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Letelier P, Saldías R, Loren P, Riquelme I, Guzmán N. MicroRNAs as Potential Biomarkers of Environmental Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Link with Inflammation and Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16984. [PMID: 38069307 PMCID: PMC10707120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to atmospheric air pollution containing volatile organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been shown to be a risk factor in the induction of lung inflammation and the initiation and progression of lung cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small single-stranded non-coding RNA molecules of ~20-22 nucleotides that regulate different physiological processes, and their altered expression is implicated in various pathophysiological conditions. Recent studies have shown that the regulation of gene expression of miRNAs can be affected in diseases associated with outdoor air pollution, meaning they could also be useful as biomarkers of exposure to environmental pollution. In this article, we review the published evidence on miRNAs in relation to exposure to PAH pollution and discuss the possible mechanisms that may link these compounds with the expression of miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Letelier
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Salud de Precisión, Departamento de Procesos Diagnósticos y Evaluación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4813302, Chile; (R.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Rolando Saldías
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Salud de Precisión, Departamento de Procesos Diagnósticos y Evaluación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4813302, Chile; (R.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Pía Loren
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile;
| | - Ismael Riquelme
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco 4810101, Chile;
| | - Neftalí Guzmán
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Salud de Precisión, Departamento de Procesos Diagnósticos y Evaluación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4813302, Chile; (R.S.); (N.G.)
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Qu H, Liu X, Jiang T, Huang G, Cai H, Xing D, Mao Y, Zheng X. Integration analysis using bioinformatics and experimental validation on the clinical and biological significance of TSLP in cancers. Cell Signal 2023; 111:110874. [PMID: 37640192 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) has significantly impacted the development and progression of various neoplastic disorders. To comprehensively evaluate the diverse significance of TSLP in malignant tumors, we first integrative analyze the TSLP expression level in paired and unpaired pan-cancer tissue and cell line, compared against the normal tissue. The correlation between TSLP expression, molecular subtypes, immune subtypes, diagnostic value, and prognostic value in pan-cancer was also investigated. We then explored the impact of TSLP expression on multifaced immune cell infiltration and subsequent clinical outcomes in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients. and conducted cellular experiments to functionally examine the effect of TSLP on cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, migration, and invasion in LUAD. The anti-neoplastic mechanism of TSLP was further investigated by qRT-PCR and western blotting. Our findings reveal that TSLP expression is abnormally low in various cancers compared to normal tissue and is associated with different molecular and immune subtypes of cancers. Moreover, ROC and survival analysis results suggest that TSLP expression is correlated with the diagnostic, prognostic, clinical features, and immune cells of LUAD patients. Cell experiments showed that overexpression of TSLP elicited a significant reduction in LUAD cell viability, promoted cell apoptosis, impeded cell cycle progression in the G2/M phase, and inhibited cell migration and invasion. In addition, TSLP inhibited LUAD progression through the JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway. Therefore, targeting TSLP shows potential as a therapeutic strategy for pan-cancer, particularly for LUAD, and as a biomarker for predicting the prognosis of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Qu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xinning Liu
- Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao University (Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Qingdao 266033, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, Shandong, PR China; Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao University (Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Qingdao 266033, Shandong, PR China
| | - Guodong Huang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, Shandong, PR China
| | - Houhao Cai
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, Shandong, PR China
| | - Daijun Xing
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yuecheng Mao
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, Shandong, PR China; Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao University (Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Qingdao 266033, Shandong, PR China.
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Downes CEJ, McClure BJ, McDougal DP, Heatley SL, Bruning JB, Thomas D, Yeung DT, White DL. JAK2 Alterations in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Molecular Insights for Superior Precision Medicine Strategies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:942053. [PMID: 35903543 PMCID: PMC9315936 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.942053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric cancer, arising from immature lymphocytes that show uncontrolled proliferation and arrested differentiation. Genomic alterations affecting Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) correlate with some of the poorest outcomes within the Philadelphia-like subtype of ALL. Given the success of kinase inhibitors in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia, the discovery of activating JAK2 point mutations and JAK2 fusion genes in ALL, was a breakthrough for potential targeted therapies. However, the molecular mechanisms by which these alterations activate JAK2 and promote downstream signaling is poorly understood. Furthermore, as clinical data regarding the limitations of approved JAK inhibitors in myeloproliferative disorders matures, there is a growing awareness of the need for alternative precision medicine approaches for specific JAK2 lesions. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms behind ALL-associated JAK2 mutations and JAK2 fusion genes, known and potential causes of JAK-inhibitor resistance, and how JAK2 alterations could be targeted using alternative and novel rationally designed therapies to guide precision medicine approaches for these high-risk subtypes of ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte EJ. Downes
- Blood Cancer Program, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Barbara J. McClure
- Blood Cancer Program, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Daniel P. McDougal
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Susan L. Heatley
- Blood Cancer Program, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Australian and New Zealand Children’s Oncology Group (ANZCHOG), Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - John B. Bruning
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Daniel Thomas
- Blood Cancer Program, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David T. Yeung
- Blood Cancer Program, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Haematology, Royal Adelaide Hospital and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Deborah L. White
- Blood Cancer Program, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Australian and New Zealand Children’s Oncology Group (ANZCHOG), Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Chorvinsky E, Nino G, Salka K, Gaviria S, Gutierrez MJ, Pillai DK. TSLP bronchoalveolar lavage levels at baseline are linked to clinical disease severity and reduced lung function in children with asthma. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:971073. [PMID: 36245744 PMCID: PMC9557150 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.971073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is increasingly recognized as a key molecule in asthma pathogenesis and as a promising therapeutic target in adults. In contrast, in asthmatic children the clinical relevance of TSLP secretion in the lower airways has been remarkably understudied. We tested the hypothesis that pulmonary TSLP levels in asthmatic children correlate with clinical severity, airway inflammation and lower airway obstruction. METHODS Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples and relevant clinical data were collected from asthmatic children undergoing clinically indicated bronchoscopy at Children's National Hospital in Washington D.C. Protein levels of TSLP, IL-5, IL-1β, and IL-33 were quantified in BAL at baseline and correlated with individual severity and clinical features including spirometry, serum IgE and eosinophils, BAL neutrophil and eosinophil counts. RESULTS We enrolled a total of 35 asthmatic children (median age: 9 years). Pediatric subjects with severe asthma had greater TSLP BAL levels at baseline relative to mild or moderate asthmatic subjects (p = 0.016). Asthmatic children with the highest TSLP levels (>75th percentile) had higher IL-5 and IL-1β BAL levels and greater lower airway obstruction (lower FEV1/FVC ratios). CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates for the first time that higher pulmonary TSLP levels obtained at baseline are linked to asthma disease severity in a subset of children. These data indicate that TSLP may play a key role in the pathogenesis of pediatric asthma and thus provide initial support to investigate the potential use of anti-TSLP biologics to treat severe uncontrolled asthmatic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Chorvinsky
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Gustavo Nino
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kyle Salka
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Susana Gaviria
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Maria J Gutierrez
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dinesh K Pillai
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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Chigbu DI, Labib BA. Immunopharmacology in Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: Current and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070658. [PMID: 34358085 PMCID: PMC8308551 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a complex and chronic, multifactorial Th2 cell-mediated chronic ocular surface inflammatory condition that typically affects predominantly male children in hot or warm climates. The primary symptom is intense ocular pruritus, often significant enough to affect activities of daily living. Clinical features differ from simple forms of allergic conjunctivitis in that they are more-or-less confined to the superior tarsus and limbus. There is also a risk of corneal involvement, which leads to irreversible vision loss in approximately 6% of patients. Right now, there is no standardized treatment protocol, and many of the currently available options are not effective in severe and recurrent cases. As such, it is imperative to understand this complex allergic immune response in order to identify future therapeutic targets. This review will focus on potential drug targets in VKC, with particular emphasis on immunomodulators and immunobiologic agents.
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Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an allarmin cytokine whose importance in human asthma has been repeatedly documented. Accordingly, targeting of TSLP and TSLP-mediated signalling is considered as an attractive therapeutic strategy to asthma. Tezepelumab, which is the first-in-class anti-TSLP monoclonal antibodies (mAb), is a fully human IgG2λ mAb that binds human TSLP, prevents interaction with its receptor and, consequently, inhibits multiple downstream inflammatory pathways. Because of the excellent results of Phase II trials, the Food and Drug Administration granted tezepelumab as a 'breakthrough' biological drug for the treatment of severe asthma. Several studies with this mAb are ongoing. CSJ117 is an Ab fragment that binds to TSLP and is delivered by inhalation but there is no published information on this biologic agent. Since new information suggests that targeting TSLP may be more likely to improve day-to-day asthma symptoms, in contrast to targeting mediators of the adaptive immune system, approaches that primarily act to ameliorate asthma exacerbations, novel approaches capable of blocking TSLP (for example, fully human single-chain fragment variables against TSLP, bifunctional drugs such as the one that combines an anti-IL-13 mAb with an anti-TSLP mAb, a fusion protein consisting of the ectodomains of TSLPR and IL-7Ra that extend into the extracellular space, also known as a TSLP-trap, fragments capable of disrupting the TSLP:TSLPR complex) are under preclinical investigation. However, some critical aspects remain to be clarified before being able to define this approach as the one that will probably better help patients suffering from severe asthma because of its holistic effects.
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Sands RW, Verbeke CS, Ouhara K, Silva EA, Hsiong S, Kawai T, Mooney D. Tuning cytokines enriches dendritic cells and regulatory T cells in the periodontium. J Periodontol 2020; 91:1475-1485. [PMID: 32150760 PMCID: PMC7483931 DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal disease results from the pathogenic interactions between the tissue, immune system, and microbiota; however, standard therapy fails to address the cellular mechanism underlying the chronic inflammation. Dendritic cells (DC) are key regulators of T cell fate, and biomaterials that recruit and program DC locally can direct T cell effector responses. We hypothesized that a biomaterial that recruited and programmed DC toward a tolerogenic phenotype could enrich regulatory T cells within periodontal tissue, with the eventual goal of attenuating T cell mediated pathology. METHODS The interaction of previously identified factors that could induce tolerance, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), with the periodontitis network was confirmed in silico. The effect of the cytokines on DC migration was explored in vitro using time-lapse imaging. Finally, regulatory T cell enrichment in the dermis and periodontal tissue in response to alginate hydrogels delivering TSLP and GM-CSF was examinedin vivo in mice using immunohistochemistry and live-animal imaging. RESULTS The GM-CSF and TSLP interactome connects to the periodontitis network. GM-CSF enhances DC migration in vitro. An intradermal injection of an alginate hydrogel releasing GM-CSF enhanced DC numbers and the addition of TSLP enriched FOXP3+ regulatory T cells locally. Injection of a hydrogel with GM-CSF and TSLP into the periodontal tissue in mice increased DC and FOXP3+ cell numbers in the tissue, FOXP3+ cells in the lymph node, and IL-10 in the tissue. CONCLUSION Local biomaterial-mediated delivery of GM-CSF and TSLP can enrich DC and FOXP3+ cells and holds promise for treating the pathologic inflammation of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Warren Sands
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA
- Wyss Institute, Boston, MA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Catia S. Verbeke
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA
- Wyss Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Kazuhisa Ouhara
- Hiroshima University, Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima, Japan
- Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Eduardo A. Silva
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA
- Wyss Institute, Boston, MA
- University of California, Davis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Davis, CA
| | - Susan Hsiong
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA
- College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL
| | - David Mooney
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA
- Wyss Institute, Boston, MA
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Zhou X, Zhang J, Liu J, Guo J, Wei Y, Li J, He P, Lan T, Peng L, Li H. MicroRNA miR-155-5p knockdown attenuates Angiostrongylus cantonensis-induced eosinophilic meningitis by downregulating MMP9 and TSLP proteins. Int J Parasitol 2020; 51:13-22. [PMID: 32966836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection is a major cause of eosinophilic meningitis (EM). Severe cases or cases that involve infants and children present poor prognoses. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which are important regulators of gene expression in many biological processes, were recently found to be regulators of the host response to infection by parasites; however, their roles in brain inflammation caused by A. cantonensis are still unclear. The current study confirmed that miR-155-5p peaked at 21 days after A. cantonensis infection, and its expression was positively correlated with the concentration of excretory and secretory products (ESPs). We found that miR-155-5p knockdown lentivirus successfully ameliorated brain injury and downregulated the expression of major basic protein (MBP) in vivo, and the number of eosinophils in CSF (and the percentage of eosinophils in peripheral blood were also decreased in the miR-155-5p knockdown group. Moreover, the expression of several eosinophilic inflammation cytokines such as CCL6/C10, ICAM-1, and MMP9, declined after the miR-155-5p knockdown. SOCS1 protein, which is an important negative regulator of inflammation activation, was identified as a direct miR-155-5p target. We further detected the effect of miR-155-5p knockdown on phosphorylated-STAT3 and phosphorylated-p65 proteins, which were found to be negatively regulated by SOCS1 and play an important role in regulating the inflammatory response. We found that miR-155-5p knockdown decreased the activity of p-STAT3 and p-p65, thereby leading to lower expression of MMP9 and TSLP proteins, which were closely related to the chemotaxis and infiltration of eosinophils. Interestingly, the inhibition of p-STAT3 or p-p65 was found to induce the downregulation of miR-155-5p in an opposite manner. These observations suggest that a positive feedback loop was formed between miR-155-5p, STAT3, and NF-κB in A. cantonensis infection and that miR-155-5p inhibition might provide a novel strategy to attenuate eosinophilic meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xumin Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, PR China
| | - Jinming Zhang
- Department of Respiration, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Jumei Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Jianyu Guo
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Yong Wei
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Peiqing He
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Tian Lan
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Lilan Peng
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
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Marković I, Savvides SN. Modulation of Signaling Mediated by TSLP and IL-7 in Inflammation, Autoimmune Diseases, and Cancer. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1557. [PMID: 32849527 PMCID: PMC7396566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) and Interleukin-7 (IL-7) are widely studied cytokines within distinct branches of immunology. On one hand, TSLP is crucially important for mediating type 2 immunity at barrier surfaces and has been linked to widespread allergic and inflammatory diseases of the airways, skin, and gut. On the other hand, IL-7 operates at the foundations of T-cell and innate lymphoid cell (ILC) development and homeostasis and has been associated with cancer. Yet, TSLP and IL-7 are united by key commonalities in their structure and the structural basis of the receptor assemblies they mediate to initiate cellular signaling, in particular their cross-utilization of IL-7Rα. As therapeutic targeting of TSLP and IL-7 via diverse approaches is reaching advanced stages and in light of the plethora of mechanistic and structural data on receptor signaling mediated by the two cytokines, the time is ripe to provide integrated views of such knowledge. Here, we first discuss the major pathophysiological roles of TSLP and IL-7 in autoimmune diseases, inflammation and cancer. Subsequently, we curate structural and mechanistic knowledge about receptor assemblies mediated by the two cytokines. Finally, we review therapeutic avenues targeting TSLP and IL-7 signaling. We envision that such integrated view of the mechanism, structure, and modulation of signaling assemblies mediated by TSLP and IL-7 will enhance and fine-tune the development of more effective and selective approaches to further interrogate the role of TSLP and IL-7 in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Marković
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Savvas N Savvides
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Vitallé J, Terrén I, Orrantia A, Bilbao A, Gamboa PM, Borrego F, Zenarruzabeitia O. The Expression and Function of CD300 Molecules in the Main Players of Allergic Responses: Mast Cells, Basophils and Eosinophils. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093173. [PMID: 32365988 PMCID: PMC7247439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergy is the host immune response against non-infectious substances called allergens. The prevalence of allergic diseases is increasing worldwide. However, while some drugs counteract the symptomatology caused by allergic reactions, no completely effective treatments for allergic diseases have been developed yet. In this sense, the ability of surface activating and inhibitory receptors to modulate the function of the main effector cells of allergic responses makes these molecules potential pharmacological targets. The CD300 receptor family consists of members with activating and inhibitory capabilities mainly expressed on the surface of immune cells. Multiple studies in the last few years have highlighted the importance of CD300 molecules in several pathological conditions. This review summarizes the literature on CD300 receptor expression, regulation and function in mast cells, basophils and eosinophils, the main players of allergic responses. Moreover, we review the involvement of CD300 receptors in the pathogenesis of certain allergic diseases, as well as their prospective use as therapeutic targets for the treatment of IgE-dependent allergic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Vitallé
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (J.V.); (I.T.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (P.M.G.); (F.B.)
| | - Iñigo Terrén
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (J.V.); (I.T.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (P.M.G.); (F.B.)
| | - Ane Orrantia
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (J.V.); (I.T.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (P.M.G.); (F.B.)
| | - Agurtzane Bilbao
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (J.V.); (I.T.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (P.M.G.); (F.B.)
- Pediatrics Service, Cruces University Hospital, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Pedro M. Gamboa
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (J.V.); (I.T.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (P.M.G.); (F.B.)
- Allergology Service, Cruces University Hospital, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Francisco Borrego
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (J.V.); (I.T.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (P.M.G.); (F.B.)
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Olatz Zenarruzabeitia
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (J.V.); (I.T.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (P.M.G.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-699-227-735
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Gohy S, Hupin C, Ladjemi MZ, Hox V, Pilette C. Key role of the epithelium in chronic upper airways diseases. Clin Exp Allergy 2019; 50:135-146. [PMID: 31746062 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory epithelium of the upper airways is a first-line defence against inhaled irritants, pathogens and allergens. It ensures a physical barrier provided by apical junctions and mucociliary clearance to avoid excessive activation of the immune system. The epithelium also forms a chemical and immunological barrier, extensively equipped to protect the airways against external aggressions before the adaptive immune system is required. Under normal circumstances, the epithelium is capable of recovering rapidly after damage. This manuscript reviews these main properties of the upper airway epithelium as well as its reported impairments in chronic inflammatory diseases. The knowledge on normal epithelial functions and their dysregulation in upper airway diseases should help to design new epithelial-targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Gohy
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Pneumology, Cliniques universitaires, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cloé Hupin
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maha Zohra Ladjemi
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Hox
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques universitaires, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charles Pilette
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Pneumology, Cliniques universitaires, Brussels, Belgium
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12
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Marone G, Spadaro G, Braile M, Poto R, Criscuolo G, Pahima H, Loffredo S, Levi-Schaffer F, Varricchi G. Tezepelumab: a novel biological therapy for the treatment of severe uncontrolled asthma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 28:931-940. [PMID: 31549891 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1672657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is overexpressed in the airways of severe asthmatics and is an upstream cytokine that orchestrates inflammatory responses in asthma. TSLP exerts its effects by binding to a high affinity heteromeric receptor complex composed of TSLPR and IL-7Rα. An association of polymorphisms in TSLP with airway hyperresponsiveness, IgE, eosinophilia and asthma has been documented. TSLP has been implicated in asthma pathophysiology. Tezepelumab is a first-in-class human monoclonal antibody that binds to TSLP, thus inhibiting its interaction with TSLP receptor complex. Tezepelumab given as an add-on-therapy to patients with severe uncontrolled asthma has shown safety, tolerability and efficacy. Several trials are evaluating the long-term safety and the efficacy of tezepelumab in adults and adolescents with severe uncontrolled asthma.Areas covered: We provide an overview of the monoclonal antibody therapeutics market for severe uncontrolled asthma, examine the underlying pathophysiology that drives TSLP and discuss the use of tezepelumab for the treatment of severe uncontrolled asthma,Expert opinion: TSLP is a promising target for T2-high and perhaps some patients with T2-low asthma. The results of preliminary clinical trials are encouraging. Several unanswered questions concerning basic pathophysiological aspects of TSLP variants, the long-term safety and efficacy of tezepelumab with different phenotypes/endotypes of asthma should be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Marone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali dei Colli - Monaldi Hospital Pharmacy, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spadaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariantonia Braile
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Remo Poto
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Gjada Criscuolo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Hadas Pahima
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
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13
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Structure-Activity Relationships of Baicalein and its Analogs as Novel TSLP Inhibitors. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8762. [PMID: 31217492 PMCID: PMC6584507 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44853-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) plays an important role in the differentiation and proliferation of Th2 cells, resulting in eosinophilic inflammation and numerous allergic diseases. Baicalein (1), a major component of Scutellaria baicalensis, was found to be the first small molecule to block TSLP signaling pathways. It inhibited effectively eosinophil infiltration in house dust mite-induced and ovalbumin-challenged mouse models. Structure-activity relationship studies identified compound 11a, a biphenyl flavanone analog, as a novel human TSLP inhibitor for the discovery and development of new anti-allergic drugs.
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14
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Arias Á, Lucendo AJ. Molecular basis and cellular mechanisms of eosinophilic esophagitis for the clinical practice. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 13:99-117. [PMID: 30791784 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2019.1546120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, allergen-driven inflammatory esophageal disease characterized by predominantly eosinophilic inflammation leading to esophageal dysfunction. Recent efforts to understand EoE have increased our knowledge of the disease. Areas covered: Multiple cells, molecules, and genes interplay with early life environmental factors in the pathophysiology of EoE to converge in the esophageal epithelium at the center of disease pathogenesis. Epithelial cells constitute a mayor cytokine source for TSLP and Calpain-14; an impaired epithelial barrier function allowing penetration of food and microbiota-derived antigens is involved in triggering and maintaining inflammation. Eosinophil and mast cell-derived products, including TGFβ, together with IL-1β and TNFα, promote epithelial mesenchymal transition in EoE, contributing to tissue remodeling by synthetizing and depositing extracellular matrix in subepithelial layers. This article aims to provide a state-of-the-art update on the pathophysiology of EoE applied to clinical practice, and latest research and developments with potential interest to improve the diagnosis and treatment of patients with EoE are revised. Expert commentary: Preliminary approaches have provided promising results toward incorporating minimally invasive methods for patient diagnosis and monitoring in clinical practice. Early diagnosis and optimized therapies will allow for personalized medicine in EoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Arias
- a Research Unit , Hospital General La Mancha Centro , Alcázar de San Juan , Spain.,b Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Alfredo J Lucendo
- b Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) , Madrid , Spain.,c Department of Gastroenterology , Hospital General de Tomelloso , Ciudad Real , Spain
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15
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Chudakov DB, Shevchenko MA, Fattakhova GV, Svirshchevskaya EV. Effect of Alarmins on the Synthesis of Tissue Cytokines. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683819010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Cytokines in sensitization to aeroallergens. Allergol Select 2018; 2:94-100. [PMID: 31826038 PMCID: PMC6881858 DOI: 10.5414/alx1480e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about the immunological mechanisms underlying asthma bronchiale is a prerequisite for development of new (causal) interventions. A large number of studies has proven asthma to be a complex disease with subtypes with different immunological features. Cytokines and chemokines, which are secreted by immune cells as well as structural cells play an important role not only in maintenance and amplification but have significant impact in the initiation of pulmonary inflammations – the asymptomatic sensitization phase. This article describes important immunological mediators in the context of the pulmonary sensitization phase. Moreover chances and constraints of intervention strategies aiming at these mediators are discussed. Several new aspects like classification of immunological phenotypes in bronchial asthma for individualized strategies and taking the sensitization phase into account, reveal possible targets among both “old acquaintances” like IL-4 and newly identified mediators (e.g. IL-17, IL-33).
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent studies have highlighted the role of alarmins in asthma pathophysiology and tested the roles of these cytokines in asthmatic patients. This review will discuss the recent advances in the role of alarmins in asthma and the potential of future targeted therapies in asthma. RECENT FINDINGS Epithelial-derived cytokines can be released upon exposure to external stimuli, causing damage to the epithelial barrier and resulting in tissue inflammation. Of these cytokines, IL-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoeitin (TSLP), have been associated with asthma. These alarmins are all not only overexpressed in asthmatic airways, particularly in airway epithelial cells, but also in other structural and immune cells. Furthermore, all three alarmins drive type-2 pro-inflammatory responses in several immune cells that have been identified as key players in the pathogenesis of asthma, including innate lymphoid type-2 cells. Clinical trials testing therapeutics that block pathways of the alarmins are in progress. SUMMARY To-date, only TSLP blockade has been reported in human clinical trials, and this approach has shown efficacy in asthmatic patients. Current body of evidence suggests that alarmins are useful upstream targets for treatment of asthma.
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18
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Varricchi G, Pecoraro A, Marone G, Criscuolo G, Spadaro G, Genovese A, Marone G. Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Isoforms, Inflammatory Disorders, and Cancer. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1595. [PMID: 30057581 PMCID: PMC6053489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a pleiotropic cytokine originally isolated from a murine thymic stromal cell line. TSLP exerts its biological effects by binding to a high-affinity heteromeric complex composed of thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptor chain and IL-7Rα. TSLP is primarily expressed by activated lung and intestinal epithelial cells, keratinocytes, and fibroblasts. However, dendritic cells (DCs), mast cells, and presumably other immune cells can also produce TSLP. Different groups of investigators have demonstrated the existence of two variants for TSLP in human tissues: the main isoform expressed in steady state is the short form (sf TSLP), which plays a homeostatic role, whereas the long form (lfTSLP) is upregulated in inflammatory conditions. In addition, there is evidence that in pathological conditions, TSLP can be cleaved by several endogenous proteases. Several cellular targets for TSLP have been identified, including immune (DCs, ILC2, T and B cells, NKT and Treg cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, mast cells, and macrophages) and non-immune cells (platelets and sensory neurons). TSLP has been originally implicated in a variety of allergic diseases (e.g., atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma, eosinophilic esophagitis). Emerging evidence indicates that TSLP is also involved in chronic inflammatory (i.e., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and celiac disease) and autoimmune (e.g., psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis) disorders and several cancers. These emerging observations greatly widen the role of TSLP in different human diseases. Most of these studies have not used tools to analyze the expression of the two TSLP isoforms. The broad pathophysiologic profile of TSLP has motivated therapeutic targeting of this cytokine. Tezepelumab is a first-in-class human monoclonal antibody (1) that binds to TSLP inhibiting its interaction with TSLP receptor complex. Tezepelumab given as an add-on-therapy to patients with severe uncontrolled asthma has shown safety and efficacy. Several clinical trials are evaluating the safety and the efficacy of tezepelumab in different inflammatory disorders. Monoclonal antibodies used to neutralize TSLP should not interact or hamper the homeostatic effects of sf TSLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Pecoraro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Marone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Monaldi Hospital Pharmacy, Naples, Italy
| | - Gjada Criscuolo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spadaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Arturo Genovese
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “Gaetano Salvatore”, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
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19
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Lin SC, Cheng FY, Liu JJ, Ye YL. Expression and Regulation of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin and Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Receptor Heterocomplex in the Innate-Adaptive Immunity of Pediatric Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041231. [PMID: 29670037 PMCID: PMC5979588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the airway, and it is characterized by a wheezing breathing sound, variable airflow obstruction and the presence of inflammatory cells in the submucosa of the bronchi. Viral infection, pollutants and sensitivity to aeroallergens damage the epithelium from childhood, which causes asthma. The pathogenesis of asthma includes pathways of innate stimulation by environmental microbes and irritant pathogens. Damaged epithelial cells produce thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and stimulate myeloid dendritic cell maturation through the thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptor (TSLPR) heterocomplex. TSLP-activated myeloid dendritic cells promote naive CD4+ T cells to differentiate into T helper type 2 (Th2) phenotype CD4+ T cells. Re-exposure to allergens or environmental stimuli causes an adaptive immune response. TSLP-activated dendritic cells expressing the OX40 ligand (OX40L; CD252) trigger naive CD4+ T cells to differentiate into inflammatory Th2 effector cells secreting the cytokines interleukin-4, 5, 9, and 13 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13), and the dendritic cells (DCs) promote the proliferation of allergen-specific Th2 memory cells. Allergen presentation by Th2 cells through its interaction with their receptors in the presence of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II on B cells and through costimulation involving CD40 and CD40L interactions results in immunoglobulin class switching from IgM to IgE. DCs and other blood cell subsets express the TSLPR heterocomplex. The regulatory mechanism of the TSLPR heterocomplex on these different cell subsets remains unclear. The TSLPR heterocomplex is composed of the IL-7Rα chain and TSLPR chain. Moreover, two isoforms of TSLP, short isoform TSLP (sfTSLP) and long isoform TSLP (lfTSLP), have roles in atopic and allergic development. Identifying and clarifying the regulation of TSLPR and IL-7Rα in pediatric asthma are still difficult, because the type of blood cell and the expression for each blood cell in different stages of atopic diseases are poorly understood. We believe that further integrated assessments of the regulation mechanism of the TSLP–TSLPR heterocomplex axis in vitro and in vivo can provide a faster and earlier diagnosis of pediatric asthma and promote the development of more effective preventive strategies at the onset of allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chieh Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 23561, Taiwan.
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.
| | - Fang-Yi Cheng
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 22060, Taiwan.
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Jun-Jen Liu
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ling Ye
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin County 63201, Taiwan.
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20
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Hatayama T, Segawa R, Mizuno N, Eguchi S, Akamatsu H, Fukuda M, Nakata F, Leonard WJ, Hiratsuka M, Hirasawa N. All- Trans Retinoic Acid Enhances Antibody Production by Inducing the Expression of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Protein. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:2670-2676. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Many classical vaccines contain whole pathogens and, thus, may occasionally induce adverse effects, such as inflammation. Vaccines containing purified rAgs resolved this problem, but, owing to their low antigenicity, they require adjuvants. Recently, the use of several cytokines, including thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), has been proposed for this purpose. However, it is difficult to use cytokines as vaccine adjuvants in clinical practice. In this study, we examined the effects of all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) on TSLP production and Ag-induced Ab production. Application of atRA onto the ear lobes of mice selectively induced TSLP production without inducing apparent inflammation. The effects appeared to be regulated via retinoic acid receptors γ and α. Treatment with atRA was observed to enhance OVA-induced specific Ab production; however, this effect was completely absent in TSLP receptor–knockout mice. An enhancement in Ab production was also observed when recombinant hemagglutinin was used as the Ag. In conclusion, atRA was an effective adjuvant through induction of TSLP production. Therefore, we propose that TSLP-inducing low m.w. compounds, such as atRA, may serve as effective adjuvants for next-generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hatayama
- *Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Segawa
- *Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Natsumi Mizuno
- *Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Warren J. Leonard
- ‡Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Masahiro Hiratsuka
- *Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Hirasawa
- *Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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21
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Chigbu DI, Minhas BK. Immunopathology of Allergic Conjunctivitis. EUROPEAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.33590/emj/10312711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic conjunctivitis is predominantly an immunoglobulin E-mediated hypersensitivity reaction to environmental allergens. Allergic diseases affect >30% of the world’s population, of which 40% report associated ocular manifestations. Cellular and soluble mediators play a major role in the pathophysiology of allergic conjunctivitis. Mast cells, which are major effector cells of allergic conjunctivitis, undergo activation and degranulation to release histamine, tryptase, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and cytokines. These mediators play important roles in immunopathological mechanisms that generate the clinical manifestations of allergic conjunctivitis. These clinical features include conjunctival hyperaemia, chemosis, tearing, itching, papillae, mucus discharge, and eyelid oedema. Histamine mediates the early phase of the allergic immune response, whereas lipid mediators and cytokines are involved in the late phase of the immunopathology of allergic conjunctivitis. Current management of allergic conjunctivitis includes non-pharmacological approaches such as allergen avoidance and palliative therapy, whereas pharmacological therapeutic modalities may include antihistamine–mast cell stabiliser combination ophthalmic formulations and allergen-specific immunotherapy. Furthermore, as cellular and soluble mediators play a pivotal role in the immunopathogenesis and immunopathology of allergic conjunctivitis, development of immunotherapeutic and pharmacotherapeutic agents specific to these mediators can enhance the therapeutic index and safety profile of anti-allergy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeGaulle I. Chigbu
- Pennsylvania College of Optometry, Salus University, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bhawanjot K. Minhas
- Pennsylvania College of Optometry, Salus University, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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22
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sRAGE alleviates neutrophilic asthma by blocking HMGB1/RAGE signalling in airway dendritic cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14268. [PMID: 29079726 PMCID: PMC5660212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14667-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) plays a role in inflammatory reactions. The soluble form of RAGE (sRAGE) acts as a decoy to inhibit interactions of RAGE with advanced glycation end products such as High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). We have demonstrated that HMGB1 directs Th17 skewing by regulating dendritic cell (DC) functions in a previous study. However, the protective effects of HMGB1 blockade with sRAGE in the development of neutrophilic asthma remain unclear. Here, we showed that allergen challenge decreased expression of sRAGE in a murine model of neutrophilic asthma, correlating well with neutrophil counts and interleukin (IL)-17 production. When HMGB1 signalling was blocked by intratracheal administration of sRAGE before sensitisation, HMGB1 expression, neutrophilic inflammation, and Th17-type responses were reduced significantly. Anti-asthma effects of sRAGE were achieved by inhibition of RAGE and IL-23 expression in airway CD11c+ antigen-presenting cells. Finally, we showed that sRAGE inhibited Th17 polarisation induced by recombinant HMGB1 (rHMGB1)-activated dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro. Adoptive transfer of rHMGB1-activated DCs was sufficient to restore airway inflammation, whereas transfer of rHMGB1 plus sRAGE-activated DCs significantly reduced neutrophilic inflammation. Thus, sRAGE prevents Th17-mediated airway inflammation in neutrophilic asthma at least partly by blocking HMGB1/RAGE signalling in DCs.
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23
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In terms of immune regulating functions, analysis of the microbiome has led the development of therapeutic strategies that may be applicable to asthma management. This review summarizes the current literature on the gut and lung microbiota in asthma pathogenesis with a focus on the roles of innate molecules and new microbiome-mediated therapeutics. RECENT FINDINGS Recent clinical and basic studies to date have identified several possible therapeutics that can target innate immunity and the microbiota in asthma. Some of these drugs have shown beneficial effects in the treatment of certain asthma phenotypes and for protection against asthma during early life. Current clinical evidence does not support the use of these therapies for effective treatment of asthma. The integration of the data regarding microbiota with technologic advances, such as next generation sequencing and omics offers promise. Combining comprehensive bioinformatics, new molecules and approaches may shape future asthma treatment.
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24
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Verstraete K, Peelman F, Braun H, Lopez J, Van Rompaey D, Dansercoer A, Vandenberghe I, Pauwels K, Tavernier J, Lambrecht BN, Hammad H, De Winter H, Beyaert R, Lippens G, Savvides SN. Structure and antagonism of the receptor complex mediated by human TSLP in allergy and asthma. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14937. [PMID: 28368013 PMCID: PMC5382266 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is pivotal to the pathophysiology of widespread allergic diseases mediated by type 2 helper T cell (Th2) responses, including asthma and atopic dermatitis. The emergence of human TSLP as a clinical target against asthma calls for maximally harnessing its therapeutic potential via structural and mechanistic considerations. Here we employ an integrative experimental approach focusing on productive and antagonized TSLP complexes and free cytokine. We reveal how cognate receptor TSLPR allosterically activates TSLP to potentiate the recruitment of the shared interleukin 7 receptor α-chain (IL-7Rα) by leveraging the flexibility, conformational heterogeneity and electrostatics of the cytokine. We further show that the monoclonal antibody Tezepelumab partly exploits these principles to neutralize TSLP activity. Finally, we introduce a fusion protein comprising a tandem of the TSLPR and IL-7Rα extracellular domains, which harnesses the mechanistic intricacies of the TSLP-driven receptor complex to manifest high antagonistic potency. The pro-inflammatory cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a promising therapeutic target. Here the authors characterize the assembly mechanism of the receptor complex driven by human TSLP, and its antagonism by the monoclonal antibody Tezepelumab and a fusion protein comprising the TSLP receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Verstraete
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Zwijnaarde, Ghent 9052, Belgium.,Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Frank Peelman
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Harald Braun
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Zwijnaarde, Ghent 9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Juan Lopez
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle-CNRS UMR8576, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq 59655, France.,Sciences Department-Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima 32, Peru
| | - Dries Van Rompaey
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium
| | - Ann Dansercoer
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Zwijnaarde, Ghent 9052, Belgium.,Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Isabel Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Kris Pauwels
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Brussels 1050, Belgium.,Structural Biology Brussels, Bio-Engineering Sciences Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Zwijnaarde, Ghent 9052, Belgium.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Hamida Hammad
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Zwijnaarde, Ghent 9052, Belgium.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Hans De Winter
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Zwijnaarde, Ghent 9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Guy Lippens
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle-CNRS UMR8576, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq 59655, France.,LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Savvas N Savvides
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Zwijnaarde, Ghent 9052, Belgium.,Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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25
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Silva FMC, Oliveira EE, Gouveia ACC, Brugiolo ASS, Alves CC, Correa JOA, Gameiro J, Mattes J, Teixeira HC, Ferreira AP. Obesity promotes prolonged ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation modulating T helper type 1 (Th1), Th2 and Th17 immune responses in BALB/c mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 189:47-59. [PMID: 28263381 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and epidemiological studies indicate that obesity affects the development and phenotype of asthma by inducing inflammatory mechanisms in addition to eosinophilic inflammation. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of obesity on allergic airway inflammation and T helper type 2 (Th2) immune responses using an experimental model of asthma in BALB/c mice. Mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA), and analyses were performed at 24 and 48 h after the last OVA challenge. Obesity induced an increase of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-expressing macrophages and neutrophils which peaked at 48 h after the last OVA challenge, and was associated with higher levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-9, IL-17A, leptin and interferon (IFN)-γ in the lungs. Higher goblet cell hyperplasia was associated with elevated mast cell influx into the lungs and trachea in the obese allergic mice. In contrast, early eosinophil influx and lower levels of IL-25, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), CCL11 and OVA-specific immunoglobulin (IgE) were observed in the obese allergic mice in comparison to non-obese allergic mice. Moreover, obese mice showed higher numbers of mast cells regardless of OVA challenge. These results indicate that obesity affects allergic airway inflammation through mechanisms involving mast cell influx and the release of TSLP and IL-25, which favoured a delayed immune response with an exacerbated Th1, Th2 and Th17 profile. In this scenario, an intense mixed inflammatory granulocyte influx, classically activated macrophage accumulation and intense mucus production may contribute to a refractory therapeutic response and exacerbate asthma severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M C Silva
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - E E Oliveira
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - A C C Gouveia
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - A S S Brugiolo
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - C C Alves
- Federal University of Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Medicial School do Mucuri, FAMMUC, São Paulo, MG, Brazil
| | - J O A Correa
- Department of Pharmaceutics Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - J Gameiro
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - J Mattes
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - H C Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - A P Ferreira
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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26
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Gohy ST, Hupin C, Pilette C, Ladjemi MZ. Chronic inflammatory airway diseases: the central role of the epithelium revisited. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:529-42. [PMID: 27021118 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory epithelium plays a critical role for the maintenance of airway integrity and defense against inhaled particles. Physical barrier provided by apical junctions and mucociliary clearance clears inhaled pathogens, allergens or toxics, to prevent continuous stimulation of adaptive immune responses. The "chemical barrier", consisting of several anti-microbial factors such as lysozyme and lactoferrin, constitutes another protective mechanism of the mucosae against external aggressions before adaptive immune response starts. The reconstruction of damaged respiratory epithelium is crucial to restore this barrier. This review examines the role of the airway epithelium through recent advances in health and chronic inflammatory diseases in the lower conducting airways (in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). Better understanding of normal and altered epithelial functions continuously provides new insights into the physiopathology of chronic airway diseases and should help to identify new epithelial-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Gohy
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Pneumology, Cliniques universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Hupin
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Pilette
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Pneumology, Cliniques universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.,Institute for Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Z Ladjemi
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Brussels, Belgium.,Institute for Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Brussels, Belgium
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27
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Park JH, Jeong DY, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Eisenhut M, Shin JI. Insight into the role of TSLP in inflammatory bowel diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 16:55-63. [PMID: 27697608 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines are thought to modulate pathogeneses of various inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), which has been studied in various allergic diseases such as asthma, atopic dermatitis (AD) and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), has been less considered to be involved in IBDs. However, mucosal dendritic cells (DCs) induced by various cytokines including TSLP were reported to cause polarization of T cell toward Th2 response, the differentiation of regulatory T-cell (Treg), and secretion of IgA by B cells. In this review, we discuss the concept that decreased TSLP has the potential to accelerate the development of Th1 response dominant diseases such as the Crohn's disease (CD) while increased TSLP has the potential to lead to a development of Th2 cell dominant diseases such the ulcerative colitis (UC). To examine TSLP's role as a potential determining factor for differentiating UC and CD, we analyzed the effects of other genes regulated by TSLP in regards to the UC and CD pathogeneses using data from online open access resources such as NetPath, GeneMania, and the String database. Our findings indicate that TSLP is a key mediator in the pathogenesis of IBDs and that further studies are needed to evaluate its role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Inserm U954 and Department of Gastroenterology, Nancy University Hospital, Université de Lorraine, France
| | - Michael Eisenhut
- Luton & Dunstable University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Luton, United Kingdom
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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28
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You H, Li R, Wei C, Chen S, Mao L, Zhang Z, Yang X. Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Neutralization Inhibits the Immune Adjuvant Effect of Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate in Balb/c Mouse Asthma Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159479. [PMID: 27467143 PMCID: PMC4965047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a commonly used plasticizer, has an adjuvant effect in combination with ovalbumin (OVA). The adjuvant effect of DEHP has already been verified in our previous studies. In this study, to further investigate whether thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) was involved in the DEHP-adjuvant effect, DEHP was administered through a daily gavage exposure route. Mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) to trigger allergic responses, and an anti-TSLP monoclonal antibody was used to neutralize the effect of TSLP. Biomarkers including cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), serum total IgE and TSLP content in the lung were detected. In addition, airway hyperreactivity and lung sections were examined. Collectively, these data indicated a salient Th2 response which was characterized by the upregulation of Th2-type cytokines, such as interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13. Moreover, the eosinophil number in BALF and the eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in the lung were seen to have increased significantly. However, neutralization of TSLP with an anti-TSLP mAb reversed the adjuvant effect of DEHP on airway inflammation, structural alterations in the airway wall and increased airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to methacholine induced by the OVA allergen, suggesting that TSLP was an effective target site for suppressing the adjuvant effect of DEHP co-exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui You
- Laboratory of Environmental Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Li
- Laboratory of Environmental Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenxi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety Monitoring and Evaluation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Shaohui Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Mao
- Laboratory of Environmental Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenye Zhang
- University Hospital, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Laboratory of Environmental Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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29
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) is an emerging chronic atopic disease. Recent advances in understanding its genetic and molecular biology pathogenesis may lead to a better management of the disease RECENT FINDINGS EoE is an atopic disease. Most of the patients affected by EoE have other atopic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, IgE-mediated food allergies and/or atopic dermatitis. The local inflammation is a T helper type 2 (Th2) flogosis, which most likely is driven by a mixed IgE and n-IgE-mediated reaction to food and/or environmental allergens. Epidemiological studies show that EoE is an atopic disease with a strong genetic component. Genetic studies have shown that EoE is associated with single nucleotide polymorphism on genes, which are released by the epithelium and important in atopic inflammation such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin located (TSLP) close to the Th2 cytokine cluster [interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13] on chromosome 5q22, Calpain 14, EMSY, and Eotaxin3. When the EoE diagnosis is made, it is imperative to control the local eosinophilic inflammation not only to give symptomatic relief to the patient, but also to prevent complications such as esophageal stricture and food impaction. SUMMARY EoE is treated like many other atopic diseases with a combination of topical steroids and/or food antigen avoidance. The new understanding of EoE may lead to more specific and definitive treatments of EoE.
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30
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Chen YL, Chiang BL. Targeting TSLP With shRNA Alleviates Airway Inflammation and Decreases Epithelial CCL17 in a Murine Model of Asthma. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 5:e316. [PMID: 27138176 PMCID: PMC5014514 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2016.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Airway epithelium defends the invasion from microorganisms and regulates immune responses in allergic asthma. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) from inflamed epithelium promotes maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) to prime Th2 responses via CCL17, which induces chemotaxis of CD4+ T cells to mediate inflammation. However, few studies have investigated the regulation of epithelial CCL17. In this study, we used shRNA against TSLP to clarify the role of TSLP in the airway inflammation and whether TSLP affects the airway inflammation via epithelial CCL17. Specific shTSLP was delivered by lentivirus and selected by the knockdown efficiency. Allergic mice were intratracheally pretreated with the lentivirus and followed by intranasal ovalbumin (OVA) challenges. The sera antibody levels, airway inflammation, airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, and CCL17 expressions in lungs were determined. In vivo, TSLP attenuation reduced the AHR, decreased the airway inflammation, inhibited the maturations of DCs, and suppressed the migration of T cells. Furthermore, the expression of CCL17 was particularly decreased in bronchial epithelium. In vitro, CCL17 induction was regulated by TSLP. In conclusion, TSLP might coordinate airway inflammation partially via CCL17-mediated responses and this study provides the vital utility of TSLP to develop the therapeutic approach in allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lien Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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31
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Hoffmann F, Ender F, Schmudde I, Lewkowich IP, Köhl J, König P, Laumonnier Y. Origin, Localization, and Immunoregulatory Properties of Pulmonary Phagocytes in Allergic Asthma. Front Immunol 2016; 7:107. [PMID: 27047494 PMCID: PMC4803735 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that is driven by maladaptive T helper 2 (Th2) and Th17 immune responses against harmless, airborne substances. Pulmonary phagocytes represent the first line of defense in the lung where they constantly sense the local environment for potential threats. They comprise two distinct cell types, i.e., macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) that differ in their origins and functions. Alveolar macrophages quickly take up most of the inhaled allergens, yet do not deliver their cargo to naive T cells sampling in draining lymph nodes. In contrast, pulmonary DCs instruct CD4(+) T cells develop into Th2 and Th17 effectors, initiating the maladaptive immune responses toward harmless environmental substances observed in allergic individuals. Unraveling the mechanisms underlying this mistaken identity of harmless, airborne substances by innate immune cells is one of the great challenges in asthma research. The identification of different pulmonary DC subsets, their role in antigen uptake, migration to the draining lymph nodes, and their potential to instruct distinct T cell responses has set the stage to unravel this mystery. However, at this point, a detailed understanding of the spatiotemporal resolution of DC subset localization, allergen uptake, processing, autocrine and paracrine cellular crosstalk, and the humoral factors that define the activation status of DCs is still lacking. In addition to DCs, at least two distinct macrophage populations have been identified in the lung that are either located in the airway/alveolar lumen or in the interstitium. Recent data suggest that such populations can exert either pro- or anti-inflammatory functions. Similar to the DC subsets, detailed insights into the individual roles of alveolar and interstitial macrophages during the different phases of asthma development are still missing. Here, we will provide an update on the current understanding of the origin, localization, and function of the diverse pulmonary antigen-presenting cell subsets, in particular with regard to the development and regulation of allergic asthma. While most data are from mouse models of experimental asthma, we have also included available human data to judge the translational value of the findings obtained in experimental asthma models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fanny Ender
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Inken Schmudde
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ian P. Lewkowich
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jörg Köhl
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter König
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Yves Laumonnier
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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32
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Chandramouleeswaran PM, Shen D, Lee AJ, Benitez A, Dods K, Gambanga F, Wilkins BJ, Merves J, Noah Y, Toltzis S, Yearley JH, Spergel JM, Nakagawa H, Malefyt RD, Muir AB, Wang ML. Preferential Secretion of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) by Terminally Differentiated Esophageal Epithelial Cells: Relevance to Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150968. [PMID: 26992000 PMCID: PMC4798725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic Th2 and food antigen-mediated disease characterized by esophageal eosinophilic infiltration. Thymic stromal lymphopoetin (TSLP), an epithelial derived cytokine which bridges innate and Th2-type adaptive immune responses in other allergic conditions, is overexpressed in esophageal biopsies of EoE subjects. However, the triggers of TSLP expression in the esophageal epithelium are unknown. The objective of the current study was to characterize TSLP expression in human esophageal epithelium in EoE in vivo and to determine the role of food antigens upon epithelial TSLP expression in vitro. Using immunohistochemistry (IHC), we localized TSLP in esophageal biopsies of active EoE (≥15 eos/hpf), inactive EoE (<15 eos/hpf) and non-EoE control subjects, and found that TSLP expression was restricted to the differentiated suprabasal layer of the epithelium in actively inflamed EoE biopsies. Consistent with these results in vivo, inducible TSLP protein secretion was higher in CaCl2 differentiated telomerase-immortalized esophageal epithelial cells (EPC2-hTERT) compared to undifferentiated cells of the basal phenotype, following stimulation with the TLR3 ligand poly(I:C). To determine whether food antigens could directly induce epithelial TSLP secretion, differentiated and undifferentiated primary esophageal epithelial cells from EoE and non-EoE subjects were challenged with food antigens clinically relevant to EoE: Chicken egg ovalbumin (OVA), wheat, and milk proteins beta-lactoglobulin (blg) and beta-casein. Food antigens failed to induce TSLP secretion by undifferentiated cells; in contrast, only OVA induced TSLP secretion in differentiated epithelial cells from both EoE and control cell lines, an effect abolished by budesonide and NF-κb inhibition. Together, our study shows that specific food antigens can trigger innate immune mediated esophageal TSLP secretion, suggesting that esophageal epithelial cells at the barrier surface may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of EoE by regulating TSLP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna M. Chandramouleeswaran
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States of America
| | - Dawen Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States of America
| | - Anna J. Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States of America
| | - Alain Benitez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States of America
| | - Kara Dods
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States of America
| | - Fiona Gambanga
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Wilkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States of America
| | - Jamie Merves
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States of America
| | - Yuliana Noah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States of America
| | - Sarit Toltzis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States of America
| | - Jennifer H. Yearley
- Department of Immunology, Merck Research Labs, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Spergel
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States of America
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States of America
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States of America
| | - Rene deWaal Malefyt
- Department of Immunology, Merck Research Labs, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States of America
| | - Amanda B. Muir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MLW); (ABM)
| | - Mei-Lun Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MLW); (ABM)
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33
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Froidure A, Shen C, Pilette C. Dendritic cells revisited in human allergic rhinitis and asthma. Allergy 2016; 71:137-48. [PMID: 26427032 DOI: 10.1111/all.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of dendritic cells (DCs) in airway allergy has been studied for 15 years; recent data has highlighted the cross talk with airway epithelial cells and environmental factors (allergens, virus) during the inception and exacerbation of allergic asthma. Although murine models have provided key information, it remains uncertain to what extent these basic mechanisms take place in human allergic disease, notably with regard to different clinical phenotypes. In the present review, we discuss new evidence regarding mechanisms of DC regulation in the mouse which could be important in human asthma. Finally, after discussing the effects of current therapies on DC biology, we focus on pathways that could represent targets for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Froidure
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique; Université Catholique de Louvain and Walloon Institute for Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology; Brussels Belgium
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, service de pneumologie; Brussels Belgium
| | - C. Shen
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique; Université Catholique de Louvain and Walloon Institute for Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology; Brussels Belgium
| | - C. Pilette
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique; Université Catholique de Louvain and Walloon Institute for Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology; Brussels Belgium
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, service de pneumologie; Brussels Belgium
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34
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Dejager L, Dendoncker K, Eggermont M, Souffriau J, Van Hauwermeiren F, Willart M, Van Wonterghem E, Naessens T, Ballegeer M, Vandevyver S, Hammad H, Lambrecht B, De Bosscher K, Grooten J, Libert C. Neutralizing TNFα restores glucocorticoid sensitivity in a mouse model of neutrophilic airway inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:1212-25. [PMID: 25760421 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous disorder, evidenced by distinct types of inflammation resulting in different responsiveness to therapy with glucocorticoids (GCs). Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is involved in asthma pathogenesis, but anti-TNFα therapies have not proven broadly effective. The effects of anti-TNFα treatment on steroid resistance have never been assessed. We investigated the role of TNFα blockade using etanercept in the responsiveness to GCs in two ovalbumin-based mouse models of airway hyperinflammation. The first model is GC sensitive and T helper type 2 (Th2)/eosinophil driven, whereas the second reflects GC-insensitive, Th1/neutrophil-predominant asthma subphenotypes. We found that TNFα blockade restores the therapeutic effects of GCs in the GC-insensitive model. An adoptive transfer indicated that the TNFα-induced GC insensitivity occurs in the non-myeloid compartment. Early during airway hyperinflammation, mice are GC insensitive specifically at the level of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (Tslp) transcriptional repression, and this insensitivity is reverted when TNFα is neutralized. Interestingly, TSLP knockout mice displayed increased inflammation in the GC-insensitive model, suggesting a limited therapeutic application of TSLP-neutralizing antibodies in subsets of patients suffering from Th2-mediated asthma. In conclusion, we demonstrate that TNFα reduces the responsiveness to GCs in a mouse model of neutrophilic airway inflammation. Thus antagonizing TNFα may offer a new strategy for therapeutic intervention in GC-resistant asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dejager
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - K Dendoncker
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Eggermont
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Souffriau
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - F Van Hauwermeiren
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Willart
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - E Van Wonterghem
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - T Naessens
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Ballegeer
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Vandevyver
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - H Hammad
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - B Lambrecht
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K De Bosscher
- Cytokine Receptor Laboratory, Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Cytokine Receptor Lab, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Grooten
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - C Libert
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Blockade of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) receptor inhibits TSLP-driven proliferation and signalling in lymphoblasts from a subset of B-precursor ALL patients. Leuk Res 2015; 40:38-43. [PMID: 26652578 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and its receptor TSLPR are involved in intercellular communication in the course of allergic inflammation and have recently been implicated in the development of various malignancies including B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). We studied TSLPR expression, TSLP-induced signal transduction and its antibody-mediated inhibition in long-term cultures of primary cells derived from B-precursor ALL patients. METHODS TSLPR expression was determined by flow cytometry and Western blot analysis, cell proliferation, signal transduction via the JAK/STAT pathway was analysed by Western blot detection of STAT tyrosine phosphorylation and by measuring TSLP-dependent activation of a STAT-specific reporter gene construct. For inhibition studies a recently introduced antagonistic antibody to the TSLPRα-subunit was used. RESULTS TSLPR surface expression was observed in leukemic lymphoblasts from two out of ten patients with BCP-ALL. Upon TSLP stimulation, the cells with the highest TSLPR expression level showed enhanced proliferation and JAK/STAT-mediated gene regulation in a dose-dependent manner. By employment of an inhibitory antibody to the TSLPR, both TSLP-triggered cell proliferation and STAT transcription factor activation were specifically inhibited. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that blockade of the TSLPR might be a therapeutic option for a subset of BCP-ALL patients.
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Pan G, Liang Y, Lu L, Chen X, Wang M, Wang L, Yan C, Zhang W. Blockage of thymic stromal lymphopoietin signaling improves acute lung injury in mice by regulating pulmonary dendritic cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:10698-10706. [PMID: 26617780 PMCID: PMC4637595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of blockage of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) signaling by TSLP receptor (TSLPR)-immunoglobulin (Ig) on acute lung injury (ALI) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS C57BL/6 mice received TSLPR-Ig or controlled-Ig before being induced ALI. Lung wet/dry (W/D) weight ratio was recorded. Neutrophil number and albumin concentration of bronchoalveolar lavages fluids (BALF) were determined. Besides, bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs) were separated and cultured with medium, TSLP, TSLP plus TSLPR-Ig or TSLP plus controlled-Ig. Protein expression levels of TSLP in lung tissues, phosphorylation extracellular regulated protein kinases (pERK) 1/2, p38, and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) 3 in BMDCs were analyzed using Western blotting. Expression of CD40, CD80 and CD86 on pulmonary DCs and BMDCs was determined using flow cytometry (FCM). RESULTS The W/D ratio, neutrophil number and albumin concentration were significantly decreased in the TSLPR-Ig group compared with the controlled-Ig and model group. Moreover, there was a noticeable decrease in CD40, CD80 or CD86 expression by TSLPR-Ig on both pulmonary DCs and BMDCs. The protein levels of TSLP, pERK1 and STAT3 were significantly decreased by TSLPR-Ig. However, no significant differences were found in p38 and pERK2. CONCLUSION These results suggest that TSLP may be involved in ALI, and blockage of TSLP signaling using TSLPR-Ig improves ALI at least in part by regulation of DCs functions. The underling downstream signaling mediated by TSLP might be associated with activating the ERK1 and STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoquan Pan
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yafeng Liang
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linxia Wang
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunxue Yan
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weixi Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
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Cianferoni A, Spergel J. The importance of TSLP in allergic disease and its role as a potential therapeutic target. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 10:1463-74. [PMID: 25340427 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.967684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an epithelial-derived cytokine similar to IL- 7, whose gene is located on chromosome 5q22.1 and it exerts its biological function through the TSLP-Receptor (TSLP-R). TSLP is expressed primarily by epithelial cells at barrier surfaces such as the skin, gut and lung in response to danger signals. Since it was cloned in 1994, there has been accumulating evidence that TSLP is crucial for the maturation of antigen presenting cells and hematopoietic cells. TSLP genetic variants and its dysregulated expression have been linked to atopic diseases such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis and eosinophilic esophagitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Cianferoni
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia - Allergy, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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38
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Ying G, Zhang Y, Tang G, Chen S. Functions of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in non-allergic diseases. Cell Immunol 2015; 295:144-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Koyama K, Ohba T, Haro H, Nakao A. Positive association between serum thymic stromal lymphopoietin and anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 181:239-43. [PMID: 25817699 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) has been suggested recently to play an important role in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, there is little information on serum TSLP concentrations in RA and its clinical significance. The present study investigated whether serum TSLP concentrations were affected in patients with RA. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we measured TSLP concentrations in the serum obtained from 100 patients with RA, 60 patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and 34 healthy volunteers. We also investigated the correlation between serum TSLP concentrations and clinical parameters of disease activity in RA [disease activity score using 28 joint counts (DAS28)-C-reactive protein (CRP), DAS28-erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI]), patient's/-physician's Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), swollen joints count, tender joints count, CRP, ESR and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) concentrations]. In addition, we investigated the correlation between serum TSLP concentrations and anti-citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA) and serum tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Serum TSLP levels in patients with RA were significantly higher than those in patients with OA and in healthy volunteers. Interestingly, serum TSLP concentrations were correlated significantly with ACPA titres, but not with other clinical parameters. There was a significant increase in serum TSLP concentrations in patients with RA, which was correlated positively with serum ACPA titres. These findings suggest that in patients with RA, TSLP may play a role in ACPA production by B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Koyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
| | - T Ohba
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
| | - H Haro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
| | - A Nakao
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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Watson B, Gauvreau GM. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin: a central regulator of allergic asthma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 18:771-85. [PMID: 24930783 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.915314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epithelial cell-derived mediators have emerged as key players for instigating local remodeling and the associated cellular inflammation in asthmatic airways. In particular, the epithelial-derived cytokine, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), has been identified as a master switch for allergic inflammation. AREAS COVERED TSLP is expressed by structural and immune cells at the site of allergen entry in the airways. Stimuli for release of TSLP include common triggers of asthma symptoms, and TSLP levels correlate with disease severity. TSLP regulates helper T cell 2 (Th2) humoral immunity through upregulating OX40L on dendritic cells (DCs), which drives Th2 lymphocytes; however, activation of several other cells by TSLP also supports the development of Th2 inflammation. Animal models of asthma demonstrate that increased levels of TSLP can induce many of the characteristics of asthma. EXPERT OPINION The work conducted to date supports a critical role of TSLP in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. The first clinical trial to block the downstream effects of OX40L has shown reduced levels of circulating IgE and airway eosinophils, confirming the importance of TSLP-induced OX40L levels on DCs. Clinical trials with TSLP blockade are underway and will unequivocally confirm whether TSLP is indeed a key driver of allergic inflammation in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Watson
- McMaster University, Medicine , 1200 Main St West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5 , Canada
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41
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Zhang F, Huang G, Hu B, Qian GS, Song Y. Recombinant HMGB1 A box protein inhibits Th17 responses in mice with neutrophilic asthma by suppressing dendritic cell-mediated Th17 polarization. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 24:110-8. [PMID: 25479722 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB1) is a critical pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in diverse inflammatory diseases and has important immunomodulatory effects on allergic asthma. Our recent studies demonstrate that HMGB1) ^ReloadFigure=Yes1 expression increases in the lung tissue and associates with interleukin-17(+) (IL-17) helper T cell (Th17) responses in a murine model of neutrophilic asthma. In this study, to examine the immunomodulatory mechanisms of HMGB1, we evaluated the effects of recombinant HMGB1 A box (an antagonist of HMGB1) administration on allergic airway inflammation and lung antigen-presenting cell (APC) function in a murine model of neutrophilic asthma. In OVA-challenged mice, rHMGB1 A box attenuated HMGB1 expression, airway neutrophilic inflammation and hyper-responsiveness. In addition, the administration of rHMGB1 A box decreased the number of Th17 cells and IL-23(+) CD11c(+) APCs in lung cells. In vivo, rHMGB1 A box revealed an inhibitory effect of rHMGB1-activated dendritic cells (DCs) to produce IL-23 and induce a Th17 response. Finally, we showed that adoptive transfer of rHMGB1-activated DCs was sufficient to restore the characteristics of neutrophilic asthma in a DCs-driven model of asthma, whereas the transfer of rHMGB1 A box plus rHMGB1-activated DCs significantly reduced these inflammation phenotypes. These data demonstrate that rHMGB1 A box may have therapeutic effects on controlling Th17 polarization and airway inflammation in neutrophilic asthma by blocking the HMGB1 pathway on DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China.
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Gui-sheng Qian
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yong Song
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China.
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42
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Molecular targets on mast cells and basophils for novel therapies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:530-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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43
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Froidure A, Shen C, Gras D, Van Snick J, Chanez P, Pilette C. Myeloid dendritic cells are primed in allergic asthma for thymic stromal lymphopoietin-mediated induction of Th2 and Th9 responses. Allergy 2014; 69:1068-76. [PMID: 24888572 DOI: 10.1111/all.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) contribute to inception of allergic asthma (AA) and are regulated by epithelial-derived cytokines. OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether mDCs from AA patients are primed for thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)-driven responses. METHODS mDCs from 18 AA patients and 15 controls were purified using immunomagnetic sorting. Cells were pulsed with TSLP or Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) allergen, before FACS phenotyping and co-culture with allogeneic CD4+ T cells. Bronchial biopsies from 15 AA patients and four controls were immunostained for CD1c and TSLP receptor (TSLPR). RESULTS Allergic asthma patients had a higher proportion of TSLPR+ mDCs, in blood and bronchial mucosa. When compared to mDCs from controls, both TSLP- and Der p-pulsed blood mDCs from AA patients induced increased polarization of CD4+ T cells into Th2 cells (IL-5, IL-13, and GATA3+), while only TSLP-mDCs promoted Th9 cells (IL-9 and PU.1+ /IRF4+). In addition, OX40L was induced upon TSLP stimulation and was required for the induction of Th2, but not Th9, cells. In contrast, development of Th9 cells in this model depended on TGF-β1. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate overlapping but partially distinct effects of TSLP and Der p allergen pathways, showing that DCs are primed in human asthma for TSLP-driven induction of both Th2 and Th9 cells. This novel TSLP/mDC/Th9 axis operates through a distinct, OX40L-independent pathway. These data further highlight the TSLP pathway as a relevant target in human asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Froidure
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique; Université Catholique de Louvain and Walloon Institute for Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO); Brussels Belgium
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc; service de Pneumologie; Brussels Belgium
| | - C. Shen
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique; Université Catholique de Louvain and Walloon Institute for Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO); Brussels Belgium
| | - D. Gras
- INSERM U 1067; CNRS UMR 7333 Aix Marseille Université; Marseille France
| | - J. Van Snick
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; Brussels Belgium
| | - P. Chanez
- INSERM U 1067; CNRS UMR 7333 Aix Marseille Université; Marseille France
- Département des Maladies Respiratoires; Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille; Marseille France
| | - C. Pilette
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique; Université Catholique de Louvain and Walloon Institute for Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO); Brussels Belgium
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc; service de Pneumologie; Brussels Belgium
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Gaurav R, Agrawal DK. Clinical view on the importance of dendritic cells in asthma. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 9:899-919. [PMID: 24128155 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2013.837260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation and may lead to airway remodeling in uncontrolled cases. Genetic predisposition to an atopic phenotype plays a major component in the pathophysiology of asthma. However, with tremendous role of epigenetic factors and environmental stimuli in precipitating an immune response, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are complicated. Dendritic cells are principal antigen-presenting cells and initiators of the immune response in allergic asthma. Their phenotype, guided by multiple factors may dictate the immune reaction to an allergic or tolerogenic response. Involvement of the local cytokine milieu, microbiome and interplay between immune cells add dimension to the fate of immune response. In addition to allergen exposure, these factors modulate DC phenotype and function. In this article, integration of many factors and pathways associated with the recruitment and activation of DCs in the pathophysiology of allergic asthma is presented in a clinical and translational manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Gaurav
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, CRISS II Room 510, 2500 California Plaza Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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45
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Chen ZH, Wang PL, Shen HH. Asthma research in China: a five-year review. Respirology 2014; 18 Suppl 3:10-9. [PMID: 24188199 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide with increasing morbidity. China has the largest asthmatic population and is one of the countries with the highest asthma mortality. Fortunately, asthma research in China, both clinical and scientific, has developed markedly over the past few years. This has resulted in significant increases in our understanding of Chinese asthma prevalence, risk factors, control status, pathogenesis, and new prevention or treatment strategies. In this review, the major achievements of asthma research in China from 2008 to 2012 are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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46
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Anti-HMGB1 neutralizing antibody ameliorates neutrophilic airway inflammation by suppressing dendritic cell-mediated Th17 polarization. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:257930. [PMID: 24959003 PMCID: PMC4052055 DOI: 10.1155/2014/257930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) directs Th17 skewing by regulating dendritic cell (DC) function. First, our in vitro studies reveal that recombinant HMGB1 (rHMGB1) activates myeloid DCs to produce IL-23 in vitro, and rHMGB1-activated DCs prime naïve lymphocytes to produce the Th17 cytokine IL-17A. Second, we demonstrate that anti-HMGB1 neutralizing antibody attenuates HMGB1 expression, neutrophilic inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and Th17-related cytokine secretion in vivo by using a murine model of neutrophilic asthma induced by ovalbumin (OVA) plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Furthermore, anti-HMGB1 neutralizing antibody decreases the number of Th17 cells in lung cells and suppresses the production of IL-23 by lung CD11C+ APCs. Finally, we show that intranasal adoptive transfer of rHMGB1-activated DCs was sufficient to restore lung neutrophilic inflammation and the Th17 response in a DC-driven model of asthma, whereas the transfer of rHMGB1 plus anti-HMGB1-treated mDCs significantly reduced these inflammation phenotypes. These data suggest, for the first time, that HMGB1 drives the DC-polarized Th17-type response in allergic lung inflammation and that blocking HMGB1 may benefit the attenuation of neutrophilic airway inflammation in asthma.
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47
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Verstraete K, van Schie L, Vyncke L, Bloch Y, Tavernier J, Pauwels E, Peelman F, Savvides SN. Structural basis of the proinflammatory signaling complex mediated by TSLP. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2014; 21:375-82. [PMID: 24632570 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), a cytokine produced by epithelial cells at barrier surfaces, is pivotal for the development of widespread chronic inflammatory disorders such as asthma and atopic dermatitis. The structure of the mouse TSLP-mediated signaling complex reveals how TSLP establishes extensive interfaces with its cognate receptor (TSLPR) and the shared interleukin 7 receptor α-chain (IL-7Rα) to evoke membrane-proximal receptor-receptor contacts poised for intracellular signaling. Binding of TSLP to TSLPR is a mechanistic prerequisite for recruitment of IL-7Rα to the high-affinity ternary complex, which we propose is coupled to a structural switch in TSLP at the crossroads of the cytokine-receptor interfaces. Functional interrogation of TSLP-receptor interfaces points to putative interaction hotspots that could be exploited for antagonist design. Finally, we derive the structural rationale for the functional duality of IL-7Rα and establish a consensus for the geometry of ternary complexes mediated by interleukin 2 (IL-2)-family cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Verstraete
- Unit for Structural Biology, Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Loes van Schie
- Unit for Structural Biology, Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurens Vyncke
- Department of Medical Protein Research, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yehudi Bloch
- Unit for Structural Biology, Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- Department of Medical Protein Research, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ewald Pauwels
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Peelman
- Department of Medical Protein Research, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Savvas N Savvides
- Unit for Structural Biology, Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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48
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49
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Tal N, Shochat C, Geron I, Bercovich D, Izraeli S. Interleukin 7 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin: from immunity to leukemia. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:365-78. [PMID: 23625073 PMCID: PMC11113825 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is often caused by deregulation of normal developmental processes. Here, we review recent research on the aberrant activation of two hematopoietic cytokine receptors in acute lymphoid leukemias. Somatic events in the genes for thymic stromal lymphopoietin and Interleukin 7 receptors as well as in their downstream JAK kinases result in constitutive ligand-independent activation of survival and proliferation in B and T lymphoid precursors. Drugs targeting these receptors or the signaling pathways might provide effective therapies of these leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Tal
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Chen Shochat
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Migal Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel Hai College, 12210 Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Ifat Geron
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Division of Biological Sciences and Department of Medicine Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California USA
| | - Dani Bercovich
- Migal Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel Hai College, 12210 Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Shai Izraeli
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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50
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Salazar F, Ghaemmaghami AM. Allergen recognition by innate immune cells: critical role of dendritic and epithelial cells. Front Immunol 2013; 4:356. [PMID: 24204367 PMCID: PMC3816228 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergy is an exacerbated response of the immune system against non-self-proteins called allergens and is typically characterized by biased type-2 T helper cell and deleterious IgE mediated immune responses. The allergic cascade starts with the recognition of allergens by antigen presenting cells, mainly dendritic cells (DCs), leading to Th2 polarization, switching to IgE production by B cells, culminating in mast cell sensitization and triggering. DCs have been demonstrated to play a crucial role in orchestrating allergic diseases. Using different C-type lectin receptors DCs are able to recognize and internalize a number of allergens from diverse sources leading to sensitization. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence highlighting the role of epithelial cells in triggering and modulating immune responses to allergens. As well as providing a physical barrier, epithelial cells can interact with allergens and influence DCs behavior through the release of a number of Th2 promoting cytokines. In this review we will summarize current understanding of how allergens are recognized by DCs and epithelial cells and what are the consequences of such interaction in the context of allergic sensitization and downstream events leading to allergic inflammation. Better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of allergen recognition and associated signaling pathways could enable developing more effective therapeutic strategies that target the initial steps of allergic sensitization hence hindering development or progression of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Salazar
- Division of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham , UK
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