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Mohty R, Al Kadhimi Z, Kharfan-Dabaja M. Post-transplant cyclophosphamide or cell selection in haploidentical allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation? Hematology 2024; 29:2326384. [PMID: 38597828 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2024.2326384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One major limitation for broader applicability of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) in the past was the lack of HLA-matched histocompatible donors. Preclinical mouse studies using T-cell depleted haploidentical grafts led to an increased interest in the use of ex vivo T-cell depleted (TCD) haploidentical allo-HCT. TCD grafts through negative (T-cell depletion) or positive (CD34+ cell selection) techniques have been investigated to reduce the risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) given the known implications of alloreactive T cells. A more practical approach to deplete alloreactive T cells in vivo using high doses of cyclophosphamide after allografting has proved to be feasible in overcoming the HLA barrier. Such approach has extended allo-HCT feasibility to patients for whom donors could not be found in the past. Nowadays, haploidentical donors represent a common donor source for patients in need of an allo-HCT. The broad application of haploidentical donors became possible by understanding the importance of depleting alloreactive donor T cells to facilitate engraftment and reduce incidence and severity of GVHD. These techniques involve ex vivo graft manipulation or in vivo utilization of pharmacologic agents, notably post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy). DISCUSSION While acknowledging that no randomized controlled prospective studies have been yet conducted comparing TCD versus PTCy in haploidentical allo-HCT recipients, there are two advantages that would favor the PTCy, namely ease of application and lower cost. However, emerging data on adverse events associated with PTCy including, but not limited to cardiac associated toxicities or increased incidence of post-allograft infections, and others, are important to recognize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan Mohty
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Zaid Al Kadhimi
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mohamed Kharfan-Dabaja
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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McLeish E, Sooda A, Slater N, Beer K, Cooper I, Mastaglia FL, Needham M, Coudert JD. Identification of distinct immune signatures in inclusion body myositis by peripheral blood immunophenotyping using machine learning models. Clin Transl Immunology 2024; 13:e1504. [PMID: 38585335 PMCID: PMC10990804 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is a progressive late-onset muscle disease characterised by preferential weakness of quadriceps femoris and finger flexors, with elusive causes involving immune, degenerative, genetic and age-related factors. Overlapping with normal muscle ageing makes diagnosis and prognosis problematic. Methods We characterised peripheral blood leucocytes in 81 IBM patients and 45 healthy controls using flow cytometry. Using a random forest classifier, we identified immune changes in IBM compared to HC. K-means clustering and the random forest one-versus-rest model classified patients into three immunophenotypic clusters. Functional outcome measures including mTUG, 2MWT, IBM-FRS, EAT-10, knee extension and grip strength were assessed across clusters. Results The random forest model achieved a 94% AUC ROC with 82.76% specificity and 100% sensitivity. Significant differences were found in IBM patients, including increased CD8+ T-bet+ cells, CD4+ T cells skewed towards a Th1 phenotype and altered γδ T cell repertoire with a reduced proportion of Vγ9+Vδ2+ cells. IBM patients formed three clusters: (i) activated and inflammatory CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell profile and the highest proportion of anti-cN1A-positive patients in cluster 1; (ii) limited inflammation in cluster 2; (iii) highly differentiated, pro-inflammatory T-cell profile in cluster 3. Additionally, no significant differences in patients' age and gender were detected between immunophenotype clusters; however, worsening trends were detected with several functional outcomes. Conclusion These findings unveil distinct immune profiles in IBM, shedding light on underlying pathological mechanisms for potential immunoregulatory therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily McLeish
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative TherapeuticsMurdoch UniversityMurdochWAAustralia
| | - Anuradha Sooda
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative TherapeuticsMurdoch UniversityMurdochWAAustralia
| | - Nataliya Slater
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative TherapeuticsMurdoch UniversityMurdochWAAustralia
| | - Kelly Beer
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative TherapeuticsMurdoch UniversityMurdochWAAustralia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational ScienceNedlandsWAAustralia
| | - Ian Cooper
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative TherapeuticsMurdoch UniversityMurdochWAAustralia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational ScienceNedlandsWAAustralia
| | - Frank L Mastaglia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational ScienceNedlandsWAAustralia
| | - Merrilee Needham
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative TherapeuticsMurdoch UniversityMurdochWAAustralia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational ScienceNedlandsWAAustralia
- School of MedicineUniversity of Notre Dame AustraliaFremantleWAAustralia
- Department of NeurologyFiona Stanley HospitalMurdochWAAustralia
| | - Jerome D Coudert
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative TherapeuticsMurdoch UniversityMurdochWAAustralia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational ScienceNedlandsWAAustralia
- School of MedicineUniversity of Notre Dame AustraliaFremantleWAAustralia
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Wen XM, Xu ZJ, Ma JC, Xia PH, Jin Y, Chen XY, Qian W, Lin J, Qian J. Identification and validation of necroptosis-related gene signatures to predict clinical outcomes and therapeutic responses in acute myeloid leukemia. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:14677-14702. [PMID: 37993258 PMCID: PMC10781507 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necroptosis is a tightly regulated form of necrotic cell death that promotes inflammation and contributes to disease development. However, the potential roles of necroptosis-related genes (NRGs) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have not been elucidated fully. METHODS We conducted a study to identify a robust biomarker signature for predicting the prognosis and immunotherapy efficacy based on NRGs in AML. We analyzed the genetic and transcriptional alterations of NRGs in 151 patients with AML. Then, we identified three necroptosis clusters. Moreover, a necroptosis score was constructed and assessed based on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the three necroptosis clusters. RESULTS Three necroptosis clusters were correlated with clinical characteristics, prognosis, the tumor microenvironment, and infiltration of immune cells. A high necroptosis score was positively associated with a poor prognosis, immune-cell infiltration, expression of programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1), immune score, stromal score, interferon-gamma (IFNG), merck18, T-cell dysfunction-score signatures, and cluster of differentiation-86, but negatively correlated with tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion score, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and M2-type tumor-associated macrophages. Our observations indicated that a high necroptosis score might contribute to immune evasion. More interestingly, AML patients with a high necroptosis score may benefit from treatment based on immune checkpoint blockade. CONCLUSIONS Consequently, our findings may contribute to deeper understanding of NRGs in AML, and facilitate assessment of the prognosis and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Mei Wen
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Jun Xu
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Chun Ma
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Pei-Hui Xia
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ye Jin
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Yi Chen
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Wei Qian
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Lin
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jun Qian
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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Zhang Q, Xu M. EBV-induced T-cell responses in EBV-specific and nonspecific cancers. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1250946. [PMID: 37841280 PMCID: PMC10576448 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1250946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human tumor virus associated with various malignancies, including B-lymphoma, NK and T-lymphoma, and epithelial carcinoma. It infects B lymphocytes and epithelial cells within the oropharynx and establishes persistent infection in memory B cells. With a balanced virus-host interaction, most individuals carry EBV asymptomatically because of the lifelong surveillance by T cell immunity against EBV. A stable anti-EBV T cell repertoire is maintained in memory at high frequency in the blood throughout persistent EBV infection. Patients with impaired T cell immunity are more likely to develop life-threatening lymphoproliferative disorders, highlighting the critical role of T cells in achieving the EBV-host balance. Recent studies reveal that the EBV protein, LMP1, triggers robust T-cell responses against multiple tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in B cells. Additionally, EBV-specific T cells have been identified in EBV-unrelated cancers, raising questions about their role in antitumor immunity. Herein, we summarize T-cell responses in EBV-related cancers, considering latency patterns, host immune status, and factors like human leukocyte antigen (HLA) susceptibility, which may affect immune outcomes. We discuss EBV-induced TAA-specific T cell responses and explore the potential roles of EBV-specific T cell subsets in tumor microenvironments. We also describe T-cell immunotherapy strategies that harness EBV antigens, ranging from EBV-specific T cells to T cell receptor-engineered T cells. Lastly, we discuss the involvement of γδ T-cells in EBV infection and associated diseases, aiming to elucidate the comprehensive interplay between EBV and T-cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Sanz M, Mann BT, Ryan PL, Bosque A, Pennington DJ, Hackstein H, Soriano-Sarabia N. Deep characterization of human γδ T cell subsets defines shared and lineage-specific traits. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1148988. [PMID: 37063856 PMCID: PMC10102470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1148988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Under non-pathological conditions, human γδ T cells represent a small fraction of CD3+ T cells in peripheral blood (1-10%). They constitute a unique subset of T lymphocytes that recognize stress ligands or non-peptide antigens through MHC-independent presentation. Major human γδ T cell subsets, Vδ1 and Vδ2, expand in response to microbial infection or malignancy, but possess distinct tissue localization, antigen recognition, and effector responses. We hypothesized that differences at the gene, phenotypic, and functional level would provide evidence that γδ T cell subpopulations belong to distinct lineages. Comparisons between each subset and the identification of the molecular determinants that underpin their differences has been hampered by experimental challenges in obtaining sufficient numbers of purified cells. By utilizing a stringent FACS-based isolation method, we compared highly purified human Vδ1 and Vδ2 cells in terms of phenotype, gene expression profile, and functional responses. We found distinct genetic and phenotypic signatures that define functional differences in γδ T cell populations. Differences in TCR components, repertoire, and responses to calcium-dependent pathways suggest that Vδ1 and Vδ2 T cells are different lineages. These findings will facilitate further investigation into the ligand specificity and unique role of Vδ1 and Vδ2 cells in early immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sanz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Brendan T. Mann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Paul L. Ryan
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Daniel J. Pennington
- Centre for Immunology, Blizzard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Holger Hackstein
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostaseology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Natalia Soriano-Sarabia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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6
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Eiz-Vesper B, Ravens S, Maecker-Kolhoff B. αβ and γδ T-cell responses to Epstein-Barr Virus: insights in immunocompetence, immune failure and therapeutic augmentation in transplant patients. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 82:102305. [PMID: 36963323 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a human gamma herpes virus, which causes several diseases in immunocompetent (mononucleosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, gastric cancer, endemic Burkitt's lymphoma, head and neck cancer) and immunosuppressed (post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, EBV-associated soft tissue tumors) patients. It elicits a complex humoral and cellular immune response with both innate and adaptive immune components. Substantial progress has been made in understanding the interplay of immune cells in EBV-associated diseases in recent years, and several therapeutic approaches have been developed to augment cellular immunity toward EBV for control of EBV-associated malignancy. This review will focus on recent developments in immunosuppressed transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Germany; CRC900 Microbial persistence and its control; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)
| | - Sarina Ravens
- CRC900 Microbial persistence and its control; Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Britta Maecker-Kolhoff
- CRC900 Microbial persistence and its control; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF); Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
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Abstract
Current cancer immunotherapies are primarily predicated on αβ T cells, with a stringent dependence on MHC-mediated presentation of tumour-enriched peptides or unique neoantigens that can limit their efficacy and applicability in various contexts. After two decades of preclinical research and preliminary clinical studies involving very small numbers of patients, γδ T cells are now being explored as a viable and promising approach for cancer immunotherapy. The unique features of γδ T cells, including their tissue tropisms, antitumour activity that is independent of neoantigen burden and conventional MHC-dependent antigen presentation, and combination of typical properties of T cells and natural killer cells, make them very appealing effectors in multiple cancer settings. Herein, we review the main functions of γδ T cells in antitumour immunity, focusing on human γδ T cell subsets, with a particular emphasis on the differences between Vδ1+ and Vδ2+ γδ T cells, to discuss their prognostic value in patients with cancer and the key therapeutic strategies that are being developed in an attempt to improve the outcomes of these patients.
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8
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McMurray JL, von Borstel A, Taher TE, Syrimi E, Taylor GS, Sharif M, Rossjohn J, Remmerswaal EBM, Bemelman FJ, Vieira Braga FA, Chen X, Teichmann SA, Mohammed F, Berry AA, Lyke KE, Williamson KC, Stubbington MJT, Davey MS, Willcox CR, Willcox BE. Transcriptional profiling of human Vδ1 T cells reveals a pathogen-driven adaptive differentiation program. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110858. [PMID: 35613583 PMCID: PMC9533230 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are generally considered innate-like lymphocytes, however, an ‘‘adaptive-like’’ γδ compartment has now emerged. To understand transcriptional regulation of adaptive γδ T cell immunobiology, we combined single-cell transcriptomics, T cell receptor (TCR)-clonotype assignment, ATAC-seq, and immunophenotyping. We show that adult Vδ1+ T cells segregate into TCF7+LEF1+Granzyme Bneg (Tnaive) or T-bet+Eomes+ BLIMP-1+Granzyme B+ (Teffector) transcriptional subtypes, with clonotypically expanded TCRs detected exclusively in Teffector cells. Transcriptional reprogramming mirrors changes within CD8+ αβ T cells following antigen-specific maturation and involves chromatin remodeling, enhancing cytokine production and cytotoxicity. Consistent with this, in vitro TCR engagement induces comparable BLIMP-1, Eomes, and T-bet expression in naive Vδ1+ and CD8+ T cells. Finally, both human cytomegalovirus and Plasmodium falciparum infection in vivo drive adaptive Vδ1 T cell differentiation from Tnaive to Teffector transcriptional status, alongside clonotypic expansion. Contrastingly, semi-invariant Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells exhibit a distinct ‘‘innate-effector’’ transcriptional program established by early childhood. In summary, adaptive-like γδ subsets undergo a pathogen-driven differentiation process analogous to conventional CD8+ T cells. Using single-cell transcriptomics, TCR repertoire analysis, ATAC-seq, and immunophenotyping, McMurray et al. show naive Vδ1+ T cells can undergo transcriptional reprogramming to an effector state extremely similar to CD8 TEMRA cells. Infections, including CMV and malaria, drive both clonotypic Vδ1+ T cell expansion and differentiation to this highly conserved effector program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack L McMurray
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Anouk von Borstel
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Taher E Taher
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Eleni Syrimi
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Department of Haematology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK
| | - Graham S Taylor
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Maria Sharif
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ester B M Remmerswaal
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frederike J Bemelman
- Renal Transplant Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Xi Chen
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Fiyaz Mohammed
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrea A Berry
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kirsten E Lyke
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kim C Williamson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Martin S Davey
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Carrie R Willcox
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Benjamin E Willcox
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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León-Lara X, Yang T, Fichtner AS, Bruni E, von Kaisenberg C, Eiz-Vesper B, Dodoo D, Adu B, Ravens S. Evidence for an Adult-Like Type 1-Immunity Phenotype of Vδ1, Vδ2 and Vδ3 T Cells in Ghanaian Children With Repeated Exposure to Malaria. Front Immunol 2022; 13:807765. [PMID: 35250979 PMCID: PMC8891705 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.807765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector capabilities of γδ T cells are evident in Plasmodium infection in young and adult individuals, while children are the most vulnerable groups affected by malaria. Here, we aimed to investigate the age-dependent phenotypic composition of Vδ1+, Vδ2+, and Vδ3+ T cells in children living in endemic malaria areas and how this differs between children that will develop symptomatic and asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections. Flow cytometric profiling of naïve and effector peripheral blood γδ T cells was performed in 6 neonates, 10 adults, and 52 children. The study population of young children, living in the same malaria endemic region of Ghana, was monitored for symptomatic vs asymptomatic malaria development for up to 42 weeks after peripheral blood sampling at baseline. For the Vδ2+ T cell population, there was evidence for an established type 1 effector phenotype, characterized by CD94 and CD16 expression, as early as 1 year of life. This was similar among children diagnosed with symptomatic or asymptomatic malaria. In contrast, the proportion of type 2- and type 3-like Vδ2 T cells declined during early childhood. Furthermore, for Vδ1+ and Vδ3+ T cells, similar phenotypes of naïve (CD27+) and type 1 effector (CD16+) cells were observed, while the proportion of CD16+ Vδ1+ T cells was highest in children with asymptomatic malaria. In summary, we give evidence for an established adult-like γδ T cell compartment in early childhood with similar biology of Vδ1+ and Vδ3+ T cells. Moreover, the data supports the idea that type 1 effector Vδ1+ T cells mediate the acquisition of and can potentially serve as biomarker for natural immunity to P. falciparum infections in young individuals from malaria-endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena León-Lara
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Tao Yang
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Elena Bruni
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Constantin von Kaisenberg
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniel Dodoo
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bright Adu
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- *Correspondence: Sarina Ravens, ; Bright Adu,
| | - Sarina Ravens
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST) (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Sarina Ravens, ; Bright Adu,
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10
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The Role of γδ T Cells as a Line of Defense in Viral Infections after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation: Opportunities and Challenges. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010117. [PMID: 35062321 PMCID: PMC8779492 DOI: 10.3390/v14010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the complex interplay between inflammation and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), viral reactivations are often observed and cause substantial morbidity and mortality. As toxicity after allo-HSCT within the context of viral reactivations is mainly driven by αβ T cells, we describe that by delaying αβ T cell reconstitution through defined transplantation techniques, we can harvest the full potential of early reconstituting γδ T cells to control viral reactivations. We summarize evidence of how the γδ T cell repertoire is shaped by CMV and EBV reactivations after allo-HSCT, and their potential role in controlling the most important, but not all, viral reactivations. As most γδ T cells recognize their targets in an MHC-independent manner, γδ T cells not only have the potential to control viral reactivations but also to impact the underlying hematological malignancies. We also highlight the recently re-discovered ability to recognize classical HLA-molecules through a γδ T cell receptor, which also surprisingly do not associate with GVHD. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of γδ T cells and their receptors within and outside the context of allo-HSCT, as well as the opportunities and challenges for developers and for payers.
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11
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Martini F, Champagne E. The Contribution of Human Herpes Viruses to γδ T Cell Mobilisation in Co-Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122372. [PMID: 34960641 PMCID: PMC8704314 DOI: 10.3390/v13122372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are activated in viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. Among viruses that promote γδ T cell mobilisation in humans, herpes viruses (HHVs) occupy a particular place since they infect the majority of the human population and persist indefinitely in the organism in a latent state. Thus, other infections should, in most instances, be considered co-infections, and the reactivation of HHV is a serious confounding factor in attributing γδ T cell alterations to a particular pathogen in human diseases. We review here the literature data on γδ T cell mobilisation in HHV infections and co-infections, and discuss the possible contribution of HHVs to γδ alterations observed in various infectious settings. As multiple infections seemingly mobilise overlapping γδ subsets, we also address the concept of possible cross-protection.
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12
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Our evolving understanding of the role of the γδ T cell receptor in γδ T cell mediated immunity. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1985-1995. [PMID: 34515758 PMCID: PMC8589442 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The γδ T cell immune cell lineage has remained relatively enigmatic and under-characterised since their identification. Conversely, the insights we have, highlight their central importance in diverse immunological roles and homeostasis. Thus, γδ T cells are considered as potentially a new translational tool in the design of new therapeutics for cancer and infectious disease. Here we review our current understanding of γδ T cell biology viewed through a structural lens centred on the how the γδ T cell receptor mediates ligand recognition. We discuss the limited knowledge of antigens, the structural basis of such reactivities and discuss the emerging trends of γδ T cell reactivity and implications for γδ T cell biology.
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13
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Diversity, localization, and (patho)physiology of mature lymphocyte populations in the bone marrow. Blood 2021; 137:3015-3026. [PMID: 33684935 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The bone marrow (BM) is responsible for generating and maintaining lifelong output of blood and immune cells. In addition to its key hematopoietic function, the BM acts as an important lymphoid organ, hosting a large variety of mature lymphocyte populations, including B cells, T cells, natural killer T cells, and innate lymphoid cells. Many of these cell types are thought to visit the BM only transiently, but for others, like plasma cells and memory T cells, the BM provides supportive niches that promote their long-term survival. Interestingly, accumulating evidence points toward an important role for mature lymphocytes in the regulation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and hematopoiesis in health and disease. In this review, we describe the diversity, migration, localization, and function of mature lymphocyte populations in murine and human BM, focusing on their role in immunity and hematopoiesis. We also address how various BM lymphocyte subsets contribute to the development of aplastic anemia and immune thrombocytopenia, illustrating the complexity of these BM disorders and the underlying similarities and differences in their disease pathophysiology. Finally, we summarize the interactions between mature lymphocytes and BM resident cells in HSC transplantation and graft-versus-host disease. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which mature lymphocyte populations regulate BM function will likely improve future therapies for patients with benign and malignant hematologic disorders.
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14
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Andrlová H, van den Brink MRM, Markey KA. An Unconventional View of T Cell Reconstitution After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Front Oncol 2021; 10:608923. [PMID: 33680931 PMCID: PMC7930482 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.608923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is performed as curative-intent therapy for hematologic malignancies and non-malignant hematologic, immunological and metabolic disorders, however, its broader implementation is limited by high rates of transplantation-related complications and a 2-year mortality that approaches 50%. Robust reconstitution of a functioning innate and adaptive immune system is a critical contributor to good long-term patient outcomes, primarily to prevent and overcome post-transplantation infectious complications and ensure adequate graft-versus-leukemia effects. There is increasing evidence that unconventional T cells may have an important immunomodulatory role after allo-HCT, which may be at least partially dependent on the post-transplantation intestinal microbiome. Here we discuss the role of immune reconstitution in allo-HCT outcome, focusing on unconventional T cells, specifically mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, γδ (gd) T cells, and invariant NK T (iNKT) cells. We provide an overview of the mechanistic preclinical and associative clinical studies that have been performed. We also discuss the emerging role of the intestinal microbiome with regard to hematopoietic function and overall immune reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Andrlová
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marcel R. M. van den Brink
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
- Division of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kate A. Markey
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
- Division of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
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15
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Annaloro C, Serpenti F, Saporiti G, Galassi G, Cavallaro F, Grifoni F, Goldaniga M, Baldini L, Onida F. Viral Infections in HSCT: Detection, Monitoring, Clinical Management, and Immunologic Implications. Front Immunol 2021; 11:569381. [PMID: 33552044 PMCID: PMC7854690 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.569381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of an increasing array of investigations, the relationships between viral infections and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are still controversial, and almost exclusively regard DNA viruses. Viral infections per se account for a considerable risk of morbidity and mortality among HSCT recipients, and available antiviral agents have proven to be of limited effectiveness. Therefore, an optimal management of viral infection represents a key point in HSCT strategies. On the other hand, viruses bear the potential of shaping immunologic recovery after HSCT, possibly interfering with control of the underlying disease and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), and eventually with HSCT outcome. Moreover, preliminary data are available about the possible role of some virome components as markers of immunologic recovery after HSCT. Lastly, HSCT may exert an immunotherapeutic effect against some viral infections, notably HIV and HTLV-1, and has been considered as an eradicating approach in these indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Annaloro
- Hematology-BMT Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Serpenti
- Hematology-BMT Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgia Saporiti
- Hematology-BMT Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Galassi
- Hematology-BMT Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Cavallaro
- Hematology-BMT Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Grifoni
- Hematology-BMT Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Goldaniga
- Hematology-BMT Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Baldini
- Hematology-BMT Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Onida
- Hematology-BMT Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
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16
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Kleinschmidt K, Lv M, Yanir A, Palma J, Lang P, Eyrich M. T-Cell-Replete Versus ex vivo T-Cell-Depleted Haploidentical Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia and Other Haematological Malignancies. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:794541. [PMID: 35004548 PMCID: PMC8740090 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.794541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) represents a potentially curative option for children with high-risk or refractory/relapsed leukaemias. Traditional donor hierarchy favours a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched sibling donor (MSD) over an HLA-matched unrelated donor (MUD), followed by alternative donors such as haploidentical donors or unrelated cord blood. However, haploidentical HSCT (hHSCT) may be entailed with significant advantages: besides a potentially increased graft-vs.-leukaemia effect, the immediate availability of a relative as well as the possibility of a second donation for additional cellular therapies may impact on outcome. The key question in hHSCT is how, and how deeply, to deplete donor T-cells. More T cells in the graft confer faster immune reconstitution with consecutively lower infection rates, however, greater numbers of T-cells might be associated with higher rates of graft-vs.-host disease (GvHD). Two different methods for reduction of alloreactivity have been established: in vivo T-cell suppression and ex vivo T-cell depletion (TCD). Ex vivo TCD of the graft uses either positive selection or negative depletion of graft cells before infusion. In contrast, T-cell-repleted grafts consisting of non-manipulated bone marrow or peripheral blood grafts require intense in vivo GvHD prophylaxis. There are two major T-cell replete protocols: one is based on post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy), while the other is based on anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG; Beijing protocol). Published data do not show an unequivocal benefit for one of these three platforms in terms of overall survival, non-relapse mortality or disease recurrence. In this review, we discuss the pros and cons of these three different approaches to hHSCT with an emphasis on the significance of the existing data for children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kleinschmidt
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Meng Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Asaf Yanir
- Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Division of Haematology and Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach-Tikva, Israel.,The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Julia Palma
- Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Hospital Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile
| | - Peter Lang
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Eyrich
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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17
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Yanir A, Schulz A, Lawitschka A, Nierkens S, Eyrich M. Immune Reconstitution After Allogeneic Haematopoietic Cell Transplantation: From Observational Studies to Targeted Interventions. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:786017. [PMID: 35087775 PMCID: PMC8789272 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.786017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune reconstitution (IR) after allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) represents a central determinant of the clinical post-transplant course, since the majority of transplant-related outcome parameters such as graft-vs.-host disease (GvHD), infectious complications, and relapse are related to the velocity, quantity and quality of immune cell recovery. Younger age at transplant has been identified as the most important positive prognostic factor for favourable IR post-transplant and, indeed, accelerated immune cell recovery in children is most likely the pivotal contributing factor to lower incidences of GvHD and infectious complications in paediatric allogeneic HCT. Although our knowledge about the mechanisms of IR has significantly increased over the recent years, strategies to influence IR are just evolving. In this review, we will discuss different patterns of IR during various time points post-transplant and their impact on outcome. Besides IR patterns and cellular phenotypes, recovery of antigen-specific immune cells, for example virus-specific T cells, has recently gained increasing interest, as certain threshold levels of antigen-specific T cells seem to confer protection against severe viral disease courses. In contrast, the association between IR and a possible graft-vs. leukaemia effect is less well-understood. Finally, we will present current concepts of how to improve IR and how this could change transplant procedures in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaf Yanir
- Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Division of Haematology and Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach-Tikva, Israel.,The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ansgar Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anita Lawitschka
- St. Anna Children's Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Nierkens
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Matthias Eyrich
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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18
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Clark BL, Thomas PG. A Cell for the Ages: Human γδ T Cells across the Lifespan. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8903. [PMID: 33255339 PMCID: PMC7727649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the human immune system is exacerbated by age-related changes to immune cell functionality. Many of these age-related effects remain undescribed or driven by mechanisms that are poorly understood. γδ T cells, while considered an adaptive subset based on immunological ontogeny, retain both innate-like and adaptive-like characteristics. This T cell population is small but mighty, and has been implicated in both homeostatic and disease-induced immunity within tissues and throughout the periphery. In this review, we outline what is known about the effect of age on human peripheral γδ T cells, and call attention to areas of the field where further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi L. Clark
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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19
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Kaminski H, Marsères G, Cosentino A, Guerville F, Pitard V, Fournié JJ, Merville P, Déchanet-Merville J, Couzi L. Understanding human γδ T cell biology toward a better management of cytomegalovirus infection. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:264-288. [PMID: 33091199 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients, namely solid organ and hematopoietic cell transplant recipients, and can induce congenital infection in neonates. There is currently an unmet need for new management and treatment strategies. Establishment of an anti-CMV immune response is critical in order to control CMV infection. The two main human T cells involved in HCMV-specific response are αβ and non-Vγ9Vδ2 T cells that belong to γδ T cell compartment. CMV-induced non-Vγ9Vδ2 T cells harbor a specific clonal expansion and a phenotypic signature, and display effector functions against CMV. So far, only two main molecular mechanisms underlying CMV sensing have been identified. Non-Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can be activated either by stress-induced surface expression of the γδT cell receptor (TCR) ligand annexin A2, or by a multimolecular stress signature composed of the γδTCR ligand endothelial protein C receptor and co-stimulatory signals such as the ICAM-1-LFA-1 axis. All this basic knowledge can be harnessed to improve the clinical management of CMV infection in at-risk patients. In particular, non-Vγ9Vδ2 T cell monitoring could help better stratify the risk of infection and move forward a personalized medicine. Moreover, recent advances in cell therapy protocols open the way for a non-Vγ9Vδ2 T cell therapy in immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kaminski
- ImmunoConcEpT UMR 5164, CNRS, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Nephrology, Transplantation, Dialysis and Apheresis, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gabriel Marsères
- ImmunoConcEpT UMR 5164, CNRS, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anaïs Cosentino
- ImmunoConcEpT UMR 5164, CNRS, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Nephrology, Transplantation, Dialysis and Apheresis, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Florent Guerville
- ImmunoConcEpT UMR 5164, CNRS, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,CHU Bordeaux, Pôle de gérontologie, Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Vincent Pitard
- ImmunoConcEpT UMR 5164, CNRS, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Fournié
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 INSERM, Université Toulouse III: Paul-Sabatier, ERL5294 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Merville
- ImmunoConcEpT UMR 5164, CNRS, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Nephrology, Transplantation, Dialysis and Apheresis, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Lionel Couzi
- ImmunoConcEpT UMR 5164, CNRS, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Nephrology, Transplantation, Dialysis and Apheresis, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
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20
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Willcox CR, Mohammed F, Willcox BE. The distinct MHC-unrestricted immunobiology of innate-like and adaptive-like human γδ T cell subsets-Nature's CAR-T cells. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:25-46. [PMID: 33084045 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Distinct innate-like and adaptive-like immunobiological paradigms are emerging for human γδ T cells, supported by a combination of immunophenotypic, T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, functional, and transcriptomic data. Evidence of the γδ TCR/ligand recognition modalities that respective human subsets utilize is accumulating. Although many questions remain unanswered, one superantigen-like modality features interactions of germline-encoded regions of particular TCR Vγ regions with specific BTN/BTNL family members and apparently aligns with an innate-like biology, albeit with some scope for clonal amplification. A second involves CDR3-mediated γδ TCR interaction with diverse ligands and aligns with an adaptive-like biology. Importantly, these unconventional modalities provide γδ T cells with unique recognition capabilities relative to αβ T cells, B cells, and NK cells, allowing immunosurveillance for signatures of "altered self" on target cells, via a membrane-linked γδ TCR recognizing intact non-MHC proteins on the opposing cell surface. In doing so, they permit cellular responses in diverse situations including where MHC expression is compromised, or where conventional adaptive and/or NK cell-mediated immunity is suppressed. γδ T cells may therefore utilize their TCR like a cell-surface Fab repertoire, somewhat analogous to engineered chimeric antigen receptor T cells, but additionally integrating TCR signaling with parallel signals from other surface immunoreceptors, making them multimolecular sensors of cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie R Willcox
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Fiyaz Mohammed
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Benjamin E Willcox
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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21
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Impact of γδ T cells on clinical outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Adv 2020; 3:3436-3448. [PMID: 31714966 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) using αβ T-/B-cell-depleted grafts recently emerged as a transplant strategy and highlighted the potential role of γδ T cells on HSCT outcomes. Our aim was to scrutinize available evidence of γδ T-cell impact on relapse, infections, survival, and acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies assessing γδ T cells in HSCT. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and conference abstracts from inception to March 2019 for relevant studies. We included all studies that assessed γδ T cells associated with HSCT. Data were extracted independently by 2 investigators based on strict selection criteria. A random-effects model was used to pool outcomes across studies. Primary outcome was disease relapse. We also assessed infections, survival, and aGVHD incidence. The review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42019133344). Our search returned 2412 studies, of which 11 (919 patients) were eligible for meta-analysis. Median follow-up was 30 months (interquartile range, 22-32). High γδ T-cell values after HSCT were associated with less disease relapse (risk ratio [RR], 0.58; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.40-0.84; P = .004; I2 = 0%), fewer viral infections (RR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.43-0.82; P = .002; I2 = 0%) and higher overall (HR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.18-0.44; P < .00001; I2 = 0%) and disease-free survivals (HR 0.29; 95% CI, 0.18-0.48; P < .00001; I2 = 0%). We found no association between high γδ T-cell values and aGVHD incidence (RR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.41-1.27; P = .26; I2 = 0%). In conclusion, high γδ T cells after HSCT is associated with a favorable clinical outcome but not with aGVHD development, suggesting that γδ T cells have a significant effect on the success of HSCT. This study was registered with PROSPERO as #CRD42019133344.
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22
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Abstract
γδ T cells form an abundant part of the human cellular immune system, where they respond to tissue damage, infection, and cancer. The spectrum of known molecular targets recognized by Vδ1-expressing γδ T cells is becoming increasingly diverse. Here we describe human γδ T cells that recognize CD1b, a lipid antigen-presenting molecule, which is inducibly expressed on monocytes and dendritic cells. Using CD1b tetramers to study multiple donors, we found that many CD1b-specific γδ T cells use Vδ1. Despite their common use of Vδ1, three CD1b-specific γδ T cell receptors (TCRs) showed clear differences in the surface of CD1b recognized, the requirement for lipid antigens, and corecognition of butryophilin-like proteins. Several Vγ segments were present among the CD1b-specific TCRs, but chain swap experiments demonstrated that CD1b specificity was mediated by the Vδ1 chain. One of the CD1b-specific Vδ1+ TCRs paired with Vγ4 and shows dual reactivity to CD1b and butyrophilin-like proteins. αβ TCRs typically recognize the peptide display platform of MHC proteins. In contrast, our results demonstrate the use of rearranged receptors to mediate diverse modes of recognition across the surface of CD1b in ways that do and do not require carried lipids.
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23
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Cooper AJR, Lalor SJ, McLoughlin RM. Activation of Human Vδ2 + γδ T Cells by Staphylococcus aureus Promotes Enhanced Anti-Staphylococcal Adaptive Immunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 205:1039-1049. [PMID: 32651220 PMCID: PMC7416323 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Murine studies have shown the potential for γδ T cells to mediate immunity to Staphylococcus aureus in multiple tissue settings by the secretion of diverse cytokines. However, the role played by γδ T cells in human immune responses to S. aureus is almost entirely unknown. In this study, we establish the capacity of human Vδ2+ γδ T cells for rapid activation in response to S. aureus In coculture with S. aureus-infected monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs), Vδ2+ cells derived from peripheral blood rapidly upregulate CD69 and secrete high levels of IFN-γ. DCs mediate this response through direct contact and IL-12 secretion. In turn, IFN-γ released by Vδ2+ cells upregulates IL-12 secretion by DCs in a positive feedback loop. Furthermore, coculture with γδ T cells results in heightened expression of the costimulatory molecule CD86 and the lymph node homing molecule CCR7 on S. aureus-infected DCs. In cocultures of CD4+ T cells with S. aureus-infected DCs, the addition of γδ T cells results in heightened CD4+ T cell activation. Our findings identify γδ T cells as potential key players in the early host response to S. aureus during bloodstream infection, promoting enhanced responses by both innate and adaptive immune cell populations, and support their consideration in the development of host-directed anti-S. aureus treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J R Cooper
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Stephen J Lalor
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland
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24
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Single-cell landscape of immunological responses in patients with COVID-19. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1107-1118. [PMID: 32788748 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0762-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, the relationship between disease severity and the host immune response is not fully understood. Here we performed single-cell RNA sequencing in peripheral blood samples of 5 healthy donors and 13 patients with COVID-19, including moderate, severe and convalescent cases. Through determining the transcriptional profiles of immune cells, coupled with assembled T cell receptor and B cell receptor sequences, we analyzed the functional properties of immune cells. Most cell types in patients with COVID-19 showed a strong interferon-α response and an overall acute inflammatory response. Moreover, intensive expansion of highly cytotoxic effector T cell subsets, such as CD4+ effector-GNLY (granulysin), CD8+ effector-GNLY and NKT CD160, was associated with convalescence in moderate patients. In severe patients, the immune landscape featured a deranged interferon response, profound immune exhaustion with skewed T cell receptor repertoire and broad T cell expansion. These findings illustrate the dynamic nature of immune responses during disease progression.
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Human unconventional T cells in Plasmodium falciparum infection. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:265-277. [PMID: 32076813 PMCID: PMC7223888 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00791-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is an old scourge of humankind and has a large negative impact on the economic development of affected communities. Recent success in malaria control and reduction of mortality seems to have stalled emphasizing that our current intervention tools need to be complemented by malaria vaccines. Different populations of unconventional T cells such as mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and γδ T cells are gaining attention in the field of malaria immunology. Significant advances in our basic understanding of unconventional T cell biology in rodent malaria models have been made, however, their roles in humans during malaria are less clear. Unconventional T cells are abundant in skin, gut and liver tissues, and long-lasting expansions and functional alterations were observed upon malaria infection in malaria naïve and malaria pre-exposed volunteers. Here, we review the current understanding of involvement of unconventional T cells in anti-Plasmodium falciparum immunity and highlight potential future research avenues.
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Long HM, Meckiff BJ, Taylor GS. The T-cell Response to Epstein-Barr Virus-New Tricks From an Old Dog. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2193. [PMID: 31620125 PMCID: PMC6759930 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects most people and establishes life-long infection controlled by the host's immune system. The genetic stability of the virus, deep understanding of the viral antigens and immune epitopes recognized by the host's T-cell system and the fact that recent infection can be identified by the development of symptomatic infectious mononucleosis makes EBV a powerful system in which to study human immunology. The association between EBV and multiple cancers also means that the lessons learned have strong translational potential. Increasing evidence of a role for resident memory T-cells and non-conventional γδ T-cells in controlling EBV infection suggests new opportunities for research and means the virus will continue to provide exciting new insights into human biology and immunology into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Long
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J Meckiff
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Graham S Taylor
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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27
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Hviid L, Smith-Togobo C, Willcox BE. Human Vδ1 + T Cells in the Immune Response to Plasmodium falciparum Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:259. [PMID: 30837999 PMCID: PMC6382743 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally acquired protective immunity to Plasmodium falciparum malaria is mainly antibody-mediated. However, other cells of the innate and adaptive immune system also play important roles. These include so-called unconventional T cells, which express a γδ T-cell receptor (TCR) rather than the αβ TCR expressed by the majority of T cells—the conventional T cells. The γδ T-cell compartment can be divided into distinct subsets. One expresses a TCR involving Vγ9 and Vδ2, while another major subset uses instead a TCR composed of Vδ1 paired with one of several types of γ chains. The former of these subsets uses a largely semi-invariant TCR repertoire and responds in an innate-like fashion to pyrophosphate antigens generated by various stressed host cells and infectious pathogens, including P. falciparum. In this short review, we focus instead on the Vδ1 subset, which appears to have a more adaptive immunobiology, but which has been much less studied in general and in malaria in particular. We discuss the evidence that Vδ1+ cells do indeed play a role in malaria and speculate on the function and specificity of this cell type, which is increasingly attracting the attention of immunologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Hviid
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cecilia Smith-Togobo
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Benjamin E Willcox
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Davey MS, Willcox CR, Hunter S, Oo YH, Willcox BE. Vδ2 + T Cells-Two Subsets for the Price of One. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2106. [PMID: 30319605 PMCID: PMC6167451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Davey
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie R Willcox
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Hunter
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Liver Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ye Htun Oo
- Centre for Liver Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,University Hospital of Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin E Willcox
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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29
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Pauza CD, Liou ML, Lahusen T, Xiao L, Lapidus RG, Cairo C, Li H. Gamma Delta T Cell Therapy for Cancer: It Is Good to be Local. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1305. [PMID: 29937769 PMCID: PMC6003257 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gamma delta T cells have extraordinary properties including the capacity for tumor cell killing. The major gamma delta T cell subset in human beings is designated Vγ9Vδ2 and is activated by intermediates of isoprenoid biosynthesis or aminobisphosphonate inhibitors of farnesyldiphosphate synthase. Activated cells are potent for killing a broad range of tumor cells and demonstrated the capacity for tumor reduction in murine xenotransplant tumor models. Translating these findings to the clinic produced promising initial results but greater potency is needed. Here, we review the literature on gamma delta T cells in cancer therapy with emphasis on the Vγ9Vδ2 T cell subset. Our goal was to examine obstacles preventing effective Vγ9Vδ2 T cell therapy and strategies for overcoming them. We focus on the potential for local activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells within the tumor environment to increase potency and achieve objective responses during cancer therapy. The gamma delta T cells and especially the Vγ9Vδ2 T cell subset, have the potential to overcome many problems in cancer therapy especially for tumors with no known treatment, lacking tumor-specific antigens for targeting by antibodies and CAR-T, or unresponsive to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Translation of amazing work from many laboratories studying gamma delta T cells is needed to fulfill the promise of effective and safe cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C David Pauza
- American Gene Technologies International Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Mei-Ling Liou
- American Gene Technologies International Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Tyler Lahusen
- American Gene Technologies International Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Lingzhi Xiao
- American Gene Technologies International Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Rena G Lapidus
- Department of Medicine, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Cristiana Cairo
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Haishan Li
- American Gene Technologies International Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
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30
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Davey MS, Willcox CR, Baker AT, Hunter S, Willcox BE. Recasting Human Vδ1 Lymphocytes in an Adaptive Role. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:446-459. [PMID: 29680462 PMCID: PMC5980997 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are unconventional lymphocytes commonly described as 'innate-like' in function, which can respond in both a T cell receptor (TCR)-independent and also major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-unrestricted TCR-dependent manner. While the relative importance of TCR recognition had remained unclear, recent studies revealed that human Vδ1 T cells display unexpected parallels with adaptive αβ T cells. Vδ1 T cells undergo profound and highly focussed clonal expansion from an initially diverse and private TCR repertoire, most likely in response to specific immune challenges. Concomitantly, they differentiate from a Vδ1 T cell naïve (Tnaïve) to a Vδ1 T cell effector (Teffector) phenotype, marked by the downregulation of lymphoid homing receptors and upregulation of peripheral homing receptors and effector markers. This suggests that an adaptive paradigm applies to Vδ1 T cells, likely involving TCR-dependent but MHC-unrestricted responses to microbial and non-microbial challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Davey
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; These authors contributed equally
| | - Carrie R Willcox
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; These authors contributed equally
| | - Alfie T Baker
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Stuart Hunter
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Liver Research and NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Liver Disease, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Benjamin E Willcox
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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31
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Kallemeijn MJ, Kavelaars FG, van der Klift MY, Wolvers-Tettero ILM, Valk PJM, van Dongen JJM, Langerak AW. Next-Generation Sequencing Analysis of the Human TCRγδ+ T-Cell Repertoire Reveals Shifts in Vγ- and Vδ-Usage in Memory Populations upon Aging. Front Immunol 2018; 9:448. [PMID: 29559980 PMCID: PMC5845707 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological aging remodels the immune system at several levels. This has been documented in particular for the T-cell receptor (TCR)αβ+ T-cell compartment, showing reduced naive T-cell outputs and an accumulation of terminally differentiated clonally expanding effector T-cells, leading to increased proneness to autoimmunity and cancer development at older age. Even though TCRαβ+ and TCRγδ+ T-cells follow similar paths of development involving V(D)J-recombination of TCR genes in the thymus, TCRγδ+ T-cells tend to be more subjected to peripheral rather than central selection. However, the impact of aging in shaping of the peripheral TRG/TRD repertoire remains largely elusive. Next-generation sequencing analysis methods were optimized based on a spike-in method using plasmid vector DNA-samples for accurate TRG/TRD receptor diversity quantification, resulting in optimally defined primer concentrations, annealing temperatures and cycle numbers. Next, TRG/TRD repertoire diversity was evaluated during TCRγδ+ T-cell ontogeny, showing a broad, diverse repertoire in thymic and cord blood samples with Gaussian CDR3-length distributions, in contrast to the more skewed repertoire in mature circulating TCRγδ+ T-cells in adult peripheral blood. During aging the naive repertoire maintained its diversity with Gaussian CDR3-length distributions, while in the central and effector memory populations a clear shift from young (Vγ9/Vδ2 dominance) to elderly (Vγ2/Vδ1 dominance) was observed. Together with less clear Gaussian CDR3-length distributions, this would be highly suggestive of differentially heavily selected repertoires. Despite the apparent age-related shift from Vγ9/Vδ2 to Vγ2/Vδ1, no clear aging effect was observed on the Vδ2 invariant T nucleotide and canonical Vγ9-Jγ1.2 selection determinants. A more detailed look into the healthy TRG/TRD repertoire revealed known cytomegalovirus-specific TRG/TRD clonotypes in a few donors, albeit without a significant aging-effect, while Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific clonotypes were absent. Notably, in effector subsets of elderly individuals, we could identify reported TRG and TRD receptor chains from TCRγδ+ T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia proliferations, which typically present in the elderly population. Collectively, our results point to relatively subtle age-related changes in the human TRG/TRD repertoire, with a clear shift in Vγ/Vδ usage in memory cells upon aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine J Kallemeijn
- Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - François G Kavelaars
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michèle Y van der Klift
- Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ingrid L M Wolvers-Tettero
- Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter J M Valk
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jacques J M van Dongen
- Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anton W Langerak
- Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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32
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Fuchs E. Haploidentical Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Hematology 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35762-3.00106-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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33
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Liu J, Bian Z, Wang X, Xu LP, Fu Q, Wang C, Chang YJ, Wang Y, Zhang XH, Jiang Z, Huang XJ. Inverse correlation of Vδ2 + T-cell recovery with EBV reactivation after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Br J Haematol 2017; 180:276-285. [PMID: 29270985 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation remains a life-threatening complication in recipients of a haploidentical haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haploHSCT). Reconstitution of adaptive T lymphocytes is generally compromised at the early stages following transplant, suggesting an important role of other effector cells in preventing EBV infection. Our previous studies demonstrated that recovery of CD4- CD8- T cells negatively correlated with EBV reactivation after haploHSCT. In this prospective study on 132 adult patients with haematopoietic malignancy, recovery of T-cell subpopulations was characterized post-haploHSCT. We showed that the median counts of peripheral Vδ2 cells were continuously lower in recipients with EBV reactivation compared with controls at 30, 60 and 90 days after haploHSCT (P values: 0·006, <0·001 and 0·019, respectively). Landmark study further indicated that the cumulative incidence of EBV reactivation was significantly decreased in recipients with higher day-30 Vδ2 counts. Activation of Vδ2 cells upon EBV reactivation was accompanied by an induction of cell apoptosis. Cytotoxic effect of Vδ2 cells on EBV-infected cells was confirmed by in vitro experiments. Together, our findings uncovered a significant correlation of recovered Vδ2 with EBV reactivation following haploHSCT. These results will help to better understand the intrinsic anti-virus immunity and develop γδ T-based therapy strategies after haematopoietic transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangying Liu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Zhilei Bian
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Lan-Ping Xu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Jun Chang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengfan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
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34
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Stervbo U, Pohlmann D, Baron U, Bozzetti C, Jürchott K, Mälzer JN, Nienen M, Olek S, Roch T, Schulz AR, Warth S, Neumann A, Thiel A, Grützkau A, Babel N. Age dependent differences in the kinetics of γδ T cells after influenza vaccination. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181161. [PMID: 28700738 PMCID: PMC5507438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosenescence is a hallmark of the aging immune system and is considered the main cause of a reduced vaccine efficacy in the elderly. Although γδ T cells can become activated by recombinant influenza hemagglutinin, their age-related immunocompetence during a virus-induced immune response has so far not been investigated. In this study we evaluate the kinetics of γδ T cells after vaccination with the trivalent 2011/2012 northern hemisphere seasonal influenza vaccine. We applied multi-parametric flow cytometry to a cohort of 21 young (19-30 years) and 23 elderly (53-67 years) healthy individuals. Activated and proliferating γδ T cells, as identified by CD38 and Ki67 expression, were quantified on the days 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, and 21. We observed a significantly lower number of activated and proliferating γδ T cells at baseline and following vaccination in elderly as compared to young individuals. The kinetics changes of activated γδ T cells were much stronger in the young, while corresponding changes in the elderly occurred slower. In addition, we observed an association between day 21 HAI titers of influenza A and the frequencies of Ki67+ γδ T cells at day 7 in the young. In conclusion, aging induces alterations of the γδ T cell response that might have negative implications for vaccination efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Stervbo
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Translational Medicine, Medical Clinic I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, Herne, Germany
| | - Dominika Pohlmann
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Udo Baron
- Epiontis GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cecilia Bozzetti
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Jürchott
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Nora Mälzer
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mikalai Nienen
- Center for Translational Medicine, Medical Clinic I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, Herne, Germany
| | - Sven Olek
- Epiontis GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, Berlin, Germany
| | - Toralf Roch
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Kantstraße 55, Teltow, Germany
| | - Axel Ronald Schulz
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin–a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Warth
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Avidan Neumann
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Thiel
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Grützkau
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin–a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Babel
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Translational Medicine, Medical Clinic I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, Herne, Germany
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35
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Davey MS, Willcox CR, Joyce SP, Ladell K, Kasatskaya SA, McLaren JE, Hunter S, Salim M, Mohammed F, Price DA, Chudakov DM, Willcox BE. Clonal selection in the human Vδ1 T cell repertoire indicates γδ TCR-dependent adaptive immune surveillance. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14760. [PMID: 28248310 PMCID: PMC5337994 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are considered to be innate-like lymphocytes that respond rapidly to stress without clonal selection and differentiation. Here we use next-generation sequencing to probe how this paradigm relates to human Vδ2neg T cells, implicated in responses to viral infection and cancer. The prevalent Vδ1 T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire is private and initially unfocused in cord blood, typically becoming strongly focused on a few high-frequency clonotypes by adulthood. Clonal expansions have differentiated from a naive to effector phenotype associated with CD27 downregulation, retaining proliferative capacity and TCR sensitivity, displaying increased cytotoxic markers and altered homing capabilities, and remaining relatively stable over time. Contrastingly, Vδ2+ T cells express semi-invariant TCRs, which are present at birth and shared between individuals. Human Vδ1+ T cells have therefore evolved a distinct biology from the Vδ2+ subset, involving a central, personalized role for the γδ TCR in directing a highly adaptive yet unconventional form of immune surveillance. γδ T cells are generally considered innate-like lymphocytes. Here the authors sequence human γδ T cell receptors (TCR) to show focusing of the private Vδ1 TCR repertoire, suggesting that, unlike Vδ2 T cells, the Vδ1 T cell compartment has adaptive attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Davey
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Carrie R Willcox
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Stephen P Joyce
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Sofya A Kasatskaya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia.,Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - James E McLaren
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Stuart Hunter
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mahboob Salim
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Fiyaz Mohammed
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Dmitriy M Chudakov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia.,Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Benjamin E Willcox
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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36
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Ravens S, Schultze-Florey C, Raha S, Sandrock I, Drenker M, Oberdörfer L, Reinhardt A, Ravens I, Beck M, Geffers R, von Kaisenberg C, Heuser M, Thol F, Ganser A, Förster R, Koenecke C, Prinz I. Human γδ T cells are quickly reconstituted after stem-cell transplantation and show adaptive clonal expansion in response to viral infection. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:393-401. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.3686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Early Differentiation of Human CD11c +NK Cells with γδ T Cell Activation Properties Is Promoted by Dialyzable Leukocyte Extracts. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:4097642. [PMID: 27847830 PMCID: PMC5099461 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4097642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstitution of the hematopoietic system during immune responses and immunological and neoplastic diseases or upon transplantation depends on the emergent differentiation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells within the bone marrow. Although in the last decade the use of dialyzable leukocyte extracts (DLE) as supportive therapy in both infectious and malignant settings has increased, its activity on the earliest stages of human hematopoietic development remains poorly understood. Here, we have examined the ability of DLE to promote replenishment of functional lymphoid lineages from CD34+ cells. Our findings suggest that DLE increases their differentiation toward a conspicuous CD56+CD16+CD11c+ NK-like cell population endowed with properties such as IFNy production, tumor cell cytotoxicity, and the capability of inducing γδ T lymphocyte proliferation. Of note, long-term coculture controlled systems showed the bystander effect of DLE-stromal cells by providing NK progenitors with signals to overproduce this cell subset. Thus, by direct effect on progenitor cells and through activation and remodeling of the supporting hematopoietic microenvironment, DLE may contribute a robust innate immune response by promoting the emerging lymphopoiesis of functional CD11c+ NK cells in a partially TLR-related manner. Unraveling the identity and mechanisms of the involved DLE components may be fundamental to advance the NK cell-based therapy field.
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Parida SK, Poiret T, Zhenjiang L, Meng Q, Heyckendorf J, Lange C, Ambati AS, Rao MV, Valentini D, Ferrara G, Rangelova E, Dodoo E, Zumla A, Maeurer M. T-Cell Therapy: Options for Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 61Suppl 3:S217-24. [PMID: 26409284 PMCID: PMC4583575 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis is challenging tuberculosis control worldwide. In the absence of an effective vaccine to prevent primary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and tuberculosis disease, host-directed therapies may offer therapeutic options, particularly for patients with multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis where prognosis is often limited. CD8+ and CD4+ T cells mediate antigen-specific adaptive cellular immune responses. Their use in precision immunotherapy in clinical conditions, especially in treating cancer as well as for prevention of life-threatening viral infections in allogeneic transplant recipients, demonstrated safety and clinical efficacy. We review key achievements in T-cell therapy, including the use of recombinant immune recognition molecules (eg, T-cell receptors and CD19 chimeric antigen receptors), and discuss its potential in the clinical management of patients with drug-resistant and refractory tuberculosis failing conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreemanta K Parida
- Therapeutic Immunology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Thomas Poiret
- Therapeutic Immunology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Liu Zhenjiang
- Therapeutic Immunology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Qingda Meng
- Therapeutic Immunology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Jan Heyckendorf
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, German Center for Infection Research, Research Center Borstel
| | - Christoph Lange
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, German Center for Infection Research, Research Center Borstel International Health/Infectious Diseases, University of Lübeck, Germany Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Aditya S Ambati
- Therapeutic Immunology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Martin V Rao
- Therapeutic Immunology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Davide Valentini
- Therapeutic Immunology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Elena Rangelova
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology
| | - Ernest Dodoo
- Therapeutic Immunology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Therapeutic Immunology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is arguably one of the most successful pathogens of humans, persistently infecting over ninety percent of the world's population. Despite this high frequency of carriage, the virus causes apparently few adverse effects in the vast majority of infected individuals. Nevertheless, the potent growth transforming ability of EBV means the virus has the potential to cause malignancies in infected individuals. Indeed, EBV is thought to cause 1% of human malignancies, equating to 200,000 malignancies each year. A clear factor as to why virus-induced disease is relatively infrequent in healthy infected individuals is the presence of a potent immune response to EBV, in particular, that mediated by T cells. Thus, patient groups with immunodeficiencies or whose cellular immune response is suppressed have much higher frequencies of EBV-induced disease and, in at least some cases, these diseases can be controlled by restoration of the T-cell compartment. In this chapter, we will primarily review the role the αβ subset of T cells in the control of EBV in healthy and diseased individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Hislop
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Graham S Taylor
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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40
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Hu Y, Cui Q, Luo C, Luo Y, Shi J, Huang H. A promising sword of tomorrow: Human γδ T cell strategies reconcile allo-HSCT complications. Blood Rev 2015; 30:179-88. [PMID: 26654098 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is potentially a curative therapeutic option for hematological malignancies. In clinical practice, transplantation associated complications greatly affected the final therapeutical outcomes. Currently, primary disease relapse, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and infections remain the three leading causes of a high morbidity and mortality in allo-HSCT patients. Various strategies have been investigated in the past several decades including human γδ T cell-based therapeutical regimens. In different microenvironments, human γδ T cells assume features reminiscent of classical Th1, Th2, Th17, NKT and regulatory T cells, showing diverse biological functions. The cytotoxic γδ T cells could be utilized to target relapsed malignancies, and recently regulatory γδ T cells are defined as a novel implement for GVHD management. In addition, human γδ Τ cells facilitate control of post-transplantation infections and participate in tissue regeneration and wound healing processes. These features potentiate γδ T cells a versatile therapeutical agent to target transplantation associated complications. This review focuses on insights of applicable potentials of human γδ T cells reconciling complications associated with allo-HSCT. We believe an improved understanding of pertinent γδ T cell functions would be further exploited in the design of innovative immunotherapeutic approaches in allo-HSCT, to reduce mortality and morbidity, as well as improve quality of life for patients after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxian Hu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Qu Cui
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Chao Luo
- Department of Hematology, Jinhua Central Hospital, No. 351 Mingyue Road, Jinhua 312000, China.
| | - Yi Luo
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jimin Shi
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
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41
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Li Y, Xu L. Evaluation of TCR repertoire diversity in patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Stem Cell Investig 2015; 2:17. [PMID: 27358885 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2306-9759.2015.09.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire analyses have been widely used to identify T cell populations of interest in cancer and autoimmunity and for characterizing immune repertoire reconstitution after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Several decades of development and progress have led to the use of techniques for evaluating TCR repertoires in a more comprehensive, unbiased and fast manner, and the mechanisms of T cell immune reconstitution after HSCT and the new approaches used for recovering T cell repertoire diversity post HSCT have been more exhaustively documented to some degree. To better understand and characterize this progress, here we review recent studies on TCR repertoire diversity recovery in patients with leukemia and autoimmune disease who have received HSCT, impact factors and improvements in approaches for TCR repertoire recovery after HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangqiu Li
- 1 Institute of Hematology, Medical College, 2 Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, 3 Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ling Xu
- 1 Institute of Hematology, Medical College, 2 Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, 3 Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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42
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Geng S, Weng J, Chen S, Li Y, Wu P, Huang X, Lai P, Du X. Abnormalities in the T Cell Receptor Vδ Repertoire and Foxp3 Expression in Refractory Anemia with Ringed Sideroblasts. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 34:588-95. [PMID: 26154600 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2015.2925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suxia Geng
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyu Weng
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Institute of Hematology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangqiu Li
- Institute of Hematology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Peilong Lai
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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43
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Abstract
Allogeneic blood or bone-marrow transplantation (alloBMT) is a potentially curative treatment for a variety of haematological malignancies and nonmalignant diseases. Historically, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched siblings have been the preferred source of donor cells owing to superior outcomes compared with alloBMT using other donors. Although only approximately one-third of patients have an HLA-matched sibling, nearly all patients have HLA-haploidentical related donors. Early studies using HLA-haploidentical alloBMT resulted in unacceptably high rates of graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), leading to high nonrelapse mortality and consequently poor survival. Several novel approaches to HLA-haploidentical alloBMT have yielded encouraging results with high rates of successful engraftment, effective GVHD control and favourable outcomes. In fact, outcomes of several retrospective comparative studies seem similar to those seen using other allograft sources, including those of HLA-matched-sibling alloBMT. In this Review, we provide an overview of the three most-developed approaches to HLA-haploidentical alloBMT: T-cell depletion with 'megadose' CD34(+) cells; granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-primed allografts combined with intensive pharmacological immunosuppression, including antithymocyte globulin; and high-dose, post-transplantation cyclophosphamide. We review the preclinical and biological data supporting each approach, results from major clinical studies, and completed or ongoing clinical studies comparing these approaches with other alloBMT platforms.
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Sonntag K, Eckert F, Welker C, Müller H, Müller F, Zips D, Sipos B, Klein R, Blank G, Feuchtinger T, Schumm M, Handgretinger R, Schilbach K. Chronic graft-versus-host-disease in CD34(+)-humanized NSG mice is associated with human susceptibility HLA haplotypes for autoimmune disease. J Autoimmun 2015; 62:55-66. [PMID: 26143958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a significant hurdle to long-term hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation success. Insights into the pathogenesis and mechanistical investigations of novel therapeutic strategies are limited as appropriate animal models are missing. The immunodeficient NSG mouse - when humanized with human bone marrow, fetal liver and thymus (BLT NSG) - is prone for cGVHD, yet mainly affects the skin. In contrast, the NSG mouse humanized exclusively with CD34(+)-selected, CD3(+)-depleted stem cells (CD34(+)NSG) has neither been described for acute nor chronic GVHD so far. This is the first report about the development of systemic autoimmune cGVHD ≥24 weeks post stem cell receipt involving lung, liver, skin, gingiva and intestine in two NSG cohorts humanized with CD34(+) grafts from different donors. Affected mice presented with sclerodermatous skin, fibrotic lung, severe hepatitis, and massive dental malformation/loss. CD4(+)-dominated, TH2-biased, bulky T-cell infiltrates featured highly skewed T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires, clonal expansions, and autoreactive TCRs. In affected tissues profibrotic IL-13 and -4 dominated over TH1 cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α. Thus, the time point of manifestation and the phenotype match human systemic pleiotropic sclerodermatous GVHD. The CD34(+)NSG-model's intrinsic deficiency of thymus, thymus-derived regulatory T cells (nTreg) and B cells emphasizes the role of the genetic polymorphism and the cytokines in the pathogenesis of cGVHD. Importantly, the only factor discriminating diseased versus non-diseased CD34(+)NSG cohorts were two risk HLA haplotypes that in human mediate susceptibility for autoimmune disease (psoriasis). Thus, the CD34(+)NSG model may serve as a platform for addressing issues related to the pathophysiology and treatment of human autoimmunity and chronic GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Sonntag
- Department of General Pediatrics, Oncology/Hematology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Eckert
- Department of General Pediatrics, Oncology/Hematology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Welker
- Department of General Pediatrics, Oncology/Hematology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Müller
- Institute of Pathology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Liebermeisterstraße 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Friederike Müller
- Department of General Pediatrics, Oncology/Hematology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Zips
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bence Sipos
- Institute of Pathology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Liebermeisterstraße 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Reinhild Klein
- Laboratory for Immunopathology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gregor Blank
- Department of General Pediatrics, Oncology/Hematology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Feuchtinger
- Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Dr. von Hauner'sches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337 München, Germany
| | - Michael Schumm
- Department of General Pediatrics, Oncology/Hematology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rupert Handgretinger
- Department of General Pediatrics, Oncology/Hematology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karin Schilbach
- Department of General Pediatrics, Oncology/Hematology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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45
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Siegers GM, Lamb LS. Cytotoxic and regulatory properties of circulating Vδ1+ γδ T cells: a new player on the cell therapy field? Mol Ther 2014; 22:1416-1422. [PMID: 24895997 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploration of cancer immunotherapy strategies that incorporate γδ T cells as primary mediators of antitumor immunity are just beginning to be explored and with a primary focus on the use of manufactured phosphoantigen-stimulated Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Increasing evidence, however, supports a critical role for Vδ1+ γδ T cells, a minor subset in peripheral blood with distinct innate recognition properties that possess powerful tumoricidal activity. They are activated by a host of ligands including stress-induced self-antigens, glycolipids presented by CD1c/d, and potentially many others that currently remain unidentified. In contrast to Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, tumor-reactive Vδ1+ T cells are not as susceptible to activation-induced cell death and can persist in the circulation for many years, potentially offering durable immunity to some cancers. In addition, specific populations of Vδ1+ T cells can also exhibit immunosuppressive and regulatory properties, a function that can also be exploited for therapeutic purposes. This review explores the biology, function, manufacturing strategies, and potential therapeutic role of Vδ1+ T cells. We also discuss clinical experience with Vδ1+ T cells in the setting of cancer, as well as the potential of and barriers to the development of Vδ1+ T cell-based adoptive cell therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle M Siegers
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence S Lamb
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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46
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Wu YL, Ding YP, Tanaka Y, Shen LW, Wei CH, Minato N, Zhang W. γδ T cells and their potential for immunotherapy. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:119-35. [PMID: 24520210 PMCID: PMC3920167 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 (also termed Vγ2Vδ2) T cells, a major human peripheral blood γδ T cell subset, recognize microbial (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate and endogenous isopentenyl diphosphate in a TCR-dependent manner. The recognition does not require specific accessory cells, antigen uptake, antigen processing, or MHC class I, class II, or class Ib expression. This subset of T cells plays important roles in mediating innate immunity against a wide variety of infections and displays potent and broad cytotoxic activity against human tumor cells. Because γδT cells express both natural killer receptors such as NKG2D and γδ T cell receptors, they are considered to represent a link between innate and adaptive immunity. In addition, activated γδ T cells express a high level of antigen-presenting cell-related molecules and can present peptide antigens derived from destructed cells to αβ T cells. Utilizing these antimicrobial and anti-tumor properties of γδ T cells, preclinical and clinical trials have been conducted to develop novel immunotherapies for infections and malignancies. Here, we review the immunological properties of γδ T cells including the underlying recognition mechanism of nonpeptitde antigens and summarize the results of γδ T cell-based therapies so far performed. Based on the results of the reported trials, γδ T cells appear to be a promising tool for novel immunotherapies against certain types of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ling Wu
- 1. Lab of Molecular Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 630 Xincheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Yan-Ping Ding
- 1. Lab of Molecular Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 630 Xincheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, China
- 2. Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- 3. Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Li-Wen Shen
- 2. Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Chuan-He Wei
- 2. Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Nagahiro Minato
- 4. Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Wen Zhang
- 2. Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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47
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Zhang X, Chen S, Yang L, Li B, Zhu K, Li Y. The feature of TRGV and TRDV repertoire distribution and clonality in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Hematology 2013; 14:237-44. [PMID: 19635188 DOI: 10.1179/102453309x439755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Zhang
- Department of HematologyFirst Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Institute of HematologyMedical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lijian Yang
- Institute of HematologyMedical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Bo Li
- Institute of HematologyMedical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Kanger Zhu
- Department of HematologyFirst Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yangqiu Li
- Department of HematologyFirst Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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48
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Clinical evidence implicating gamma-delta T cells in EBV control following cord blood transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2013; 48:1478-9. [DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2013.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Michishita Y, Hirokawa M, Fujishima N, Abe Y, Fujishima M, Guo YM, Ubukawa K, Liu J, Yoshioka T, Kameoka Y, Saitoh H, Tagawa H, Takahashi N, Sawada K. CDR3-independent expansion of Vδ1 T lymphocytes in acquired chronic pure red cell aplasia. Immunol Lett 2013; 150:23-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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50
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Li H, Xiang Z, Feng T, Li J, Liu Y, Fan Y, Lu Q, Yin Z, Yu M, Shen C, Tu W. Human Vγ9Vδ2-T cells efficiently kill influenza virus-infected lung alveolar epithelial cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2013; 10:159-64. [PMID: 23353835 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2012.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ-T cells play an indispensable role in host defense against different viruses, including influenza A virus. However, whether these cells have cytotoxic activity against influenza virus-infected lung alveolar epithelial cells and subsequently contribute to virus clearance remains unknown. Using influenza virus-infected A549 cells, human lung alveolar epithelial cells, we investigated the cytotoxic activity of aminobisphosphonate pamidronate (PAM)-expanded human Vγ9Vδ2-T cells and their underlying mechanisms. We found that PAM could selectively activate and expand human Vγ9Vδ2-T cells. PAM-expanded human Vγ9Vδ2-T cells efficiently killed influenza virus-infected lung alveolar epithelial cells and inhibited virus replication. The cytotoxic activity of PAM-expanded Vγ9Vδ2-T cells was dependent on cell-to-cell contact and required NKG2D activation. Perforin-granzyme B, tumor-necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and Fas-Fas ligand (FasL) pathways were involved in their cytotoxicity. Our study suggests that targeting γδ-T cells by PAM can potentially offer an alternative option for the treatment of influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Joint Research Center of West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University and Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine of University of Hong Kong, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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