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Isacco L, Ennequin G, Boisseau N. Influence of the different hormonal status changes during their life on fat mass localisation in women: a narrative review. Arch Physiol Biochem 2023; 129:1229-1234. [PMID: 34111377 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2021.1933045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Independently of the total body fat mass, upper body fat mass deposition is strongly associated with cardiometabolic comorbidities. The mechanisms underlying fat mass localisation are not fully understood, but evidences indicate sex-specific fat mass distribution. Currently, data on women are scarce and the link between hormonal status changes during their life and fat mass distribution is overlooked. METHOD For this narrative review, literature data were extracted from the PubMed and CENTRAL databases to examine the relationship between hormonal status and adipose tissue localisation in women. RESULTS Menopause strongly influences fat mass localisation, while the effect of the menstrual cycle phases, oral contraception use and pregnancy has not been unambiguously determined. CONCLUSION Reliable data are lacking on the relationship between hormonal variations throughout the lifespan and body fat mass localisation in women. Future studies should take into account the hormonal status of women to reduce the risk of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Isacco
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CRNH, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- EA3920 Prognostic Markers and Regulatory Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases and Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPSI) Platform, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comte, Besançon, France
| | - Gaël Ennequin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CRNH, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Ahluwalia A, Hoa N, Ge L, Blumberg B, Levin ER. Mechanisms by Which Membrane and Nuclear ER Alpha Inhibit Adipogenesis in Cells Isolated From Female Mice. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5911730. [PMID: 32976570 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into mature chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and adipocytes. Excessive and dysfunctional visceral adipocytes increase upon menopause and importantly contribute to altered metabolism in postmenopausal women. We previously showed both plasma membrane and nuclear estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) with endogenous estrogen are required to suppress adipogenesis in vivo. Here we determined mechanisms by which these liganded ER pools collaborate to inhibit the peroxisome proliferator-activated gamma (PPARγ) gene and subsequent progenitor differentiation. In 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC), membrane ERα signaled through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (AKT) to enhance ERα nuclear localization, importantly at the PPARγ gene promoter. AKT also increased overall abundance and recruitment of co-repressors GATA3, β-catenin, and TCF4 to the PPARγ promoter. Membrane ERα signaling additionally enhanced wingless-integrated (Wnt)1 and 10b expression. The components of the repressor complex were required for estrogen to inhibit rosiglitazone-induced differentiation of ADSC and 3T3-L1 cells to mature adipocytes. These mechanisms whereby ER cellular pools collaborate to inhibit gene expression limit progenitor differentiation to mature adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Ahluwalia
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Neil Hoa
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Lisheng Ge
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ellis R Levin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, Long Beach, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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Obesity in Older Type 2 Diabetic Patients: Does Working Environment Add Vulnerability? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15122677. [PMID: 30486498 PMCID: PMC6313713 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about how working adults with type 2 diabetes are managing their health. This study aims to analyze the associations between health, behavioral, and sociodemographic characteristics and obesity in older diabetic patients in Europe. Data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe was used to compare 1447 participants that were identified as having type 2 diabetes with 28,047 participants without diabetes. Multilevel logistic models stratified by type 2 diabetes examined the relationships of health, behavioral, and sociodemographic characteristics with obesity. The proportion of physical inactivity was significantly higher among those with type 2 diabetes (15.0% vs. 6.1%). Individuals with diabetes had more chronic diseases, more limitations in activities, higher body mass index, more depression, lower quality of life and well-being, and lower employment rate. Among those with type 2 diabetes, those employed were more likely to be obese (OR = 1.377, 95% CI, 1.023 to 1.853) and women were 52% more likely to be obese than men. The surveillance of weight in working environments should be required within workers with type 2 diabetes. It is concluded that this and other adjustments could be beneficial in people with diabetes.
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Backonja U, Hediger ML, Chen Z, Lauver DR, Sun L, Peterson CM, Buck Louis GM. Beyond Body Mass Index: Using Anthropometric Measures and Body Composition Indicators to Assess Odds of an Endometriosis Diagnosis. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2017; 26:941-950. [PMID: 28537460 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2016.6128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body mass index (BMI) and endometriosis have been inversely associated. To address gaps in this research, we examined associations among body composition, endometriosis, and physical activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Women from 14 clinical sites in the Salt Lake City, Utah and San Francisco, California areas and scheduled for laparoscopy/laparotomy were recruited during 2007-2009. Participants (N = 473) underwent standardized anthropometric assessments to estimate body composition before surgery. Using a cross-sectional design, odds of an endometriosis diagnosis (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]; 95% confidence interval [CI]) were calculated for anthropometric and body composition measures (weight in kg; height in cm; mid upper arm, waist, hip, and chest circumferences in cm; subscapular, suprailiac, and triceps skinfold thicknesses in mm; arm muscle and fat areas in cm2; centripetal fat, chest-to-waist, chest-to-hip, waist-to-hip, and waist-to-height ratios; arm fat index; and BMI in kg/m2). Physical activity (metabolic equivalent of task-minutes/week) and sedentariness (average minutes sitting on a weekday) were assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form. Measures were modeled continuously and in quartiles based on sample estimates. Adjusted models were controlled for age (years, continuous), site (Utah/California), smoking history (never, former, or current smoker), and income (below, within 180%, and above of the poverty line). Findings were standardized by dividing variables by their respective standard deviations. We used adjusted models to examine whether odds of an endometriosis diagnosis were moderated by physical activity or sedentariness. RESULTS Inverse relationships were observed between endometriosis and standardized: weight (aOR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.57-0.88); subscapular skinfold thickness (aOR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.65-0.98); waist and hip circumferences (aOR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.64-0.98 and aOR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.61-0.94, respectively); total upper arm and upper arm muscle areas (aOR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.61-0.94 and aOR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.59-0.93, respectively); and BMI (aOR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.60-0.93), despite similar heights. Women in the highest versus lowest quartile had lower adjusted odds of an endometriosis diagnosis for: weight; mid-upper arm, hip, and waist circumferences; total upper arm and upper arm muscle areas; BMI; and centripetal fat ratio. There was no evidence of a main effect or moderation of physical activity or sedentariness. CONCLUSION In a surgical cohort, endometriosis was inversely associated with anthropometric measures and body composition indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uba Backonja
- 1 Office of the Director, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development , Rockville, Maryland.,2 University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Nursing , Madison, Wisconsin.,3 Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, Washington
| | - Mary L Hediger
- 1 Office of the Director, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development , Rockville, Maryland
| | - Zhen Chen
- 4 Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development , Rockville, Maryland
| | - Diane R Lauver
- 2 University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Nursing , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Liping Sun
- 4 Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development , Rockville, Maryland
| | - C Matthew Peterson
- 5 Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Germaine M Buck Louis
- 1 Office of the Director, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development , Rockville, Maryland
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Tuovinen EL, Saarni SE, Männistö S, Borodulin K, Patja K, Kinnunen TH, Kaprio J, Korhonen T. Smoking status and abdominal obesity among normal- and overweight/obese adults: Population-based FINRISK study. Prev Med Rep 2016; 4:324-30. [PMID: 27486563 PMCID: PMC4959936 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported direct associations of smoking with body mass index (BMI) and abdominal obesity. However, the interplay between them is poorly understood. Our first aim was to investigate the interaction between smoking status and BMI on abdominal obesity (waist circumference, WC). Our second aim was to examine how the association of smoking status with WC varies among normal and overweight/obese men and women. We examined 5833 participants from the National FINRISK 2007 Study. The interactions between smoking and BMI on WC were analyzed. Participants were categorized into eight groups according to BMI (normal weight vs. overweight/obese) and smoking status (never smoker, ex-smoker, occasional/light/moderate daily smoker, heavy daily smoker). The associations between each BMI/smoking status -group and WC were analyzed by multiple regressions, the normal-weight never smokers as the reference group. The smoking status by BMI-interaction on WC was significant for women, but not for men. Among the overweight/obese women, ex-smokers (β = 2.73; 1.99, 3.46) and heavy daily smokers (β = 4.90; 3.35, 6.44) had the highest estimates for WC when adjusted for age, BMI, alcohol consumption and physical activity. In comparison to never smoking overweight/obese women, the β-coefficients of ex-smokers and heavy daily smokers were significantly higher. Among men and normal weight women the β -coefficients did not significantly differ by smoking status. An interaction between smoking status and BMI on abdominal obesity was observed in women: overweight/obese heavy daily smokers were particularly vulnerable for abdominal obesity. This risk group should be targeted for cardiovascular disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva-Liisa Tuovinen
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suoma E. Saarni
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Hospital District of Southwest Finland and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja Borodulin
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tellervo Korhonen
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Impacts of smoking on endocrine treatment response in a prospective breast cancer cohort. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:382-90. [PMID: 27280635 PMCID: PMC4973149 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between smoking and breast cancer prognosis remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether preoperative smoking was associated with prognosis in different treatment groups. METHODS This population-based cohort consisted of 1065 breast cancer patients without preoperative treatment included between 2002 and 2012 in Lund, Sweden. Smoking status was examined in relation to patient and tumour characteristics, and prognosis in different treatment groups. RESULTS At the preoperative visit, 21.0% smoked. Median follow-up time was 5.1 years. Overall, in the 1016 patients included in the survival analyses, there was no significant association between smoking and risk of breast cancer events (adjusted hazard ratio (adjHR): 1.45; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.95-2.20). For the 309 aromatase inhibitor (AI)-treated patients ⩾50 years with oestrogen receptor-positive (ER+) tumours, smoking was associated with risk of breast cancer events (adjHR: 2.97; 95% CI: 1.44-6.13), distant metastasis (adjHR: 4.19; 95% CI: 1.81-9.72), and death (adjHR: 3.52; 95% CI: 1.59-7.81). Smoking was not associated with breast cancer events or distant metastasis in other treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative smoking was only associated with an increased risk for breast cancer events and distant metastasis in AI-treated patients. If confirmed, smoking status should be taken into consideration when selecting an endocrine therapy.
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Young KL, Graff M, North KE, Richardson AS, Mohlke KL, Lange LA, Lange EM, Harris KM, Gordon-Larsen P. Interaction of smoking and obesity susceptibility loci on adolescent BMI: The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. BMC Genet 2015; 16:131. [PMID: 26537541 PMCID: PMC4634717 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-015-0289-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is a sensitive period for weight gain and risky health behaviors, such as smoking. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified loci contributing to adult body mass index (BMI). Evidence suggests that many of these loci have a larger influence on adolescent BMI. However, few studies have examined interactions between smoking and obesity susceptibility loci on BMI. This study investigates the interaction of current smoking and established BMI SNPs on adolescent BMI. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, a nationally-representative, prospective cohort of the US school-based population in grades 7 to 12 (12-20 years of age) in 1994-95 who have been followed into adulthood (Wave II 1996; ages 12-21, Wave III; ages 18-27), we assessed (in 2014) interactions of 40 BMI-related SNPs and smoking status with percent of the CDC/NCHS 2000 median BMI (%MBMI) in European Americans (n = 5075), African Americans (n = 1744) and Hispanic Americans (n = 1294). RESULTS Two SNPs showed nominal significance for interaction (p < 0.05) between smoking and genotype with %MBMI in European Americans (EA) (rs2112347 (POC5): β = 1.98 (0.06, 3.90), p = 0.04 and near rs571312 (MC4R): β 2.15 (-0.03, 4.33) p = 0.05); and one SNP showed a significant interaction effect after stringent correction for multiple testing in Hispanic Americans (HA) (rs1514175 (TNNI3K): β 8.46 (4.32, 12.60), p = 5.9E-05). Stratifying by sex, these interactions suggest a stronger effect in female smokers. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights potentially important sex differences in obesity risk by smoking status in adolescents, with those who may be most likely to initiate smoking (i.e., adolescent females), being at greatest risk for exacerbating genetic obesity susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Young
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Carolina Population Center, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- , 137 East Franklin Street, Suite 306, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA.
| | - Misa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Carolina Population Center, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Andrea S Richardson
- Carolina Population Center, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Leslie A Lange
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Ethan M Lange
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Kathleen M Harris
- Carolina Population Center, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Sociology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Penny Gordon-Larsen
- Carolina Population Center, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, Newton CC, Silverman DT, Pollak M, Nogueira LM, Weinstein SJ, Albanes D, Männistö S, Jacobs EJ. Circulating Leptin and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer: A Pooled Analysis From 3 Cohorts. Am J Epidemiol 2015; 182:187-97. [PMID: 26085045 PMCID: PMC4517697 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwv041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiposity is associated with pancreatic cancer; however, the underlying mechanism(s) is uncertain. Leptin is an adipokine involved in metabolic regulation, and obese individuals have higher concentrations. We conducted a pooled, nested case-control study of cohort participants from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial, the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study, and the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort to investigate whether prediagnostic serum leptin was associated with pancreatic cancer. A total of 731 pancreatic adenocarcinoma cases that occurred between 1986 and 2010 were included (maximum follow-up, 23 years). Incidence density-selected controls (n = 909) were matched to cases by cohort, age, sex, race, and blood draw date. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Sex-specific quintiles were based on the distribution of the controls. Overall, serum leptin was not associated with pancreatic cancer (quintile 5 vs. quintile 1: odds ratio = 1.13, 95% confidence interval: 0.75, 1.71; Ptrend = 0.38). There was a significant interaction by follow-up time (P = 0.003), such that elevated risk was apparent only during follow-up of more than 10 years after blood draw (quintile 5 vs. quintile 1: odds ratio = 2.55, 95% confidence interval: 1.23, 5.27; Ptrend = 0.004). Our results support an association between increasing leptin concentration and pancreatic cancer; however, long follow-up is necessary to observe the relationship. Subclinical disease may explain the lack of association during early follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Z. Stolzenberg-Solomon
- Correspondence to Dr. Rachael Z. Stolzenberg-Solomon, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 6E420, Rockville, MD 20850 (e-mail: )
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Santosa S, Jensen MD. Sex and sex steroids: impact on the kinetics of fatty acids underlying body shape. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 20:15-23. [PMID: 25460291 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2014-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Adult humans have a remarkable sexual dimorphism in body shape. Men tend to store relatively more fat in the upper body whereas women store more fat in the lower body. We do not have a complete understanding of the mechanisms underlying these differences, but we know that people who preferentially store abdominal fat are at greater risk of metabolic disease. It is also known that the changes in sex steroid concentrations during puberty and again with advancing age are accompanied by changes in body fat distribution. The objective of this review is to describe what has been learned regarding the mechanisms underlying changes in regional body fat distribution that occur as a result of changes in sex hormones and to delineate effects of sex steroids in modulating body composition.
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Cena H, Tesone A, Niniano R, Cerveri I, Roggi C, Turconi G. Prevalence rate of Metabolic Syndrome in a group of light and heavy smokers. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2013; 5:28. [PMID: 23721527 PMCID: PMC3673853 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-5-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is widely accepted as a major risk factor for metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Smoking reduces insulin sensitivity or induces insulin resistance and enhances cardiovascular risk factors such as elevated plasma triglycerides, decreases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and causes hyperglycemia. Several studies show that smoking is associated with metabolic abnormalities and increases the risk of Metabolic Syndrome. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in a group of light and heavy smokers, wishing to give up smoking. METHODS In this cross-sectional study all the enrolled subjects voluntary joined the smoking cessation program held by the Respiratory Pathophysiology Unit of San Matteo Hospital, Pavia, Northern Italy.All the subjects enrolled were former smokers from at least 10 years and had no cancer or psychiatric disorders, nor history of diabetes or CVD or coronary artery disease and were not on any medication. RESULTS The subjects smoke 32.3 ± 16.5 mean Pack Years. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is 52.1%: 57.3% and 44.9% for males and females respectively. Analysing the smoking habit influence on the IDF criteria for the metabolic syndrome diagnosis we found that all the variables show an increasing trend from light to heavy smokers, except for HDL cholesterol. A statistical significant correlation among Pack Years and waist circumference (R = 0.48, p < 0.0001), Systolic Blood Pressure (R = 0.18, p < 0.05), fasting plasma glucose (R = 0.19, p < 0.005) and HDL cholesterol (R = -0.26, p = 0.0005) has been observed. CONCLUSIONS Currently smoking subjects are at high risk of developing the metabolic syndrome.Therapeutic lifestyle changes, including smoking cessation are a desirable Public health goal and should successfully be implemented in clinical practice at any age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellas Cena
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutrition, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Tesone
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutrition, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Rosanna Niniano
- Respiratory Pathophysiology Unit, Policlinico San Matteo IRCCS, Viale Golgi, 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Isa Cerveri
- Respiratory Pathophysiology Unit, Policlinico San Matteo IRCCS, Viale Golgi, 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carla Roggi
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutrition, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Turconi
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutrition, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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