1
|
Qin X, Zhao Q, Zhao Q, Yang L, Li W, Wu J, Liu T, Zhong W, Jiang K, Liu W, Wang B, Wang S, Cao H. A Saccharomyces boulardii-derived antioxidant protein, thioredoxin, ameliorates intestinal inflammation through transactivating epidermal growth factor receptor. Pharmacol Res 2024; 208:107372. [PMID: 39182661 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Saccharomyces boulardii (Sb) is a probiotic yeast for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Little is known about the modulatory capacity of the Sb in IBD. Here, we found that oral gavage of Sb supernatant (SbS) alleviated gut inflammation, protected the intestinal barrier, and reversed DSS-induced down-regulated activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in colitis. Mass spectrum analysis showed that thioredoxin (Trx) is one of the critical secreted soluble proteins participating in EGFR activation detected in SbS. Trx exerted an array of significant effects on anti-inflammatory activity, including alleviating inflammation, protecting gut barrier, suppressing apoptosis, as well as reducing oxidative stress. Mechanistically, Trx promoted EGFR ligand gene expression and transactivated EGFR in a concentration-dependent manner. EGFR kinase inhibitor could block Trx-mediated preventive effects of intestinal epithelial injury. Our data suggested that Sb-derived soluble protein Trx could serve as a potential prophylactic, as a novel postbiotic against colitis, which provides a new strategy for the precision prevention and treatment of IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiali Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, National Key Clinical Specialty, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, National Key Clinical Specialty, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Qianjing Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, National Key Clinical Specialty, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Lijiao Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, National Key Clinical Specialty, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Wanyu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, National Key Clinical Specialty, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jingyi Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, National Key Clinical Specialty, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, National Key Clinical Specialty, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Weilong Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, National Key Clinical Specialty, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Kui Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, National Key Clinical Specialty, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Wentian Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, National Key Clinical Specialty, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, National Key Clinical Specialty, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Sinan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, National Key Clinical Specialty, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Hailong Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, National Key Clinical Specialty, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin 300052, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ahmad, Zhang C, Wang Y, Ullah H, Rahman AU, Wei J, Qin YH, Wang G, Wang B, Li X. Saccharomyces boulardii (CNCM I-745) alleviates collagen-induced arthritis by partially maintaining intestinal mucosal integrity through TLR2/MYD88/NF-κB pathway inhibition. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 139:112738. [PMID: 39053232 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis, a condition characterized by inflammation, has a substantial influence on both the worldwide economy and public health. Prior studies indicate that probiotics have the potential to enhance the composition of gut microbiota in instances of intestinal dysbiosis resulting from different disorders and contribute to the regulation of inflammation. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of Saccharomyces boulardii on the gut microbiome in arthritis and its implications on inflammation. METHODS The study utilized the Collagen Induced Arthritis (CIA) Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model. After administering Saccharomyces boulardii (150 mg/kg/day) six days a week and Methotrexate (MTX) (0.2 mg/week) treatment for eight weeks, microbial DNA from the feces was sequenced using 16S rRNA. The evaluation of histopathology, bone loss, and cartilage degradation was conducted using histology, immunohistology assays, and micro-computed tomography (µCT) examinations. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to analyze proinflammatory cytokines, while the western blot technique was applied to detect protein in the gut and in cell lines. The quantification of gene expression in gut,joint and cell lines was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The cell lines were activated and then treated with the culture supernatant of S. boulardii for an in vitro investigation. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test was utilized to assess cell proliferationand viability. Cellular motility was measured in a wound healing experiment, whereas apoptotic proteins were analyzed using Western blotting. RESULTS S. boulardii has been found to enhance bone and joint integrity, modulate gut microbiota, and mitigate proinflammatory cytokine levels in rats with arthritis. It decreases the permeability of the intestines and promotes the production of gut tight-junction proteins. The administration of S. boulardii inhibits the proliferation of T-helper-17 (Th17) and Type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3). Additionally, it elicits apoptosis in MH7A cell lines and hinders their migratory activity. CONCLUSION This study provides valuable insights into the therapeutic potential of S. boulardii for treating and preventing arthritis in rats with collagen-induced arthritis by modulating gut microbiota and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, China
| | - Hayan Ullah
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, China
| | - Atta Ur Rahman
- Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, China
| | - Yuan Hua Qin
- Department of Parasite, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, China.
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Babaei F, Navidi-Moghaddam A, Naderi A, Ghafghazi S, Mirzababaei M, Dargahi L, Mohammadi G, Nassiri-Asl M. The preventive effects of Saccharomyces boulardii against oxidative stress induced by lipopolysaccharide in rat brain. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30426. [PMID: 38720760 PMCID: PMC11076963 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The brain is sensitive to oxidative stress, which can trigger microglial activation and neuroinflammation. Antioxidant therapies may provide neuroprotection against oxidative stress. In recent years antioxidant effects of probiotics and their possible mechanisms in oxidative stress-related models have been determined. In the current study, for the first time, we assessed the effects of Saccharomyces boulardii on oxidative stress provoked by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the rat brain. Four groups of animals were used, including the control, LPS, S. boulardii + LPS, and S. boulardii groups. All animals received either saline or S. boulardii (1010 CFU) by gavage for four weeks. Between days 14 and 22, all animals received either LPS (250 μg/kg) or saline by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. S. boulardii was able to inhibit lipid peroxidation and prevent the reduction of antioxidant levels, including glutathione and catalase in the model of oxidative stress induced by LPS in the rat hippocampus and cortex. Also, it increased the lowered ratio of glutathione/oxidized glutathione in both tissues. Serum levels of anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 (IL-10) and proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 increased and decreased, respectively. S. boulardii has potential antioxidant activities in oxidative stress-related model, possibly modulating gut microbiota, immune defense, and antioxidant enzyme activities that can be considered in preventing oxidative stress-related central nervous system (CNS) diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Babaei
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ava Navidi-Moghaddam
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ariyan Naderi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Ghafghazi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Mirzababaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Mohammadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non- Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Marjan Nassiri-Asl
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Heavey MK, Hazelton A, Wang Y, Garner M, Anselmo AC, Arthur JC, Nguyen J. Targeted delivery of the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii to the extracellular matrix enhances gut residence time and recovery in murine colitis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3784. [PMID: 38710716 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48128-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Probiotic and engineered microbe-based therapeutics are an emerging class of pharmaceutical agents. They represent a promising strategy for treating various chronic and inflammatory conditions by interacting with the host immune system and/or delivering therapeutic molecules. Here, we engineered a targeted probiotic yeast platform wherein Saccharomyces boulardii is designed to bind to abundant extracellular matrix proteins found within inflammatory lesions of the gastrointestinal tract through tunable antibody surface display. This approach enabled an additional 24-48 h of probiotic gut residence time compared to controls and 100-fold increased probiotic concentrations within the colon in preclinical models of ulcerative colitis in female mice. As a result, pharmacodynamic parameters including colon length, colonic cytokine expression profiles, and histological inflammation scores were robustly improved and restored back to healthy levels. Overall, these studies highlight the potential for targeted microbial therapeutics as a potential oral dosage form for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mairead K Heavey
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Anthony Hazelton
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yuyan Wang
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Mitzy Garner
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Aaron C Anselmo
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- VitaKey Incorporation, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Janelle C Arthur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Juliane Nguyen
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rostoll Cangiano L, Villot C, Amorin-Hegedus R, Malmuthuge N, Gruninger R, Guan LL, Steele M. Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii accelerates intestinal microbiota maturation and is correlated with increased secretory IgA production in neonatal dairy calves. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1129250. [PMID: 37795296 PMCID: PMC10546063 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1129250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal calves have a limited capacity to initiate immune responses due to a relatively immature adaptive immune system, which renders them susceptible to many on-farm diseases. At birth, the mucosal surfaces of the intestine are rapidly colonized by microbes in a process that promotes mucosal immunity and primes the development of the adaptive immune system. In a companion study, our group demonstrated that supplementation of a live yeast probiotic, Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii (SCB) CNCM I-1079, to calves from birth to 1 week of age stimulates secretory IgA (sIgA) production in the intestine. The objective of the study was to evaluate how SCB supplementation impacts the intestinal microbiota of one-week-old male calves, and how changes in the bacterial community in the intestine relate to the increase in secretory IgA. A total of 20 calves were randomly allocated to one of two treatments at birth: Control (CON, n = 10) fed at 5 g/d of carrier with no live yeast; and SCB (n = 10) fed at 5 g of live SCB per day (10 × 109 CFU/d). Our study revealed that supplementing calves with SCB from birth to 1 week of age had its most marked effects in the ileum, increasing species richness and phylogenetic diversity in addition to expediting the transition to a more interconnected bacterial community. Furthermore, LEfSe analysis revealed that there were several differentially abundant taxa between treatments and that SCB increased the relative abundance the family Eubacteriaceae, Corynebacteriaceae, Eggerthellaceae, Bacillaceae, and Ruminococcaceae. Furthermore, network analysis suggests that SCB promoted a more stable bacterial community and appears to reduce colonization with Shigella. Lastly, we observed that the probiotic-driven increase in microbial diversity was highly correlated with the enhanced secretory IgA capacity of the ileum, suggesting that the calf's gut mucosal immune system relies on the development of a stable and highly diverse microbial community to provide the necessary cues to train and promote its proper function. In summary, this data shows that supplementation of SCB promoted establishment of a diverse and interconnected microbiota, prevented colonization of Escherichia Shigella and indicates a possible role in stimulating humoral mucosal immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Clothilde Villot
- Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Blagnac, France
- Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | | | - Nilusha Malmuthuge
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Robert Gruninger
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michael Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Biotherapy Using Probiotics as Therapeutic Agents to Restore the Gut Microbiota to Relieve Gastrointestinal Tract Inflammation, IBD, IBS and Prevent Induction of Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065748. [PMID: 36982816 PMCID: PMC10052502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is composed of several microbial strains with diverse and variable compositions in both healthy and sick people. An undisturbed gut microbiota needs to be sustained in order to perform all physiological, metabolic, and immune functions in a normal way to prevent the development of diseases. This article has reviewed the published information on the issue of disruption of the balance of the gut microbiota. This disruption could be for many reasons, such as microbial infection in the gastrointestinal tract, food poisoning, diarrhoea, chemotherapy, malnutrition, lifestyle, and ageing. If this disruption is not restored to normal, it might cause dysbiosis. Eventually, a gut microbiota interrupted by dysbiosis might initiate several health issues, such as inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, the induction of cancer, and the progression of a variety of diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. This review concluded that biotherapy is a natural way of using probiotic products, whether in form of food, beverages, or supplements, to restore the gut microbiota disrupted by dysbiosis. Metabolites secreted by the ingested probiotics help to relieve gastrointestinal tract inflammation and can avoid the induction of cancer.
Collapse
|
7
|
Anticancer Properties of Probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii Supernatant on Human Breast Cancer Cells. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2022; 14:1130-1138. [PMID: 35094296 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09756-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Saccharomyces boulardii, a variety of S. cerevisiae, is used as a probiotic yeast in food and drug industries. However, S. boulardii is an opportunistic pathogen, and the supernatant of this organism has recently been recommended for its health-promoting benefits. Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer disease in women worldwide. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of S. boulardii supernatant (SBS) on cell viability, inducing apoptosis and suppression of survivin gene expression in MCF-7 and MCF-7/MX as human non-drug-resistant and multidrug-resistant breast cancer cells respectively. The IC50 value of SBS against MCF-7 was calculated 1037, 542, and 543 µg/mL for 24, 48, and 72 h treatments, respectively. Also, this value against MCF-7/MX cells were measured 1242, 616, and 444 µg/mL after 24, 48, and 72 h respectively. We found that suppression of survivin gene expression should be one of the main molecular antitumor mechanisms which is contributed to apoptosis in breast cancer cells. However, anticancer activity of SBS was observed more efficient against MCF-7 than that against MCF-7/MX cells. SBS is suggested to be considered as one of the prospective anticancer drugs to treat human breast carcinoma. More investigations especially in vivo studies are strongly recommended to be implemented to characterize other antitumor mechanisms of SBS against breast carcinoma.
Collapse
|
8
|
Tarapatzi G, Filidou E, Kandilogiannakis L, Spathakis M, Gaitanidou M, Arvanitidis K, Drygiannakis I, Valatas V, Kotzampassi K, Manolopoulos VG, Kolios G, Vradelis S. The Probiotic Strains Bifidοbacterium lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces boulardii Regulate Wound Healing and Chemokine Responses in Human Intestinal Subepithelial Myofibroblasts. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1293. [PMID: 36297405 PMCID: PMC9611312 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces boulardii are common probiotic supplements. Colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts (cSEMFs) are actively involved in mucosal wound healing and inflammation. cSEMFs, isolated from healthy individuals, were stimulated with 102 or 104 cfu/mL of these probiotic strains alone and in combination, and their effect on chemokine and wound healing factor expression was assessed by qRT-PCR, ELISA and Sircol Assay, and on cSEMFs migration, by Wound Healing Assay. These strains remained viable and altered cSEMFs’ inflammatory and wound healing behavior, depending on the strain and concentration. cSEMFs treated with a combination of the four probiotics had a moderate, but statistically significant, increase in the mRNA and/or protein expression of chemokines CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL4, CXCL8, CXCL10, CCL2 and CCL5, and healing factors, collagen type I and III, fibronectin and tissue factor. In contrast, when each strain was administered alone, different effects were observed, with greater increase or decrease in chemokine and healing factor expression, which was balanced by the mixture. Overall, this study highlights that the use of multiple probiotic strains can potentially alert the gut mucosal immune system and promote wound healing, having a better effect on mucosal immunity than the use of single probiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gesthimani Tarapatzi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Eirini Filidou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Leonidas Kandilogiannakis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Michail Spathakis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Maria Gaitanidou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Arvanitidis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ioannis Drygiannakis
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Vassilis Valatas
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Katerina Kotzampassi
- Department of Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vangelis G. Manolopoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - George Kolios
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Stergios Vradelis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dahiya D, Nigam PS. The Gut Microbiota Influenced by the Intake of Probiotics and Functional Foods with Prebiotics Can Sustain Wellness and Alleviate Certain Ailments like Gut-Inflammation and Colon-Cancer. Microorganisms 2022; 10:665. [PMID: 35336240 PMCID: PMC8954736 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is composed of several microbial strains, with diverse and variable combinations in healthy and sick persons, changing at different stages of life. A healthy balance between host and gut microorganisms must be maintained in order to perform the normal physiological, metabolic, and immune functions and prevent disease development. Disturbances in the balance of the gut microbiota by diverse reasons initiate several health issues and promote the progression of certain diseases. This review is based on published research and reports that describe the role of probiotic microorganisms in the sustainability of health and the alleviation of certain diseases. Information is presented on the GRAS strains that are used as probiotics in the food industry for the production of fermented milk, yogurt, fermented food, functional foods, and probiotic drinks. To maintain a healthy microbiota, probiotic supplements in the form of freeze-dried live cells of probiotic strains are also available in different forms to consumers. The health benefits of lactic acid bacteria and other microorganisms and their role in the control of certain diseases such as gut inflammation, diabetes, and bowel cancer and in the safeguarding of the gut epithelial permeability from the invasion of pathogens are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divakar Dahiya
- Wexham Park Hospital, Wexham Street, Slough SL2 4HL, Berkshire, UK;
| | - Poonam Singh Nigam
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lu Q, Niu J, Wu Y, Zhang W. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii on growth, incidence of diarrhea, serum immunoglobulins, and rectal microbiota of suckling dairy calves. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
11
|
Cristofori F, Dargenio VN, Dargenio C, Miniello VL, Barone M, Francavilla R. Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics in Gut Inflammation: A Door to the Body. Front Immunol 2021; 12:578386. [PMID: 33717063 PMCID: PMC7953067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.578386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hosting millions of microorganisms, the digestive tract is the primary and most important part of bacterial colonization. On one side, in cases of opportunistic invasion, the abundant bacterial population inside intestinal tissues may face potential health problems such as inflammation and infections. Therefore, the immune system has evolved to sustain the host-microbiota symbiotic relationship. On the other hand, to maintain host immune homeostasis, the intestinal microflora often exerts an immunoregulatory function that cannot be ignored. A field of great interest is the association of either microbiota or probiotics with the immune system concerning clinical uses. This microbial community regulates some of the host's metabolic and physiological functions and drives early-life immune system maturation, contributing to their homeostasis throughout life. Changes in gut microbiota can occur through modification in function, composition (dysbiosis), or microbiota-host interplays. Studies on animals and humans show that probiotics can have a pivotal effect on the modulation of immune and inflammatory mechanisms; however, the precise mechanisms have not yet been well defined. Diet, age, BMI (body mass index), medications, and stress may confound the benefits of probiotic intake. In addition to host gut functions (permeability and physiology), all these agents have profound implications for the gut microbiome composition. The use of probiotics could improve the gut microbial population, increase mucus-secretion, and prevent the destruction of tight junction proteins by decreasing the number of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). When LPS binds endothelial cells to toll-like receptors (TLR 2, 4), dendritic cells and macrophage cells are activated, and inflammatory markers are increased. Furthermore, a decrease in gut dysbiosis and intestinal leakage after probiotic therapy may minimize the development of inflammatory biomarkers and blunt unnecessary activation of the immune system. In turn, probiotics improve the differentiation of T-cells against Th2 and development of Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10. The present narrative review explores the interactions between gut microflora/probiotics and the immune system starting from the general perspective of a biological plausibility to get to the in vitro and in vivo demonstrations of a probiotic-based approach up to the possible uses for novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Cristofori
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Vanessa Nadia Dargenio
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Costantino Dargenio
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Leonardo Miniello
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Barone
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Ruggiero Francavilla
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang B, Hussain A, Zhou Y, Zeng Z, Wang Q, Zou P, Gong L, Zhao P, Li W. Saccharomyces boulardii attenuates inflammatory response induced by Clostridium perfringens via TLR4/TLR15-MyD8 pathway in HD11 avian macrophages. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5356-5365. [PMID: 33142452 PMCID: PMC7647824 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are professional phagocytic cells that play a critical role in initiating immune responses by presenting antigen and phagocytic clearance. The macrophages can be targeted for immunomodulation by beneficial microbes, such as probiotics. The aim of this study is to investigate the protective effect of Saccharomyces boulardii against Clostridium perfringens infection in avian macrophage cell line HD11. In this study, HD11 macrophages were prestimulated with S. boulardii for 6 h and then infected with C. perfringens for 3 h. Results showed that S. boulardii enhanced phagocytosis and bactericidal capacity against C. perfringens by HD11 cells. The S. boulardii effectively promoted the mRNA expression of CD80, CD83, and CD197 cell-surface molecules in C. perfringens-infected HD11 cells. Moreover, we found that prestimulation with S. boulardii reduced the mRNA expression of CD40, toll-like receptor [TLR] 4, and TLR15 induced by C. perfringens and thereby downregulated the mRNA expression of myeloid differentiation primary response 88, TNF receptor associated factor 6, nuclear factor kappa-B p65 subunit, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase genes in HD11 cells. The upregulation of cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-10) and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression in C. perfringens-infected HD11 cells were noticeably inhibited by S. boulardii pretreatment. Conclusively, these results might provide a new insight into the role of S. boulardii in regulating avian immune defense against C. perfringens invasion and immune escape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baikui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Altaf Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Poultry Science, University of Agriculture Faisakabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Yuanhao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zihan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Peng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Li Gong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province 528225, China
| | - Pengwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Weifen Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Aghamohammadi D, Ayromlou H, Dolatkhah N, Jahanjoo F, Shakouri SK. The effects of probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii on the mental health, quality of life, fatigue, pain, and indices of inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with multiple sclerosis: study protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Trials 2019; 20:379. [PMID: 31234904 PMCID: PMC6591959 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3454-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between gut dysbiosis and inflammatory diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS) is presently recognized as an important health issue. It has been established that some bacterial probiotic strains are effective in treating MS. This study will investigate the effect of yeast probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii (SB) supplements on mental health, quality of life, fatigue, pain, and indices of inflammation and oxidative stress in MS patients. METHODS/DESIGN In this double-blind randomized controlled two-group parallel trial, 50 MS patients who meet the inclusion criteria will be recruited from outpatient settings. They will be randomly allocated to 4 months of daily placebo or the SB probiotic intervention. Blood samples will be taken from each participant at the baseline and after the intervention period to assess inflammation and oxidative stress. The primary endpoint will be the changes in their mental health evaluated by the 28-item General Health Questionnaire. The secondary endpoints include changes in: (1) quality of life, evaluated by the 36-item Short Form Questionnaire, (2) fatigue, evaluated by the Fatigue Severity Scale, (3) pain, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, and (4) serum levels of indices of inflammatory stress (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde and total antioxidant capacity). Moreover, any adverse events and side effects due to the intervention will be documented. DISCUSSION There is a need to discover safe and practical methods for managing the symptoms of MS. This trial will gather evidence on the effects of a probiotic. TRIAL REGISTRATION Iranian Clinical Trial Registry, IRCT20161022030424N1 . Registered on 9 April 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawood Aghamohammadi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hormoz Ayromlou
- Neuroscience Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Neda Dolatkhah
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Jahanjoo
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Kazem Shakouri
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Czerucka D, Rampal P. Diversity of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 mechanisms of action against intestinal infections. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:2188-2203. [PMID: 31143070 PMCID: PMC6526157 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i18.2188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 is one of the probiotics recommended for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Studies conducted in vivo and in vitro demonstrated that in the case of infectious diseases there are two potential sites of action of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745: (1) An action on enteropathogenic microorganisms (adhesion of bacteria and their elimination or an effect on their virulence factors: Toxins, lipopolysaccharide, etc.); and (2) a direct action on the intestinal mucosa (trophic effects, effects on epithelial reconstitution, anti-secretory effects, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulators). Oral administration of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 to healthy subjects does not alter their microbiota. However, in the case of diseases associated with the use of antibiotics or chronic diarrhea, Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 can restore the intestinal microbiota faster. The interaction of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 with the innate immune system have been recently demonstrated thus opening up a new therapeutic potential of this yeast in the case of diseases associated with intestinal infections but also other pathologies associated with dysbiosis such as inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Czerucka
- Department of Human Health, Division of Ecosystems and Immunity, Center Scientific of Monaco, Monaco MC98000, Monaco
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cutting Edge: Probiotics and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Immunomodulation. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:1603758. [PMID: 31143780 PMCID: PMC6501133 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1603758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are commensal or nonpathogenic microbes that confer beneficial effects on the host through several mechanisms such as competitive exclusion, antibacterial effects, and modulation of immune responses. Some probiotics have been found to regulate immune responses via immune regulatory mechanisms. T regulatory (Treg) cells, T helper cell balances, dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells can be considered as the most determinant dysregulated mediators in immunomodulatory status. Recently, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been defined as the transfer of distal gut microbial communities from a healthy individual to a patient's intestinal tract to cure some immune disorders (mainly inflammatory bowel diseases). The aim of this review was followed through the recent literature survey on immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of probiotics and FMT and also efficacy and safety of probiotics and FMT in clinical trials and applications.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ibáñez L, Pontier-Bres R, Larbret F, Rekima A, Verhasselt V, Blin-Wakkach C, Czerucka D. Saccharomyces boulardii Strain CNCM I-745 Modifies the Mononuclear Phagocytes Response in the Small Intestine of Mice Following Salmonella Typhimurium Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:643. [PMID: 31001263 PMCID: PMC6455222 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) comprise dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (Mφs) that play different roles in response to Salmonella infection. After phagocytosis, DCs expressing CD103 transport Salmonella from the intestinal tract to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and induce adaptive immune responses whereas resident Mφs expressing CX3CR1 capture bacteria in the lumen and reside in the lamina propria (LP) where they induce a local immune response. CX3CR1+ Mφs are generated from Ly6Chi monocytes that enter the colonic mucosa and differentiate locally. We previously demonstrated that the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 (S.b) prevents infection by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST), decreases ST translocation to the peripheral organs and modifies the pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokine profiles in the gut. In the present study, we investigated the effect of S.b on the migratory CD103+ DCs and the resident CX3CR1+ Mφs. MPs were isolated from the LP of streptomycin-treated mice infected by ST with or without S.b treatment before or during the infection. In S.b-pretreated mice, we observed a decrease of the CD103+ DCs in the LP that was associated with the drop of ST recovery from MLN. Interestingly, S.b induced an infiltration of LP by classical Ly6Chi monocytes, and S.b modified the monocyte-Mφ maturation process in ST-infected mice. Our results showed that S.b treatment induced the expansion of Ly6Chi monocytes in the blood as well as in the bone marrow (BM) of mice, thus contributing to the Mφ replenishment in LP from blood monocytes. In vitro experiments conducted on BM cells confirmed that S.b induced the expansion of CX3CR1+ Mφs and concomitantly ST phagocytosis. Altogether, these data demonstrate that Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 modulates the innate immune response. Although here, we cannot explicitly delineate direct effects on ST from innate immunity, S. b-amplified innate immunity correlated with partial protection from ST infection. This study shows that S.b can induce the expansion of classical monocytes that are precursors of resident Mφs in the LP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Ibáñez
- CNRS, UMR 7370, LP2M, Faculté de Médecine, University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France.,University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | | | - Frederic Larbret
- University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France.,EA6303, University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Hopital de l'Archet, Nice, France
| | - Akila Rekima
- EA6303, University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Hopital de l'Archet, Nice, France
| | - Valérie Verhasselt
- EA6303, University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Hopital de l'Archet, Nice, France
| | - Claudine Blin-Wakkach
- CNRS, UMR 7370, LP2M, Faculté de Médecine, University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France.,University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Dorota Czerucka
- Ecosystems and Immunity team, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kuo SM. Does Modification of the Large Intestinal Microbiome Contribute to the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Fermentable Fiber? Curr Dev Nutr 2018; 2:nzx004. [PMID: 30377676 PMCID: PMC6201682 DOI: 10.3945/cdn.117.001180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fiber is an inadequately understood and insufficiently consumed nutrient. This review examines the possible causal relation between fiber-induced microbiome changes and the anti-inflammatory activity of fiber. To demonstrate the dominant role of fermentable plant fiber in shaping the intestinal microbiome, animal and human fiber-feeding studies are reviewed. Using culture-, PCR-, and sequencing-based microbial analyses, a higher prevalence of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus genera was observed from the feeding of different types of fermentable fiber. This finding was reported in studies performed on several host species including human. Health conditions and medications that are linked to intestinal microbial alterations likely also change the nutrient environment of the large intestine. The unique gene clusters of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus that enable the catabolism of plant glycans and the ability of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus to reduce the colonization of proteobacteria probably contribute to their prevalence in a fiber-rich intestinal environment. The fiber-induced microbiome changes could contribute to the anti-inflammatory activity of fiber. Although most studies did not measure fecal microbial density or total daily fecal microbial output (colon microbial load), limited evidence suggests that the increase in intestinal commensal microbial load plays an important role in the anti-inflammatory activity of fiber. Various probiotic supplements, including Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, showed anti-inflammatory activity only in the presence of fiber, which promoted microbial growth as indicated by increasing plasma short-chain fatty acids. Probiotics alone or pure fiber administered under sterile conditions showed no anti-inflammatory activity. The potential mechanisms that could mediate the anti-inflammatory effect of common microbial metabolites are reviewed, but more in vivo trials are needed. Future studies including simultaneous microbial composition and load measurements are also important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiu-Ming Kuo
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gleaning Insights from Fecal Microbiota Transplantation and Probiotic Studies for the Rational Design of Combination Microbial Therapies. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:191-231. [PMID: 27856521 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00049-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial microorganisms hold promise for the treatment of numerous gastrointestinal diseases. The transfer of whole microbiota via fecal transplantation has already been shown to ameliorate the severity of diseases such as Clostridium difficile infection, inflammatory bowel disease, and others. However, the exact mechanisms of fecal microbiota transplant efficacy and the particular strains conferring this benefit are still unclear. Rationally designed combinations of microbial preparations may enable more efficient and effective treatment approaches tailored to particular diseases. Here we use an infectious disease, C. difficile infection, and an inflammatory disorder, the inflammatory bowel disease ulcerative colitis, as examples to facilitate the discussion of how microbial therapy might be rationally designed for specific gastrointestinal diseases. Fecal microbiota transplantation has already shown some efficacy in the treatment of both these disorders; detailed comparisons of studies evaluating commensal and probiotic organisms in the context of these disparate gastrointestinal diseases may shed light on potential protective mechanisms and elucidate how future microbial therapies can be tailored to particular diseases.
Collapse
|
19
|
Silveira MM, Conceição FR, Mendonça M, Moreira GMSG, Da Cunha CEP, Conrad NL, Oliveira PDD, Hartwig DD, De Leon PMM, Moreira ÂN. Saccharomyces boulardii improves humoral immune response to DNA vaccines against leptospirosis. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:184-190. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelle Moura Silveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Rochedo Conceição
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Mendonça
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Unidade Acadêmica de Garanhuns, Avenida Bom Pastor, S/N, Boa Vista, 55292-270 Garanhuns, PE, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Marçal Schmidt Garcia Moreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Pouey Da Cunha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Neida Lucia Conrad
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Diaz de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Daiane Drawanz Hartwig
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Priscila Marques Moura De Leon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ângela Nunes Moreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Nutrição, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Porto/Anglo, Rua Gomes Carneiro, 01 – Centro, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-610 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Villar-García J, Güerri-Fernández R, Moya A, González A, Hernández JJ, Lerma E, Guelar A, Sorli L, Horcajada JP, Artacho A, D´Auria G, Knobel H. Impact of probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii on the gut microbiome composition in HIV-treated patients: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173802. [PMID: 28388647 PMCID: PMC5384743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysbalance in gut microbiota has been linked to increased microbial translocation, leading to chronic inflammation in HIV-patients, even under effective HAART. Moreover, microbial translocation is associated with insufficient reconstitution of CD4+T cells, and contributes to the pathogenesis of immunologic non-response. In a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial, we recently showed that, compared to placebo, 12 weeks treatment with probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii significantly reduced plasma levels of bacterial translocation (Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein or LBP) and systemic inflammation (IL-6) in 44 HIV virologically suppressed patients, half of whom (n = 22) had immunologic non-response to antiretroviral therapy (<270 CD4+Tcells/μL despite long-term suppressed viral load). The aim of the present study was to investigate if this beneficial effect of the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii is due to modified gut microbiome composition, with a decrease of some species associated with higher systemic levels of microbial translocation and inflammation. In this study, we used 16S rDNA gene amplification and parallel sequencing to analyze the probiotic impact on the composition of the gut microbiome (faecal samples) in these 44 patients randomized to receive oral supplementation with probiotic or placebo for 12 weeks. Compared to the placebo group, in individuals treated with probiotic we observed lower concentrations of some gut species, such as those of the Clostridiaceae family, which were correlated with systemic levels of bacterial translocation and inflammation markers. In a sub-study of these patients, we observed significantly higher parameters of microbial translocation (LBP, soluble CD14) and systemic inflammation in immunologic non-responders than in immunologic responders, which was correlated with a relative abundance of specific gut bacterial groups (Lachnospiraceae genus and Proteobacteria). Thus, in this work, we propose a new therapeutic strategy using the probiotic yeast S. boulardii to modify gut microbiome composition. Identifying pro-inflammatory species in the gut microbiome could also be a useful new marker of poor immune response and a new therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judit Villar-García
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert Güerri-Fernández
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Moya
- Joint Unit of Research in Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Community (FISABIO) and Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology (Universitat de València), València, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia González
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Elisabet Lerma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Guelar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luisa Sorli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan P. Horcajada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Artacho
- Joint Unit of Research in Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Community (FISABIO) and Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology (Universitat de València), València, Spain
| | - Giuseppe D´Auria
- Joint Unit of Research in Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Community (FISABIO) and Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology (Universitat de València), València, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hernando Knobel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Smith IM, Baker A, Christensen JE, Boekhout T, Frøkiær H, Arneborg N, Jespersen L. Kluyveromyces marxianus and Saccharomyces boulardii Induce Distinct Levels of Dendritic Cell Cytokine Secretion and Significantly Different T Cell Responses In Vitro. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167410. [PMID: 27898740 PMCID: PMC5127564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between members of the intestinal microbiota and the mucosal immune system can significantly impact human health, and in this context, fungi and food-related yeasts are known to influence intestinal inflammation through direct interactions with specialized immune cells in vivo. The aim of the present study was to characterize the immune modulating properties of the food-related yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus in terms of adaptive immune responses indicating inflammation versus tolerance and to explore the mechanisms behind the observed responses. Benchmarking against a Saccharomyces boulardii strain with probiotic effects documented in clinical trials, we evaluated the ability of K. marxianus to modulate human dendritic cell (DC) function in vitro. Further, we assessed yeast induced DC modulation of naive T cells toward effector responses dominated by secretion of IFNγ and IL-17 versus induction of a Treg response characterized by robust IL-10 secretion. In addition, we blocked relevant DC surface receptors and investigated the stimulating properties of β-glucan containing yeast cell wall extracts. K. marxianus and S. boulardii induced distinct levels of DC cytokine secretion, primarily driven by Dectin-1 recognition of β-glucan components in their cell walls. Upon co-incubation of yeast exposed DCs and naive T cells, S. boulardii induced a potent IFNγ response indicating TH1 mobilization. In contrast, K. marxianus induced a response dominated by Foxp3+ Treg cells, a characteristic that may benefit human health in conditions characterized by excessive inflammation and positions K. marxianus as a strong candidate for further development as a novel yeast probiotic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida M. Smith
- Health & Nutrition Division Discovery, Chr. Hansen A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Adam Baker
- Health & Nutrition Division Discovery, Chr. Hansen A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Jeffrey E. Christensen
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease, French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Toulouse, France
| | - Teun Boekhout
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hanne Frøkiær
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nils Arneborg
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lene Jespersen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Protective Effect of Saccharomyces boulardii on Deoxynivalenol-Induced Injury of Porcine Macrophage via Attenuating p38 MAPK Signal Pathway. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 182:411-427. [PMID: 27878744 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2335-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aims of our study were to evaluate the effects of Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii) on deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced injury in porcine alveolar macrophage cells (PAMCs) and to explore the underlying mechanisms. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometric analysis, ELISA, qRT-PCR, and western blot were performed to assess whether S. boulardii could prevent DON-induced injury by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) signal pathway. The results showed that pretreatment with 8 μM DON could decrease the viability of PAMC and significantly increase the apoptosis rate of PAMC, whereas S. boulardii could rescue apoptotic PAMC cells induced by DON. Further experiments revealed that S. boulardii effectively reversed DON-induced cytotoxicity via downregulating the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-lβ. In addition, S. boulardii significantly alleviated DON-induced phosphorylation and mRNA expression of p38 and further increased the expression of apoptosis regulation genes Bcl-xl and Bcl-2 and inhibited the activation of Bax. Our results suggest that S. boulardii could suppress DON-induced p38 MAPK pathway activation and reduce the expression of downstream inflammatory cytokines, as well as promote the expression of anti-apoptotic genes to inhibit apoptosis induced by DON in PAMC.
Collapse
|
23
|
Stier H, Bischoff SC. Influence of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745on the gut-associated immune system. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2016; 9:269-279. [PMID: 27695355 PMCID: PMC5027949 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s111003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 (also known as Saccharomyces cerevisiae HANSEN CBS 5926; in the following S. boulardii) has proven its effectiveness in preventive and therapeutic treatment of many gastrointestinal diseases, especially diseases associated with acute diarrhea. In particular, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, traveller’s diarrhea, as well as acute diarrhea due to common viral and bacterial infections in children and adults. Aim The aim of this review is to summarize the experimental studies elucidating the molecular and immunological mechanisms by which these clinically proven effects are archived, with an emphasis on the gut-associated immune system. The main focus is laid on anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory action of S. boulardii involved in bacterial or enterotoxin-mediated diarrhea and inflammation. An attempt is made to differentiate between the effects associated with cellular versus soluble factors and between prophylactic and therapeutic effects. Methods A literature search was performed in PubMed/PubMed Central for the effects of S. boulardii on the gut-associated immune system (focus acute diarrhea). Results and conclusion S. boulardii exhibits its positive effect by the direct effects on pathogens or their toxins as well as by influencing the host’s infection-induced signaling cascades and its innate and adaptive immune system. The combination of these mechanisms results in a reduction of the pathogens’ ability for adhesion or colonization and an attenuation of the overreacting inflammatory immune response. Thereby, the integrity of the intestinal epithelial cell layer is preserved or restored, and the diarrheic leakage of fluids into the intestinal lumen is attenuated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephan C Bischoff
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Effect of probiotics (Saccharomyces boulardii) on microbial translocation and inflammation in HIV-treated patients: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 68:256-63. [PMID: 25469528 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial translocation has been associated with an increase in immune activation and inflammation in HIV infection despite effective highly active antiretroviral therapy. It has been shown that some probiotics have a beneficial effect by reducing intestinal permeability and, consequently, microbial translocation. OBJECTIVES To assess changes in microbial translocation and inflammation after treatment with probiotics (Saccharomyces boulardii) in HIV-1-infected patients with virologic suppression. METHODS A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in 44 nonconsecutive HIV-1-infected patients with viral load of <20 copies per milliliter for at least 2 years. Patients were randomized to oral supplementation with probiotics or placebo during 12 weeks. Markers of microbial translocation (lipopolysaccharide-binding protein [LBP] and soluble CD14), inflammation (interleukin 6 [IL-6], tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein), and immunological and clinical data were determined before and after the intervention and 3 months after treatment discontinuation. Quantitative variables were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test, and categorical variables were compared using the Fisher exact test. RESULTS After 12 weeks of treatment, differences between the probiotic arm and the placebo arm were observed in LBP values (-0.30 vs +0.70 pg/mL) and IL-6 (-0.60 vs +0.78 pg/mL). These differences were also noted at 3 months after treatment withdrawal. Qualitative analysis was performed, defining a variable as "decreased" or "increased" from baseline LBP. A significant decrease of LBP at 12 weeks of treatment was observed (57.9% patients in the probiotic group vs 6.2% in the placebo group, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Treatment with S. boulardii decreases microbial translocation (LBP) and inflammation parameters (IL-6) in HIV-1-infected patients with long-term virologic suppression.
Collapse
|
25
|
Bin Z, Ya-Zheng X, Zhao-Hui D, Bo C, Li-Rong J, Vandenplas Y. The Efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 in Addition to Standard Helicobacter pylori Eradication Treatment in Children. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2015; 18:17-22. [PMID: 25866729 PMCID: PMC4391996 DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2015.18.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to investigate Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 during Helicobacter pylori eradication in children. METHODS One hundred ninety-four H. pylori positive children were randomized in two groups. Therapy (omeprazole+clarithromycin+amoxicillin or omeprazole+clarithromycin+metronidazole in case of penicillin allergy) was given to both groups during two weeks. In the treatment group (n: 102) S. boulardii was added to the triple therapy, while the control group (n: 92) only received triple therapy. The incidence, onset, duration and severity of diarrhea and compliance to the eradication treatment were compared. A (13)C urea breath test was done 4 weeks after the end of eradication therapy in two groups of 21 patients aged 12 years and older to test the H. pylori eradication rate. RESULTS In the treatment group, diarrhea occurred in 12 cases (11.76%), starting after 6.25±1.24 days, lasting 3.17±1.08 days, and compliance to eradication treatment was 100%. In the control group, diarrhea occurred in 26 cases (28.26%), starting after 4.05±1.11 days, lasting 4.02±0.87 days, and in six cases eradication treatment was stopped prematurely (p<0.05). The (13)C urea breath test showed successful H. pylori eradication in 71.4% of the patients in the treatment and in 61.9 % in the control group (not significant). CONCLUSION S. boulardii has a beneficial effect on the prevention and treatment of diarrhea during H. pylori eradication in children. Although S. boulardii did only slightly increase H. pylori eradication rate, compliance to eradication treatment was improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Bin
- Department of Digestion, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Medical College of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Ya-Zheng
- Department of Digestion, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Medical College of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Deng Zhao-Hui
- Department of Digestion, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Medical College of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chu Bo
- Department of Digestion, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Medical College of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Li-Rong
- Department of Digestion, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Medical College of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yvan Vandenplas
- Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Silveira M, Rosa R, Mendonça M, Hartwig D, Bilhalva A, Moreira G, Diaz P, Scapin L, Conceição F, Moreira Â. Saccharomyces boulardii ingestion increases the humoral response of a DNA vaccine against leptospirosis in mice. BMC Proc 2014. [PMCID: PMC4211031 DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-8-s4-p160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
27
|
Pontier-Bres R, Munro P, Boyer L, Anty R, Imbert V, Terciolo C, André F, Rampal P, Lemichez E, Peyron JF, Czerucka D. Saccharomyces boulardii modifies Salmonella typhimurium traffic and host immune responses along the intestinal tract. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103069. [PMID: 25118595 PMCID: PMC4145484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) is an enteropathogenic Gram-negative bacterium that causes infection following oral ingestion. ST spreads rapidly along the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and invades the intestinal epithelium to ultimately reach internal body organs. The probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii BIOCODEX (S.b-B) is prescribed for prophylaxis of diarrheal infectious diseases. We previously showed that S.b-B prevents weight loss in ST-infected mice and significantly decreases bacterial translocation to the spleen and liver. This study was designed to investigate the effect of S.b-B on ST migration along the GIT and the impact of the yeast on the host's early innate immune responses. Bioluminescent imaging (BLI) was used to evaluate the effect of S.b-B on the progression of luminescent Salmonella Typhimurium (ST-lux) in the GIT of mice pretreated with streptomycin. Photonic emission (PE) was measured in GIT extracts (stomach, small intestine, cecum and colon) at various time periods post-infection (PI). PE analysis revealed that, 45 min PI, ST-lux had migrated slightly faster in the mice treated with S.b-B than in the untreated infected animals. At 90 min PI, ST-lux had reached the cecum in both groups of mice. Adhesion of ST to S.b-B was visualized in the intestines of the mice and probably accounts for (1) the faster elimination of ST-lux in the feces, and (2) reduced translocation of ST to the spleen and liver. In the early phase of infection, S.b-B also modifies the host's immune responses by (1) increasing IFN-γ gene expression and decreasing IL-10 gene expression in the small intestine, and (2) elevating both IFN-γ, and IL-10 mRNA levels in the cecum. BLI revealed that S.b-B modifies ST migration and the host immune response along the GIT. Study findings shed new light on the protective mechanisms of S.b-B during the early phase of Salmonella pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Pontier-Bres
- INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Team 4 “Inflammation, Cancer, Cancer Stem Cells” Nice, France
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UFR Médecine, IFR50, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Patrick Munro
- INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Team 6 “Microbial toxins in host pathogen interactions” Nice, France
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UFR Médecine, IFR50, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Laurent Boyer
- INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Team 6 “Microbial toxins in host pathogen interactions” Nice, France
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UFR Médecine, IFR50, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Rodolphe Anty
- INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Team 8 “Hepatic complications in obesity” Nice, France
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UFR Médecine, IFR50, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Véronique Imbert
- INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Team 4 “Inflammation, Cancer, Cancer Stem Cells” Nice, France
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UFR Médecine, IFR50, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Chloé Terciolo
- CRO2 INSERM U911, Campus Santé Timone, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Fréderic André
- CRO2 INSERM U911, Campus Santé Timone, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Lemichez
- INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Team 6 “Microbial toxins in host pathogen interactions” Nice, France
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UFR Médecine, IFR50, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Jean-François Peyron
- INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Team 4 “Inflammation, Cancer, Cancer Stem Cells” Nice, France
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UFR Médecine, IFR50, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Dorota Czerucka
- INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Team 4 “Inflammation, Cancer, Cancer Stem Cells” Nice, France
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UFR Médecine, IFR50, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cytokine and clinical response to Saccharomyces boulardii therapy in diarrhea-dominant irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized trial. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 26:630-9. [PMID: 24722560 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000000094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This preliminary study aimed to investigate the effects of the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii on proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in patients with diarrhea-dominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D). The other objectives were to document any clinical improvement as judged by symptoms, quality of life, and histology. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial in which S. boulardii, 750 mg/day, or placebo was administered for 6 weeks in IBS-D patients, in addition to ispaghula husk standard treatment. RESULTS Thirty-seven patients received S. boulardii and 35 patients received the placebo. As compared with placebo, the S. boulardii group showed a significant decrease in blood and tissue levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-α (P<0.001) and an increase in anti-inflammatory IL-10 levels, as well as an increase in the tissue IL-10/IL-12 ratio (P<0.001). No significant change in the blood and tissue levels of cytokines was found in the placebo group. Bowel-related IBS-D symptoms reported in the patients' daily diary improved in both groups. However, overall improvement in the quality of life was more marked in the S. boulardii group. Although baseline histological findings were mild, an improvement was observed in the probiotic group in the lymphocyte and neutrophil infiltrates (P=0.017 and 0.018), epithelial mitosis (P=0.003), and intraepithelial lymphocytes (P=0.024). No serious adverse events were found in either group. CONCLUSION S. boulardii with ispaghula husk was superior to placebo with ispaghula husk in improving the cytokine profile, histology, and quality of life of patients with IBS-D. These preliminary results need to be confirmed in a well-powered trial.
Collapse
|
29
|
Smith IM, Christensen JE, Arneborg N, Jespersen L. Yeast modulation of human dendritic cell cytokine secretion: an in vitro study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96595. [PMID: 24816850 PMCID: PMC4015989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host. The concept of individual microorganisms influencing the makeup of T cell subsets via interactions with intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) appears to constitute the foundation for immunoregulatory effects of probiotics, and several studies have reported probiotic strains resulting in reduction of intestinal inflammation through modulation of DC function. Consequent to a focus on Saccharomyces boulardii as the fundamental probiotic yeast, very little is known about hundreds of non-Saccharomyces yeasts in terms of their interaction with the human gastrointestinal immune system. The aim of the present study was to evaluate 170 yeast strains representing 75 diverse species for modulation of inflammatory cytokine secretion by human DCs in vitro, as compared to cytokine responses induced by a S. boulardii reference strain with probiotic properties documented in clinical trials. Furthermore, we investigated whether cytokine inducing interactions between yeasts and human DCs are dependent upon yeast viability or rather a product of membrane interactions regardless of yeast metabolic function. We demonstrate high diversity in yeast induced cytokine profiles and employ multivariate data analysis to reveal distinct clustering of yeasts inducing similar cytokine profiles in DCs, highlighting clear species distinction within specific yeast genera. The observed differences in induced DC cytokine profiles add to the currently very limited knowledge of the cross-talk between yeasts and human immune cells and provide a foundation for selecting yeast strains for further characterization and development toward potentially novel yeast probiotics. Additionally, we present data to support a hypothesis that the interaction between yeasts and human DCs does not solely depend on yeast viability, a concept which may suggest a need for further classifications beyond the current definition of a probiotic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida M. Smith
- Health & Nutrition Division Discovery, Chr. Hansen A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Nils Arneborg
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lene Jespersen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Maioli TU, de Melo Silva B, Dias MN, Paiva NC, Cardoso VN, Fernandes SO, Carneiro CM, Dos Santos Martins F, de Vasconcelos Generoso S. Pretreatment with Saccharomyces boulardii does not prevent the experimental mucositis in Swiss mice. J Negat Results Biomed 2014; 13:6. [PMID: 24721659 PMCID: PMC4004512 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5751-13-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antimetabolite chemotherapy 5-Fluorouracil is one of the most commonly prescribed drugs in clinical cancer treatment. Although this drug is not specific for cancer cells and also acts on healthy cells, it can cause mucositis, a common collateral effect. Dysbiosis has also been described in 5-fluorouracil-induced mucositis and is likely to contribute to the overall development of mucositis. In light of this theory, the use of probiotics could be a helpful strategy to alleviate mucositis. So the aim of this study was evaluate the impact of the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii in a model of mucositis. RESULTS After induced of mucositis, mice from the Mucositis groups showed a decrease in food consumption (p < 0.05) and therefore had a greater weight loss (p < 0.05). The treatment with Saccharomyces boulardii did not reverse this effect (p > 0.05). Mucositis induced an increase in intestinal permeability and intestinal inflammation (p < 0.05). There were no differences in mucosal lesions, intestinal permeability and sIgA secretion (p > 0.05) in mice pretreated with S. boulardii. CONCLUSIONS S. boulardii was not able to prevent the effects of experimental mucositis induced by 5- Fluorouracil.
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang T, Sun H, Zhang J, Liu Q, Wang L, Chen P, Wang F, Li H, Xiao Y, Zhao X. The establishment of Saccharomyces boulardii surface display system using a single expression vector. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 64:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
32
|
Avila LFDCD, Telmo PDL, Martins LHR, Glaeser TA, Conceição FR, Leite FPL, Scaini CJ. Protective effect of the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii in Toxocara canis infection is not due to direct action on the larvae. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2014; 55:363-5. [PMID: 24037293 PMCID: PMC4105076 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652013000500012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study our group found that the probiotic
Saccharomyces boulardii was capable of reducing the
intensity of infection in mice with toxocariasis. In order to assess whether the
mechanism involved would be a direct action of the probiotic on Toxocara
canis larvae, this study was designed. Both probiotics were singly
cultivated in plates containing RPMI 1640 medium and T. canis
larvae. S. boulardii and B. cereus var. toyoi
cultures presented 97.6% and 95.7% of larvae with positive motility,
respectively, and absence of color by the dye trypan blue, not representing
significant difference to the control group (p > 0.05). We
conclude that none of the probiotics showed in vitro effects on
T. canis larvae and that the interaction with the
intestinal mucosa is necessary for the development of the protective effect of
S. boulardii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Farias da Costa de Avila
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900PelotasRSBrazilPost-Graduate Program in Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPEL); Campus Universitário, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil. Tel.: 55.53.3275-7350, Fax: 55.53.3275-7350
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Vieira AT, Teixeira MM, Martins FS. The role of probiotics and prebiotics in inducing gut immunity. Front Immunol 2013; 4:445. [PMID: 24376446 PMCID: PMC3859913 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut immune system is influenced by many factors, including dietary components and commensal bacteria. Nutrients that affect gut immunity and strategies that restore a healthy gut microbial community by affecting the microbial composition are being developed as new therapeutic approaches to treat several inflammatory diseases. Although probiotics (live microorganisms) and prebiotics (food components) have shown promise as treatments for several diseases in both clinical and animal studies, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind the direct and indirect effects on the gut immune response will facilitate better and possibly more efficient therapy for diseases. In this review, we will first describe the concept of prebiotics, probiotics, and symbiotics and cover the most recently well-established scientific findings regarding the direct and indirect mechanisms by which these dietary approaches can influence gut immunity. Emphasis will be placed on the relationship of diet, the microbiota, and the gut immune system. Second, we will highlight recent results from our group, which suggest a new dietary manipulation that includes the use of nutrient products (organic selenium and Lithothamnium muelleri) and probiotics (Saccharomyces boulardii UFMG 905 and Bifidobacterium sp.) that can stimulate and manipulate the gut immune response, inducing intestinal homeostasis. Furthermore, the purpose of this review is to discuss and translate all of this knowledge into therapeutic strategies and into treatment for extra-intestinal compartment pathologies. We will conclude by discussing perspectives and molecular advances regarding the use of prebiotics or probiotics as new therapeutic strategies that manipulate the microbial composition and the gut immune responses of the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angélica T Vieira
- Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Flaviano S Martins
- Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Stone S, Edmonds R, Rosenthal KS. Probiotics. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2013. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0b013e318297d780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
35
|
Sung MK, Park MY. Nutritional modulators of ulcerative colitis: Clinical efficacies and mechanistic view. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:994-1004. [PMID: 23467687 PMCID: PMC3582011 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i7.994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammation-associated disease of the colon and rectum. The onset and progress of the disease are directly influenced by the nature of the intestinal microflora, the intestinal barrier function, and the immunological responses of the host. The epithelial invasion of pathogenic bacteria due to excess contact and/or barrier dysfunction is related to inflammation mediated by intestinal immune responses. Although the etiology of UC is not clearly understood, recent studies have shown a rising incidence of UC worldwide, and this phenomenon is more prominent in Asian countries and in Asian immigrants in Western countries. The increased prevalence of UC also contributes to an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. Environmental factors, including changes in dietary habits, have been suggested as major risk factors of UC. A systematic review showed a negative association between UC risk and vegetable intake, whereas total fat, omega-6 fatty acids and meat intake were positively associated with an increased risk of UC. Individual dietary factors and energy balance have been suggested as having important roles in inducing changes in the microbial population and intestinal barrier integrity and in regulating inflammatory immune responses, directly or indirectly. Excess energy intake is now known to increase pathogenic microbial populations. Likewise, the application of appropriate probiotics may reverse the pathogenic progression of the disease. In the meantime, dietary anti-inflammatory compounds, including omega-3 fatty acids and other phytochemicals, may directly suppress inflammatory responses in the course of UC development. In this review, the increased prevalence of UC and its management are interpreted from the standpoint of nutritional modulation to regulate the intestinal microflora population, intestinal epithelium permeability, and inflammatory responses.
Collapse
|
36
|
Martins FS, Vieira AT, Elian SDA, Arantes RME, Tiago FCP, Sousa LP, Araújo HRC, Pimenta PF, Bonjardim CA, Nicoli JR, Teixeira MM. Inhibition of tissue inflammation and bacterial translocation as one of the protective mechanisms of Saccharomyces boulardii against Salmonella infection in mice. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:270-9. [PMID: 23376166 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidences suggest that Saccharomyces boulardii (SB) is efficacious against bacterial infections and inflammatory bowel diseases. This study investigated the effects of treatment with SB provided in a murine model of typhoid fever. Mice were divided into two groups: (1) control animals challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium (ST), and (2) animals receiving SB, and then challenged with ST. At days 0, 1, 5, 10 and 15 post-challenge, animals were euthanized and tissues collected to analyze bacterial translocation, cytokines, signaling pathways and histological analysis. Survival rate and animal weight were also evaluated. Treatment with SB increased survival rate and inhibited translocation of bacteria after ST challenge. Histological data showed that SB also protected mice against liver damage induced by ST. SB decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38, JNK and ERK1/2), phospho-IκB, p65-RelA, phospho-jun and c-fos in the colon, signal pathways involved in the activation of inflammation induced by ST. Further experiments revealed that probiotic effects were due, at least in part, to the binding of ST to the yeast. Such binding diminishes ST translocation, resulting in decreased activation of signaling pathways which lead to intestinal inflammation in a murine model of typhoid fever.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flaviano S Martins
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Benson KF, Redman KA, Carter SG, Keller D, Farmer S, Endres JR, Jensen GS. Probiotic metabolites from Bacillus coagulans GanedenBC30 TM support maturation of antigen-presenting cells in vitro. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:1875-83. [PMID: 22563167 PMCID: PMC3337562 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i16.1875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the effects of probiotic metabolites on maturation stage of antigen-presenting immune cells.
METHODS: Ganeden Bacillus coagulans 30 (GBC30) bacterial cultures in log phase were used to isolate the secreted metabolite (MET) fraction. A second fraction was made to generate a crude cell-wall-enriched fraction, by centrifugation and lysis, followed by washing. A preparation of MET was subjected to size exclusion centrifugation, generating three fractions: < 3 kDa, 3-30 kDa, and 30-200 kDa and activities were tested in comparison to crude MET and cell wall in primary cultures of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) as a source of antigen-presenting mononuclear phagocytes. The maturation status of mononuclear phagocytes was evaluated by staining with monoclonal antibodies towards CD14, CD16, CD80 and CD86 and analyzed by flow cytometry.
RESULTS: Treatment of PBMC with MET supported maturation of mononuclear phagocytes toward both macrophage and dendritic cell phenotypes. The biological activity unique to the metabolites included a reduction of CD14+ CD16+ pro-inflammatory cells, and this property was associated with the high molecular weight metabolite fraction. Changes were also seen for the dendritic cell maturation markers CD80 and CD86. On CD14dim cells, an increase in both CD80 and CD86 expression was seen, in contrast to a selective increase in CD86 expression on CD14bright cells. The co-expression of CD80 and CD86 indicates effective antigen presentation to T cells and support of T helper cell differentiation. The selective expression of CD86 in the absence of CD80 points to a role in generating T regulatory cells.
CONCLUSION: The data show that a primary mechanism of action of GBC30 metabolites involves support of more mature phenotypes of antigen-presenting cells, important for immunological decision-making.
Collapse
|
38
|
Kelesidis T, Pothoulakis C. Efficacy and safety of the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii for the prevention and therapy of gastrointestinal disorders. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2012; 5:111-25. [PMID: 22423260 PMCID: PMC3296087 DOI: 10.1177/1756283x11428502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several clinical trials and experimental studies strongly suggest a place for Saccharomyces boulardii as a biotherapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of several gastrointestinal diseases. S. boulardii mediates responses resembling the protective effects of the normal healthy gut flora. The multiple mechanisms of action of S. boulardii and its properties may explain its efficacy and beneficial effects in acute and chronic gastrointestinal diseases that have been confirmed by clinical trials. Caution should be taken in patients with risk factors for adverse events. This review discusses the evidence for efficacy and safety of S. boulardii as a probiotic for the prevention and therapy of gastrointestinal disorders in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Kelesidis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Div. of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Thomas S, Metzke D, Schmitz J, Dörffel Y, Baumgart DC. Anti-inflammatory effects of Saccharomyces boulardii mediated by myeloid dendritic cells from patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 301:G1083-92. [PMID: 21903765 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00217.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Saccharomyces boulardii (Sb) is a probiotic yeast that has demonstrated efficacy in pilot studies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Microbial antigen handling by dendritic cells (DC) is believed to be of critical importance for immunity and tolerance in IBD. The aim was to characterize the effects of Sb on DC from IBD patients. Highly purified (>95%), lipopolysaccharide-stimulated CD1c(+)CD11c(+)CD123(-) myeloid DC (mDC) from patients with ulcerative colitis (UC; n = 36), Crohn's disease (CD; n = 26), or infectious controls (IC; n = 4) were cultured in the presence or absence of fungal supernatant from Sb (SbS). Phenotype and cytokine production and/or secretion of IBD mDC were measured by flow cytometry and cytometric bead arrays, respectively. T cell phenotype and proliferation were assessed in a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) with allogenic CD4(+)CD45RA(+) naïve T cells from healthy donors. Mucosal healing was investigated in epithelial wounding and migration assays with IEC-6 cells. SbS significantly decreased the frequency of CD40-, CD80-, and CD197 (CCR7; chemokine receptor-7)-expressing IBD mDC and reduced their secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 while increasing IL-8. In the MLR, SbS significantly inhibited T cell proliferation induced by IBD mDC. Moreover, SbS inhibited T(H)1 (TNF-α and interferon-γ) polarization induced by UC mDC and promoted IL-8 and transforming growth factor-β-dependent mucosal healing. In summary, we provide novel evidence of synergistic mechanisms how Sb controls inflammation (inhibition of T cell costimulation and inflammation-associated migration and mobilization of DC) and promotes epithelial restitution relevant in IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Thomas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Charité Medical Center-Virchow Hospital, Medical School of the Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gad M, Ravn P, Søborg DA, Lund-Jensen K, Ouwehand AC, Jensen SS. Regulation of the IL-10/IL-12 axis in human dendritic cells with probiotic bacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:93-107. [PMID: 21707779 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have used monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) to design a screening model for the selection of microorganisms with the ability to suppress DC-secreted IL-12p70, a critical cytokine for the induction of T-helper cell type 1 immune responses under inflammatory conditions. By the treatment of DCs with cocktails containing TLR agonists and proinflammatory cytokines, the cells increased the secretion of the Th1-promoting cytokine IL-12p70. Clinically used probiotics were tested for their IL-10- and IL-12p70-stimulating properties in immature DCs, and showed a dose-dependent change in the IL-10/IL-12p70 balance. Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM(™) and the probiotic mixture VSL#3 showed a strong induction of IL-12p70, whereas Lactobacillus salivarius Ls-33 and Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 preferentially induced IL-10. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 induced both IL-10 and IL-12p70, whereas the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii induced low levels of cytokines. When combining these microorganisms with the Th1-promoting cocktails, E. coli Nissle 1917 and B. infantis 35624 were potent suppressors of IL-12p70 secretion in an IL-10-independent manner, indicating a suppressive effect on Th1-inducing antigen-presenting cells. The present model, using cocktail-stimulated DCs with potent IL-12p70-stimulating capacity, may be used as an efficient tool to assess the anti-inflammatory properties of microorganisms for potential clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gad
- Bioneer A/S, Kogle Allé 2, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
[Saccharomyces boulardii modulates dendritic cell properties and intestinal microbiota disruption after antibiotic treatment]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 34 Suppl 1:S71-8. [PMID: 20889009 DOI: 10.1016/s0399-8320(10)70024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Saccharomyces boulardii is a non-pathogenic yeast with biotherapeutic properties that has been used successfully to prevent and to treat various infectious and antibiotic-associated diarrheas. The intestinal microbiota is responsible for colonization resistance and immune response to pathogens but can be disrupted by antibiotics and lose its barrier effect. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells of the immune system with the ability to initiate a primary immune response or immune tolerance. In a human microbiota-associated mouse model, we evaluated the influence of S. boulardii on the composition of the microbiota and on the properties of dendritic cells in normal homeostatic conditions and after antibiotic-induced stress. The DCs were derived from splenic precursors. Membrane antigen expression and phagocytosis of FITC-latex beads by DCs were evaluated by flow cytometry. The molecular analysis of the microbiota was performed with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) combined with flow cytometry or confocal microscopy using group specific 16S rRNA targeted probes. This evaluation was conducted during and after a 7-day oral treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid alone and in combination with the administration of the yeast. The antibiotic treatment increased the phagocytic activity of DCs. Their antigen presenting function (MHC class II antigen and CD 86 costimulatory molecule membrane expression) was up-regulated. This reflects a functional activation of DCs. In the presence of S. boulardii, the modification of membrane antigen expression was down regulated. To correlate these modifications to the microbiota disruption, we analyzed in parallel the composition of the intestinal microbiota. As previously shown, the amoxicillin-clavulanic acid treatment, both alone and with S. boulardii, did not quantitatively alter the total microbiota. In contrast, after one day of the antibiotic treatment the Clostridium coccoides group decreased dramatically in the two groups of mice treated with the antibiotic. The level then increased regularly, and at days 17, 22 and 24 it increased faster (P < 0.05) in the AB+ Sb group than in the AB group, reaching the initial level at day 29. The Bacteroides group in the two groups of mice increased during the antibiotic treatment and decreased after the antibiotic was stopped, reaching the initial level. The rate of decrease was faster for the AB+ Sb group than for the AB group, with a significant difference (P < 0.05) at days 17 and 22. During antibiotic treatment, the Enterobacteriaceae group became detectable and its level increased in both groups of mice. After discontinuation of the antibiotic, its level decreased to become undetectable at day 29, without significant difference between the two groups. These results showed that S. boulardii treatment tends to restore the balance of the dominant anaerobic microbiota more rapidly in human microbiota associated-mice treated with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; the results also suggest that the yeast has a role in modulating the specific immune response to microbial associated-molecular patterns. This may explain, at least in part, the beneficial effects of S. boulardii in preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea. This also suggests that the yeast plays a role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis.
Collapse
|
42
|
Ng SC, Kamm MA, Stagg AJ, Knight SC. Intestinal dendritic cells: their role in bacterial recognition, lymphocyte homing, and intestinal inflammation. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:1787-807. [PMID: 20222140 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in discriminating between commensal microorganisms and potentially harmful pathogens and in maintaining the balance between tolerance and active immunity. The regulatory role of DC is of particular importance in the gut where the immune system lies in intimate contact with the highly antigenic external environment. Intestinal DC constantly survey the luminal microenvironment. They act as sentinels, acquiring antigens in peripheral tissues before migrating to secondary lymphoid organs to activate naive T cells. They are also sensors, responding to a spectrum of environmental cues by extensive differentiation or maturation. Recent studies have begun to elucidate mechanisms for functional specializations of DC in the intestine that may include the involvement of retinoic acid and transforming growth factor-β. Specialized CD103(+) intestinal DC can promote the differentiation of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells via a retinoic acid-dependent process. Different DC outcomes are, in part, influenced by their exposure to microbial stimuli. Evidence is also emerging of the close interaction between bacteria, epithelial cells, and DC in the maintenance of intestinal immune homeostasis. Here we review recent advances of functionally specialized intestinal DC and their mechanisms of antigen uptake and recognition. We also discuss the interaction of DC with intestinal microbiota and their ability to orchestrate protective immunity and immune tolerance in the host. Lastly, we describe how DC functions are altered in intestinal inflammation and their emerging potential as a therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Ng
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St Mark's Campus, Harrow, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ng SC, Plamondon S, Kamm MA, Hart AL, Al-Hassi HO, Guenther T, Stagg AJ, Knight SC. Immunosuppressive effects via human intestinal dendritic cells of probiotic bacteria and steroids in the treatment of acute ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:1286-98. [PMID: 20155842 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In ulcerative colitis (UC) gut bacteria drive inflammation. Bacterial recognition and T-cell responses are shaped by intestinal dendritic cells (DCs); therapeutic effects of probiotic bacteria may relate to modulation of intestinal DC. The probiotic mixture, VSL#3, increases interleukin (IL)-10 and downregulates IL-12p40 production by DC in vitro. We evaluated in vivo effects of oral VSL#3 and steroids on colonic DC in patients with acute UC. METHODS Rectal biopsies were obtained from patients with active UC before and after treatment with VSL#3, corticosteroids, or placebo, and from healthy controls. Myeloid colonic DC were studied from freshly isolated lamina propria cells using multicolor flow cytometry. Surface expression of activation markers, CD40, CD86, pattern recognition receptors, Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR-4 were assessed. Changed function was measured from ongoing intracellular IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-6, and IL-13 production. RESULTS Acute UC colonic myeloid DC were producing more IL-10 and IL-12p40 than control DC (P = 0.01). In VSL#3-treated patients DC TLR-2 expression decreased (P < 0.05), IL-10 production increased and IL-12p40 production decreased (P < 0.005); 10/14 patients on VSL#3 showed a clinical response. Corticosteroids also resulted in increased IL-10 and reduced IL-12p40 production by DC. Conversely, in patients on placebo, TLR-2 expression and intensity of staining for IL-12p40 and IL-6 increased (all P < 0.05); 5/14 patients on placebo showed a clinical response (P = NS). CONCLUSIONS Despite small numbers of human colonic DC available, we showed that treatment of UC patients with probiotic VSL#3 and corticosteroids induced "favorable" intestinal DC function in vivo, increasing regulatory cytokines and lowering proinflammatory cytokines and TLR expression. These effects may contribute to therapeutic benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siew C Ng
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St Mark's Campus, Watford Road, Harrow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
McFarland LV. Systematic review and meta-analysis of Saccharomyces boulardii in adult patients. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:2202-22. [PMID: 20458757 PMCID: PMC2868213 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i18.2202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 02/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the evidence for efficacy and safety of Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii) for various disease indications in adults based on the peer-reviewed, randomized clinical trials and pre-clinical studies from the published medical literature (Medline, Clinical Trial websites and meeting abstracts) between 1976 and 2009. For meta-analysis, only randomized, blinded controlled trials unrestricted by language were included. Pre-clinical studies, volunteer studies and uncontrolled studies were excluded from the review of efficacy and meta-analysis, but included in the systematic review. Of 31 randomized, placebo-controlled treatment arms in 27 trials (encompassing 5029 study patients), S. boulardii was found to be significantly efficacious and safe in 84% of those treatment arms. A meta-analysis found a significant therapeutic efficacy for S. boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) (RR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.35-0.63, P < 0.001). In adults, S. boulardii can be strongly recommended for the prevention of AAD and the traveler's diarrhea. Randomized trials also support the use of this yeast probiotic for prevention of enteral nutrition-related diarrhea and reduction of Helicobacter pylori treatment-related symptoms. S. boulardii shows promise for the prevention of C. difficile disease recurrences; treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, acute adult diarrhea, Crohn's disease, giardiasis, human immunodeficiency virus-related diarrhea; but more supporting evidence is recommended for these indications. The use of S. boulardii as a therapeutic probiotic is evidence-based for both efficacy and safety for several types of diarrhea.
Collapse
|
45
|
Foligné B, Dewulf J, Vandekerckove P, Pignède G, Pot B. Probiotic yeasts: Anti-inflammatory potential of various non-pathogenic strains in experimental colitis in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:2134-45. [PMID: 20440854 PMCID: PMC2864839 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i17.2134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the in vitro immunomodulation capacity of various non-pathogenic yeast strains and to investigate the ability of some of these food grade yeasts to prevent experimental colitis in mice.
METHODS: In vitro immunomodulation was assessed by measuring cytokines [interleukin (IL)-12p70, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor and interferon γ] released by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells after 24 h stimulation with 6 live yeast strains (Saccharomyces ssp.) and with bacterial reference strains. A murine model of acute 2-4-6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-colitis was next used to evaluate the distinct prophylactic protective capacities of three yeast strains compared with the performance of prednisolone treatment.
RESULTS: The six yeast strains all showed similar non-discriminating anti-inflammatory potential when tested on immunocompetent cells in vitro. However, although they exhibited similar colonization patterns in vivo, some yeast strains showed significant anti-inflammatory activities in the TNBS-induced colitis model, whereas others had weaker or no preventive effect at all, as evidenced by colitis markers (body-weight loss, macroscopic and histological scores, myeloperoxidase activities and blood inflammatory markers).
CONCLUSION: A careful selection of strains is required among the biodiversity of yeasts for specific clinical studies, including applications in inflammatory bowel disease and other therapeutic uses.
Collapse
|
46
|
Baumgart DC, Thomas S, Przesdzing I, Metzke D, Bielecki C, Lehmann SM, Lehnardt S, Dörffel Y, Sturm A, Scheffold A, Schmitz J, Radbruch A. Exaggerated inflammatory response of primary human myeloid dendritic cells to lipopolysaccharide in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 157:423-36. [PMID: 19664152 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03981.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) results from a breakdown of tolerance towards the indigenous flora in genetically susceptible hosts. Failure of dendritic cells (DC) to interpret molecular microbial patterns appropriately when directing innate and adaptive immune responses is conceivable. Primary (conventional, non-monocyte generated) CD1c(+)CD11c(+)CD14(-)CD16(-)CD19(-) myeloid blood or mucosal dendritic cells (mDC) from 76 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) in remission, during flare-ups (FU) and 76 healthy or non-IBD controls were analysed by fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) flow cytometry and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Cytokine secretion of freshly isolated, cultured and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated highly purified mDC (purity >95%) was assessed using cytometric bead arrays (CBA). More cultured and stimulated circulating mDC express CD40 in IBD patients. Stimulated circulating mDC from IBD patients secrete significantly more tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-8. Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 expression by mDC was higher in remission and increased significantly in flaring UC and CD patients compared with remission (P < 0.05) and controls (P < 0.001). Fluorochrome-labelled LPS uptake by mDC was evaluated at different time-points over 24 h by measuring mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). Circulating mDC from IBD patients take up more LPS and the uptake begins earlier compared with controls (P < 0.05 in CD-FU and UC-FU at 24 h). The frequency of mucosal mDC (P < 0.05) and the number of CD40 expressing mucosal mDC is significantly greater in UC and CD compared with non-IBD controls (P < 0.001 versus P < 0.01, respectively). Our data suggest an aberrant LPS response of mDC in IBD patients, resulting in an inflammatory phenotype and possibly intestinal homing in acute flares.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C Baumgart
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Charité Medical School of the Humboldt-University of Berlin, D-13344 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|