1
|
Yadav S, Deepika, Moar K, Kumar A, Khola N, Pant A, Kakde GS, Maurya PK. Reconsidering red blood cells as the diagnostic potential for neurodegenerative disorders. Biol Cell 2024; 116:e2400019. [PMID: 38822416 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202400019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red blood cells (RBCs) are usually considered simple cells and transporters of gases to tissues. HYPOTHESIS However, recent research has suggested that RBCs may have diagnostic potential in major neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). RESULTS This review summarizes the current knowledge on changes in RBC in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and other NDDs. It discusses the deposition of neuronal proteins like amyloid-β, tau, and α-synuclein, polyamines, changes in the proteins of RBCs like band-3, membrane transporter proteins, heat shock proteins, oxidative stress biomarkers, and altered metabolic pathways in RBCs during neurodegeneration. It also highlights the comparison of RBC diagnostic markers to other in-market diagnoses and discusses the challenges in utilizing RBCs as diagnostic tools, such as the need for standardized protocols and further validation studies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The evidence suggests that RBCs have diagnostic potential in neurodegenerative disorders, and this study can pave the foundation for further research which may lead to the development of novel diagnostic approaches and treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somu Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
| | - Deepika
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
| | - Kareena Moar
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
| | - Akshay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
| | - Nikhila Khola
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
| | - Anuja Pant
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
| | - Ganseh S Kakde
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Maurya
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bagheri S, Rashno M, Salehi I, Karimi SA, Raoufi S, Komaki A. Geraniol improves passive avoidance memory and hippocampal synaptic plasticity deficits in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 951:175714. [PMID: 37054939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disease that leads to synaptic loss and cognitive decline. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of geraniol (GR), a valuable acyclic monoterpene alcohol, with protective and therapeutic effects, on passive avoidance memory, hippocampal synaptic plasticity, and amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques formation in an AD rat model induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) microinjection of Aβ1-40. Seventy male Wistar rats were randomly into sham, control, control-GR (100 mg/kg; P.O. (orally), AD, GR-AD (100 mg/kg; P.O.; pretreatment), AD-GR (100 mg/kg; P.O.; treatment), and GR-AD-GR (100 mg/kg; P.O.; pretreatment & treatment). Administration of GR was continued for four consecutive weeks. Training for the passive avoidance test was carried out on the 36th day and a memory retention test was performed 24 h later. On day 38, hippocampal synaptic plasticity (long-term potentiation; LTP) was recorded in perforant path-dentate gyrus (PP-DG) synapses to assess field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) slope and population spike (PS) amplitude. Subsequently, Aβ plaques were identified in the hippocampus by Congo red staining. The results showed that Aβ microinjection increased passive avoidance memory impairment, suppressed of hippocampal LTP induction, and enhanced of Aβ plaque formation in the hippocampus. Interestingly, oral administration of GR improved passive avoidance memory deficit, ameliorated hippocampal LTP impairment, and reduced Aβ plaque accumulation in the Aβ-infused rats. The results suggest that GR mitigates Aβ-induced passive avoidance memory impairment, possibly through alleviation of hippocampal synaptic dysfunction and inhibition of Aβ plaque formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shokufeh Bagheri
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Masome Rashno
- Asadabad School of Medical Sciences, Asadabad, Iran; Student Research Committee, Asadabad School of Medical Sciences, Asadabad, Iran
| | - Iraj Salehi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Seyed Asaad Karimi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Safoura Raoufi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. http://umsha.ac.ir
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Järemo P, Jejcic A, Jelic V, Shahnaz T, Oweling M, Winblad B, Behbahani H. Erythrocyte Amyloid Beta Peptide Isoform Distributions in Alzheimer and Mild Cognitive Impairment. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:1050-1054. [PMID: 31660827 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666191010104355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We recently showed that Amyloid Beta (Aβ)40 accumulates in erythrocytes and possibly causes cell damage as evidenced by an increased number of assumed injured low-density (kg/L) erythrocytes. Furthermore, we have suggested a separation technique to isolate and concentrate such damaged red blood cells for subsequent analysis. OBJECTIVES We isolated high- and low-density erythrocytes and investigated the accumulation patterns of the Aβ peptides (Aβ40, Aβ42, and Aβ43) in Alzheimer (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Subjective Cognitive Impairment (SCI). METHODS Whole blood was fractionated through a density gradient, resulting in two concentrated highand presumed injured low-density erythrocyte fractions. After cell lysis, intracellular Aβ40, Aβ42, and Aβ43 were quantified by ELISA. RESULTS In both high- and low-density erythrocytes, Aβ40 displayed the lowest concentration in MCI, while it was equal and higher in AD and SCI. Aβ40 was detected at a 10-fold higher level than Aβ42, and in injured low-density erythrocytes, the lowest quantity of Aβ42 was found in AD and MCI. Aβ40 exhibited a 100-fold greater amount than Aβ43, and lighter erythrocytes of MCI subjects displayed less intracellular Aβ43 than SCI. CONCLUSION Red blood cell accumulation patterns of Aβ40, Aβ42, and Aβ43 differ significantly between AD, MCI, and SCI. The data must be verified through larger clinical trials. It is, however, tenable that Aβ peptide distributions in erythrocyte subpopulations have the potential to be used for diagnostic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petter Järemo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vrinnevi Hospital, Norrkoping, Sweden.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Alenka Jejcic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vrinnevi Hospital, Norrkoping, Sweden.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Vesna Jelic
- Memory Clinic, Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Tasmin Shahnaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vrinnevi Hospital, Norrkoping, Sweden.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Magnus Oweling
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vrinnevi Hospital, Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Homira Behbahani
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Erythrocytes as markers of oxidative stress related pathologies. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 191:111333. [PMID: 32814082 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Erythrocytes are deeply sensitive cells and important health indicators. During inflammatory response RBC, as a part of haematological system, are exposed to circulating inflammatory mediators and related oxidative stress. They present a highly specialized and organized cell membrane that interacts with inflammatory mediators and oxidative agents, leading to a variety of structural changes that promptly signal an abnormal situation. This review is aimed to provide an overview on erythrocyte involvement in physiological and pathological processes related to oxidative stress, such as aging, Down syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, for instance Alzheimer Disease, erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases. In particular this review will focus on the effects of oxidative stress on structural changes in the cell membrane and also on in the activity of erythrocyte enzymes such as membrane-bound, cytosolic glycohydrolases and RBC-eNOS. This review also underlines the potential clinical application of erythrocyte specific related parameters, which can be important tools not only for the study but also for the monitoring of several oxidative stress related diseases.
Collapse
|
5
|
Cheng B, Li Y, Ma L, Wang Z, Petersen RB, Zheng L, Chen Y, Huang K. Interaction between amyloidogenic proteins and biomembranes in protein misfolding diseases: Mechanisms, contributors, and therapy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:1876-1888. [PMID: 29466701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The toxic deposition of misfolded amyloidogenic proteins is associated with more than fifty protein misfolding diseases (PMDs), including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Protein deposition is a multi-step process modulated by a variety of factors, in particular by membrane-protein interaction. The interaction results in permeabilization of biomembranes contributing to the cytotoxicity that leads to PMDs. Different biological and physiochemical factors, such as protein sequence, lipid composition, and chaperones, are known to affect the membrane-protein interaction. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the mechanisms and contributing factors of the interaction between biomembranes and amyloidogenic proteins, and a summary of the therapeutic approaches to PMDs that target this interaction. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein Aggregation and Misfolding at the Cell Membrane Interface edited by Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430023, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei Province, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yang Li
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhuoyi Wang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Robert B Petersen
- Foundational Sciences, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48858, USA
| | - Ling Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yuchen Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Carelli-Alinovi C, Misiti F. Erythrocytes as Potential Link between Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:276. [PMID: 28890694 PMCID: PMC5574872 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies support the existence of an association between type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). In AD, in addition to brain, a number of peripheral tissues and cells are affected, including red blood cell (RBC) and because there are currently no reliable diagnostic biomarkers of AD in the blood, a gradually increasing attention has been given to the study of RBC's alterations. Recently it has been evidenced in diabetes, RBC alterations superimposable to the ones occurring in AD RBC. Furthermore, growing evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the development of RBC's alterations and vice versa. Once again this represents a further evidence of a shared pathway between AD and T2DM. The present review summarizes the two disorders, highlighting the role of RBC in the postulated common biochemical links, and suggests RBC as a possible target for clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Carelli-Alinovi
- School of Medicine, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry Institute, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRome, Italy
| | - Francesco Misiti
- Human, Social and Health Department, University of Cassino and Lazio MeridionaleCassino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Carelli-Alinovi C, Misiti F. Methionine 35 sulphoxide reduces toxicity of Aβ in red blood cell. Eur J Clin Invest 2017; 47:314-321. [PMID: 28177519 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oxidation of methionine residue in position 35 of Ab to sulphoxide (Ab-sulphoxide) has the ability to deeply modify wild-type Ab 1-42 (Ab) neurotoxic action. Our previous studies suggest that in nucleated cells, lower toxicity of Ab-sulphoxide might result not from structural alteration, but from elevation of methionine sulphoxide reductase A (MsrA) activity and mRNA levels. DESIGN On this basis, we hypothesised that red blood cell (RBC), a cell devoid almost completely of MsrA activity, shares with nucleated cells an antioxidant system induced by methionine 35 sulphoxide, responsible for the lower toxicity of Ab-sulphoxide in RBC. (Results) Supporting this hypothesis, we found that the low toxicity of Ab-sulphoxide in RBC correlated with pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) flux increase, and this event was associated with a low level of methionine oxidation in total proteins. None of these effects were observed when cells were exposed to Ab native. DISCUSSION These results outline the importance of the redox state of methionine 35 in the modulation of Ab-mediated events and suggest an important protective role for PPP in RBC of patients affected by Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Carelli-Alinovi
- School of Medicine, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry Institute, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Misiti
- Human Sciences, Society and Health Department, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Carelli-Alinovi C, Dinarelli S, Girasole M, Misiti F. Vascular dysfunction-associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2017; 64:679-687. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-168047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Carelli-Alinovi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Dinarelli
- Institute for the Structure of the Matter (ISM), National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Girasole
- Institute for the Structure of the Matter (ISM), National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Misiti
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Latium, V. S. Angelo Th., Polo Didattico della Folcara, Cassino (FR), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Milovanovic M, Nilsson S, Winblad B, Jelic V, Behbahani H, Shahnaz T, Oweling M, Järemo P. Inverse relationship between erythrocyte size and platelet reactivity in elderly. Platelets 2016; 28:182-186. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2016.1206196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Milovanovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, Sweden
- Department of Social and Welfare, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - S. Nilsson
- Primary Health Care and Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - B. Winblad
- Department NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division for Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital, Geriatric Clinic, Clinical Trial Unit, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - V. Jelic
- Department NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division for Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital, Geriatric Clinic, Clinical Trial Unit, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - H. Behbahani
- Department NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division for Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - T. Shahnaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, Sweden
- Department NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division for Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - M. Oweling
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - P. Järemo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, Sweden
- Department NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division for Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Amyloid β-peptide-dependent activation of human platelets: essential role for Ca2+ and ADP in aggregation and thrombus formation. Biochem J 2014; 462:513-23. [PMID: 24984073 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is associated with the accumulation of Aβ (amyloid β)-peptides in the brain. Besides their cytotoxic effect on neurons, Aβ-peptides are thought to be responsible for the atherothrombotic complications associated with Alzheimer's disease, which are collectively known as cerebrovascular disease. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Aβ-peptides on human platelet signal transduction and function. We discovered that the 25-35 domain of Aβ-peptides induce an increase in platelet intracellular Ca2+ that stimulates α-granule and dense granule secretion and leads to the release of the secondary agonist ADP. Released ADP acts in an autocrine manner as a stimulant for critical signalling pathways leading to the activation of platelets. This includes the activation of the protein kinases Syk, protein kinase C, Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Ca2+-dependent release of ADP is also the main component of the activation of the small GTPase Rap1b and the fibrinogen receptor integrin αIIbβ3, which leads to increased platelet aggregation and increased thrombus formation in human whole blood. Our discoveries complement existing understanding of cerebrovascular dementia and suggest that Aβ-peptides can induce vascular complications of Alzheimer's disease by stimulating platelets in an intracellular Ca2+-dependent manner. Despite a marginal ADP-independent component suggested by low levels of signalling activity in the presence of apyrase or P2Y receptor inhibitors, Ca2+-dependent release of ADP by Aβ-peptides clearly plays a critical role in platelet activation. Targeting ADP signalling may therefore represent an important strategy to manage the cerebrovascular component of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
|
11
|
Misiti F, Carelli-Alinovi C, Sampaolese B, Giardina B. β-amyloid decreases detectable endothelial nitric oxide synthase in human erythrocytes: a role for membrane acetylcholinesterase. Cell Biochem Funct 2012; 30:474-9. [PMID: 22431227 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Until few years ago, many studies of Alzheimer's disease investigated the effects of this syndrome in the central nervous system. Only recently, the detection of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) in the blood has evidenced the necessity to extend studies on extraneuronal cells, particularly on erythrocytes. Aβ is also present in brain capillaries, where it interacts with the erythrocytes, inducing several metabolic and functional alterations. Recently, functionally active endothelial type nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was discovered in human erythrocytes. The goal of the present study was to evidence the effect of Aβ on erythrocyte eNOS. We found that Aβ following to 24-h exposure causes a decrease in the immune staining of erythrocyte eNOS. Concurrently, Aβ alters erythrocyte cell morphology, decreases nitrites and nitrates levels, and affects membrane acetylcholinesterase activity. Propidium, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, was able to reverse the effects elicited by Aβ. These events could contribute to the vascular alterations associated with Alzheimer's disease disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Misiti
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Waldenström A, Ronquist G, Åberg AM, Ahlström K, Hauck P, Abrahamsson P, Johansson G, Biber B, Haney MF. Ischaemic preconditioning reduces myocardial calcium overload in coronary-occluded pig hearts shown by continuous in vivo assessment using microdialysis. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2011; 32:133-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.2011.01067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
13
|
Järemo P, Milovanovic M, Nilsson S, Buller C, Post C, Winblad B. Alzheimer's disease is characterized by more low-density erythrocytes with increased volume and enhanced β-amyloid x-40 content. J Intern Med 2011; 270:489-92. [PMID: 21486370 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
14
|
Exogenous carbon monoxide does not affect cell membrane energy availability assessed by sarcolemmal calcium fluxes during myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion in the pig. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2011; 28:356-62. [PMID: 20811288 DOI: 10.1097/eja.0b013e32833eab96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide is thought to be cytoprotective and may hold therapeutic promise for mitigating ischaemic injury. The purpose of this study was to test low-dose carbon monoxide for protective effects in a porcine model of acute myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion. In acute open-thorax experiments in anaesthetised pigs, pretreatment with low-dose carbon monoxide (5% increase in carboxyhaemoglobin) was conducted for 120 min before localised ischaemia (45 min) and reperfusion (60 min) was performed using a coronary snare. Metabolic and injury markers were collected by microdialysis sampling in the ventricular wall. Recovery of radio-marked calcium delivered locally by microperfusate was measured to assess carbon monoxide treatment effects during ischaemia/reperfusion on the intracellular calcium pool. Coronary occlusion and ischaemia/reperfusion were analysed for 16 animals (eight in each group). Changes in glucose, lactate and pyruvate from the ischaemic area were observed during ischaemia and reperfusion interventions, though there was no difference between carbon monoxide-treated and control groups during ischaemia or reperfusion. Similar results were observed for glycerol and microdialysate ⁴⁵Ca(2+) recovery. These findings show that a relatively low and clinically relevant dose of carbon monoxide did not seem to provide acute protection as indicated by metabolic, energy-related and injury markers in a porcine myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion experimental model. We conclude that protective effects of carbon monoxide related to ischaemia/reperfusion either require higher doses of carbon monoxide or occur later after reperfusion than the immediate time frame studied here. More study is needed to characterise the mechanism and time frame of carbon monoxide-related cytoprotection.
Collapse
|
15
|
Sultana R, Butterfield DA. Brain Protein Oxidation and Modification for Good or for Bad in Alzheimer’s Disease. NEUROCHEMICAL MECHANISMS IN DISEASE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7104-3_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
16
|
Misiti F, Orsini F, Clementi ME, Masala D, Tellone E, Galtieri A, Giardina B. Amyloid peptide inhibits ATP release from human erythrocytes. Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 86:501-8. [PMID: 19088798 DOI: 10.1139/o08-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxygen required to meet metabolic needs of all tissues is delivered by the erythrocyte, a small, flexible cell, which, in mammals, is devoid of a nucleus and mitochondria. Despite its simple appearance, this cell has an important role in its own distribution, enabling the delivery of oxygen to precisely meet localized metabolic need. When an erythrocyte enters in a hypoxic area, a signalling pathway is activated within the cell resulting in the release of ATP in amounts adequate to activate purinergic receptors on vascular endothelium, which trigger secretion of nitric oxide and other factors resulting in vasodilatation. Among other mechanisms, binding of deoxyhemoglobin to the cytoplasmic domain of the anion-exchange protein band 3 is probably involved in this pathway. The present study investigates the effect of amyloid beta peptide exposure on this molecular mechanism. We report that deoxygenated human erythrocytes fail to release ATP following 24 h exposure to amyloid beta peptide. Concurrently, amyloid beta peptide induces caspase 3 activation. Preincubation of amyloid beta peptide treated erythrocytes with a specific inhibitor of caspase 3 prevents amyloid-induced caspase 3 activation and restores the erythrocyte's ability to release ATP under deoxygenated conditions. Since the activity of red cell phosphofructokinase, a key step in glycolytic flux, is not modified within the red cell following amyloid peptide exposure, it is likely that ATP release reduction is not dependent on glycolytic flux alterations. It has also been suggested that the heterotrimeric G protein, Gi, and adenylyl cyclase are downstream critical components of the pathway responsible for ATP release. We show that cAMP synthesis and ATP release are not failed in amyloid-peptide-treated erythrocytes in response to incubation with mastoparan 7 or forskolin plus 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine, agents that stimulate cAMP synthesis. In conclusion, these results indicate that amyloid beta peptide inhibits ATP release from deoxygenated erythrocytes by activating red cell caspase 3, suggesting a pathophysiologic role for vascular amyloid peptide in Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Misiti
- Department of Health and Motor Sciences, University of Cassino, V.le Bonomi 03043, Cassino (FR), Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schmid AW, Freir DB, Herron CE. Inhibition of LTP in vivo by beta-amyloid peptide in different conformational states. Brain Res 2008; 1197:135-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 11/29/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
18
|
Suhr OB, Anan I, Backman C, Karlsson A, Lindqvist P, Mörner S, Waldenström A. Do troponin and B-natriuretic peptide detect cardiomyopathy in transthyretin amyloidosis? J Intern Med 2008; 263:294-301. [PMID: 18069997 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01888.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cardiomyopathy is a well known complication in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP). Troponin T and B-natriuretic peptide (BNP) have been shown to be excellent markers for heart complications in AL-amyloidosis. The aim of the study was to investigate troponin T, troponin I and BNP as markers for myocardial damage and failure in FAP. DESIGN Retrospective investigation of patients with FAP. SETTING Tertiary referral centre. SUBJECTS Twenty-nine patients who had been submitted for evaluation of FAP. INTERVENTIONS Two-dimensional M-mode and Doppler echocardiography and strain echocardiographic examination. Measurement of Troponin T, troponin I and BNP. RESULTS Troponin T was detectable in only three patients who all had abnormal interventricular septal (IVS) thickness. Troponin I was abnormal in six patients (21%), of which only two had an increased IVS thickness. The heart function was generally well preserved in the patients in spite of hypertrophy of the IVS in 14 patients. BNP was elevated in 22 patients (76%), and it correlated significantly with IVS thickness and basal septal strain. CONCLUSIONS Transthyretin amyloid seems to be less harmful to myocytes than that of AL amyloid as evaluated by serum troponin T and I as well as by echocardiography. BNP appears to be a sensitive marker for cardiomyopathy in FAP, and could prove valuable for follow-up purposes as has been shown for AL-amyloidosis patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O B Suhr
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nicolay JP, Gatz S, Liebig G, Gulbins E, Lang F. Amyloid induced suicidal erythrocyte death. Cell Physiol Biochem 2007; 19:175-84. [PMID: 17310111 DOI: 10.1159/000099205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid peptides are known to induce apoptosis in a wide variety of cells. Erythrocytes may similarly undergo suicidal death or eryptosis, which is characterized by scrambling of the cell membrane with subsequent exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) at the cell surface. Eryptosis is triggered by increase of cytosolic Ca(2+) activity and by activation of acid sphingomyelinase with subsequent formation of ceramide. Triggers of eryptosis include energy depletion and isosmotic cell shrinkage (replacement of extracellular Cl(-) by impermeable gluconate for 24 h). The present study explored whether amyloid peptide Abeta (1-42) could trigger eryptosis and to possibly identify underlying mechanisms. Erythrocytes from healthy volunteers were exposed to amyloid and PS-exposure (annexin V binding), cell volume (forward scatter), cytosolic Ca(2+) activity (Fluo3 fluorescence) and ceramide formation (anti-ceramide antibody) were determined by FACS analysis. Exposure of erythrocytes to the amyloid peptide Abeta (1-42) (> or = 0.5 microM) for 24 h significantly triggered annexin V binding, an effect mimicked to a lesser extent by the amyloid peptide Abeta (1-40) (1 microM). Abeta (1-42) (> or = 1.0 microM) further significantly decreased forward scatter of erythrocytes. The effect of Abeta (1-42) (> or = 0.5 microM) on erythrocyte annexin V binding was paralleled by formation of ceramide but not by significant increase of cytosolic Ca(2+) activity. The presence of Abeta (1-42) further significantly enhanced the eryptosis following Cl(-) depletion but not of glucose depletion for 24 hours. The present observations disclose a novel action of Abeta (1-42), which may well contribute to the pathophysiological effects of amyloid peptides, such as vascular complications in Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan P Nicolay
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Perry RT, Gearhart DA, Wiener HW, Harrell LE, Barton JC, Kutlar A, Kutlar F, Ozcan O, Go RCP, Hill WD. Hemoglobin binding to A beta and HBG2 SNP association suggest a role in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 29:185-93. [PMID: 17157413 PMCID: PMC2266611 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Revised: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
From a normal human brain phage display library screen we identified the gamma (A)-globin chain of fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) as a protein that bound strongly to A beta1-42. We showed the oxidized form of adult Hb (metHb A) binds with greater affinity to A beta1-42 than metHb F. MetHb is more toxic than oxyhemoglobin because it loses its heme group more readily. Free Hb and heme readily damage vascular endothelial cells similar to Alzheimer's disease (AD) vascular pathology. The XmnI polymorphism (C-->T) at -158 of the gamma (G)-globin promoter region can contribute to increased Hb F expression. Using family-based association testing, we found a significant protective association of this polymorphism in the NIMH sibling dataset (n=489) in families, with at least two affected and one unaffected sibling (p=0.006), with an age of onset >50 years (p=0.010) and >65 years (p=0.013), and families not homozygous for the APOE4 allele (p=0.041). We hypothesize that Hb F may be less toxic than adult Hb in its interaction with A beta and may protect against the development of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney T. Perry
- Department. of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, USA; Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, ; ;
| | - Debra A. Gearhart
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta , GA 30912-2300, USA;
| | - Howard W. Wiener
- Department. of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, USA; Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, ; ;
| | - Lindy E. Harrell
- Alzheimer' Disease Center, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0017;
| | | | - Abdullah Kutlar
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta GA 30912-2000 (USA); ;
| | - Ferdane Kutlar
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta GA 30912-2000 (USA); ;
| | - Ozan Ozcan
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia ; Department of Biology, Paine College, Augusta, GA 30912-2000;
| | - Rodney C. P. Go
- Department. of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, USA; Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, ; ;
| | - William D. Hill
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia; Augusta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912-2000, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Clementi ME, Giardina B, Colucci D, Galtieri A, Misiti F. Amyloid-beta peptide affects the oxygen dependence of erythrocyte metabolism: a role for caspase 3. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 39:727-35. [PMID: 17185023 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human erythrocyte metabolism is modulated by the cell oxygenation state. Among other mechanisms, competition of deoxyhemoglobin and some glycolytic enzymes for the cytoplasmic domain of band 3 is probably involved in modulation. This metabolic modulation is connected to variations in intracellular NADPH and ATP levels as a function of the oxygenation state of the cell, and, consequently, it should have physiologic relevance. The present study investigates the effect of amyloid-beta peptide exposure on this metabolic modulation and its relationship with the activity of erythrocyte caspase 3. Metabolic differences between erythrocytes incubated at high and low oxygen saturation disappear following to 24 h exposure to amyloid-beta peptide. Western blotting analysis shows that caspase 3 is concurrently activated. Pre-incubation of amyloid-beta peptide-treated erythrocytes with a specific inhibitor of caspase 3, partially restores the oxygen-dependent modulation. This finding suggests that human erythrocytes following to exposure to amyloid-beta peptide show a complete loss of the oxygen-dependent metabolic modulation, which is partially restored by caspase 3 inhibitor-treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Elisabetta Clementi
- CNR, Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, L.go F. Vito n.1, CAP 00168 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sultana R, Perluigi M, Butterfield DA. Protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation in brain of subjects with Alzheimer's disease: insights into mechanism of neurodegeneration from redox proteomics. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006; 8:2021-37. [PMID: 17034347 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2006.8.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia, involves regionalized neuronal death, synaptic loss, and an accumulation of intraneuronal, neurofibrillary tangles and extracellular senile plaques. Although the initiating causes leading to AD are unknown, a number of previous studies reported the role of oxidative stress in AD brain. Postmortem analysis of AD brain showed elevated markers of oxidative stress including protein nitrotyrosine, carbonyls in proteins, lipid oxidation products, and oxidized DNA bases. In this review, we focus our attention on the role of protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation in the pathogenesis of AD. Particular attention is given to the current knowledge about the redox proteomics identification of oxidatively modified proteins in AD brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rukhsana Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hölscher C. Development of beta-amyloid-induced neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease and novel neuroprotective strategies. Rev Neurosci 2006; 16:181-212. [PMID: 16323560 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro.2005.16.3.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a form of dementia in which people develop rapid neurodegeneration, complete loss of cognitive abilities, and are likely to die prematurely. At present, no treatment for AD is known. One of the hallmarks in the development of AD is the aggregation of amyloid protein fragments in the brain, and much evidence points towards beta-amyloid fragments being one of the main causes of the neurodegenerative processes. This review summarises the present concepts and theories on how AD develops, and lists the evidence that supports them. A cascade of biochemical events is initiated that ultimately leads to neuronal death involving an imbalance of intracellular calcium homeostasis via activation of calcium channels, intracellular calcium stores, and subsequent production of free radicals by calcium-sensitive enzymes. Secondary processes include inflammatory responses that produce more free radicals and the induction of apoptosis. Recently, several new strategies have been proposed to try to ameliorate the neurodegenerative developments associated with AD. These include the activation of neuronal growth factor receptors and insulin-like receptors, both of which have neuroprotective properties. Furthermore, the role of cholesterol and potential protective properties of cholesterol-lowering drugs are under intense investigation. Other promising strategies include the inhibition of beta- and gamma-secretases which produce beta-amyloid, activation of proteases that degrade beta-amyloid, glutamate receptor selective drugs, antioxidants, and metal chelating agents, all of which prevent formation of plaques. Novel drugs that act at different levels of the neurodegenerative processes show great promise to reduce neurodegeneration. They could help to prolong the time of unimpaired cognitive abilities of people who develop AD, allowing them to lead an independent life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hölscher
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Poon HF, Farr SA, Banks WA, Pierce WM, Klein JB, Morley JE, Butterfield DA. Proteomic identification of less oxidized brain proteins in aged senescence-accelerated mice following administration of antisense oligonucleotide directed at the Aβ region of amyloid precursor protein. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 138:8-16. [PMID: 15932783 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2005.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2004] [Revised: 02/01/2005] [Accepted: 02/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) is the major constituent of senile plaques, a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. It is generally accepted that Abeta plays a central role in the pathophysiology of AD. Abeta is released from cells under entirely normal cellular conditions during the internalization and endosomal processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP). However, accumulation of Abeta can induce neurotoxicity. Our previous reports showed that decreasing the production of Abeta by giving an intracerebroventricular injection of a 42-mer phosphorothiolated antisense oligonucleotide (AO) directed at the Abeta region of the APP gene reduces lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation and improves cognitive deficits in aged senescence-accelerated mice prone 8 (SAMP8) mice. In order to investigate how Abeta level reduction improves learning and memory performance of SAMP8 mice through reduction of oxidative stress in brains, we used proteomics to identify the proteins that are less oxidized in 12-month-old SAMP8 mice brains treated with AO against the Abeta region of APP (12 mA) compared to that of the age-control SAMP8 mice. We found that the specific protein carbonyl levels of aldoase 3 (Aldo3), coronin 1a (Coro1a) and peroxiredoxin 2 (Prdx2) are significantly decreased in the brains of 12 mA SAMP8 mice compared to the age-controlled SAMP8 treated with random AO (12 mR). We also found that the expression level of alpha-ATP synthase (Atp5a1) was significantly decreased, whereas the expression of profilin 2 (Pro-2) was significantly increased in brains from 12 mA SAMP8 mice. Our results suggest that decreasing Abeta levels in aged brain in aged accelerated mice may contribute to the mechanism of restoring the learning and memory improvement in aged SAMP8 mice and may provide insight into the role of Abeta in the memory and cognitive deficits in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Fai Poon
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, and Sander-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Clementi ME, Martorana GE, Pezzotti M, Giardina B, Misiti F. Methionine 35 oxidation reduces toxic effects of the amyloid beta-protein fragment (31-35) on human red blood cell. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 36:2066-76. [PMID: 15203119 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2004.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2003] [Revised: 03/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta-peptide, the central constituent of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease brain, has been shown to be a source of free radical oxidative stress that may lead to neurodegeneration. In particular, it is well known that oxidation of methionine 35, is strongly related to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, since it represents the residue in the beta-amyloid peptide most susceptible to oxidation "in vivo". In this study, the fragment 31-35 of the beta-amyloid peptide, which has a single methionine at residue 35, was used to investigate the influence of the oxidation state of methionine-35 on the beta-amyloid peptide (31-35) mediated cytotoxic effects. Because no extensive studies have yet addressed whether amyloid beta peptides-mediated toxic effects can occur in the absence of mitochondria, human red blood cells were used as cell model. Exposure of intact red blood cells to beta-amyloid peptide (31-35) induced a marked stimulation (approximately 45%) of the pentose phosphate pathway and a significant inhibition of the red cell enzyme catalase, compared with the results observed in control red blood cells. In contrast, exposure of red blood cells to the beta-amyloid peptide (31-35)-Met35OX i.e. in which the sulfur of methionine is oxidised to sulfoxide, induced a slight activation of PPP (approximately 19%), and an inhibition of catalase activity lower with respect to the results observed in beta-amyloid peptide (31-35)-treated red blood cells. Since the activities of red cell phosphofructokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and the functionality of hemoglobin were not modified within the red cell following to beta-amyloid peptides exposure, it is likely that beta-amyloid (31-35)-catalase interaction may represent a selective toxic event. Together, these results support the hypothesis that Abeta peptide and the oxidative state of Met-35 may be involved in the mechanisms responsible of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisabetta Clementi
- CNR, Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare (ICRM), L.go F. Vito n.1, CAP 00168 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Eguiagaray JG, Egea J, Bravo-Cordero JJ, García AG. [Neurotransmitters, calcium signalling and neuronal communication]. Neurocirugia (Astur) 2004; 15:109-18. [PMID: 15159788 DOI: 10.1016/s1130-1473(04)70489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this article we show some recent findings that constitute a great progress in the molecular knowledge of synaptic dynamics. To communicate, neurons use a code that includes electrical (action potentials) and chemical signals (neurotransmitters, neuromodulators). At the moment a great variety of molecules are known, whose neurotransmitter function in brain and the peripheral nervous system are out of question. Monoamines like acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, histamine, serotonin, glutamate, aspartate, glycine, ATP and GABA are good examples. Opioid neuropeptides, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neurokinines (substance P), somatostatin, neurotensin, neuropeptide Y, cholecystokinine, vasopressin or oxitocin have been related to the control of the stress response, sexual behaviour, food intake, pain, learning and memory, qualities that are also related to nitric oxide (NO). A great part of the molecular structure of the secretory machinery is known to be responsible for fast neurotransmitter release at the synapse, in response to action potentials. Proteins like sinaptobrevin (located in the membrane of the synaptic vesicle), sintaxin and SNAP-25 (both located at the presynaptic plasma membrane) constitute a trimeric complex which is responsible of the vesicular docking at the active sites for exocytosis. From this strategic location, vesicles release their neurotransmitter within few milliseconds, when the action potential invades the nerve terminal and activates the opening of the different subtypes of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. The asymmetric geographical distribution of each type of channel, in different neurons, rose the hypothesis that Ca2+ that enters through each subtype of channel is compartmentalised, thus favouring the generation of Ca2+ microdomains, in the cytosol and the nucleus, involved in different cellular functions. This great biochemical synaptic heterogeneity is facilitating the selection of many biological targets to develop drugs with potential therapeutic applications in neuropsychiatric diseases i.e. Alzheimer's, Parkinson, epilepsies, stroke, vascular dementia, depression, schizophrenia, anxiety and so on.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J G Eguiagaray
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Poon HF, Joshi G, Sultana R, Farr SA, Banks WA, Morley JE, Calabrese V, Butterfield DA. Antisense directed at the Abeta region of APP decreases brain oxidative markers in aged senescence accelerated mice. Brain Res 2004; 1018:86-96. [PMID: 15262209 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) is known to induce free radical-mediated oxidative stress in the brain. Free radical-mediated damage to the neuronal membrane components has been implicated in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Abeta is produced by proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). The senescence accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) strain was developed by phenotypic selection from a common genetic pool. The SAMP8 strain exhibits age-related deterioration in memory and learning as well as Abeta accumulation, and it is considered an effective model for studying brain aging in accelerated senescence. Previous research has shown that a phosphorothiolated antisense oligonucleotide directed against the Abeta region of APP decreases the expression of APP and reverses deficits in learning and memory in aged SAMP8 mice. Consistent with other reports, our previous study showed that 12-month-old SAMP8 mice have increased levels of oxidative stress markers in the brain compared with that in brains from 4-month-old SAMP8 mice. In the current study, 12-month-old SAMP8 mice were treated with antisense oligonucleotide directed against the Abeta region of APP, and the oxidative markers in brain were decreased significantly. Therefore, we conclude that Abeta may contribute to the oxidative stress found in aged SAMP8 mice that have learning and memory impairments. These results are discussed in reference to AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Fai Poon
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-0055, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ljungberg I, Waldenström A, Ronquist G. Rubidium-86 uptake and energy metabolism in suspended human erythrocytes monitored by microdialysis. J Int Med Res 2004; 32:384-91. [PMID: 15303769 DOI: 10.1177/147323000403200406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to develop a model for studying membrane leakiness. A microdialysis technique was used to investigate rubidium-86 (86Rb) uptake in suspended human erythrocytes in vitro, with the aim of later applying the technique to in vivo studies. Suspensions were prepared from washed erythrocytes and 86Rb administered directly or via the microdialysis probe. The effects on 86Rb uptake of varying the haematocrit were measured. Erythrocytes were also treated with the K+ ionophore valinomycin or the Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor ouabain. The effects on 86Rb uptake, microdialysate content of lactate and pyruvate, and erythrocyte content of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) were measured. Valinomycin dissipates the potassium gradient and activates Na+/K+-ATPase, demonstrated by decreased erythrocyte 86Rb uptake with increasing concentrations of valinomycin. This increased ion pump activity enhanced glycolysis, which was demonstrated by accumulation of pyruvate and lactate due to enhanced consumption of 2,3-BPG. The microdialysis technique is appropriate for in vitro studies of ion fluxes across cellular membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Ljungberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Merlini G, Westermark P. The systemic amyloidoses: clearer understanding of the molecular mechanisms offers hope for more effective therapies. J Intern Med 2004; 255:159-78. [PMID: 14746554 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2796.2003.01262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about the systemic amyloidoses has increased considerably during the last few years. This group of diseases is characterized by great biochemical variability, including at least 11 different amyloid fibril proteins and a remarkable range of clinical manifestations. With the understanding that the pathogenesis is different in the various forms of amyloidosis, it is now being increasingly accepted that an early and accurate diagnosis, including that of the underlying biochemical nature, is crucial for a successful treatment. The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms involved in amyloidogenesis is at the basis of the recent blossoming of new, innovative and more effective therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Merlini
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Amyloid Center, University Hospital IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ronquist G, Waldenström A. Imbalance of plasma membrane ion leak and pump relationship as a new aetiological basis of certain disease states. J Intern Med 2003; 254:517-26. [PMID: 14641792 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2003.01235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The basis for life is the ability of the cell to maintain ion gradients across biological membranes. Such gradients are created by specific membrane-bound ion pumps [adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases)]. According to physicochemical rules passive forces equilibrate (dissipate) ion gradients. The cholesterol/phospholipid ratio of the membrane and the degree of saturation of phospholipid fatty acids are important factors for membrane molecular order and herewith a determinant of the degree of non-specific membrane leakiness. Other operative principles, i.e. specific ion channels can be opened and closed according to mechanisms that are specific to the cell. Certain compounds called ionophores can be integrated in the plasma membrane and permit specific inorganic ions to pass. Irrespective of which mechanism ions leak across the plasma membrane the homeostasis may be kept by increasing ion pumping (ATPase activity) in an attempt to restore the physiological ion gradient. The energy source for this work seems to be glycolytically derived ATP formation. Thus an increase in ion pumping is reflected by increased ATP hydrolysis and rate of glycolysis. This can be measured as an accumulation of breakdown products of ATP and end-products of anaerobic glycolysis (lactate). In certain disease entities, the balance between ATP formation and ion pumping may be disordered resulting in a decrease in inter alia (i.a.) cellular energy charge, and an increase in lactate formation and catabolites of adenylates. Cardiac syndrome X is proposed to be due to an excessive leakage of potassium ions, leading to electrocardiographic (ECG) changes, abnormal Tl-scintigraphy of the heart and anginal pain (induced by adenosine). Cocksackie B3 infections, a common agent in myocarditis might also induce an ionophore-like effect. Moreover, Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the formation of extracellular amyloid deposits in the brain of patients. Perturbation of cellular membranes by the amyloid peptide during the development of Alzheimer's disease is one of several mechanisms proposed to account for the toxicity of this peptide on neuronal membranes. We have studied the effects of the peptide and fragments thereof on 45Ca2+-uptake in human erythrocytes and the energetic consequences. Treatment of erythrocytes with the beta 1-40 peptide, results in qualitatively similar nucleotide pattern and decrease of energy charge as the treatment with Ca2+-ionophore A23187. Finally, in recent studies we have revealed and published in this journal that a rare condition, Tarui's disease or glycogenosis type VII, primarily associated with a defect M-subunit of phosphofructokinase, demonstrates as a cophenomenon an increased leak of Ca2+ into erythrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Ronquist
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ramsden M, Henderson Z, Pearson HA. Modulation of Ca2+ channel currents in primary cultures of rat cortical neurones by amyloid beta protein (1-40) is dependent on solubility status. Brain Res 2002; 956:254-61. [PMID: 12445693 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Alzheimer's disease peptide amyloid beta protein (Abeta) can exist in soluble and fibrillar, aggregated forms. Abeta in the aggregated form is thought to be pro-apoptotic, causing cell death when applied to cultured neurones by disrupting Ca(2+) homeostasis. This process may involve changes in Ca(2+) influx across the plasma membrane. The aim of this study was to quantify this effect by applying both the aggregated and unaggregated forms of Abeta to cultured rat cortical neurones. Unaggregated Abeta(1-40) (24-h pretreatment, 1 microM) stimulated an increase in voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channel current activity, which was found to comprise of N- and P-type current. In the aggregated form, Abeta(1-40) pre-treatment reduced Ca(2+) channel current density in cortical neurones via an action on N-type Ca(2+) current. This failure of aggregated Abeta(1-40) to increase the Ca(2+) channel current was confirmed on cerebellar granule neurone Ca(2+) currents which normally undergo an increase in activity following soluble Abeta application. Using the MTT and TUNEL assays, aggregated Abeta(1-40) was found to promote apoptotic cell death in cortical neurones confirming that Abeta exhibited the expected biological activity. Unaggregated Abeta had no neurotoxic effect. These data indicate that the unaggregated, non-pathological form of Abeta(1-40), and not the aggregated form, cause changes in neuronal Ca(2+) channel activity. This may reflect a normal functional role for amyloid peptides in the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ramsden
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Verkhratsky A, Petersen OH. The endoplasmic reticulum as an integrating signalling organelle: from neuronal signalling to neuronal death. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 447:141-54. [PMID: 12151006 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)01838-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum is one of the largest intracellular organelles represented by continuous network of cisternae and tubules, which occupies the substantial part of neuronal somatas and extends into finest neuronal processes. The endoplasmic reticulum controls protein synthesis as well as their post-translational processing, and generates variety of nucleus-targeted signals through Ca(2+)-binding chaperones. The normal functioning of the endoplasmic reticulum signalling cascades requires high concentrations of free calcium ions within the endoplasmic reticulum lumen ([Ca(2+)](L)), and severe alterations in [Ca(2+)](L) trigger endoplasmic reticulum stress response, manifested by either unfolded protein response (UPR) or endoplasmic reticulum overload response (EOR). At the same time, the endoplasmic reticulum is critically involved in fast neuronal signalling, by producing local or global cytosolic calcium signals via Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release (CICR) or inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced Ca(2+) release (IICR). Both CICR and IICR are important for synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. Several special techniques allowing real-time [Ca(2+)](L) monitoring were developed recently. Video-imaging of [Ca(2+)](L) in neurones demonstrates that physiological signalling triggers minor decreases in overall intraluminal Ca(2+) concentration due to strong activation of Ca(2+) uptake, which prevents severe [Ca(2+)](L) alterations. The endoplasmic reticulum lumen also serves as a "tunnel" which allows rapid transport of Ca(2+) ions within highly polarised nerve cells. Fluctuations of intraluminal free Ca(2+) concentration represent a universal mechanism, which integrates physiological cellular signalling with protein synthesis and processing. In pathological conditions, fluctuations in [Ca(2+)](L) may initiate either adaptive or fatal stress responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexej Verkhratsky
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, 1.124 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hirakura Y, Carreras I, Sipe JD, Kagan BL. Channel formation by serum amyloid A: a potential mechanism for amyloid pathogenesis and host defense. Amyloid 2002; 9:13-23. [PMID: 12000193 DOI: 10.3109/13506120209072440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a family of closely related apolipoproteins associated with high density lipoprotein (HDL). Subclasses of SAA isoforms are differentially expressed constitutively and during inflammation. During states of infection or inflammation, levels of HDL bound, acute phase isoforms of SAA rise as much as 1000-fold in the serum, suggesting that it might play a role in host defense. Following recurrent or chronic inflammation, an N-terminal peptide fragment of SAA known as amyloid A (AA) assembles into fibrils causing extensive damage to spleen, liver, and kidney, and rapidly progressing to death. In the present paper, we report the novel finding that a recombinant acute phase isoform variant of human SAA 1.1 (SAAp) readily forms ion-channels in planar lipid bilayer membranes at physiologic concentrations. These channels are voltage-independent, poorly selective, and are relatively long-lived This type of channel would place a severe metabolic strain on various kinds of cells. Expression of human SAA 1.1 in bacteria induces lysis of bacterial cells, while expression of the constitutive isoform (human SAA4) does not. Secondary structural analysis of the SAA isoforms in dicates a strong hydrophobicity of the N-terminal of the acute phase isoform relative to the constitutive SAA4 isoform, which may be responsible for the bactericidal activity of the former, in keeping with the notion that SAA 1 targets cell membranes and forms channels in them. Channel formation may thus be related to a host defense role of acute phase SAA isoforms and may also be the mechanism of end organ damage in AA and other amyloidoses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Hirakura
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatric Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, 90024, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Freir DB, Holscher C, Herron CE. Blockade of long-term potentiation by beta-amyloid peptides in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus in vivo. J Neurophysiol 2001; 85:708-13. [PMID: 11160505 DOI: 10.1152/jn.2001.85.2.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of intracerebroventricular (icv) injections of beta-amyloid peptide fragments Abeta[15-25], Abeta[25-35], and Abeta[35-25] were examined on synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampal CA1 region in vivo. Rats were anesthetized using urethan, and changes in synaptic efficacy were determined from the slope of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). Baseline synaptic responses were monitored for 30 min prior to icv injection of Abeta peptides or vehicle. High-frequency stimulation (HFS) to induce LTP was applied to the Schaffer-collateral pathway 5 min or 1 h following the icv injection. HFS comprised 3 episodes of 10 stimuli at 200 Hz, 10 times, applied at 30-s intervals. Normal LTP measured 30 min following HFS, was produced following icv injection of vehicle (191 +/- 17%, mean +/- SE, n = 6) or Abeta[15-25; 100 nmol] (177 +/- 6%, n = 6) 1 h prior to HFS. LTP was, however, markedly reduced by Abeta[25-35; 10 nmol] (129 +/- 9%, n = 6, P < 0.001) and blocked by Abeta[25-35; 100 nmol] (99 +/- 6%, n = 6, P < 0.001). Injection of the reverse peptide, Abeta[35-25], also impaired LTP at concentrations of 10 nmol (136 +/- 3%, n = 6, P < 0.01) and 100 nmol (144 +/- 7, n = 8, P < 0.05). Using a different protocol, HFS was delivered 5 min following Abeta injections, and LTP was measured 1 h post HFS. Stable LTP was produced in the control group (188 +/- 15%, n = 7) and blocked by Abeta[25-35, 100 nmol] (108 +/- 15%, n = 6, P < 0.001). A lower dose of Abeta[25-35; 10 nmol] did not significantly impair LTP (176 +/- 30%, n = 4). The Abeta-peptides tested were also shown to have no significant effect on paired pulse facilitation (interstimulus interval of 50 ms), suggesting that neither presynaptic transmitter release or activity of interneurons in vivo are affected. The effects of Abeta on LTP are therefore likely to be mediated via a postsynaptic mechanism. This in vivo model of LTP is extremely sensitive to Abeta-peptides that can impair LTP in a time- ([25-35]) and concentration-dependent manner ([25-35] and [35-25]). These effects of Abeta-peptides may then contribute to the cognitive deficits associated with Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Freir
- Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Paschen W. Dependence of vital cell function on endoplasmic reticulum calcium levels: implications for the mechanisms underlying neuronal cell injury in different pathological states. Cell Calcium 2001; 29:1-11. [PMID: 11133351 DOI: 10.1054/ceca.2000.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a subcellular compartment playing a pivotal role in the control of vital calcium-related cell functions, including calcium storage and signalling. In addition, newly synthesized membrane and secretory proteins are folded and processed in the ER, reactions which are strictly calcium dependent. The ER calcium activity is therefore high, being several orders of magnitude above that of the cytoplasm. Depletion of ER calcium stores causes an accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER lumen, a pathological situation which induces the activation of two highly conserved stress responses, the ER overload response (EOR) and the unfolded protein response (UPR). EOR triggers activation of the transcription factor NF kappa B, which, in turn, activates the expression of target genes. UPR triggers two downstream processes: it activates the expression of genes coding for ER-resident stress proteins, and it causes a suppression of the initiation of protein synthesis. A similar stress response is activated in pathological states of the brain including cerebral ischaemia, implying common underlying mechanisms. Depending on the extent and duration of the disturbance, an isolated impairment of ER function is sufficient to induce cell injury. In this review, evidence is presented that ER function is indeed disturbed in various diseases of the brain, including acute pathological states (e.g. cerebral ischaemia) and degenerative diseases (e.g. Alzheimer's disease). A body of evidence suggests that disturbances of ER function could be a global pathomechanism underlying neuronal cell injury in various acute and chronic disorders of the central nervous system. If that is true, restoration of ER function or attenuation of secondary disturbances induced by ER dysfunction could present a highly promising new avenue for pharmacological intervention to minimize neuronal cell injury in different pathological states of the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Paschen
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kumar VB, Farr SA, Flood JF, Kamlesh V, Franko M, Banks WA, Morley JE. Site-directed antisense oligonucleotide decreases the expression of amyloid precursor protein and reverses deficits in learning and memory in aged SAMP8 mice. Peptides 2000; 21:1769-75. [PMID: 11150636 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(00)00339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
beta amyloid protein (Abeta) is a 40-43 amino acid peptide derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP). Abeta has been implicated as a cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mice with spontaneous or transgenic overexpression of APP show the histologic hallmarks of AD and have impairments in learning and memory. We tested whether antisense phosphorothiolated oligonucleotides (AO) directed at the Abeta region of the APP gene given with or without antibody directed at Abeta could reverse the elevated protein levels of APP and the behavioral impairments seen in SAMP8 mice, a strain which spontaneously overexpresses APP. We found that intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of antibody with either of two AOs directed at the midregion of Abeta improved acquisition and retention in a footshock avoidance paradigm, whereas two AOs directed more toward the C-terminal, a random AO, and vehicle were without effect. Three injections of the more potent AO given without antibody reduced APP protein levels by 43-68% in the amygdala, septum, and hippocampus. These results show that AO directed at the Abeta region of APP can reduce APP levels in the brain and reverse deficits in learning and memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V B Kumar
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, St. Louis VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kuo YM, Kokjohn TA, Kalback W, Luehrs D, Galasko DR, Chevallier N, Koo EH, Emmerling MR, Roher AE. Amyloid-beta peptides interact with plasma proteins and erythrocytes: implications for their quantitation in plasma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 268:750-6. [PMID: 10679277 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta peptides are bound rapidly in the plasma complicating an accurate assessment of their in vivo abundance by immunoassay procedures. The extent of Abeta immunoassay interference was used to estimate the Abeta binding capacity of purified plasma proteins, erythrocytes and whole plasma. Human serum albumin bound Abeta peptides rapidly with a 1:1 stoichiometry and at physiological concentrations was capable of binding over 95% of an input of 5 ng/ml Abeta. Purified alpha2-macroglobulin was able to bind Abeta peptides and at physiological concentration bound 73% of 5 ng/ml of Abeta. Erythrocytes also sequestered the Abeta peptides, showing a preference for binding Abeta 1-42. Incubation of 5 ng/ml of Abeta in plasma revealed that about 30% of the peptides were still detectable by immunoassay, presumably reflecting the binding of Abeta peptides with albumin and other plasma molecules. Thus, our studies reveal that both the soluble and formed elements of the blood are capable of sequestering Abeta peptides. To avoid underestimating plasma Abeta values, we employed an improved column chromatography method under denaturing conditions to liberate Abeta from its associations with plasma proteins. Quantification of Abeta 40 and 42 levels in plasma from both normal and AD individuals after chromatography showed a large overlap between AD and control groups, despite the very large pool of Abeta present in the AD brains. The potential origins of the plasma Abeta pool are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y M Kuo
- Haldeman Laboratory for Alzheimer Disease Research, Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, Arizona 85351, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Etcheberrigaray R, Bhagavan S. Ionic and signal transduction alterations in Alzheimer's disease: relevance of studies on peripheral cells. Mol Neurobiol 1999; 20:93-109. [PMID: 10966116 DOI: 10.1007/bf02742436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that Alzheimer's disease (AD) has systemic expression. Systemic changes are manifested as alterations in a number of molecular and cellular processes. Although, these alterations appear to have little or no consequence in peripheral systems, their parallel expression in the central nervous system (CNS) could account for the principal clinical manifestations of the disease. Recent research seems to indicate that alterations in ion channels, calcium homeostasis, and protein kinase C (PKC) can be linked and thereby constitute a model of pathophysiological relevance. Considering the difficulties of studying dynamic pathophysiological processes in the disease-ridden postmortem AD brain, peripheral tissues such as fibroblasts provide a suitable model to study molecular and cellular aspects of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Etcheberrigaray
- Laboratory of Applied Neuroscience, Institute for Cognitive and Computational Sciences, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Su GC, Arendash GW, Kalaria RN, Bjugstad KB, Mullan M. Intravascular infusions of soluble beta-amyloid compromise the blood-brain barrier, activate CNS glial cells and induce peripheral hemorrhage. Brain Res 1999; 818:105-17. [PMID: 9914443 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(98)01143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vascular wall levels of soluble beta-amyloid1-40 (Abeta1-40) are elevated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Moreover, plasma Abeta levels are increased in familial AD, as well as in some cases of sporadic AD. To determine the histopathologic and behavioral consequences of elevated vascular Abeta levels, Abeta1-40 (50 micrograms in distilled water) or vehicle was intravenously infused twice daily into 3-month old male Sprague-Dawley rats for 2 weeks. Intravenous Abeta infusions impaired blood-brain barrier integrity, as indicated by substantial perivascular and parenchyma IgG immunostaining within the brain. Also evident in Abeta-infused animals was an increase in GFAP immunostaining around cerebral blood vessels, and an enhancement of OX-42 microglial immunostaining in brain white matter. Gross pulmonary hemorrhage was noted in most Abeta-infused animals. All the observed changes occurred in the absence of Congo red birefringence. No significant cognitive deficits were present in Abeta-infused animals during water maze acquisition and retention testing, which was conducted during the second week of treatment. These results indicate that circulating Abeta can: (1) induce vessel dysfunction/damage in both the brain and the periphery without complex Abeta fibril formation/deposition, and (2) induce an activation of brain astrocytes and microglia. Taken together, our results suggest that if circulating Abeta is elevated in AD, it is likely to have a pathophysiologic role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G C Su
- Alzheimer's Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, SCA 110, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Paschen W, Doutheil J. Disturbances of the functioning of endoplasmic reticulum: a key mechanism underlying neuronal cell injury? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1999; 19:1-18. [PMID: 9886350 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-199901000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia leads to a massive increase in cytoplasmic calcium activity resulting from an influx of calcium ions into cells and a release of calcium from mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It is widely believed that this increase in cytoplasmic calcium activity plays a major role in ischemic cell injury in neurons. Recently, this concept was modified, taking into account that disturbances occurring during ischemia are potentially reversible: it then was proposed that after reversible ischemia, calcium ions are taken up by mitochondria, leading to disturbances of oxidative phosphorylation, formation of free radicals, and deterioration of mitochondrial functions. The current review focuses on the possible role of disturbances of ER calcium homeostasis in the pathologic process culminating in ischemic cell injury. The ER is a subcellular compartment that fulfills important functions such as the folding and processing of proteins, all of which are strictly calcium dependent. ER calcium activity is therefore relatively high, lying in the lower millimolar range (i.e., close to that of the extracellular space). Depletion of ER calcium stores is a severe form of stress to which cells react with a highly conserved stress response, the most important changes being a suppression of global protein synthesis and activation of stress gene expression. The response of cells to disturbances of ER calcium homeostasis is almost identical to their response to transient ischemia, implying common underlying mechanisms. Many observations from experimental studies indicate that disturbances of ER calcium homeostasis are involved in the pathologic process leading to ischemic cell injury. Evidence also has been presented that depletion of ER calcium stores alone is sufficient to activate the process of programmed cell death. Furthermore, it has been shown that activation of the ER-resident stress response system by a sublethal form of stress affords tolerance to other, potentially lethal insults. Also, disturbances of ER function have been implicated in the development of degenerative disorders such as prion disease and Alzheimer's disease. Thus, disturbances of the functioning of the ER may be a common denominator of neuronal cell injury in a wide variety of acute and chronic pathologic states of the brain. Finally, there is evidence that ER calcium homeostasis plays a key role in maintaining cells in their physiologic state, since depletion of ER calcium stores causes growth arrest and cell death, whereas cells in which the regulatory link between ER calcium homeostasis and protein synthesis has been blocked enter a state of uncontrolled proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Paschen
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hölscher C. Possible causes of Alzheimer's disease: amyloid fragments, free radicals, and calcium homeostasis. Neurobiol Dis 1998; 5:129-41. [PMID: 9848086 DOI: 10.1006/nbdi.1998.0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a form of dementia in which patients develop neurodegeneration and complete loss of cognitive abilities and die prematurely. No treatment is known for this condition. Evidence points toward beta-amyloid as one of the main causes for cytotoxic processes. The cascade of biochemical events that lead to neuronal death appears to be interference with intracellular calcium homeostasis via activation of calcium channels, intracellular calcium stores, and subsequent production of free radicals by calcium-sensitive enzymes. The glutamatergic system seems to be implicated in mediating the toxic processes. Several strategies promise amelioration of neurodegenerative developments as judging from in vitro experiments. Glutamate receptor-selective drugs, antioxidants, inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase, calcium channel antagonists, receptor or enzyme inhibitors, and growth factors promise help. Especially combinations of drugs that act at different levels might prolong patients' health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Hölscher
- Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University College Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ishikawa H, Ozawa H, Saito T, Takahata N, Takemura H. Calcium mobilization evoked by amyloid beta-protein involves inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate production in human platelets. Life Sci 1998; 62:705-13. [PMID: 9489507 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(97)01169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of amyloid beta-protein (A beta) on Ca2+ mobilization in human platelets. The addition of A beta fragments 25-35 (A beta 25-35) gradually increased the cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). After the maximum response, [Ca2+]i decreased and then reached a sustained, higher level of [Ca2+]i. Similar effects were also observed with A beta 1-40, whereas 1-28 , 12-28 and 31-35 did not affect the Ca2+ response. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+, A beta 25-35 caused a transient increase in [Ca2+]i, which returned to the resting level. U73122, a phospholipase C inhibitor, completely abolished Ca2+ mobilization induced by thrombin and A beta 25-35. Furthermore, A beta enhanced the production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) in platelets. These findings suggest that Ca2+ mobilization induced by A beta 25-35 is due to phospholipase C activation and IP3 production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Ishikawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Mattson MP, Begley JG, Mark RJ, Furukawa K. Abeta25-35 induces rapid lysis of red blood cells: contrast with Abeta1-42 and examination of underlying mechanisms. Brain Res 1997; 771:147-53. [PMID: 9383018 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00824-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid beta-peptide (A beta) is produced by many different cell types and circulates in blood and cerebrospinal fluid in a soluble form. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), A beta forms insoluble fibrillar aggregates that accumulate in association with cells of the brain parenchyma and vasculature. Both full-length A beta (A beta1-40/42) and the A beta25-35 fragment can damage and kill neurons by a mechanism that may involve oxidative stress and disruption of calcium homeostasis. Circulating blood cells are exposed to soluble A beta1-40/42 and may also be exposed to A beta aggregates associated with the luminal surfaces of cerebral microvessels. We therefore examined the effects of A beta25-35 and A beta1-42 on human red blood cells (RBCs) and report that A beta25-35, in contrast to A beta1-42, induces rapid (10-60 min) lysis of RBCs. The mechanism of RBC lysis by A beta25-35 involved ion channel formation and calcium influx, but did not involve oxidative stress because antioxidants did not prevent cell lysis. In contrast, A beta1-42 induced a delayed (4-24 h) damage to RBCs which was attenuated by antioxidants. The damaging effects of both A beta25-35 and A beta1-42 towards RBCs were completely prevented by Congo red indicating a requirement for peptide fibril formation. A beta1-42 induced membrane lipid peroxidation in RBC, and basal levels of lipid peroxidation in RBCs from AD patients were significantly greater than in age-matched controls, suggesting a possible role for A beta1-42 in previously reported alterations in RBCs from AD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Mattson
- Sanders-Brown Research Center on Aging and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Banks WA, Kastin AJ, Maness LM, Banks MF, Shayo M, McLay RN. Interactions of beta-amyloids with the blood-brain barrier. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997; 826:190-9. [PMID: 9329690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Blood-borne beta-amyloids (A beta s) could affect brain function by (1) crossing the BBB to directly interact with brain tissues or (2) altering BBB function by interacting with the brain capillaries that make up the BBB. Several radioactively labeled A beta s have been examined for such interactions. Blood-borne A beta 1-28 is hindered from accumulating in brain by a slow rate of passage across the BBB and by robust enzymatic degradation. A beta 1-40, but not A beta 40-1 or A beta 1-42, is sequestered by brain capillaries, raising the possibility that it could affect BBB function. Small amounts of circulating A beta 1-40 are recovered intact from CSF and brain. A beta 1-40 is degraded by aluminum-sensitive, calcium-dependent intracellular enzymes. Apo-J, which can bind A beta, has been shown with an in situ method to be transported by a saturable system across the BBB. However, our recent work has shown that this system is not operable in vivo, probably because the transporter is saturated at physiological blood levels. In conclusion, A beta s have been shown to interact with and to cross the BBB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W A Banks
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center-New Orleans, Louisiana 70146, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Waldenström A, Ronquist G. Ionophoric action on the cellular membrane as a pathophysiological mechanism in syndrome X: myth or reality? J Intern Med 1995; 238:187-9. [PMID: 7673847 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.1995.tb00922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|