteins. Our results suggest that there is a unique complementarity in the interface of the MRP8/MRP14 complex that cannot be fully reproduced in the MRP8 and MRP14 homodimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hunter
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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37
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Newton RA, Hogg N. The Human S100 Protein MRP-14 Is a Novel Activator of the β2 Integrin Mac-1 on Neutrophils. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.3.1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The 14-kDa myeloid-related protein (MRP-14) and its heterodimeric partner, MRP-8, are members of the S100 family of calcium-binding proteins (S100A9 and S100A8, respectively). Their importance in neutrophil function is implied by their unusual abundance in neutrophil cytosol (∼40% of cytosolic protein). Previous work from our laboratory has demonstrated the extracellular association of these proteins with vascular endothelium adjacent to transmigrating leukocytes. We report here a function for MRP-14 as a stimulator of neutrophil adhesion mediated by the β2 integrin, Mac-1. MRP-14 is an affinity regulator of Mac-1 because it promotes binding of soluble ligand and expression of an “activation reporter” epitope of high affinity β2 integrins recognized by mAb24. The activity of MRP-14 is confined to regulating integrin function because, unlike other inflammatory agonists, there was no release of L-selectin, up-regulation of cytosolic Mac-1, or induction of neutrophil respiratory burst or calcium flux. Furthermore, MRP-14 does not act as a chemoattractant or cause alterations in cell shape or cytoskeleton. MRP-8 has a regulatory role in MRP-14 activity, inhibiting the adhesion induced by MRP-14 through the formation of the heterodimer. In terms of mechanism of action, MRP-14 does not increase Mac-1 function by direct binding to this integrin but recognizes a distinct receptor on neutrophils. This receptor interaction is pertussis toxin sensitive, indicating that MRP-14-generated signals leading to a Mac-1 affinity increase are heterotrimeric G protein dependent. We postulate that MRP-14 and MRP-8 are important in vivo candidates for the regulated adhesion of neutrophils through control of Mac-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Newton
- Leukocyte Adhesion Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy Hogg
- Leukocyte Adhesion Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, United Kingdom
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38
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Johne B, Fagerhol MK, Lyberg T, Prydz H, Brandtzaeg P, Naess-Andresen CF, Dale I. Functional and clinical aspects of the myelomonocyte protein calprotectin. Mol Pathol 1997; 50:113-23. [PMID: 9292145 PMCID: PMC379605 DOI: 10.1136/mp.50.3.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Johne
- Nycomed Pharma AS, Oslo, Norway.
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39
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Abstract
So far, microglial activation in cerebral ischemia has only been studied in different animal models. We have investigated the activation of microglial cells in human cerebral ischemia. As a marker for the activation of these "brain macrophages," we have used the macrophage inhibitor factor-related-proteins MRP-8 and MRP-14, which belong to the calcium binding S-100 protein family. The proteins can be detected on microglial cells in bacterial encephalitis and Alzheimer's disease but have so far not been studied in non-inflammatory diseases, in which microglial activation also occurs. Antibodies against MRP-8 and -14 detected ramified microglial cells within the first 3 days after cerebral infarction. Labeled cells were found selectively in the periinfarctional area. To support the notion that these cells belong to the locally activated resident microglial population, we studied their proliferation rate by staining the Ki-67 antigen with the antibody MIB-1. Double-labeling clearly showed that in the early phase of cerebral infarction microglial cells in the periinfarctional area express MRP-8 and -14 and also proliferate. Surprisingly, MRPs are expressed no longer than 3 days post infarction. This indicates that the activation of the resident microglia is an early step of tissue reaction after cerebral infarction. Additionally, we found evidence that microglial cells contribute to the population of phagocytes only during the first 3 days post infarction. The majority of lipid phagocytes found in the later stages are obviously recruited from the blood-borne macrophage pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Postler
- Institute of Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
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40
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Cuida M, Brun JG, Johannessen AC, Jonsson R. Immunohistochemical characterization of the cellular infiltrates in Sjögren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis with special reference to calprotectin-producing cells. APMIS 1996; 104:881-90. [PMID: 9048866 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1996.tb04953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse the nature of infiltrating cells in minor salivary glands of patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Furthermore, we wanted to characterize the tissue distribution of calprotectin-producing cells in inflamed salivary gland tissue of SS and in synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). Cryostat sections of labial salivary gland tissue from patients with SS and synovial tissue from RA and OA patients were stained (ABC-immunoperoxidase technique) using monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) to T cells (CD3), monocytes/macrophages (CD14, CD68), and calprotectin. Monocytes and macrophages were widely distributed in focal infiltrates of salivary gland tissue from SS patients. Calprotectin markers showed a distinct staining of infiltrating macrophages and around blood vessel walls. In synovial tissue samples, calprotectin was expressed in a high percentage of cells in the synovial lining, the subsynovium, and vessel walls. The percentages of cells stained for calprotectin were significantly higher in RA than in OA and SS tissues. Antibodies to the calprotectin complex stained cells with a similar distribution as antibodies against the separate polypeptide chains of calprotectin. The localization and differentiated expression of calprotectin in these chronic inflammatory conditions indicate a role in the inflammatory process and may be an additional marker of macrophages/granulocytes in SS, RA and OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cuida
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory for Microbiology, University of Bergen, Norway
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41
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Rugtveit J, Scott H, Halstensen TS, Norstein J, Brandtzaeg P. Expression of the L1 antigen (calprotectin) by tissue macrophages reflects recent recruitment from peripheral blood rather than upregulation of local synthesis: implications for rejection diagnosis in formalin-fixed kidney specimens. J Pathol 1996; 180:194-9. [PMID: 8976880 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199610)180:2<194::aid-path628>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The L1 antigen (calprotectin) is present in circulating monocytes but is restricted to certain subsets of tissue macrophages. Its expression is significantly increased in inflammatory bowel disease, apparently because of newly recruited monocytes. In vitro experiments were performed to substantiate lack of L1 upregulation in tissue macrophages, thereby justifying the use of this marker to detect newly recruited cells. Its reliability was further evaluated by studying mononuclear cell infiltrates characteristic of acute kidney rejection. After pro-inflammatory stimulation, monocytes matured in vitro (n = 12) as well as adherent mononuclear cells from normal small intestinal mucosa (n = 5) were examined for L1 expression by immunocytochemistry and by ELISA (cell lysates). In addition, peritubular mononuclear L1+ cells were examined by immunohistochemistry in routine biopsy specimens from transplanted kidneys with (n = 11) or without (n = 14) histopathologically diagnosed acute rejection. L1 was not upregulated in monocytes matured in vitro, nor in mucosal macrophages after stimulation with interferon-gamma, LPS, phorbol ester, or supernatant from activated leucocytes. In transplanted kidneys with signs of acute rejection, the fraction of L1+ macrophages was significantly increased (P < 0.001). Because L1 is persistently downregulated in mature tissue macrophages and is formalin-resistant, it identifies young infiltrating macrophages in routinely processed biopsy material. L1 should therefore be a valuable adjunct in the diagnosis of kidney rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rugtveit
- LIIPAT, Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, The National Hospital, Norway
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42
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A selective method for determining MRP8 and MRP14 homocomplexes and heterocomplexes by sandwich ELISA for the discrimination of active and non-active osteoarthritis from rheumatoid arthritis in sera and synovial fluids. Inflammopharmacology 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02659119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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43
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Goebeler M, Roth J, van den Bos C, Ader G, Sorg C. Increase of calcium levels in epithelial cells induces translocation of calcium-binding proteins migration inhibitory factor-related protein 8 (MRP8) and MRP14 to keratin intermediate filaments. Biochem J 1995; 309 ( Pt 2):419-24. [PMID: 7542868 PMCID: PMC1135748 DOI: 10.1042/bj3090419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Migration inhibitory factor-related protein 8 (MRP8) and MRP14, two S-100-like Ca(2+)-binding proteins, have been described in cells of the epithelial lineage where they are either expressed constitutively (e.g. by mucosal squamous epithelium) or induced during disease (e.g. in keratinocytes during the course of psoriasis). Their biological function, however, is not yet clear. Recent studies have provided evidence that S-100-like proteins may interact with cytoskeletal components; we have therefore studied the biochemical properties and subcellular distribution of MRP8 and MRP14 in epithelial cells. TR146 human squamous carcinoma cells, which were found to express MRP8 and MRP14 in Northern and Western blot studies, were chosen for analysis. Cross-linking experiments using bis(sulphosuccinimidyl)suberate followed by SDS/PAGE and Western blot analysis revealed formation of heteromeric MRP8-MRP14 complexes. On subjecting TR146 cell lysates to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and Western blotting, four distinct MRP14 isoforms could be identified resembling those described earlier in macrophages. A differential centrifugation technique revealed a Ca(2+)-dependent translocation of MRP8-MRP14 from the cytoplasm to the membrane and the Nonidet P40-insoluble cytoskeletal fraction. Double-label immunofluorescence microscopy of Ca2+ ionophore A23187-stimulated TR146 cells and cytochalasin B and demecolcine cytoskeleton disruption studies identified these structures as keratin intermediate filaments. Ca(2+)-dependent binding of MRP8-MRP14 to keratin filaments was additionally confirmed by an in vitro binding assay. In conclusion, our data suggest that MRP8 and MRP14 may be involved in Ca(2+)-dependent reorganization of cytoskeletal filaments in epithelial cells, which could be of importance for events associated with differentiation and inflammatory activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goebeler
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Münster, Germany
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44
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Mariano M. The experimental granuloma. A hypothesis to explain the persistence of the lesion. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1995; 37:161-76. [PMID: 7481473 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46651995000200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulomatous inflammation is the morphological substrate of a variety of important infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, leprosy, schistosomiasis and others. Nevertheless, although many aspects of this special type of inflammation are known, fundamental questions concerning granuloma formation, persistence, fate and significance for host-parasite relationships still remain to be elucidated. In this brief review, the basic and more relevant literature related to experimental investigations on granuloma physiopathology is presented. Based on recent investigations performed in our laboratory showing that MDF (Macrophage Deactivating Factor) secreted by epithelioid cells and characterized as the calcium-binding protein protein MRP-14 deactivates activated macrophages, a hypothesis to explain the persistence of granulomatous inflammation is put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mariano
- Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, Brasil
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45
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Brandtzaeg P, Gabrielsen TO, Dale I, Müller F, Steinbakk M, Fagerhol MK. The leucocyte protein L1 (calprotectin): a putative nonspecific defence factor at epithelial surfaces. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1995; 371A:201-6. [PMID: 8525906 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1941-6_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The L1 protein occurs at high concentrations in neutrophils, monocytes, certain reactive tissue macrophages, squamous mucosal epithelia, and reactive epidermis. It constitutes in fact about 60% of the neutrophilic cytosol protein fraction. The two L1 chains (L1H and L1L) are referred to by a bewildering collection of names, various authors having different preferences (MRP-8 and MRP-14; CFA or calgranulin A and B). The most recent proposal is calprotectin because of its calcium-binding properties and antimicrobial effect shown in vitro. L1 belongs to the S-100 protein family and may be involved in the regulation of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. It exists at high levels in blood and interstitial tissue fluid in several infectious, inflammatory, and malignant disorders, and it is released abundantly in foci of granulocytes and macrophages. The C-terminal sequence of the L1H chain has been shown to be identical to the N-terminus of peptides known as neutrophil immobilizing factors. Such an activity of L1 could be important for the accumulation of vital granulocytes, while L1 released from neutrophils, macrophages and epithelial cells might exert antimicrobial activity, perhaps by depriving microorganisms of zinc. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of L1 in vitro were found to be 4-32 mg/l for Candida albicans, 64 mg/l for Staphylococcus aureus, 64-256 mg/l for S. epidermidis, and 256 mg/ml for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. Killing was observed at 2-4 times higher concentrations. In patients with HIV infection, those who developed oral candidiasis had significantly lower parotid L1 levels than those who did not (67 micrograms/l vs. 216 micrograms/l).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brandtzaeg
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology (LIIPAT), National Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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46
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Rugtveit J, Scott H, Halstensen TS, Fausa O, Brandtzaeg P. Differential expression of leucocyte protein L1 (calprotectin) by monocytes and intestinal macrophages. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1995; 371A:207-10. [PMID: 8525907 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1941-6_42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Rugtveit
- LIIPAT, Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, National Hospital, Norway
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Akiyama H, Ikeda K, Katoh M, McGeer EG, McGeer PL. Expression of MRP14, 27E10, interferon-alpha and leukocyte common antigen by reactive microglia in postmortem human brain tissue. J Neuroimmunol 1994; 50:195-201. [PMID: 8120141 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(94)90046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have immunohistochemically investigated the localization of a panel of leukocyte-related molecules in postmortem human brain tissue from control subjects and patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Microglia constitutively express leukocyte common antigens (LCA) with CD45RB determinants. Depending on the state of activation, microglia become positive for the myeloid cell-specific calcium binding protein MRP14, LCA with CD45RO determinant, interferon-alpha, and an antigen recognized by monoclonal antibody 27E10. In AD lesions, these cells are activated in a manner consistent with a chronic inflammatory state. The results of this study have shown further parallels in protein expression between activated microglia and activated leukocytes of the myeloid lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Akiyama
- Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, Japan
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48
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Iismaa SE, Hu S, Kocher M, Lackmann M, Harrison CA, Thliveris S, Geczy CL. Recombinant and cellular expression of the murine chemotactic protein, CP-10. DNA Cell Biol 1994; 13:183-92. [PMID: 8179823 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1994.13.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The S100 protein CP-10 (chemotactic protein, 10 kD), a potent chemotactic factor for murine and human polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) and murine monocytes, has been purified in small amounts from supernatants of activated murine spleen cells (Lackmann et al., 1992). To obtain a more abundant source of the protein, CP-10 was expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with glutathione S-transferase (GST). The property of S100 proteins to undergo calcium-dependent conformational changes was used in a novel approach to optimize the release of recombinant (r) CP-10 by thrombin cleavage. Purified rCP-10 was characterized by amino-terminal sequence analysis and bioassays. Optimal chemotactic activity of rCP-10 for murine PMN and WEHI-265 monocytoid cells was 10(-11) M (native protein has optimal chemotactic activity between 10(-11) and 10(-13) M). Immunization of rabbits with the GST/CP-10 fusion protein bound to glutathione-agarose beads resulted in high titer, specific antibodies that neutralized CP-10-initiated chemotaxis and were suitable for immunoblotting. A combination of Western and Northern analyses identified CP-10 in murine peritoneal exudate PMN and macrophages, splenocytes, bone marrow cells, and WEHI-265 cells (all of myeloid origin), but not in thymus, liver, lung, 3T3 fibroblasts, EL4 lymphoma cells, or bEND 3 brain endothelial cells, indicating cell-specific regulation of CP-10 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Iismaa
- Heart Research Institute Ltd, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Edgeworth JD, Abiose A, Jones BR. An immunohistochemical analysis of onchocercal nodules: evidence for an interaction between macrophage MRP8/MRP14 and adult Onchocerca volvulus. Clin Exp Immunol 1993; 92:84-92. [PMID: 8467568 PMCID: PMC1554884 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1993.tb05952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We have used a panel of MoAbs to investigate the phenotype of macrophages and other leucocytes infiltrating onchocercal nodules. Nodules were removed from individuals at the end of the second year of a community-based, placebo-controlled trial of annual ivermectin chemotherapy in northern Nigeria. No significant differences were seen in the distribution and phenotype of leucocytes in nodules from ivermectin- and placebo-treated individuals. Live adult worms were only seen in nine of the 21 nodules examined. Three regions were clearly discernible within nodules containing both live and dead worms; an outer fibrovascular capsule (zone A), an inner adult worm bundle with surrounding hyaline extracellular matrix interspersed with solitary cells (zone B), and a dense cellular infiltrate surrounding and in contact with a variable proportion of the worm (zone C). Macrophages were the predominant cell type in all zones of the nodule. Those in zone B were distinguished by their dendritic morphology and strong reactivity with MoAbs directed against class II molecules, FcRI (CD64) and CD68, whereas macrophages in zone C were larger, more heterogeneous in shape, and were distinguished by strong reactivity with MoAbs directed against CR4 (CD11c, CD18) and MRP8/MRP14, and with MoAb24. T cells were found primarily in zones A and C, whilst eosinophils were found in only six nodules. A unique staining pattern was seen using MoAbs reacting with the calcium-binding protein MRP8/MRP14. Most macrophages in zones A and B were negative; however, where the occasional positive macrophage was seen in zone B, MRP8/MRP14 was also found around the cell and on the neighbouring worm surface, giving the impression that MRP8/MRP14 was being secreted onto the adult worm. Macrophages in zone C were also MRP8/MRP14-positive, and often the whole infiltrate was surrounded with extracellular MRP8/MRP14, with greatest concentration seen adjacent to the worm. MRP8/MRP14 was not identified on the surface of microfilariae (MF) within the same nodules. Since MRP8/MRP14 was seen on the adult worm in the absence of a leucocytic infiltrate, it may have an early role to play in the immune response to Onchocerca volvulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Edgeworth
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ahmadu Bello University, Kaduna, Nigeria
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50
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Bucana CD, Fabra A, Sanchez R, Fidler IJ. Different patterns of macrophage infiltration into allogeneic-murine and xenogeneic-human neoplasms growing in nude mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1992; 141:1225-36. [PMID: 1443054 PMCID: PMC1886656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the distribution pattern of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in murine and human neoplasms growing subcutaneously in nude mice. Seven different human neoplasms (cancers of the breast, kidney, colon, prostate, lung, and skin, and a melanoma) and five different murine neoplasms (carcinomas of the lung, colon, and kidney, melanoma, and fibrosarcoma) were injected into nude mice. The murine tumors also were injected into syngeneic mice. Tumor-associated macrophages in small and large tumors were studied immunohistochemically by the use of several antibodies, including the macrophage-specific F4/80. The pattern of TAM distribution differed between mouse and human tumors. Regardless of histologic classification, TAM were uniformly distributed throughout all the murine neoplasms growing in syngeneic or nude mice. In the human neoplasms, TAM were found on the periphery of the lesions and in association with fibrous septae. The distribution of TAM in murine and human tumors was associated with a pattern of vascularization as determined by antibodies to basement membrane collagen type IV. Because the pattern of TAM distribution in neoplasms influences their antitumor activity, the data question the validity of the nude mouse model for the study of macrophage infiltration into human neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Bucana
- Department of Cell Biology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston
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