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Xu R, McLoughlin G, Nicol M, Geddes D, Stinson L. Residents or Tourists: Is the Lactating Mammary Gland Colonized by Residential Microbiota? Microorganisms 2024; 12:1009. [PMID: 38792838 PMCID: PMC11123721 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12051009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The existence of the human milk microbiome has been widely recognized for almost two decades, with many studies examining its composition and relationship to maternal and infant health. However, the richness and viability of the human milk microbiota is surprisingly low. Given that the lactating mammary gland houses a warm and nutrient-rich environment and is in contact with the external environment, it may be expected that the lactating mammary gland would contain a high biomass microbiome. This discrepancy raises the question of whether the bacteria in milk come from true microbial colonization in the mammary gland ("residents") or are merely the result of constant influx from other bacterial sources ("tourists"). By drawing together data from animal, in vitro, and human studies, this review will examine the question of whether the lactating mammary gland is colonized by a residential microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruomei Xu
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia (D.G.)
| | - Grace McLoughlin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (G.M.); (M.N.)
| | - Mark Nicol
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (G.M.); (M.N.)
| | - Donna Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia (D.G.)
| | - Lisa Stinson
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia (D.G.)
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Pratelli G, Tamburini B, Badami GD, Lo Pizzo M, De Blasio A, Carlisi D, Di Liberto D. Cow's Milk: A Benefit for Human Health? Omics Tools and Precision Nutrition for Lactose Intolerance Management. Nutrients 2024; 16:320. [PMID: 38276558 PMCID: PMC10819418 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cow's milk (CM) is a healthy food consumed worldwide by individuals of all ages. Unfortunately, "lactase-deficient" individuals cannot digest milk's main carbohydrate, lactose, depriving themselves of highly beneficial milk proteins like casein, lactoalbumin, and lactoglobulin due to lactose intolerance (LI), while other individuals develop allergies specifically against these proteins (CMPA). The management of these conditions differs, and an inappropriate diagnosis or treatment may have significant implications for the patients, especially if they are infants or very young children, resulting in unnecessary dietary restrictions or avoidable adverse reactions. Omics technologies play a pivotal role in elucidating the intricate interactions between nutrients and the human body, spanning from genetic factors to the microbiota profile and metabolites. This comprehensive approach enables the precise delineation and identification of distinct cohorts of individuals with specific dietary requirements, so that tailored nutrition strategies can be developed. This is what is called personalized nutrition or precision nutrition (PN), the area of nutrition that focuses on the effects of nutrients on the genome, proteome, and metabolome, promoting well-being and health, preventing diseases, reducing chronic disease incidence, and increasing life expectancy. Here, we report the opinion of the scientific community proposing to replace the "one size fits all" approach with tailor-made nutrition programs, designed by integrating nutrigenomic data together with clinical parameters and microbiota profiles, taking into account the individual lactose tolerance threshold and needs in terms of specific nutrients intake. This customized approach could help LI patients to improve their quality of life, overcoming depression or anxiety often resulting from the individual perception of this condition as different from a normal state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pratelli
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Institute of Biochemistry, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Bartolo Tamburini
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), AOUP Paolo Giaccone, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.D.B.); (M.L.P.)
| | - Giusto Davide Badami
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), AOUP Paolo Giaccone, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.D.B.); (M.L.P.)
| | - Marianna Lo Pizzo
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), AOUP Paolo Giaccone, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.D.B.); (M.L.P.)
| | - Anna De Blasio
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Daniela Carlisi
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Institute of Biochemistry, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Diana Di Liberto
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Institute of Biochemistry, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.P.); (D.C.)
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Yamakawa M, Wada K, Hayashi M, Ezaki T, Nakashima Y, Nagata C, Sumoto Y. Milk and dairy product intakes, intestinal bacteria, and respiratory infections in children of elementary school age and older in Japan. Nutrition 2023; 115:112145. [PMID: 37517304 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine the associations between milk and dairy product intakes, intestinal bacteria, and respiratory infections in children of elementary school age and older in Japan. METHODS We conducted cross-sectional surveys each year from 2013 to 2015 for grades 2, 5, and 8 students of an elementary and junior high school (n = 1020). Exclusion owing to ineligibility regarding data on dietary intake, respiratory infections, and intestinal bacteria led to 922 participants for the analyses. Dietary intake was assessed with a self-administered food frequency questionnaire. Respiratory infections occurring ≥ 4 episodes over the past year were determined based on the caregivers' reports. Intestinal bacteria (species and counts) were analyzed with real-time polymerase chain reaction. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs. RESULTS The odds of ≥ 4 respiratory infection episodes decreased with higher milk intake after adjusting for potential confounders, and the ORs (95% CIs) for the second and third tertile categories, compared with the first tertile category, were 0.91 (0.58-1.42) and 0.48 (0.29-0.77), respectively (P for trend = 0.001). A decreasing trend in the ORs for lactic acid drink intake was observed only in those with a low count of intestinal Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. CONCLUSIONS We found that higher milk intake was inversely associated with respiratory infections in children older than preschool age. Higher lactic acid drink intake could be inversely associated only in children with a low F. prausnitzii count in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Yamakawa
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Keiko Wada
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hayashi
- Division of Anaerobe Research, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan; Center for Conservation of Microbial Genetic Resource, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ezaki
- Center for Conservation of Microbial Genetic Resource, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuma Nakashima
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Chisato Nagata
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoshio Sumoto
- Department of Social Studies Education, Graduate School of Education, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Pedroza Matute S, Iyavoo S. Exploring the gut microbiota: lifestyle choices, disease associations, and personal genomics. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1225120. [PMID: 37867494 PMCID: PMC10585655 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1225120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a rich and dynamic ecosystem that actively interacts with the human body, playing a significant role in the state of health and disease of the host. Diet, exercise, mental health, and other factors have exhibited the ability to influence the gut bacterial composition, leading to changes that can prevent and improve, or favor and worsen, both intestinal and extra-intestinal conditions. Altered gut microbial states, or 'dysbiosis', associated with conditions and diseases are often characterized by shifts in bacterial abundance and diversity, including an impaired Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio. By understanding the effect of lifestyle on the gut microbiota, personalized advice can be generated to suit each individual profile and foster the adoption of lifestyle changes that can both prevent and ameliorate dysbiosis. The delivery of effective and reliable advice, however, depends not only on the available research and current understanding of the topic, but also on the methods used to assess individuals and to discover the associations, which can introduce bias at multiple stages. The aim of this review is to summarize how human gut microbial variability is defined and what lifestyle choices and diseases have shown association with gut bacterial composition. Furthermore, popular methods to investigate the human gut microbiota are outlined, with a focus on the possible bias caused by the lack of use of standardized methods. Finally, an overview of the current state of personalized advice based on gut microbiota testing is presented, underlining its power and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sasitaran Iyavoo
- Nkaarco Diagnostics Limited, Norwich, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, College of Health and Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
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Jadhav A, Bajaj A, Xiao Y, Markandey M, Ahuja V, Kashyap PC. Role of Diet-Microbiome Interaction in Gastrointestinal Disorders and Strategies to Modulate Them with Microbiome-Targeted Therapies. Annu Rev Nutr 2023; 43:355-383. [PMID: 37380178 PMCID: PMC10577587 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-061121-094908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Diet is an important determinant of health and consequently is often implicated in the development of disease, particularly gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, given the high prevalence of meal-related symptoms. The mechanisms underlying diet-driven pathophysiology are not well understood, but recent studies suggest that gut microbiota may mediate the effect of diet on GI physiology. In this review, we focus primarily on two distinct GI diseases where the role of diet has been best studied: irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. We discuss how the concurrent and sequential utilization of dietary nutrients by the host and gut microbiota determines the eventual bioactive metabolite profiles in the gut and the biological effect of these metabolites on GI physiology. We highlight several concepts that can be gleaned from these findings, such as how distinct effects of an individual metabolite can influence diverse GI diseases, the effect of similar dietary interventions on multiple disease states, and the need for extensive phenotyping and data collection to help make personalized diet recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajita Jadhav
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA;
| | - Aditya Bajaj
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India;
| | - Yang Xiao
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA;
| | - Manasvini Markandey
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India;
| | - Vineet Ahuja
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India;
| | - Purna C Kashyap
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA;
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Shelling AN, Ahmed Nasef N. The Role of Lifestyle and Dietary Factors in the Development of Premature Ovarian Insufficiency. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1601. [PMID: 37627595 PMCID: PMC10451748 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a condition that arises from dysfunction or early depletion of the ovarian follicle pool accompanied by an earlier-than-normal loss of fertility in young women. Oxidative stress has been suggested as an important factor in the decline of fertility in women and POI. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of oxidative stress implicated in ovarian ageing and dysfunction in relation to POI, in particular mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis and inflammation. Genetic defects, autoimmunity and chemotherapy, are some of the reviewed hallmarks of POI that can lead to increased oxidative stress. Additionally, we highlight lifestyle factors, including diet, low energy availability and BMI, that can increase the risk of POI. The final section of this review discusses dietary factors associated with POI, including consumption of oily fish, mitochondria nutrient therapy, melatonin, dairy and vitamins that can be targeted as potential interventions, especially for at-risk women and in combination with personalised nutrition. Understanding the impact of lifestyle and its implications for POI and oxidative stress holds great promise in reducing the burden of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N. Shelling
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
- Centre for Cancer Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Noha Ahmed Nasef
- Riddet Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, College of Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
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Li L, Renaud DL, Goetz HM, Jessop E, Costa MC, Gamsjäger L, Gomez DE. Effect of time of sample collection after onset of diarrhea on fecal microbiota composition of calves. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1588-1593. [PMID: 37366337 PMCID: PMC10365057 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of time of sample collection after onset of diarrhea on the fecal microbiota composition of calves is unknown. OBJECTIVE Compare the fecal microbiota of calves with diarrhea onset on the day of sampling (D <24h), and calves having had diarrhea for >24 to 48 hours (D 24-48h). ANIMALS Thirty-one diarrheic calves (20 D <24h and 11 D 24-48h), 3 to 7 days of age. METHODS Cross-sectional study. Diarrhea was defined as a calf with loose feces or watery feces. Assessment of the fecal microbiota was performed by sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicons. RESULTS Richness and diversity were not statistically different between D <24h and D 24-48h (P > .05), but bacterial membership and structure differed significantly (AMOVA, P < .001 for both comparisons). Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LefSe) showed an enrichment of Faecalibacterium, Phocaeicola, Lachnospiracea, and Lactobacillus in the feces of D <24h calves, whereas Escherichia/Shigella, Ligilactobacillus, Clostridium_Sensu_Stricto, Clostridium_Incerta_Sedis, and Enterococcus were enriched in the D 24-48h calves. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Rapid changes in fecal microbiota occur during the first 48 hours of diarrhea with an enrichment of lactic acid-producing bacteria in D <24h followed by an enrichment in Escherichia/Shigella and Clostridium spp. in D 24-48h. The time from diarrhea onset to sampling appears to affect the bacterial composition. Researchers should standardize times for fecal collection based on the time of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynna Li
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
- Present address:
College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - David L. Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Hanne M. Goetz
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Emma Jessop
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Marcio C. Costa
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Département de Biomédecine VétérinaireUniversity of MontrealSaint‐HyacintheQuebecCanada
| | - Lisa Gamsjäger
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Diego E. Gomez
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
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8
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Stouten K, Wolfhagen F, Castel R, van de Werken M, Klerks J, Verheijen F, Vermeer HJ. Testing for lactase non-persistence in a Dutch population: Genotyping versus the hydrogen breath test. Ann Clin Biochem 2023:45632231159288. [PMID: 36750424 DOI: 10.1177/00045632231159288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactose intolerance is defined as the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms, such as bloating, abdominal pain or diarrhoea, after consumption of lactose in individuals with lactose malabsorption. Most cases involve primary lactose intolerance, caused by a loss of activity of the enzyme lactase, needed for digestion of lactose. A traditional method of establishing lactose intolerance is the hydrogen breath test (HBT), accompanied by a questionnaire to document complaints experienced by the patient during the test. Due to knowledge on lactase-persistent alleles, DNA genotyping has become available for the diagnostic work-up for lactose intolerance. Both methods are currently in use. The aim of this study is to provide a definite diagnostic approach for patients suspected of lactose intolerance in a Dutch population. METHODS In this retrospective, observational study, patients aged 15 years or older were included after presenting to their treating physician with symptoms suggestive of lactose intolerance. HBT, including a questionnaire to document complaints and DNA genotyping of LCT-13,910 C/T was performed for each patient as part of a routine diagnostic work-up. RESULTS 1101 patients were included (29% men). Positive and negative predictive value, sensitivity and specificity of HBT versus DNA genotyping were 80% (CI 75-84), 97% (CI 96-98), 89% (CI 84-92) and 94% (92-96) respectively. The use of the questionnaire added little diagnostic value. CONCLUSIONS In a population with a high prevalence of lactase-persistent alleles, we advise to exclude HBT from the diagnostic route for suspected lactose intolerance, and replace it with genotyping of lactase-persistent alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlijn Stouten
- Result Laboratory and the department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology of the Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, 2998Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Wolfhagen
- Department of Gastroenterology, 2998Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Castel
- Result Laboratory and the department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology of the Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, 2998Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjan van de Werken
- Result Laboratory and the department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology of the Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Klerks
- Result Laboratory and the department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology of the Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - François Verheijen
- Result Laboratory and the department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology of the Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, 2998Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henricus J Vermeer
- Result Laboratory and the department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology of the Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, 2998Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
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Xu D, Cheng J, Zhang D, Huang K, Zhang Y, Li X, Zhao Y, Zhao L, Wang J, Lin C, Yang X, Zhai R, Cui P, Zeng X, Huang Y, Ma Z, Liu J, Han K, Liu X, Yang F, Tian H, Weng X, Zhang X, Wang W. Relationship between hindgut microbes and feed conversion ratio in Hu sheep and microbial longitudinal development. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad322. [PMID: 37742310 PMCID: PMC10576521 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Feed efficiency is an important indicator in the sheep production process, which plays an important role in improving economic benefits and strengthening energy conservation and emission reduction. Compared with the rumen, the fermentation of the hindgut microorganisms can also provide part of the energy for the host, and the composition of the hindgut microorganisms will affect the feed efficiency. Therefore, we hope to find new ways to regulate sheep feed efficiency by studying the sheep gut microbes. In this study, male Hu sheep with the same birth date were raised under the same conditions until 180 d old. The sheep were divided into high and low groups according to the feed conversion ratio (FCR) at 80 to 180 d old, and the differences in rectal microorganisms between the two groups were compared. The permutational multivariate analysis (PERMANOVA) test showed that there were differences in microorganisms between the two groups (P < 0.05). Combined with linear fitting analysis, a total of six biomarkers were identified, including Ruminobacter, Eubacterium_xylanophilum_group, Romboutsia, etc. Functional enrichment analysis showed that microorganisms may affect FCR through volatile fatty acids synthesis and inflammatory response. At the same time, we conducted a longitudinal analysis of the hindgut microbes, sampling nine-time points throughout the sheep birth to market stages. The microbiota is clearly divided into two parts: before weaning and after weaning, and after weaning microbes are less affected by before weaning microbial composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Jiangbo Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Deyin Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730020, China
| | - Kai Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730020, China
| | - Yukun Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730020, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730020, China
| | - Liming Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Jianghui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Changchun Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Xiaobin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Rui Zhai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Panpan Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Xiwen Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Yongliang Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Zongwu Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Jia Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Kunchao Han
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730020, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Huibin Tian
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730020, China
| | - Xiuxiu Weng
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730020, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Weimin Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730020, China
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10
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Yamakawa M, Wada K, Nakashima Y, Nagata C. Dietary lactose and galactose intakes are associated with a later onset of natural menopause among women in a Japanese community. Br J Nutr 2022; 129:1-8. [PMID: 35945659 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522002586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Galactose and its metabolites, primarily derived from lactose, may have toxic effects on the ovary. We aimed to prospectively examine the associations of galactose and lactose intakes with the onset of natural menopause. The data of a population-based cohort study in a Japanese community (the Takayama study) initiated in 1992 were analysed, with follow-up data collected in 2002. Among the participants of the Takayama study, premenopausal women (n 3115) aged 35-56 years at baseline were included in this study. Dietary intake, including lactose and galactose was assessed only at baseline using a FFQ. The menopausal status and age at menopause were determined based on the participants' self-reports, and natural menopause was defined as the absence of menstruation for 12 months or more. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI. A total of 1790 women experienced natural menopause within the 10-year follow-up. Lactose and galactose intakes were associated with a later onset of natural menopause after adjusting for potential confounding factors and the HR (95 % CI) for the highest v. lowest quartile were 0·80 (0·69, 0·92) (P-trend = 0·001) in lactose and 0·86 (0·74, 1·00) in galactose (P-trend = 0·036), respectively. High intakes of lactose and galactose were associated with a later onset of natural menopause. Despite the presumed ovotoxicity effects, lactose and galactose intakes at usual levels may not be deleterious to the ovarian aging process among Japanese community-dwelling women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Yamakawa
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Keiko Wada
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuma Nakashima
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Chisato Nagata
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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Chu N, Chan JCN, Chow E. A diet high in FODMAPs as a novel dietary strategy in diabetes? Clin Nutr 2022; 41:2103-2112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Hoppe J, Byzia E, Szymańska M, Drozd R, Smiglak M. Acceleration of lactose hydrolysis using beta-galactosidase and deep eutectic solvents. Food Chem 2022; 384:132498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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13
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Rastall RA, Diez-Municio M, Forssten SD, Hamaker B, Meynier A, Moreno FJ, Respondek F, Stah B, Venema K, Wiese M. Structure and function of non-digestible carbohydrates in the gut microbiome. Benef Microbes 2022; 13:95-168. [PMID: 35729770 DOI: 10.3920/bm2021.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Together with proteins and fats, carbohydrates are one of the macronutrients in the human diet. Digestible carbohydrates, such as starch, starch-based products, sucrose, lactose, glucose and some sugar alcohols and unusual (and fairly rare) α-linked glucans, directly provide us with energy while other carbohydrates including high molecular weight polysaccharides, mainly from plant cell walls, provide us with dietary fibre. Carbohydrates which are efficiently digested in the small intestine are not available in appreciable quantities to act as substrates for gut bacteria. Some oligo- and polysaccharides, many of which are also dietary fibres, are resistant to digestion in the small intestines and enter the colon where they provide substrates for the complex bacterial ecosystem that resides there. This review will focus on these non-digestible carbohydrates (NDC) and examine their impact on the gut microbiota and their physiological impact. Of particular focus will be the potential of non-digestible carbohydrates to act as prebiotics, but the review will also evaluate direct effects of NDC on human cells and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Rastall
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, P.O. Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - M Diez-Municio
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - S D Forssten
- IFF Health & Biosciences, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - B Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2009, USA
| | - A Meynier
- Nutrition Research, Mondelez France R&D SAS, 6 rue René Razel, 91400 Saclay, France
| | - F Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - F Respondek
- Tereos, Zoning Industriel Portuaire, 67390 Marckolsheim, France
| | - B Stah
- Human Milk Research & Analytical Science, Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - K Venema
- Centre for Healthy Eating & Food Innovation (HEFI), Maastricht University - campus Venlo, St. Jansweg 20, 5928 RC Venlo, the Netherlands
| | - M Wiese
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE, Zeist, the Netherlands
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14
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Kakkoura MG, Du H, Guo Y, Yu C, Yang L, Pei P, Chen Y, Sansome S, Chan WC, Yang X, Fan L, Lv J, Chen J, Li L, Key TJ, Chen Z. Dairy consumption and risks of total and site-specific cancers in Chinese adults: an 11-year prospective study of 0.5 million people. BMC Med 2022; 20:134. [PMID: 35513801 PMCID: PMC9074208 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02330-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies of primarily Western populations have reported contrasting associations of dairy consumption with certain cancers, including a positive association with prostate cancer and inverse associations with colorectal and premenopausal breast cancers. However, there are limited data from China where cancer rates and levels of dairy consumption differ importantly from those in Western populations. METHODS The prospective China Kadoorie Biobank study recruited ~0.5 million adults from ten diverse (five urban, five rural) areas across China during 2004-2008. Consumption frequency of major food groups, including dairy products, was collected at baseline and subsequent resurveys, using a validated interviewer-administered laptop-based food frequency questionnaire. To quantify the linear association of dairy intake and cancer risk and to account for regression dilution bias, the mean usual consumption amount for each baseline group was estimated via combining the consumption level at both baseline and the second resurvey. During a mean follow-up of 10.8 (SD 2.0) years, 29,277 incident cancer cases were recorded among the 510,146 participants who were free of cancer at baseline. Cox regression analyses for incident cancers associated with usual dairy intake were stratified by age-at-risk, sex and region and adjusted for cancer family history, education, income, alcohol intake, smoking, physical activity, soy and fresh fruit intake, and body mass index. RESULTS Overall, 20.4% of participants reported consuming dairy products (mainly milk) regularly (i.e. ≥1 day/week), with the estimated mean consumption of 80.8 g/day among regular consumers and of 37.9 g/day among all participants. There were significant positive associations of dairy consumption with risks of total and certain site-specific cancers, with adjusted HRs per 50 g/day usual consumption being 1.07 (95% CI 1.04-1.10), 1.12 (1.02-1.22), 1.19 (1.01-1.41) and 1.17 (1.07-1.29) for total cancer, liver cancer (n = 3191), female breast cancer (n = 2582) and lymphoma (n=915), respectively. However, the association with lymphoma was not statistically significant after correcting for multiple testing. No significant associations were observed for colorectal cancer (n = 3350, 1.08 [1.00-1.17]) or other site-specific cancers. CONCLUSION Among Chinese adults who had relatively lower dairy consumption than Western populations, higher dairy intake was associated with higher risks of liver cancer, female breast cancer and, possibly, lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Kakkoura
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Huaidong Du
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Yu Guo
- Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Canqing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pei Pei
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sam Sansome
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Wing Ching Chan
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lei Fan
- NCDs Prevention and Control Department, Henan CDC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jun Lv
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Junshi Chen
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Timothy J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit (CEU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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15
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Fernández-Bañares F. Carbohydrate Maldigestion and Intolerance. Nutrients 2022; 14:1923. [PMID: 35565890 PMCID: PMC9099680 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes dietary carbohydrate intolerance conditions and recent advances on the possible role of carbohydrate maldigestion and dietary outcomes in patients with functional bowel disease. When malabsorbed carbohydrates reach the colon, they are fermented by colonic bacteria, with the production of short-chain fatty acids and gas lowering colonic pH. The appearance of diarrhoea or symptoms of flatulence depends in part on the balance between the production and elimination of these fermentation products. Different studies have shown that there are no differences in the frequency of sugar malabsorption between patients with irritable bowel disease (IBS) and healthy controls; however, the severity of symptoms after a sugar challenge is higher in patients than in controls. A diet low in 'Fermentable, Oligo-Di- and Monosaccharides and Polyols' (FODMAPs) is an effective treatment for global symptoms and abdominal pain in IBS, but its implementation should be supervised by a trained dietitian. A 'bottom-up' approach to the low-FODMAP diet has been suggested to avoid an alteration of gut microbiota and nutritional status. Two approaches have been suggested in this regard: starting with only certain subgroups of the low-FODMAP diet based on dietary history or with a gluten-free diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Fernández-Bañares
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitary MútuaTerrassa, 08221 Terrassa, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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16
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Shi X, Wu D, Xu Y, Yu X. Engineering the optimum pH of β-galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae for efficient hydrolysis of lactose. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:4772-4782. [PMID: 35450720 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
β-Galactosidase (lacA) from Aspergillus oryzae is widely used in the dairy industry. Its acidic pH optimum and severe product inhibition limit its application for lactose hydrolysis in milk. In the present study, structure-based sequence alignment was conducted to determine the candidate mutations to shift the pH optimum of lacA to the neutral range. The Y138F and Y364F mutants shifted the pH optimum of lacA from 4.5 to 5.5 and 6.0, respectively. The acid dissociation constant (pKa) values of catalytic acid/base residues with upwards shift were consistent with the increased pH optimum. All variants in the present study also alleviated galactose inhibition to various extents. Molecular dynamics demonstrated that the less rigid tertiary structures and lower galactose-binding free energy of Y138F and Y364F might facilitate the release of the end product. Both Y138F and Y364F mutants exhibited better hydrolytic ability than lacA in milk lactose hydrolysis. The higher pH optimum and lower galactose inhibition of Y138F and Y364F may explain their superiority over lacA. The Y138F and Y364F mutants in the present study showed potential in producing low-lactose milk, and our studies provide a novel strategy for engineering the pH optimum of glycoside hydrolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shi
- Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xu
- Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Yu
- Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Gomez DE, Li L, Goetz H, MacNicol J, Gamsjaeger L, Renaud DL. Calf Diarrhea Is Associated With a Shift From Obligated to Facultative Anaerobes and Expansion of Lactate-Producing Bacteria. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:846383. [PMID: 35392114 PMCID: PMC8981386 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.846383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is the leading cause of morbidity, mortality and antimicrobial drug use in calves during the first month of age. Alteration in the bacterial communities of the gastrointestinal tract occurs during diarrhea. Diarrheic calves often develop anion gap (AG) acidosis associated with increased concentrations of unmeasured anions including D- and L-lactate. However, studies investigating the association between gut microbiota alterations and the development of acid-base disorders in diarrheic calves are lacking. We investigated the fecal bacterial alterations of calves with diarrhea and its association with changes in blood pH, and AG. Blood and fecal samples from healthy and diarrheic veal calves were taken 7 days after arrival to the farm. The fecal microbiota of healthy and diarrheic calves was assessed by sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicons. Blood gas analysis was completed using an i-Stat analyzer. In healthy calves, higher richness, evenness, and diversity were observed compared to diarrheic calves. Phocaeicola, Bacteroides, Prevotella, Faecalibacterium, Butyricicoccus, Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae were enriched in healthy compared with diarrheic calves. Enterococcus, Ligilactobacillus, Lactobacilus, Gallibacterium Streptococcus, and Escherichia/Shigella were enriched in diarrheic calves. In diarrheic calves, an increased abundance of lactate-producing bacteria including Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Veillonella, Ligilactobacillus and Olsenella was detected. Diarrheic calves had a lower pH and bicarbonate concentration and a higher AG concentration than healthy calves. Together, these results indicate that calf diarrhea is associated with a shift from obligated to facultative anaerobes and expansion of lactate-producing bacteria which are related to acidemia, low bicarbonate and increase AG. Our results highlight the importance of the gastrointestinal microbiota on the clinicopathological changes observed in diarrheic calves.
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18
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Brandao Gois MF, Sinha T, Spreckels JE, Vich Vila A, Bolte LA, Weersma RK, Wijmenga C, Fu J, Zhernakova A, Kurilshikov A. Role of the gut microbiome in mediating lactose intolerance symptoms. Gut 2022; 71:215-217. [PMID: 34086598 PMCID: PMC8666824 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M F Brandao Gois
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Trishla Sinha
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johanne E Spreckels
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnau Vich Vila
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura A Bolte
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rinse K Weersma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jingyuan Fu
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Zhernakova
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Kurilshikov
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Du M, Xie X, Yang S, Li Y, Jiang T, Yang J, Li L, Huang Y, Wu Q, Chen W, Zhang J. Lysozyme-like Protein Produced by Bifidobacterium longum Regulates Human Gut Microbiota Using In Vitro Models. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216480. [PMID: 34770899 PMCID: PMC8587964 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular secreted protein of Bifidobacterium longum (B. longum) plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the human intestinal microenvironment. However, the mechanism(s) of interaction remain unclear. Lysozyme is a kind of antibacterial peptide. In this study, the amino acid sequence of a lysozyme-like protein of B. longum based on whole-genome data of an isolate from human gut feces was found. We further predicted functional domains from the amino acid sequence, purified the protein, and verified its bioactivity. The growth of some bacteria were significantly delayed by the 020402_LYZ M1 protein. In addition, the gut microbiota was analyzed via high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes and an in vitro fermentation model, and the fluctuations in the gut microbiota under the treatment of 020402_LYZ M1 protein were characterized. The 020402_LYZ M1 protein affected the composition of human gut microbiota significantly, implying that the protein is able to communicate with intestinal microbes as a regulatory factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (M.D.); (S.Y.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (Y.L.); (T.J.); (J.Y.); (L.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Xinqiang Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (Y.L.); (T.J.); (J.Y.); (L.L.); (Q.W.)
- Correspondence: (X.X.); (J.Z.)
| | - Shuanghong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (M.D.); (S.Y.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (Y.L.); (T.J.); (J.Y.); (L.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Ying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (Y.L.); (T.J.); (J.Y.); (L.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Tong Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (Y.L.); (T.J.); (J.Y.); (L.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Juan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (Y.L.); (T.J.); (J.Y.); (L.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Longyan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (Y.L.); (T.J.); (J.Y.); (L.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Yunxiao Huang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (Y.L.); (T.J.); (J.Y.); (L.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (M.D.); (S.Y.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (Y.L.); (T.J.); (J.Y.); (L.L.); (Q.W.)
- Correspondence: (X.X.); (J.Z.)
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20
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Guimarães Alves AC, Sukow NM, Adelman Cipolla G, Mendes M, Leal TP, Petzl-Erler ML, Lehtonen Rodrigues Souza R, Rainha de Souza I, Sanchez C, Santolalla M, Loesch D, Dean M, Machado M, Moon JY, Kaplan R, North KE, Weiss S, Barreto ML, Lima-Costa MF, Guio H, Cáceres O, Padilla C, Tarazona-Santos E, Mata IF, Dieguez E, Raggio V, Lescano A, Tumas V, Borges V, Ferraz HB, Rieder CR, Schumacher-Schuh A, Santos-Lobato BL, Chana-Cuevas P, Fernandez W, Arboleda G, Arboleda H, Arboleda-Bustos CE, O’Connor TD, Beltrame MH, Borda V. Tracing the Distribution of European Lactase Persistence Genotypes Along the Americas. Front Genet 2021; 12:671079. [PMID: 34630506 PMCID: PMC8493957 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.671079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In adulthood, the ability to digest lactose, the main sugar present in milk of mammals, is a phenotype (lactase persistence) observed in historically herder populations, mainly Northern Europeans, Eastern Africans, and Middle Eastern nomads. As the -13910∗T allele in the MCM6 gene is the most well-characterized allele responsible for the lactase persistence phenotype, the -13910C > T (rs4988235) polymorphism is commonly evaluated in lactase persistence studies. Lactase non-persistent adults may develop symptoms of lactose intolerance when consuming dairy products. In the Americas, there is no evidence of the consumption of these products until the arrival of Europeans. However, several American countries' dietary guidelines recommend consuming dairy for adequate human nutrition and health promotion. Considering the extensive use of dairy and the complex ancestry of Pan-American admixed populations, we studied the distribution of -13910C > T lactase persistence genotypes and its flanking haplotypes of European origin in 7,428 individuals from several Pan-American admixed populations. We found that the -13910∗T allele frequency in Pan-American admixed populations is directly correlated with allele frequency of the European sources. Moreover, we did not observe any overrepresentation of European haplotypes in the -13910C > T flanking region, suggesting no selective pressure after admixture in the Americas. Finally, considering the dominant effect of the -13910∗T allele, our results indicate that Pan-American admixed populations are likely to have higher frequency of lactose intolerance, suggesting that general dietary guidelines deserve further evaluation across the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cecília Guimarães Alves
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Natalie Mary Sukow
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Adelman Cipolla
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marla Mendes
- Laboratório de Diversidade Genética Humana, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thiago P. Leal
- Laboratório de Diversidade Genética Humana, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Lehtonen Rodrigues Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Laboratório de Polimorfismos e Ligação, Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ilíada Rainha de Souza
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Laboratório de Polimorfismos Genéticos, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Cesar Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - Meddly Santolalla
- Emerging Diseases and Climate Change Research Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Douglas Loesch
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michael Dean
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Moara Machado
- Laboratório de Diversidade Genética Humana, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jee-Young Moon
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Robert Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kari E. North
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Scott Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mauricio L. Barreto
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Salvador, Brazil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Integração de Dados e Conhecimentos para Saúde (Cidacs), Salvador, Brazil
| | - M. Fernanda Lima-Costa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto René Rachou, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Heinner Guio
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Huánuco, Huánuco, Peru
| | - Omar Cáceres
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
- Carrera de Medicina Humana, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Carlos Padilla
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - Eduardo Tarazona-Santos
- Laboratório de Diversidade Genética Humana, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ignacio F. Mata
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Lerner Research Institute, Genomic Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Elena Dieguez
- Neurology Institute, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Víctor Raggio
- Department of Genetics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andres Lescano
- Neurology Institute, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Vitor Tumas
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vanderci Borges
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique B. Ferraz
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos R. Rieder
- Departamento de Neurologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Artur Schumacher-Schuh
- Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Chana-Cuevas
- CETRAM, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - William Fernandez
- Neuroscience and Cell Death Research Groups, Medical School and Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gonzalo Arboleda
- Neuroscience and Cell Death Research Groups, Medical School and Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Humberto Arboleda
- Neuroscience and Cell Death Research Groups, Medical School and Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos E. Arboleda-Bustos
- Neuroscience and Cell Death Research Groups, Medical School and Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Timothy D. O’Connor
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marcia Holsbach Beltrame
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Victor Borda
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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21
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Porzi M, Burton-Pimentel KJ, Walther B, Vergères G. Development of Personalized Nutrition: Applications in Lactose Intolerance Diagnosis and Management. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051503. [PMID: 33946892 PMCID: PMC8145768 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries in the “omics” field and the growing focus on preventive health have opened new avenues for personalized nutrition (PN), which is becoming an important theme in the strategic plans of organizations that are active in healthcare, food, and nutrition research. PN holds great potential for individual health optimization, disease management, public health interventions, and product innovation. However, there are still multiple challenges to overcome before PN can be truly embraced by the public and healthcare stakeholders. The diagnosis and management of lactose intolerance (LI), a common condition with a strong inter-individual component, is explored as an interesting example for the potential role of these technologies and the challenges of PN. From the development of genetic and metabolomic LI diagnostic tests that can be carried out in the home, to advances in the understanding of LI pathology and individualized treatment optimization, PN in LI care has shown substantial progress. However, there are still many research gaps to address, including the understanding of epigenetic regulation of lactase expression and how lactose is metabolized by the gut microbiota, in order to achieve better LI detection and effective therapeutic interventions to reverse the potential health consequences of LI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millie Porzi
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Kathryn J. Burton-Pimentel
- Agroscope, Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER, 3003 Bern, Switzerland; (K.J.B.-P.); (B.W.)
| | - Barbara Walther
- Agroscope, Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER, 3003 Bern, Switzerland; (K.J.B.-P.); (B.W.)
| | - Guy Vergères
- Agroscope, Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER, 3003 Bern, Switzerland; (K.J.B.-P.); (B.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-58-463-8154
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22
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Liang XY, Jia TX, Zhang M. Intestinal bacterial overgrowth in the early stage of severe acute pancreatitis is associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:1643-1654. [PMID: 33958849 PMCID: PMC8058650 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i15.1643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the early stage of acute pancreatitis (AP), a large number of cytokines induced by local pancreatic inflammation seriously damage the intestinal barrier function, and intestinal bacteria and endotoxins enter the blood, causing inflammatory storm, resulting in multiple organ failure, infectious complications, and other disorders, eventually leading to death. Intestinal failure occurs early in the course of AP, accelerating its development. As an alternative method to detect small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, the hydrogen breath test is safe, noninvasive, and convenient, reflecting the number of intestinal bacteria in AP indirectly. This study aimed to investigate the changes in intestinal bacteria measured using the hydrogen breath test in the early stage of AP to clarify the relationship between intestinal bacteria and acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Early clinical intervention and maintenance of intestinal barrier function would be highly beneficial in controlling the development of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP).
AIM To analyze the relationship between intestinal bacteria change and ALI/ARDS in the early stage of SAP.
METHODS A total of 149 patients with AP admitted to the intensive care unit of the Digestive Department, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University from 2016 to 2019 were finally enrolled, following compliance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results of the hydrogen breath test within 1 wk of admission were collected, and the hydrogen production rates at admission, 72 h, and 96 h were calculated. The higher the hydrogen production rates the more bacteria in the small intestine. First, according to the improved Marshall scoring system in the 2012 Atlanta Consensus on New Standards for Classification of Acute Pancreatitis, 66 patients with a PaO2/FiO2 score ≤ 1 were included in the mild AP (MAP) group, 18 patients with a PaO2/FiO2 score ≥ 2 and duration < 48 h were included in the moderately SAP (MSAP) group, and 65 patients with a PaO2/FiO2 score ≥ 2 and duration > 48 h were included in the SAP group, to analyze the correlation between intestinal bacterial overgrowth and organ failure in AP. Second, ALI (PaO2/FiO2 = 2) and ARDS (PaO2/FiO2 > 2) were defined according to the simplified diagnostic criteria proposed by the 1994 European Union Conference. The MSAP group was divided into two groups according to the PaO2/FiO2 score: 15 patients with PaO2/FiO2 score = 2 were included in group A, and three patients with score > 2 were included in group B. Similarly, the SAP group was divided into two groups: 28 patients with score = 2 were included in group C, and 37 patients with score > 2 were included in group D, to analyze the correlation between intestinal bacterial overgrowth and ALI/ARDS in AP.
RESULTS A total of 149 patients were included: 66 patients in the MAP group, of whom 53 patients were male (80.3%) and 13 patients were female (19.7%); 18 patients in the MSAP group, of whom 13 patients were male (72.2%) and 5 patients were female (27.8%); 65 patients in the SAP group, of whom 48 patients were male (73.8%) and 17 patients were female (26.2%). There was no significant difference in interleukin-6 and procalcitonin among the MAP, MSAP, and SAP groups (P = 0.445 and P = 0.399, respectively). There was no significant difference in the growth of intestinal bacteria among the MAP, MSAP, and SAP groups (P = 0.649). There was no significant difference in the growth of small intestinal bacteria between group A and group B (P = 0.353). There was a significant difference in the growth of small intestinal bacteria between group C and group D (P = 0.038).
CONCLUSION Intestinal bacterial overgrowth in the early stage of SAP is correlated with ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ying Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Tian-Xu Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
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23
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Campbell MC, Ranciaro A. Human adaptation, demography and cattle domestication: an overview of the complexity of lactase persistence in Africa. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:R98-R109. [PMID: 33847744 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactase persistence (LP) is a genetically-determined trait that is prevalent in African, European and Arab populations with a tradition of animal herding and milk consumption. To date, genetic analyses have identified several common variants that are associated with LP. Furthermore, data have indicated that these functional alleles likely have been maintained in pastoralist populations due to the action of recent selection, exemplifying the ongoing evolution of anatomically modern humans. Additionally, demographic history has also played a role in the geographic distribution of LP and associated alleles in Africa. In particular, the migration of ancestral herders and their subsequent admixture with local populations were integral to the spread of LP alleles and the culture of pastoralism across the continent. The timing of these demographic events was often correlated with known major environmental changes and/or the ability of domesticated cattle to resist/avoid infectious diseases. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the genetic basis and evolutionary history of LP, as well as the factors that influenced the origin and spread of pastoralism in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Campbell
- Department of Biology, Howard University, EE Just Hall Biology Building, 415 College Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Alessia Ranciaro
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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24
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Katoch GK, Nain N, Kaur S, Rasane P. Lactose Intolerance and Its Dietary Management: An Update. J Am Coll Nutr 2021; 41:424-434. [PMID: 33831336 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2021.1891587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Milk is the most common food consumed worldwide and is also a major ingredient in the preparation of various dairy products. However, despite the high production and consumption of milk and milk-based products, there is a large percent of the world's population that suffer from allergies to milk solids and lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance specifically means the inability of the body to breakdown the sugar to its simplest form for assimilation and it is due to the inefficiency or lack of the enzyme in the human body. The most convenient prevention method for the affected population is to avoid milk and milk-based products but this may be a cause of development of other health related issues that result from inadequate nutrient consumption. To help find an alternative to this problem, this study aims at first studying the underlying information on lactose intolerance and then studying plant-based beverages as a possible alternative to milk and milk-based products. Key teaching pointsLactose intolerance specifically means the inability of the body to breakdown the sugar to its simplest form for assimilation and it is due to the inefficiency or lack of the enzyme in the human body.Consumption of probiotics may help relieve the symptoms of lactose intolerance.Soy beverage can be an economical alternative for lactose intolerant populations and has calcium content comparable to bovine milk.Calcium absorption in fortified plant based beverages depends upon type of calcium salt used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Kumari Katoch
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Neegam Nain
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Sawinder Kaur
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Prasad Rasane
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
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25
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Seal CJ, Courtin CM, Venema K, de Vries J. Health benefits of whole grain: effects on dietary carbohydrate quality, the gut microbiome, and consequences of processing. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:2742-2768. [PMID: 33682356 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Grains are important sources of carbohydrates in global dietary patterns. The majority of these carbohydrates, especially in refined-grain products, are digestible. Most carbohydrate digestion takes place in the small intestine where monosaccharides (predominantly glucose) are absorbed, delivering energy to the body. However, a considerable part of the carbohydrates, especially in whole grains, is indigestible dietary fibers. These impact gut motility and transit and are useful substrates for the gut microbiota affecting its composition and quality. For the most part, the profile of digestible and indigestible carbohydrates and their complexity determine the nutritional quality of carbohydrates. Whole grains are more complex than refined grains and are promoted as part of a healthy and sustainable diet mainly because the contribution of indigestible carbohydrates, and their co-passenger nutrients, is significantly higher. Higher consumption of whole grain is recommended because it is associated with lower incidence of, and mortality from, CVD, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers. This may be due in part to effects on the gut microbiota. Although processing of cereals during milling and food manufacturing is necessary to make them edible, it also offers the opportunity to still further improve the nutritional quality of whole-grain flours and foods made from them. Changing the composition and availability of grain carbohydrates and phytochemicals during processing may positively affect the gut microbiota and improve health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Seal
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Christophe M Courtin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Venema
- Centre for Healthy Eating & Food Innovation, Maastricht University-Campus Venlo, St Jansweg 20, 5928 RC, Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - Jan de Vries
- Nutrition Solutions, Reuvekamp 26, 7213CE, Gorssel, The Netherlands
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26
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Bleasdale M, Richter KK, Janzen A, Brown S, Scott A, Zech J, Wilkin S, Wang K, Schiffels S, Desideri J, Besse M, Reinold J, Saad M, Babiker H, Power RC, Ndiema E, Ogola C, Manthi FK, Zahir M, Petraglia M, Trachsel C, Nanni P, Grossmann J, Hendy J, Crowther A, Roberts P, Goldstein ST, Boivin N. Ancient proteins provide evidence of dairy consumption in eastern Africa. Nat Commun 2021; 12:632. [PMID: 33504791 PMCID: PMC7841170 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20682-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Consuming the milk of other species is a unique adaptation of Homo sapiens, with implications for health, birth spacing and evolution. Key questions nonetheless remain regarding the origins of dairying and its relationship to the genetically-determined ability to drink milk into adulthood through lactase persistence (LP). As a major centre of LP diversity, Africa is of significant interest to the evolution of dairying. Here we report proteomic evidence for milk consumption in ancient Africa. Using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) we identify dairy proteins in human dental calculus from northeastern Africa, directly demonstrating milk consumption at least six millennia ago. Our findings indicate that pastoralist groups were drinking milk as soon as herding spread into eastern Africa, at a time when the genetic adaptation for milk digestion was absent or rare. Our study links LP status in specific ancient individuals with direct evidence for their consumption of dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Bleasdale
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
- Department of Archaeology, University of York, King's Manor, Exhibition Square, York, YO1 7EP, UK.
| | - Kristine K Richter
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Anneke Janzen
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Samantha Brown
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Ashley Scott
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Jana Zech
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Shevan Wilkin
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Schiffels
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Jocelyne Desideri
- Laboratory of Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropology, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Besse
- Laboratory of Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropology, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Reinold
- Section française de la Direction des antiquités du Soudan, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mohamed Saad
- National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums of Sudan, M.Bolheim Bioarchaeology Laboratory, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Hiba Babiker
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Robert C Power
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Pre-and Protohistoric Archaeology and Archaeology of the Roman Provinces, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Ndiema
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Department of Earth Sciences, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christine Ogola
- Department of Earth Sciences, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fredrick K Manthi
- Department of Earth Sciences, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Muhammad Zahir
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Department of Archaeology, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Michael Petraglia
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DA, USA
| | - Christian Trachsel
- Functional Genomics Center, University of Zurich/ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Nanni
- Functional Genomics Center, University of Zurich/ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Grossmann
- Functional Genomics Center, University of Zurich/ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Hendy
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Alison Crowther
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Patrick Roberts
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Steven T Goldstein
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole Boivin
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
- School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DA, USA.
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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27
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Transporters of glucose and other carbohydrates in bacteria. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1129-1153. [PMID: 32372286 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glucose arguably is the most important energy carrier, carbon source for metabolites and building block for biopolymers in all kingdoms of life. The proper function of animal organs and tissues depends on the continuous supply of glucose from the bloodstream. Most animals can resorb only a small number of monosaccharides, mostly glucose, galactose and fructose, while all other sugars oligosaccharides and dietary fibers are degraded and metabolized by the microbiota of the lower intestine. Bacteria, in contrast, are omnivorous. They can import and metabolize structurally different sugars and, as a consortium of different species, utilize almost any sugar, sugar derivative and oligosaccharide occurring in nature. Bacteria have membrane transport systems for the uptake of sugars against steep concentration gradients energized by ATP, the proton motive force and the high energy glycolytic intermediate phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). Different uptake mechanisms and the broad range of overlapping substrate specificities allow bacteria to quickly adapt to and colonize changing environments. Here, we review the structures and mechanisms of bacterial representatives of (i) ATP-dependent cassette (ABC) transporters, (ii) major facilitator (MFS) superfamily proton symporters, (iii) sodium solute symporters (SSS) and (iv) enzyme II integral membrane subunits of the bacterial PEP-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS). We give a short overview on the distribution of transporter genes and their phylogenetic relationship in different bacterial species. Some sugar transporters are hijacked for import of bacteriophage DNA and antibacterial toxins (bacteriocins) and they facilitate the penetration of polar antibiotics. Finally, we describe how the expression and activity of certain sugar transporters are controlled in response to the availability of sugars and how the presence and uptake of sugars may affect pathogenicity and host-microbiota interactions.
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28
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Nair U. K. A, Hema V, Sinija VR, Hariharan S. Millet milk: A comparative study on the changes in nutritional quality of dairy and nondairy milks during processing and malting. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Nair U. K.
- Indian Institute of Food Processing TechnologyMinistry of Food Processing IndustriesGovernment of India Thanjavur Tamil Nadu India
| | - Vincent Hema
- Indian Institute of Food Processing TechnologyMinistry of Food Processing IndustriesGovernment of India Thanjavur Tamil Nadu India
| | - V. R. Sinija
- Indian Institute of Food Processing TechnologyMinistry of Food Processing IndustriesGovernment of India Thanjavur Tamil Nadu India
| | - S. Hariharan
- Indian Institute of Food Processing TechnologyMinistry of Food Processing IndustriesGovernment of India Thanjavur Tamil Nadu India
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29
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Misselwitz B, Butter M, Verbeke K, Fox MR. Update on lactose malabsorption and intolerance: pathogenesis, diagnosis and clinical management. Gut 2019; 68:2080-2091. [PMID: 31427404 PMCID: PMC6839734 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lactose is the main source of calories in milk, an essential nutriedigestion, patients with visceral hypersensitivity nt in infancy and a key part of the diet in populations that maintain the ability to digest this disaccharide in adulthood. Lactase deficiency (LD) is the failure to express the enzyme that hydrolyses lactose into galactose and glucose in the small intestine. The genetic mechanism of lactase persistence in adult Caucasians is mediated by a single C→T nucleotide polymorphism at the LCTbo -13'910 locus on chromosome-2. Lactose malabsorption (LM) refers to any cause of failure to digest and/or absorb lactose in the small intestine. This includes primary genetic and also secondary LD due to infection or other conditions that affect the mucosal integrity of the small bowel. Lactose intolerance (LI) is defined as the onset of abdominal symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating and diarrhoea after lactose ingestion by an individual with LM. The likelihood of LI depends on the lactose dose, lactase expression and the intestinal microbiome. Independent of lactose digestion, patients with visceral hypersensitivity associated with anxiety or the Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) are at increased risk of the condition. Diagnostic investigations available to diagnose LM and LI include genetic, endoscopic and physiological tests. The association between self-reported LI, objective findings and clinical outcome of dietary intervention is variable. Treatment of LI can include low-lactose diet, lactase supplementation and, potentially, colonic adaptation by prebiotics. The clinical outcome of these treatments is modest, because lactose is just one of a number of poorly absorbed carbohydrates which can cause symptoms by similar mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Misselwitz
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Butter
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Verbeke
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark R Fox
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland,Digestive Function: Basel, Laboratory and Clinic for motility disorders and functional GI diseases, Center for integrative Gastroenterology, Klinik Arlesheim, Arlesheim, Switzerland
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Chin EL, Huang L, Bouzid YY, Kirschke CP, Durbin-Johnson B, Baldiviez LM, Bonnel EL, Keim NL, Korf I, Stephensen CB, Lemay DG. Association of Lactase Persistence Genotypes (rs4988235) and Ethnicity with Dairy Intake in a Healthy U.S. Population. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1860. [PMID: 31405126 PMCID: PMC6723957 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactase persistence (LP) is a trait in which lactose can be digested throughout adulthood, while lactase non-persistence (LNP) can cause lactose intolerance and influence dairy consumption. One single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP ID: rs4988235) is often used as a predictor for dairy intake, since it is responsible for LP in people in European descent, and can occur in other ethnic groups. The objective of this study was to determine whether rs4988235 genotypes and ethnicity influence reported dairy consumption in the United States (U.S.). A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and multiple Automated Self-Administered 24-h recalls (ASA24®) were used to measure habitual and recent intake, respectively, of total dairy, cheese, cow's milk, plant-based alternative milk, and yogurt in a multi-ethnic U.S. cohort genotyped for rs4988235. Within Caucasian subjects, LP individuals reported consuming more recent total dairy and habitual total cow's milk intake. For subjects of all ethnicities, LP individuals consumed more cheese (FFQ p = 0.043, ASA24 p = 0.012) and recent total dairy (ASA24 p = 0.005). For both dietary assessments, Caucasians consumed more cheese than all non-Caucasians (FFQ p = 0.036, ASA24 p = 0.002) independent of genotype, as well as more recent intake of yogurt (ASA24 p = 0.042). LP subjects consumed more total cow's milk than LNP, but only when accounting for whether subjects were Caucasian or not (FFQ p = 0.015). Fluid milk and alternative plant-based milk consumption were not associated with genotypes or ethnicity. Our results show that both LP genotype and ethnicity influence the intake of some dairy products in a multi-ethnic U.S. cohort, but the ability of rs4988235 genotypes to predict intake may depend on ethnic background, the specific dairy product, and whether intake is reported on a habitual or recent basis. Therefore, ethnicity and the dietary assessment method should also be considered when determining the suitability of rs4988235 as a proxy for dairy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Chin
- USDA ARS Western Human Nutrition and Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Liping Huang
- USDA ARS Western Human Nutrition and Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yasmine Y Bouzid
- USDA ARS Western Human Nutrition and Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | | | - Lacey M Baldiviez
- USDA ARS Western Human Nutrition and Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ellen L Bonnel
- USDA ARS Western Human Nutrition and Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nancy L Keim
- USDA ARS Western Human Nutrition and Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ian Korf
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Charles B Stephensen
- USDA ARS Western Human Nutrition and Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Danielle G Lemay
- USDA ARS Western Human Nutrition and Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Forsgård RA. Lactose digestion in humans: intestinal lactase appears to be constitutive whereas the colonic microbiome is adaptable. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:273-279. [PMID: 31175813 PMCID: PMC6669050 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, ∼70% of adults are deficient in intestinal lactase, the enzyme required for the digestion of lactose. In these individuals, the consumption of lactose-containing milk and dairy products can lead to the development of various gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. The primary solution to lactose intolerance is withdrawing lactose from the diet either by eliminating dairy products altogether or substituting lactose-free alternatives. However, studies have shown that certain individuals erroneously attribute their GI symptoms to lactose and thus prefer to consume lactose-free products. This has raised the question whether consuming lactose-free products reduces an individual's ability to absorb dietary lactose and if lactose-absorbers should thus avoid these products. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the acclimatization of lactose processing in humans. Human studies that have attempted to induce intestinal lactase expression with different lactose feeding protocols have consistently shown lack of enzyme induction. Similarly, withdrawing lactose from the diet does not reduce intestinal lactase expression. Evidence from cross-sectional studies shows that milk or dairy consumption is a poor indicator of lactase status, corroborating the results of intervention studies. However, in lactase-deficient individuals, lactose feeding supports the growth of lactose-digesting bacteria in the colon, which enhances colonic lactose processing and possibly results in the reduction of intolerance symptoms. This process is referred to as colonic adaptation. In conclusion, endogenous lactase expression does not depend on the presence of dietary lactose, but in susceptible individuals, dietary lactose might improve intolerance symptoms via colonic adaptation. For these individuals, lactose withdrawal results in the loss of colonic adaptation, which might lower the threshold for intolerance symptoms if lactose is reintroduced into the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Forsgård
- Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Nutrition-Gut-Brain Interactions Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden,Address correspondence to RAF (e-mail: )
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Araujo EM, Dos Santos L, Coutinho R, Assis V, Brandão N, Almeida D, Conceição G, Figueredo C, Fonseca H, Lima MDL, Lemaire D, Rios D. Genetic and Oral Tests for the Diagnosis of Lactose Intolerance in Mixed-Ancestry Brazilians with Metabolic Syndrome. Lifestyle Genom 2019; 12:1-9. [PMID: 31352438 DOI: 10.1159/000501690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Metabolic syndrome (MetS) comprises a cluster of physiological and anthropometric abnormalities. MetS has been linked to lactose intolerance (LI). The aim of this study was to compare the sensitivity and specificity to detect LI using 2 different tests: (1) a genetic test and (2) an oral lactose tolerance test (OLTT). METHODS Two hundred and fifty-four MetS patients, ≥20 years of age, of both genders, were recruited for this comparative study. Nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected for genetic investigation: rs182549and rs4988235(both considered "gold standard"); rs56064699; rs148142676; rs562211644; rs59533246; rs3754689; rs2278544,and rs10552864(as potential novel SNPs). Sensitivity and specificity, as well as positive and negative predictive values, were calculated for each genotype using WINPEPI version 11.65. Differences between positive and negative OLTT groups were considered statistically significant when p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS Among the selected SNPs, only rs182549(p < 0.001) and rs4988235(p < 0.001) gave similar results compared to an OLTT. The sensitivity of both SNPs to detect LI was 87 and 86%, and specificity was 83 and 82.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION Genetic tests using rs182549and rs4988235SNPs showed high agreement with OLTT. These genetic tests may be a good option to replace OLTT in MetS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilene Maria Araujo
- Nucleus of Research and Extension in Nutritional Genomics and Metabolic Dysfunctions (GENUT), Life Sciences Department (DCV), University of the State of Bahia (UNEB), Salvador, Brazil, .,Posgraduate Program in Biotechnology (PPGBiotec), State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS), Salvador, Brazil, .,Interactive Process of Organs and Systems (PPGorgsystem), Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil,
| | - Luama Dos Santos
- Nucleus of Research and Extension in Nutritional Genomics and Metabolic Dysfunctions (GENUT), Life Sciences Department (DCV), University of the State of Bahia (UNEB), Salvador, Brazil.,Interactive Process of Organs and Systems (PPGorgsystem), Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Radamés Coutinho
- Nucleus of Research and Extension in Nutritional Genomics and Metabolic Dysfunctions (GENUT), Life Sciences Department (DCV), University of the State of Bahia (UNEB), Salvador, Brazil.,Interactive Process of Organs and Systems (PPGorgsystem), Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Viviane Assis
- Nucleus of Research and Extension in Nutritional Genomics and Metabolic Dysfunctions (GENUT), Life Sciences Department (DCV), University of the State of Bahia (UNEB), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Najara Brandão
- Nucleus of Research and Extension in Nutritional Genomics and Metabolic Dysfunctions (GENUT), Life Sciences Department (DCV), University of the State of Bahia (UNEB), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Daniela Almeida
- Nucleus of Research and Extension in Nutritional Genomics and Metabolic Dysfunctions (GENUT), Life Sciences Department (DCV), University of the State of Bahia (UNEB), Salvador, Brazil.,Interactive Process of Organs and Systems (PPGorgsystem), Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Gildásio Conceição
- Association of Parents and Friends of the Exceptional (APAE), Biochemical Analysis Laboratory, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Camila Figueredo
- Department of Biointeractive Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Hellen Fonseca
- Department of Biointeractive Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Maria de Lourdes Lima
- Bahia School of Medicine and Public Health (EBMSP), University Salvador (UNIFACS), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Denise Lemaire
- Nucleus of Research and Extension in Nutritional Genomics and Metabolic Dysfunctions (GENUT), Life Sciences Department (DCV), University of the State of Bahia (UNEB), Salvador, Brazil.,Interactive Process of Organs and Systems (PPGorgsystem), Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Domingos Rios
- Nucleus of Research and Extension in Nutritional Genomics and Metabolic Dysfunctions (GENUT), Life Sciences Department (DCV), University of the State of Bahia (UNEB), Salvador, Brazil.,Posgraduate Program in Biotechnology (PPGBiotec), State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS), Salvador, Brazil
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Metabolomics biomarkers and the risk of overall mortality and ESRD in CKD: Results from the Progredir Cohort. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213764. [PMID: 30883578 PMCID: PMC6422295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies on metabolomics and CKD have primarily addressed CKD incidence defined as a decline on eGFR or appearance of albuminuria in the general population, with very few evaluating hard outcomes. In the present study, we investigated the association between metabolites and mortality and ESRD in a CKD cohort. SETTING AND METHODS Data on 454 participants of the Progredir Cohort Study, Sao Paulo, Brazil were used. Metabolomics was performed by GC-MS (Agilent MassHunter) and metabolites were identified using Agilent Fiehn GC/MS and NIST libraries. After excluding metabolites present in <50% of participants, 293 metabolites were analyzed. An FDR q value <0.05 criteria was applied in Cox models on the composite outcome (mortality or incident renal replacement therapy) adjusted for batch effect, resulting in 34 metabolites associated with the outcome. Multivariable-adjusted Cox models were then built for the composite outcome, death, and ESRD incident events. Competing risk analysis was also performed for ESRD. RESULTS Mean age was 68±12y, mean eGFR-CKDEPI was 38.4±14.6 ml/min/1.73m2 and 57% were diabetic. After adjustments (GC-MS batch, sex, age, DM and eGFR), 18 metabolites remained significantly associated with the composite outcome. Nine metabolites were independently associated with death: D-malic acid (HR 1.84, 95%CI 1.32-2.56, p = 0.0003), acetohydroxamic acid (HR 1.90, 95%CI 1.30-2.78, p = 0.0008), butanoic acid (HR 1.59, 95%CI 1.17-2.15, p = 0.003), and docosahexaenoic acid (HR 0.58, 95%CI 0.39-0.88, p = 0.009), among the top associations. Lactose (SHR 1.49, 95%CI 1.04-2.12, p = 0.03), 2-O-glycerol-α-D-galactopyranoside (SHR 1.76, 95%CI 1.06-2.92, p = 0.03), and tyrosine (SHR 0.52, 95%CI 0.31-0.88, p = 0.02) were associated to ESRD risk, while D-threitol, mannitol and myo-inositol presented strong borderline associations. CONCLUSION Our results identify specific metabolites related to hard outcomes in a CKD population. These findings point to the need of further exploration of these metabolites as biomarkers in CKD and the understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms related to the observed associations.
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Hoang TT, Lei Y, Mitchell LE, Sharma SV, Swartz MD, Waller DK, Finnell RH, Benjamin RH, Browne ML, Canfield MA, Lupo PJ, McKenzie P, Shaw G, Agopian AJ. Maternal Lactase Polymorphism (rs4988235) Is Associated with Neural Tube Defects in Offspring in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. J Nutr 2019; 149:295-303. [PMID: 30689919 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of neural tube defect (NTD)-affected pregnancies is reduced with adequate folic acid intake during early pregnancy. However, NTDs have been observed among offspring of women with adequate folic acid intake. Some of these women are possibly not absorbing enough folic acid. Because lactase deficiency can lead to poor nutrient absorption, we hypothesized that lactase-deficient women will be at increased risk of having offspring with NTDs. OBJECTIVE We examined the association between maternal rs4988235 (a lactase deficiency genetic marker) and NTDs in offspring. METHODS We conducted a case-control study using data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, United States, 1997-2009, restricting to non-Hispanic white (NHW) and Hispanic women. Cases were women with an offspring with an NTD (n = 378 NHW, 207 Hispanic), and controls were women with an offspring without a birth defect (n = 461 NHW, 165 Hispanic). Analyses were conducted separately by race/ethnicity, using logistic regression. Women with the CC genotype were categorized as being lactase deficient. To assess potential effect modification, analyses were stratified by lactose intake, folic acid supplementation, dietary folate, and diet quality. RESULTS Among NHW women, the odds of being lactase deficient were greater among cases compared with controls (OR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.82). Among Hispanic women, the odds of being lactase deficient were significantly lower among cases compared with controls (OR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.33, 0.77). The association differed when stratified by lactose intake in NHW women (higher odds among women who consumed ≥12 g lactose/1000 kcal) and by dietary folate in Hispanic women (opposite direction of associations). The association did not differ when stratified by folic acid supplementation or diet quality. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that maternal lactase deficiency is associated with NTDs in offspring. However, we observed opposite directions of effect by race/ethnicity that could not be definitively explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh T Hoang
- Departments of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences
| | | | - Laura E Mitchell
- Departments of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences
| | - Shreela V Sharma
- Departments of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences
| | - Michael D Swartz
- Biostatistics and Data Science, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX
| | - D Kim Waller
- Departments of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences
| | | | - Renata H Benjamin
- Departments of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences
| | - Marilyn L Browne
- Congenital Malformations Registry, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, NY.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, New York, NY
| | - Mark A Canfield
- Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, TX
| | - Philip J Lupo
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Paige McKenzie
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Gary Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - A J Agopian
- Departments of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences
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Szilagyi A, Ishayek N. Lactose Intolerance, Dairy Avoidance, and Treatment Options. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10121994. [PMID: 30558337 PMCID: PMC6316316 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactose intolerance refers to symptoms related to the consumption of lactose-containing dairy foods, which are the most common source for this disaccharide. While four causes are described, the most common is the genetically-determined adult onset lactose maldigestion due to loss of intestinal lactase governed by control of the gene by a 14,000 kb promoter region on chromosome 2. Gastrointestinal symptoms from lactose have expanded to include systemic effects and have also been confounded by other food intolerances or functional gastrointestinal disorders. Partly because lactose maldigestion is often interpreted as lactose intolerance (symptoms), focus of therapy for these symptoms starts with lactose restriction. However, withholding of dairy foods completely is not appropriate due to a more favorable impact on health. Industrial efforts to substitute with plant-based products is not completely successful at this time. This narrative article reviews the complexities of the perception of lactose intolerance, its epidemiology, and pathogenesis. Treatments are discussed, including the inappropriateness of dairy avoidance. In conjunction, effects of dairy products on 19 common diseases are reviewed. Different methods of treatment, lactose-reduced products, plant-based dairy substitutes, adaptation, prebiotics, exogenous lactase, probiotics, and some other dietary interventions are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Szilagyi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University School of Medicine, 3755 Cote St Catherine Rd, Room E110, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
| | - Norma Ishayek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University School of Medicine, 3755 Cote St Catherine Rd, Room E110, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
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Li X, Yin J, Zhu Y, Wang X, Hu X, Bao W, Huang Y, Chen L, Chen S, Yang W, Shan Z, Liu L. Effects of Whole Milk Supplementation on Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Subjects with and without Lactose Malabsorption. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101403. [PMID: 30279333 PMCID: PMC6213503 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the impact of whole milk supplementation on gut microbiota and cardiometabolic biomarkers between lactose malabsorbers (LM) and absorbers (LA). We performed a pair-wise intervention study of 31 LM and 31 LA, 1:1 matched by age, sex, body mass index, and daily dairy intake. Subjects were required to add 250 mL/day whole milk for four weeks in their routine diet. At the beginning and the end of the intervention period, we collected data on gut microbiota and cardiometabolic biomarkers. Whole milk supplementation significantly increased Actinobacteria (P < 0.01), Bifidobacterium (P < 0.01), Anaerostipe (P < 0.01), and Blautia (P = 0.04), and decreased Megamonas (P = 0.04) in LM, but not LA. Microbial richness and diversity were not affected. The fecal levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) remained stable throughout the study. Body fat mass (P < 0.01) and body fat percentage (P < 0.01) reduced in both groups, but the changes did not differ between groups. No significant differences in other cardiometabolic markers were found between LM and LA. When compared with LA, whole milk supplementation could alter the intestinal microbiota composition in LM, without significant changes in fecal SCFAs and cardiometabolic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Jiawei Yin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Yalun Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Wei Bao
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Liangkai Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Sijing Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Zhilei Shan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
- Departments of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Liegang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Lactase (β-galactosidase) immobilization by complex formation: Impact of biopolymers on enzyme activity. Food Hydrocoll 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Wilder-Smith CH, Olesen SS, Materna A, Drewes AM. Fermentable Sugar Ingestion, Gas Production, and Gastrointestinal and Central Nervous System Symptoms in Patients With Functional Disorders. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:1034-1044.e6. [PMID: 30009815 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) are defined by broad phenotypic descriptions and exclusion of recognizable disease. FGIDs cause multi-organ symptoms and abnormal results in a wide range of laboratory tests, indicating broad mechanisms of pathogenesis. Many patients with FGID develop symptoms following ingestion of fermentable sugars; we investigated the associations between symptoms and intestinal gas production following sugar provocation tests to elucidate mechanisms of FGID. METHODS We performed fructose and lactose breath tests in 2042 patients with a diagnosis of FGID (based on Rome III criteria), referred to a gastroenterology practice from January 2008 through December 2011. Medical and diet histories were collected from all subjects. Breath samples were collected before and each hour after, for 5 hours, subjects ingested fructose (35 g) and lactose (50 g) dissolved in 300 mL water. Hydrogen and methane gas concentrations were measured and GI and non-GI symptoms were registered for 5 hours following sugar ingestion. Symptom and gas time profiles were compared, treelet transforms were used to derive data-related symptom clusters, and the symptom severity of the clusters were analyzed for their association with breath gas characteristics. RESULTS We identified 11 GI and central nervous system (CNS) symptom profiles and hydrogen and methane breath concentrations that changed significantly with time following sugar ingestion. Treelet transform analysis identified 2 distinct clusters, based on GI and CNS symptoms. The severity scores for the GI and CNS symptoms correlated following ingestion of sugars (all, P < .0001). However, only the GI symptoms associated with hydrogen and methane gas production (all, P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS In an analysis of breath test results from more than 2000 patients with FGIDs, we identified clusters of GI and CNS symptoms in response to fructose of lactose ingestion. The association between specific symptoms and breath gas concentrations indicate distinct mechanisms of FGID pathogenesis, such as changes in the microbiome or mechanical and chemical sensitization. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT02085889.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Søren S Olesen
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Andrea Materna
- Brain-Gut Research Group, Gastroenterology Group Practice, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Asbjørn M Drewes
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Pawłowska K, Seredyński R, Umławska W, Iwańczak B. Hydrogen excretion in pediatric lactose malabsorbers: relation to symptoms and the dose of lactose. Arch Med Sci 2018; 14:88-93. [PMID: 29379537 PMCID: PMC5778410 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.57884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lactose malabsorption arises from lactase deficiency and may lead to lactose intolerance - gastrointestinal symptoms after lactose ingestion. Occurrence and severity of the symptoms are influenced by many factors, including the dose of lactose and the intensity of its colonic fermentation to short chain fatty acids and gases. MATERIAL AND METHODS The hydrogen breath test (HBT) after 30 g or 50 g of lactose was performed in 387 children. Further analysis included children who had a positive HBT result. The HBT parameters were net hydrogen concentration in each breath and total net hydrogen concentration during the HBT. The time of the first hydrogen rise was also calculated. HBT parameters were analyzed according to symptoms occurrence (lack or present), symptoms severity (lack, moderate or severe) and the dose of lactose (30 g or 50 g). RESULTS One hundred and six children (12.1 years, 46 boys) had a positive HBT result. Symptoms occurrence was positively related to net hydrogen concentration at 30 min, 60 min and 90 min (p < 0.001 at each time point), as well as to the total net hydrogen concentration (p < 0.001). There were no differences in hydrogen excretion between subjects with moderate and severe symptoms after lactose ingestion. Symptoms were more frequent in subjects given 50 g of lactose than in those given 30 g of lactose (79% vs. 47%, p = 0.003). In both dose groups symptoms occurrence was related to hydrogen excretion. CONCLUSIONS Symptoms occurrence is closely related to hydrogen excretion and to the dose of ingested lactose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Pawłowska
- 2 Department and Clinic of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Medical University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Seredyński
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Microorganisms, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wioleta Umławska
- Department of Human Biology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Iwańczak
- 2 Department and Clinic of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Medical University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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Effect of acid whey-fortified breads on caecal fermentation processes and blood lipid profile in rats. Br J Nutr 2017; 118:169-178. [PMID: 28831956 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517001921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two types of diet - standard and atherogenic - were used to study the effect of wheat or wheat-rye breads supplemented with 20 % acid whey concentrate after ultrafiltration on the physiological response of growing rats. The acid whey concentrate after ultrafiltration used in rat diets caused reduced weight gain (for atherogenic diet with wheat bread); growth of caecum tissue and digesta weight; a decrease in the pH of caecum digesta (for atherogenic diet); reduced activity of bacterial glycolytic enzymes; and a significant increase in total SCFA for both types of diet with wheat-rye breads containing acid whey concentrate. For wheat bread with acid whey, in standard diet, a statistically significant increase was found in the population of bifidobacteria. The results showed that the acid whey concentrates could be used as a valuable food ingredient.
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Schnorr SL, Sankaranarayanan K, Lewis CM, Warinner C. Insights into human evolution from ancient and contemporary microbiome studies. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 41:14-26. [PMID: 27507098 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, human microbiome research has energized the study of human evolution through a complete shift in our understanding of what it means to be human. The microbiome plays a pivotal role in human biology, performing key functions in digestion, mood and behavior, development and immunity, and a range of acute and chronic diseases. It is therefore critical to understand its evolution and changing ecology through time. Here we review recent findings on the microbiota of diverse human populations, non-human primates, and past human populations and discuss the implications of this research in formulating a deeper evolutionary understanding of the human holobiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Schnorr
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, 455 W. Lindsey St., Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | | | - Cecil M Lewis
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, 455 W. Lindsey St., Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Christina Warinner
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, 455 W. Lindsey St., Norman, OK 73019, USA.
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Szilagyi A, Galiatsatos P, Xue X. Systematic review and meta-analysis of lactose digestion, its impact on intolerance and nutritional effects of dairy food restriction in inflammatory bowel diseases. Nutr J 2016; 15:67. [PMID: 27411934 PMCID: PMC4942986 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-016-0183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relationships between inflammatory bowel disease and lactose containing foods remain controversial and poorly defined regarding symptoms, nutritional outcomes, and epidemiologic associations for lactose maldigestion. METHODS A literature review was performed using Pub Med, Cochrane library and individual references, to extract data on lactose maldigestion prevalence in inflammatory bowel diseases. A meta-analysis was done using selected articles, to determine odds ratios of maldigestion. Information was collected about symptoms, impact on pattern of dairy food consumption, as well as the effects of dairy foods on the course of inflammatory bowel diseases. RESULTS A total of 1022 articles were evaluated, 35 articles were retained and 5 studies were added from review articles. Of these 17 were included in meta-analysis which showed overall increased lactose maldigestion in both diseases. However increased risk on sub analysis was only found in Crohn's in patients with small bowel involvement. Nine additional studies were reviewed for symptoms, with variable outcomes due to confounding between lactose intolerance and lactose maldigestion. Fourteen studies were evaluated for dairy food effects. There was a suggestion that dairy foods may protect against inflammatory bowel disease. Nutritional consequences of dairy restrictions might impact adversely on bone and colonic complications. CONCLUSIONS Lactose maldigestion in inflammatory bowel disease is dependent on ethnic makeup of the population and usually not disease. No bias of increased disease prevalence was noted between lactase genotypes. Intolerance symptoms depend on several parameters besides lactose maldigestion. Dairy foods may decrease risks of inflammatory bowel disease. Dairy restrictions may adversely affect disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Szilagyi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, Room E-110,3755 Cote Ste Catherine Rd, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2 Canada
| | - Polymnia Galiatsatos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, Room E-110,3755 Cote Ste Catherine Rd, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2 Canada
| | - Xiaoqing Xue
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
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Casellas F, Aparici A, Pérez MJ, Rodríguez P. Perception of lactose intolerance impairs health-related quality of life. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 70:1068-72. [PMID: 27188918 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Chronic conditions impair perception of well-being. Malabsorption of lactose is the most frequent form of malabsorption and manifests as lactose intolerance. There is a lack of information regarding their impact on self-perception of health. The objective of this study is to determine the subjective impact of self-reported lactose intolerance or objective lactose malabsorption on patient health by using a patient-reported outcome to measure health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and modification of lactose-containing food diet. SUBJECTS/METHODS A 3-year prospective, cross-sectional study was performed in patients referred for a lactose hydrogen breath test. Patients were asked about their subjective opinion relative to their lactose tolerance and completed a validated, specific questionnaire to determine symptoms of intolerance during habitual consumption of dairy. A 50-g lactose breath test was then performed. Patients were grouped as absorbers vs malabsorbers and tolerant vs intolerants. RESULTS A total of 580 patients were included (median age 30 years, 419 female). Overall, 324 patients (56%) considered themselves lactose intolerant and that perception was associated with avoidance of dairy consumption (55% vs only 9% of self-defined tolerants). Self-perception of intolerance was associated with lower HRQOL scores (median, 60 vs 70, P<0.01). In contrast, lactose objective malabsorption was not clearly associated with dairy avoidance (41% of malabsorbers avoided dairy vs 31% of absorbers). However, HRQOL scores were also significantly lower in malabsorbers than in absorbers (60 vs 70 respectively, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Subjective perception of lactose intolerance affects the decision to avoid dairy even more than objective malabsorption. However, both self-perception of lactose intolerance and objective lactose malabsorption are associated with poorer perceived quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Casellas
- Digestive System Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Aparici
- Digestive System Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M J Pérez
- Digestive System Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Rodríguez
- Digestive System Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
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Szilagyi A. Adaptation to Lactose in Lactase Non Persistent People: Effects on Intolerance and the Relationship between Dairy Food Consumption and Evalution of Diseases. Nutrients 2015; 7:6751-79. [PMID: 26287234 PMCID: PMC4555148 DOI: 10.3390/nu7085309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dairy foods contain complex nutrients which interact with the host. Yet, evolution of lactase persistence has divided the human species into those that can or cannot digest lactose in adulthood. Such a ubiquitous trait has differential effects on humanity. The literature is reviewed to explore how the divide affects lactose handling by lactase non persistent persons. There are two basic differences in digesters. Firstly, maldigesters consume less dairy foods, and secondly, excess lactose is digested by colonic microflora. Lactose intolerance in maldigesters may occur with random lactose ingestion. However, lactose intolerance without maldigestion tends to detract from gaining a clear understanding of the mechanisms of symptoms formation and leads to confusion with regards to dairy food consumption. The main consequence of intolerance is withholding dairy foods. However, regular dairy food consumption by lactase non persistent people could lead to colonic adaptation by the microbiome. This process may mimic a prebiotic effect and allows lactase non persistent people to consume more dairy foods enhancing a favorable microbiome. This process then could lead to alterations in outcome of diseases in response to dairy foods in lactose maldigesters. The evidence that lactose is a selective human prebiotic is reviewed and current links between dairy foods and some diseases are discussed within this context. Colonic adaptation has not been adequately studied, especially with modern microbiological techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Szilagyi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University School of Medicine; 3755, Chemin de la Cote-Ste-Catherine Rd, Rm E110, Montreal H3T 1E2, QC, Canada.
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Virili C, Centanni M. Does microbiota composition affect thyroid homeostasis? Endocrine 2015; 49:583-7. [PMID: 25516464 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0509-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is essential for the host to ensure digestive and immunologic homeostasis. When microbiota homeostasis is impaired and dysbiosis occurs, the malfunction of epithelial barrier leads to intestinal and systemic disorders, chiefly immunologic and metabolic. The role of the intestinal tract is crucial in the metabolism of nutrients, drugs, and hormones, including exogenous and endogenous iodothyronines as well as micronutrients involved in thyroid homeostasis. However, the link between thyroid homeostasis and microbiota composition is not yet completely ascertained. A pathogenetic link with dysbiosis has been described in different autoimmune disorders but not yet fully elucidated in autoimmune thyroid disease which represents the most frequent of them. Anyway, it has been suggested that intestinal dysbiosis may trigger autoimmune thyroiditis. Furthermore, hypo- and hyper-thyroidism, often of autoimmune origin, were respectively associated to small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and to changes in microbiota composition. Whether some steps of this thyroid network may be affected by intestinal microbiota composition is briefly discussed below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Virili
- Endocrinology Section, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Latina, Italy
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Lee B, Tachon S, Eigenheer RA, Phinney BS, Marco ML. Lactobacillus casei Low-Temperature, Dairy-Associated Proteome Promotes Persistence in the Mammalian Digestive Tract. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:3136-47. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bokyung Lee
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Sybille Tachon
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Richard A. Eigenheer
- Proteomics
Core Facility, Genome Center, University of California, 451 East
Health Sciences Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Brett S. Phinney
- Proteomics
Core Facility, Genome Center, University of California, 451 East
Health Sciences Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Maria L. Marco
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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A combination of acid lactase from Aspergillus oryzae and yogurt bacteria improves lactose digestion in lactose maldigesters synergistically: A randomized, controlled, double-blind cross-over trial. Clin Nutr 2015; 34:394-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult assimilation of lactose divides humans into dominant lactase-persistent and recessive nonpersistent phenotypes. OBJECTIVES To review three medical parameters of lactose digestion, namely: the changing concept of lactose intolerance; the possible impact on diseases of microbial adaptation in lactase-nonpersistent populations; and the possibility that the evolution of lactase has influenced some disease pattern distributions. METHODS A PubMed, Google Scholar and manual review of articles were used to provide a narrative review of the topic. RESULTS The concept of lactose intolerance is changing and merging with food intolerances. Microbial adaptation to regular lactose consumption in lactase-nonpersistent individuals is supported by limited evidence. There is evidence suggestive of a relationship among geographical distributions of latitude, sunhine exposure and lactase proportional distributions worldwide. DISCUSSION The definition of lactose intolerance has shifted away from association with lactose maldigestion. Lactose sensitivity is described equally in lactose digesters and maldigesters. The important medical consequence of withholding dairy foods could have a detrimental impact on several diseases; in addition, microbial adaptation in lactase-nonpersistent populations may alter risk for some diseases. There is suggestive evidence that the emergence of lactase persistence, together with human migrations before and after the emergence of lactase persistence, have impacted modern-day diseases. CONCLUSIONS Lactose maldigestion and lactose intolerance are not synonymous. Withholding dairy foods is a poor method to treat lactose intolerance. Further epidemiological work could shed light on the possible effects of microbial adaptation in lactose maldigesters. The evolutionary impact of lactase may be still ongoing.
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Wilder-Smith CH, Li X, Ho SS, Leong SM, Wong RK, Koay ES, Ferraris RP. Fructose transporters GLUT5 and GLUT2 expression in adult patients with fructose intolerance. United European Gastroenterol J 2014; 2:14-21. [PMID: 24918004 DOI: 10.1177/2050640613505279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal symptoms and malabsorption following fructose ingestion (fructose intolerance) are common in functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID). The underlying mechanism is unclear, but is hypothesized to be related an abnormality of intestinal fructose transporter proteins. OBJECTIVE To assess the expression of the main intestinal fructose transporter proteins, glucose transport protein 5 (GLUT5) and 2 (GLUT2), in FGID. METHODS The expression of GLUT5 and GLUT2 protein and mRNA in small intestinal biopsy tissue was investigated using real-time reverse-transcription PCR and Western immunoblotting in 11 adults with FGID and fructose intolerance ascertained by breath testing and in 15 controls. RESULTS Median expression levels of GLUT5 mRNA normalized to beta-actin were 0.18 (interquartile range, IQR, 0.13-0.21) in patients and 0.17 (IQR 0.12-0.19) in controls (p > 0.05). Respective levels of GLUT2 mRNA were 0.26 (IQR 0.20-0.31) and 0.26 (IQR 0.19-0.31) (p > 0.05). Median expression levels of GLUT5 protein normalized to alpha-tubulin were 0.95 (IQR 0.52-1.68) in patients and 0.95 (IQR 0.59-1.15) in controls (p > 0.05). Respective protein expression levels for GLUT2 were 1.56 (IQR 1.06-2.14) and 1.35 (IQR 0.96-1.79) (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Human fructose intolerance may not be associated with marked changes in GLUT5 and GLUT2 expression. Replication of these results in a larger subject group, including measures of transporter activation and membrane and subcellular localization, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive H Wilder-Smith
- Brain-Gut Research Group, Bern, Switzerland ; Neurogastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Xinhua Li
- Neurogastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Sherry Sy Ho
- Molecular Diagnosis Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Sai Mun Leong
- Neurogastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Reuben K Wong
- Neurogastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Evelyn Sc Koay
- Molecular Diagnosis Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore ; Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Ronaldo P Ferraris
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, UMDNJ - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, USA
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