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Sun J, Wang M, Kan Z. Causal relationship between gut microbiota and polycystic ovary syndrome: a literature review and Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1280983. [PMID: 38362275 PMCID: PMC10867277 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1280983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Numerous studies have suggested an association between gut microbiota and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). However, the causal relationship between these two factors remains unclear. Methods A review of observational studies was conducted to compare changes in gut microbiota between PCOS patients and controls. The analysis focused on four levels of classification, namely, phylum, family, genus, and species/genus subgroups. To further investigate the causal relationship, Mendelian randomization (MR) was employed using genome-wide association study (GWAS) data on gut microbiota from the MiBioGen consortium, as well as GWAS data from a large meta-analysis of PCOS. Additionally, a reverse MR was performed, and the results were verified through sensitivity analyses. Results The present review included 18 observational studies that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The abundance of 64 gut microbiota taxa significantly differed between PCOS patients and controls. Using the MR method, eight bacteria were identified as causally associated with PCOS. The protective effects of the genus Sellimonas on PCOS remained significant after applying Bonferroni correction. No significant heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy was found in the instrumental variables (IVs). Reverse MR analyses did not reveal a significant causal effect of PCOS on gut microbiota. Conclusion The differences in gut microbiota between PCOS patients and controls vary across observational studies. However, MR analyses identified specific gut microbiota taxa that are causally related to PCOS. Future studies should investigate the gut microbiota that showed significant results in the MR analyses, as well as the underlying mechanisms of this causal relationship and its potential clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyu Wang
- Department of Radiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhisheng Kan
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
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2
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Koufou EE, Assimakopoulos SF, Bosgana P, de Lastic AL, Grypari IM, Georgopoulou GA, Antonopoulou S, Mouzaki A, Kourea HP, Thomopoulos K, Davlouros P. Altered Expression of Intestinal Tight Junction Proteins in Heart Failure Patients with Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Pathogenetic Mechanism of Intestinal Hyperpermeability. Biomedicines 2024; 12:160. [PMID: 38255265 PMCID: PMC10813326 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Although intestinal microbiota alterations (dysbiosis) have been described in heart failure (HF) patients, the possible mechanisms of intestinal barrier dysfunction leading to endotoxemia and systemic inflammation are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the expression of the intestinal tight junction (TJ) proteins occludin and claudin-1 in patients with HF with reduced (HFrEF) or preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and their possible association with systemic endotoxemia and inflammation. Ten healthy controls and twenty-eight patients with HF (HFrEF (n = 14), HFpEF (n = 14)) underwent duodenal biopsy. Histological parameters were recorded, intraepithelial CD3+ T-cells and the expression of occludin and claudin-1 in enterocytes were examined using immunohistochemistry, circulating endotoxin concentrations were determined using ELISA, and concentrations of cytokines were determined using flow cytometry. Patients with HFrEF or HFpEF had significantly higher serum endotoxin concentrations (p < 0.001), a significantly decreased intestinal occludin and claudin-1 expression (in HfrEF p < 0.01 for occludin, p < 0.05 for claudin-1, in HfpEF p < 0.01 occludin and claudin-1), and significantly increased serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 (for IL-6 and IL-10, p < 0.05 for HFrEF and p < 0.001 for HFpEF; and for IL-8, p < 0.05 for both groups) compared to controls. Occludin and claudin-1 expression inversely correlated with systemic endotoxemia (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Heart failure, regardless of the type of ejection fraction, results in a significant decrease in enterocytic occludin and claudin-1 expression, which may represent an important cellular mechanism for the intestinal barrier dysfunction causing systemic endotoxemia and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stelios F. Assimakopoulos
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Patras Medical School, 26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Pinelopi Bosgana
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (P.B.); (H.P.K.)
| | - Anne-Lise de Lastic
- Laboratory of Immunohematology, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (A.-L.d.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Ioanna-Maria Grypari
- Cytology Department, Aretaieion University Hospital, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece;
| | | | | | - Athanasia Mouzaki
- Laboratory of Immunohematology, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (A.-L.d.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Helen P. Kourea
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (P.B.); (H.P.K.)
| | - Konstantinos Thomopoulos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Periklis Davlouros
- Department of Cardiology, Patras University Hospital, 26504 Patras, Greece;
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3
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K VK, Bhat RG, Rao BK, R AP. The Gut Microbiota: a Novel Player in the Pathogenesis of Uterine Fibroids. Reprod Sci 2023; 30:3443-3455. [PMID: 37418220 PMCID: PMC10691976 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-023-01289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Uterine fibroid is a common gynecological disorder that affects women of reproductive age and has emerged as a major public health concern. The symptoms have a negative influence on both their physical health and quality of life. The cost of treatment has a significant impact on the disease's burden. Even though its origin is uncertain, estrogen is thought to be a key player in fibroid pathophysiology. Many theories, including those based on genetic and environmental factors, explain what causes hyper-estrogenic condition in fibroid patients. One such possibility that is currently being explored is the hypothesis that an altered gut microbiome can contribute to the development of diseases characterized by estrogen dominance. Gut dysbiosis is often a "hot area" in the health sciences. According to a recent study, uterine fibroid patients have altered gut microbiome. A variety of risk factors influence both fibroid development and gut homeostasis. Diet, lifestyle, physical activity, and environmental contaminants have an impact on estrogen and the gut flora. A better understanding of uterine fibroids' pathophysiology is required to develop effective preventative and treatment options. A few ways by which the gut microbiota contributes to UF include estrogen, impaired immune function, inflammation, and altered gut metabolites. Therefore, in the future, while treating fibroid patients, various strategies to deal with changes in the gut flora may be advantageous. For developing suggestions for clinical diagnosis and therapy, we reviewed the literature on the relationship between uterine fibroids and the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineetha K K
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajeshwari G Bhat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Bhamini Krishna Rao
- Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Archana P R
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
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4
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Yang T, Li L, Pang J, Heng C, Wei C, Wang X, Xia Z, Huang X, Zhang L, Jiang Z. Modulating intestinal barrier function by sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 specific agonist SEW2871 attenuated ANIT-induced cholestatic hepatitis via the gut-liver axis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111150. [PMID: 37924700 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acid (BA) homeostasis throughout the enterohepatic circulation system is a guarantee of liver physiological functions. BA circulation disorders is one of the characteristic clinical manifestations of cholestasis, and have a closely relationship with intestinal barrier function, especially ileum. Here, our in vivo and in vitro studies showed that intestinal tight junctions (TJs) were disrupted by α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT), which also down-regulated the protein expression of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) in the top of villus of mice ileum. Activating S1PR1 by specific agonist SEW2871 could improve TJs via inhibiting ERK1/2/LKB1/AMPK signaling pathway in the ileum of ANIT-treated mice and ANIT-cultured Caco-2 cells. SEW2871 not only regained ileum TJs by activating S1PR1 in the epithelial cells of ileum mucosa, but also recovered ileum barrier function, which was further verified by the recovered BA homeostasis in mice ileum (content and tissue) by using of high-performance liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Subsequently, the improved intestinal injury and inflammation further strengthened that SEW2871 modulated intestinal barrier function in ANIT-treated mice. Finally, our data revealed that along with the down-regulated levels of serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS), SEW2871 improved liver function and relieved hepatitis via blocking TLR4/MyD88/NF-kB signaling pathway in ANIT-treated mice. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that activating intestinal S1PR1 by SEW2871 could modulate intestinal barrier function, leading to the improvement of cholestatic hepatitis in ANIT-treated mice via the "gut-liver" axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Lin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Jiale Pang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Cai Heng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Chujing Wei
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xue Wang
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ziyin Xia
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xin Huang
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Duarte ME, Stahl CH, Kim SW. Intestinal Damages by F18 +Escherichia coli and Its Amelioration with an Antibacterial Bacitracin Fed to Nursery Pigs. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051040. [PMID: 37237906 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated intestinal oxidative damage caused by F18+Escherichia coli and its amelioration with antibacterial bacitracin fed to nursery pigs. Thirty-six weaned pigs (6.31 ± 0.08 kg BW) were allotted in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were: NC, not challenged/not treated; PC, challenged (F18+E. coli at 5.2 × 109 CFU)/not treated; AGP challenged (F18+E. coli at 5.2 × 109 CFU)/treated with bacitracin (30 g/t). Overall, PC reduced (p < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG), gain to feed ratio (G:F), villus height, and villus height to crypt depth ratio (VH:CD), whereas AGP increased (p < 0.05) ADG, and G:F. PC increased (p < 0.05) fecal score, F18+E. coli in feces, and protein carbonyl in jejunal mucosa. AGP reduced (p < 0.05) fecal score and F18+E. coli in jejunal mucosa. PC reduced (p < 0.05) Prevotella stercorea populations in jejunal mucosa, whereas AGP increased (p < 0.05) Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens and reduced (p < 0.05) Mitsuokella jalaludinii populations in feces. Collectively, F18+E. coli challenge increased fecal score and disrupted the microbiota composition, harming intestinal health by increasing oxidative stress, and damaging the intestinal epithelium, ultimately impairing growth performance. Dietary bacitracin reduced reduced F18+E. coli populations and the oxidative damages they cause, thereby improving intestinal health and the growth performance of nursery pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Elias Duarte
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Chad H Stahl
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Engin AB, Engin A, Engin ED, Memis L. Does lithium attenuate the liver damage due to oxidative stress and liver glycogen depletion in experimental common bile duct obstruction? Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 466:116489. [PMID: 36963521 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
In extrahepatic cholestasis, the molecular mechanisms of liver damage due to bile acid accumulation remain elusive. In this study, the activation of glutamatergic receptors was hypothesized to be responsible for bile acid-induced oxidative stress and liver damage. Recent evidence showed that lithium, as an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) GluN2B subunit inhibitor, may act on the glutamate/NMDAR signaling axis. Guinea pigs were assigned to four groups, as sham laparotomy (SL), bile duct ligated (BDL), lithium-treated SL (SL + Li) and lithium-treated BDL (BDL + Li) groups. Cholestasis-induced liver injury was evaluated by aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), copper‑zinc superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione levels. The liability of glutamate/NMDAR signaling axis was clarified by glutamate levels in both plasma and liver samples, with the production of nitric oxide (NO), as well as with the serum calcium concentrations. Blood glucose, glucagon, insulin levels and glucose consumption rates, in addition to tissue glycogen were measured to evaluate the liver glucose-glycogen metabolism. A high liver damage index (AST/ALT) was calculated in BDL animals in comparison to SL group. In the BDL animals, lithium reduced plasma NO and glutamate in addition to tissue glutamate concentrations, while serum calcium increased. The antioxidant capacities and liver glycogen contents significantly increased, whereas blood glucose levels unchanged and tissue MDA levels decreased 3-fold in lithium-treated cholestatic animals. It was concluded that lithium largely protects the cholestatic hepatocyte from bile acid-mediated damage by blocking the NMDAR-GluN2B subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Basak Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Atilla Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Evren Doruk Engin
- Ankara University, Biotechnology Institute, Gumusdere Campus, Kecioren, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Leyla Memis
- Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Ankara, Turkey
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Zou MZ, Kong WC, Cai H, Xing MT, Yu ZX, Chen X, Zhang LY, Wang XZ. Activation of natural killer T cells contributes to Th1 bias in the murine liver after 14 d of ethinylestradiol exposure. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:3150-3163. [PMID: 36051344 PMCID: PMC9331528 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i26.3150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the main component of oral contraceptives (OCs), ethinylestradiol (EE) has been widely applied as a model drug to induce murine intrahepatic cholestasis. The clinical counterpart of EE-induced cholestasis includes women who are taking OCs, sex hormone replacement therapy, and susceptible pregnant women. Taking intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) as an example, ICP consumes the medical system due to its high-risk fetal burden and the impotency of ursodeoxycholic acid in reducing adverse perinatal outcomes.
AIM To explore the mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of EE-induced cholestasis based on the liver immune microenvironment.
METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice or invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell deficiency (Jα18-/- mice) were administered with EE (10 mg/kg, subcutaneous) for 14 d.
RESULTS Both Th1 and Th2 cytokines produced by NKT cells increased in the liver skewing toward a Th1 bias. The expression of the chemokine/chemokine receptor Cxcr6/Cxcl16, toll-like receptors, Ras/Rad, and PI3K/Bad signaling was upregulated after EE administration. EE also influenced bile acid synthase Cyp7a1, Cyp8b1, and tight junctions ZO-1 and Occludin, which might be associated with EE-induced cholestasis. iNKT cell deficiency (Jα18-/- mice) robustly alleviated cholestatic liver damage and lowered the expression of the abovementioned signaling pathways.
CONCLUSION Hepatic NKT cells play a pathogenic role in EE-induced intrahepatic cholestasis. Our research improves the understanding of intrahepatic cholestasis by revealing the hepatic immune microenvironment and also provides a potential clinical treatment by regulating iNKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Zhi Zou
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei-Chao Kong
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Heng Cai
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Meng-Tao Xing
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zi-Xun Yu
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Chen
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lu-Yong Zhang
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xin-Zhi Wang
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
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Xu X, Duarte ME, Kim SW. Postbiotic effects of Lactobacillus fermentate on intestinal health, mucosa-associated microbiota, and growth efficiency of nursery pigs challenged with F18+Escherichia coli. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6603433. [PMID: 35666999 PMCID: PMC9387594 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined the supplemental effects of Lactobacillus fermentate (LBF, Adare Biome, France) on intestinal health and prevention of postweaning diarrhea caused by F18+Escherichia coli in nursery pigs. Sixty-four weaned pigs (6.6 ± 0.7 kg body weight) were allotted in a randomized complete block design to four treatments: NC: no challenge/no supplement; PC: E. coli challenge/no supplement; AGP: E. coli challenge/bacitracin (30 g/t feed); and PBT: E. coli challenge/LBF (2 kg/t feed). Bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) was used as a source of bacitracin. On day 7, challenged groups were orally inoculated with F18+E. coli (2.4 × 1010 CFU), whereas NC received sterile saline solution. Growth performance was analyzed weekly, and pigs were euthanized at the end of 28 d feeding to analyze intestinal health. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS 9.4. During the post-challenge period, PC tended to decrease (P = 0.067) average daily gain (ADG) when compared with NC, whereas AGP increased (P < 0.05) when compared with PC; PBT tended to increase (P = 0.081) ADG when compared with PC. The PC increased fecal score (P < 0.05) during day 7 to 14 when compared with NC, whereas AGP decreased it (P < 0.05) during day 14 to 21 when compared with PC. The PC increased (P < 0.05) protein carbonyl, crypt cell proliferation, and the relative abundance of Helicobacter rodentium when compared with NC. However, AGP decreased (P < 0.05) crypt cell proliferation and H. rodentium and increased (P < 0.05) villus height, Bifidobacterium boum, Pelomonas spp., and Microbacterium ginsengisoli when compared with PC. The PBT reduced (P < 0.05) crypt cell proliferation and H. rodentium and increased (P < 0.05) Lactobacillus salivarius and Propionibacterium acnes when compared with PC. At the genus level, AGP and PBT increased (P < 0.05) the alpha diversity of jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota in pigs estimated with Chao1 richness estimator when compared with PC. Collectively, F18+E. coli reduced growth performance by adversely affecting microbiota and intestinal health. The LBF and BMD improved growth performance, and it was related to the enhanced intestinal health and increased diversity and abundance of beneficial microbiota in pigs challenged with F18+E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Xu
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Marcos Elias Duarte
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Wang T, Zhang C, Li H, Zhou R, Ye X, Yang Y, He K. The underlying rationality of Chinese medicine herb pair Coptis chinensis and Dolomiaea souliei: From the perspective of metabolomics and intestinal function. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 289:115065. [PMID: 35122977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The combination of Coptis chinensis (RC) and Dolomiaea souliei (VR) has long been used as a classic herb pair for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, the rationality of evidence-based RC and VR combination was explored from the perspective of metabolism, gut microbiota and gastrointestinal function. RESULTS After 5 weeks treatment, VR extracts (700 mg/kg) and RC alkaloids (800 mg/kg) showed no toxic effect on mice. However, RC administration significantly decreased the body weight of mice. Gastric emptying, gastrointestinal motility function and the absorption of FITC dextran were retarded in the mice of RC group, taking RC along with low dose VR (RC-VRL) and high dose VR (RC-VRH) reversed the impaired gastrointestinal function caused by RC. RC administration significantly increased villus height/crypt depth value. Notably, VR administration increased the number of crypts in mice ileum and reduced villus height/crypt depth value in VR and RC combination group. RC treatment significantly increased the expression of occludin compared to NC group; RC-VRL treatment reversed this tendency. While, VR administration increased ZO1 expression by 99.4% compared to NC mice. As for gut microbiota, RC gavage decreased the gut microbiota diversity, but gut microbiota in VR group was similar to NC group, and VR and RC combination increased gut microbiota diversity. RC administration obviously increased the proportion of Akkermansia muciniphila, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Parabacteroides distasonis, and Escherichia coli, compared to NC mice. VR treatment increased the richness of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Parabacteroides distasonis. RC-VRL and RC-VRH treatment dose-dependently increased the richness of Rikenellaceae RC9, Lactobacillus, and decreased the abundance of Psychrobacter, Bacteroides and Ruminococcus in mice. Serum metabolomic analysis revealed that RC gavage significantly down regulated 76 metabolites and up regulated 31 metabolites. VR treatment significantly down regulated 30 metabolites and up regulated 12 metabolites. Weight loss caused by RC may attribute to the elevated methylxanthine level in mice. The potential adverse effects caused by high dose RC intake may partially alleviate by high serum contents of adenosine, inosine and urolithin A resulted from VR coadministration. CONCLUSION VR may alleviate RC caused "fluid retention" via normalizing gastrointestinal function, gut microbiota and modulating the perturbed metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Dong Medicine, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, 418000, Hunan, China
| | - Chongyang Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Dong Medicine, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, 418000, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Dong Medicine, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, 418000, Hunan, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Dong Medicine, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, 418000, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoli Ye
- Engineering Research Center of Coptis Development and Utilization (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Yong Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Kai He
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Dong Medicine, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, 418000, Hunan, China.
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10
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Tian X, Zhang Z, Li W. Expression of TLR2 and TLR5 in distal ileum of mice with obstructive jaundice and their role in intestinal mucosal injury. Arch Med Sci 2022; 18:237-250. [PMID: 35154543 PMCID: PMC8826794 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.85648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim was to investigate the expression of TLR2 and TLR5 in the distal ileum of mice with obstructive jaundice (OJ) and their role in intestinal mucosal injury. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 100 male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to two groups: (I) sham operation (SH); (II) bile duct ligation (BDL). The mice were respectively sacrificed before operation and on the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th days after operation to collect specimens. Various indicators were detected by PCR, immunohistochemistry and other methods. RESULTS TLR2 was increased gradually with the extension of OJ time in the BDL group (p < 0.05). However, the changes in the expression of TLR5 were not obvious at different time points. The amount of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus showed downward trends in intestinal tract of the BDL group. Furthermore, the amount of Escherichia coli was increased in intestinal tract of the BDL group. The pathological score of intestinal mucosa and the expression of NF-κB increased gradually in the BDL group with the extension of OJ time. There were positive correlations between the pathological score of intestinal mucosa and expressions of TLR2(r = 0.767, p < 0.05) and NF-κB (r = 0.817, p < 0.05) in BDL group. NF-κB expression was positively correlated with TLR2 expression(r = 0.706, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Disturbance of intestinal flora caused by OJ could increase the expression of NF-κB via up-regulating the expression of TLR2 to activate the downstream signaling pathway, thus aggravated the injury of intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Tian
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xingtai People’s Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei, China
| | | | - Wen Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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11
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Moita VHC, Duarte ME, da Silva SN, Kim SW. Supplemental Effects of Functional Oils on the Modulation of Mucosa-Associated Microbiota, Intestinal Health, and Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1591. [PMID: 34071448 PMCID: PMC8230055 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of functional oils on modulation of mucosa-associated microbiota, intestinal health, and growth performance of nursery pigs. Forty newly weaned pigs (20 barrows and 20 gilts) with 7.0 ± 0.5 kg body weight (BW) were housed individually and randomly allotted in a randomized complete block design with sex and initial BW as blocks. The dietary treatments were a basal diet with increasing levels (0.00, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.50 g/kg feed) of functional oils (a blend of castor oil and cashew nutshell liquid; Oligo Basics USA LLC, Cary, NC) fed to pigs for 34 days divided in two phases (P1 for 13 days and P2 for 21 days). Growth performance was analyzed weekly. On day 34, all pigs were euthanized to collect jejunal mucosa for analyzing the mucosa-associated microbiota and intestinal health, and ileal digesta for analyzing apparent ileal digestibility. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4. Supplementation of functional oils did not affect the overall growth performance. Increasing supplementation of functional oils reduced (p < 0.05) the relative abundance of Helicobacteraceae, whereas it increased (p < 0.05) Lactobacillus kitasatonis. Supplementation of functional oils tended (p = 0.064) to decrease protein carbonyl and increase the villus height (p = 0.098) and crypt depth (p = 0.070). In conclusion, supplementation of functional oils enhanced intestinal health of nursery pigs by increasing beneficial and reducing harmful bacteria, potentially reducing oxidative stress and enhancing intestinal morphology, without affecting overall growth performance of pigs. Supplementation of functional oils at 0.75-1.50 g/kg feed was the most beneficial to the jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota and intestinal integrity of nursery pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (V.H.C.M.); (M.E.D.); (S.N.d.S.)
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12
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Guo J, Shao J, Yang Y, Niu X, Liao J, Zhao Q, Wang D, Li S, Hu J. Gut Microbiota in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a Systematic Review. Reprod Sci 2021; 29:69-83. [PMID: 33409871 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00430-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most popular diseases that cause menstrual dysfunction and infertility in women. Recently, the relationships between the gastrointestinal microbiome and metabolic disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and PCOS have been discovered. However, the association between the gut microbiome and PCOS symptoms has not been well established. We systematically reviewed existing studies comparing gut microbial composition in PCOS and healthy volunteers to explore evidence for this association. A systematic search was carried out in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science from inception to May 26, 2020, for all original cross-sectional, cohort, or case-control studies comparing the fecal microbiomes of patients with PCOS with microbiomes of healthy volunteers (controls). The primary outcomes were differences in specific gut microbes between patients with PCOS and controls. The search identified 256 citations; 10 studies were included. The total population study of these articles consists of 611 participants (including PCOS group and healthy controls group). Among the included 10 studies, nine studies compared α-diversity, and six studies demonstrated that α-diversity has a significant reduction in PCOS patients. Seven of them reported that there was a significant difference of β-diversity composition between healthy controls groups and PCOS patients. The most common bacterial alterations in PCOS patients included Bacteroidaceae, Coprococcus, Bacteroides, Prevotella, Lactobacillus, Parabacteroides, Escherichia/Shigella, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. No consensus has emerged from existing human studies of PCOS and gut microbiome concerning which bacterial taxa are most relevant to it. In this systematic review, we identified specific bacteria associated with microbiomes of patients with PCOS vs controls. Higher level of evidence is needed to determine whether these microbes are a product or cause of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Guo
- School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jie Shao
- School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- The Reproductive Medicine Special Hospital of the 1st Hospital of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine and Embryo, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaodan Niu
- School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juan Liao
- School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Donghui Wang
- School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuaitong Li
- School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junping Hu
- School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. .,The Reproductive Medicine Special Hospital of the 1st Hospital of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine and Embryo, Lanzhou, China.
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13
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Yang T, Wang X, Zhou Y, Yu Q, Heng C, Yang H, Yuan Z, Miao Y, Chai Y, Wu Z, Sun L, Huang X, Liu B, Jiang Z, Zhang L. SEW2871 attenuates ANIT-induced hepatotoxicity by protecting liver barrier function via sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1-mediated AMPK signaling pathway. Cell Biol Toxicol 2021; 37:595-609. [PMID: 33400020 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-020-09567-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholestatic liver injury, a group of diseases characterized with dysregulated bile acid (BA) homeostasis, was partly resulted from BA circulation disorders, which is commonly associated with the damage of hepatocyte barrier function. However, the underlying hepatocyte barrier-protective molecular mechanisms of cholestatic liver injury remain poorly understood. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) participated in the process of cholestasis by activating its G protein-coupled receptors S1PRs, regaining the integrity of hepatocyte tight junctions (TJs). Here, we showed that SEW2871, a selective agonist of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1(S1PR1), alleviated ANIT-induced TJs damage in 3D-cultured mice primary hepatocytes. Molecular mechanism studies indicated that AMPK signaling pathways was involved in TJs protection of SEW2871 in ANIT-induced hepatobiliary barrier function deficiency. AMPK antagonist compound C (CC) and agonist AICAR were all used to further identify the important role of AMPK signaling pathway in SEW2871's TJs protection of ANIT-treated mice primary hepatocytes. The in vivo data showed that SEW2871 ameliorated ANIT-induced cholestatic hepatotoxicity. Further protection mechanism research demonstrated that SEW2871 not only regained hepatocyte TJs by the upregulated S1PR1 via AMPK signaling pathway, but also recovered hepatobiliary barrier function deficiency, which was verified by the restored BA homeostasis by using of high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). These results revealed that the increased expression of S1PR1 induced by SEW2871 could ameliorate ANIT-induced cholestatic liver injury through improving liver barrier function via AMPK signaling and subsequently reversed the disrupted BA homeostasis. Our study provided strong evidence that S1PR1 may be a promising therapeutic approach for treating intrahepatic cholestatic liver injury. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Xue Wang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Qiongna Yu
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Cai Heng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Zihang Yuan
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yingying Miao
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chai
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ziteng Wu
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Lixin Sun
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xin Huang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China. .,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China. .,New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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14
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Duarte ME, Tyus J, Kim SW. Synbiotic Effects of Enzyme and Probiotics on Intestinal Health and Growth of Newly Weaned Pigs Challenged With Enterotoxigenic F18 + Escherichia coli. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:573. [PMID: 33033721 PMCID: PMC7509054 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with xylanase and probiotics on growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Sixty-four newly weaned pigs (32 barrows and 32 gilts with 7.9 ± 0.4 kg BW) were allotted in a randomized complete block design (2 × 2 factorial). Two factors were ETEC challenge (oral inoculation of saline solution or E. coli F18+ at 6 × 109 CFU) and synbiotics (none or a combination of xylanase 10,000 XU/kg and Bacillus sp. 2 × 108 CFU/kg). All pigs were fed experimental diets following NRC (2012) in two phases (P1 for 10 d and P2 for 11 d). The ETEC was orally inoculated on d 7 after weaning. Feed intake and BW were measured on d 7, 10, 15, and 20. On d 20, pigs were euthanized to collect samples to measure gut health parameters and microbiome. Synbiotics increased (P < 0.05) ADG in phase 1 and ETEC reduced (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F in the post-challenge period. ETEC increased (P < 0.05) the fecal score of pigs from d 7 to 13; however, synbiotics reduced (P < 0.05) it at d 9 and 11 in challenged pigs. ETEC increased (P < 0.05) mucosal MDA, IL-6, Ki-67+, and crypt depth, whereas synbiotics tended to reduce TNFα (P = 0.093), protein carbonyl (P = 0.065), and IL-6 (P = 0.064); reduced (P < 0.05) crypt depth and Ki-67+; and increased (P < 0.05) villus height. ETEC reduced (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and increased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Proteobacteria. In conclusion, ETEC challenge reduced growth performance by affecting microbiome, immune response, and oxidative stress in the jejunum. Synbiotics enhanced growth performance by reducing diarrhea, immune response, and oxidative stress in the jejunum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Elias Duarte
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - James Tyus
- BioResource International, Inc., Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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15
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Zhao X, Jiang Y, Xi H, Chen L, Feng X. Exploration of the Relationship Between Gut Microbiota and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): a Review. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2020; 80:161-171. [PMID: 32109968 PMCID: PMC7035130 DOI: 10.1055/a-1081-2036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine and metabolic syndrome (MS) with a complex etiology, and its pathogenesis is not yet clear. In recent years, the correlation between gut microbiota (GM) and metabolic disease has become a hot topic in research, leading to a number of new ideas about the etiology and pathological mechanisms of PCOS. The literature shows that GM can cause insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, chronic inflammation and metabolic syndrome (obesity, diabetes) and may contribute to the development of PCOS by influencing energy absorption, the pathways of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), lipopolysaccharides, choline and bile acids, intestinal permeability and the brain-gut axis. As part of the treatment of PCOS, fecal microbiota transplantation, supplementation with prebiotics and traditional Chinese medicine can be used to regulate GM and treat disorders. This article reviews possible mechanisms and treatment options for PCOS, based on methods which target the GM, and offers new ideas for the treatment of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Zhao
- Department of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yuepeng Jiang
- Department of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Hongyan Xi
- Department of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiaoling Feng
- Department of First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
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16
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Tian X, Zhang Z, Li W. Functional Changes of Paneth Cells in the Intestinal Epithelium of Mice with Obstructive Jaundice and After Internal and External Biliary Drainage. Curr Mol Med 2019; 19:746-757. [PMID: 31429688 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190820141331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the functional changes of Paneth cells in the intestinal epithelium of mice with obstructive jaundice (OJ) and after internal biliary drainage (ID) and external biliary drainage (ED). METHODS The experiment was divided into two stages. First stage: Mice were randomly assigned to two groups: (I) sham operation (SH); (II) OJ. The mice were sacrificed before the operation and on the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th day after the operation to collect specimens. Second stage: Mice were randomly assigned to four groups: (I) SH; (II) OJ; (III) OJ and ED; and (IV) OJ and ID. They were reoperated on day 5 for biliary drainage procedure. The specimens were collected on day 10. RESULTS The expressions of lysozyme and cryptdin-4 increased first and then decreased over time in group OJ, and the number of Paneth cells decreased gradually with the extension of OJ time(p<0.05. After the secondary operation on the mice to relieve OJ, the number of Paneth cells and expressions of lysozyme and cryptdin-4 in group ID increased more significantly than those in group ED(p<0.05). CONCLUSION OJ could cause intestinal Paneth cells to dysfunction in mice. ID was more significant than ED in restoring the function of Paneth cells. It might be one of the mechanisms that make ID superior to ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Tian
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, No. 28, Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei 054000, China
| | - Zixuan Zhang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, No. 28, Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Wen Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, No. 28, Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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17
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Dietary supplementation of xylanase and protease on growth performance, digesta viscosity, nutrient digestibility, immune and oxidative stress status, and gut health of newly weaned pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5:351-358. [PMID: 31890911 PMCID: PMC6920460 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with xylanase and protease on growth performance, digesta viscosity, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients, and gut health in nursery pigs. Forty-eight pigs (24 barrows and 24 gilts at 21 d of age with 7.2 ± 0.4 kg BW) were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments (2 × 2 factorial arrangement) in a randomized complete block design and fed in 2 phases (phase 1 for 10 d and phase 2 for 14 d). Factors were xylanase (0 or 45,000 XU/kg) and protease (0 or 300,000 U/kg). Feed intake and BW gain were measured on d 10 and 24. Titanium dioxide (0.25%) was added to all diets as an indigestible external marker from d 20 to 24. On d 24, all pigs were euthanized to obtain jejunal and ileal digesta to measure viscosity and apparent ileal digestibility. The jejunal mucosa was collected to measure immune and oxidative stress status. Jejunal tissues were used to measure morphology and crypt cells proliferation. In phase 2, xylanase increased (P < 0.05) the average daily gain (ADG) which was further increased (P < 0.05) when combined with protease. Overall, combinational use of xylanase and protease increased (P < 0.05) ADG compared with the use of xylanase or protease alone, whereas protease improved (P < 0.05) feed efficiency. In jejunum, xylanase reduced (P < 0.05) viscosity of digesta, mucosal malondialdehyde (MDA), crypt depth and crypt cells proliferation, and protease increased (P < 0.05) villus height, and decreased (P < 0.05) crypt depth and crypt cells proliferation. Collectively, xylanase improved growth performance, digesta viscosity, and oxidative stress, whereas protease improved feed efficiency and gut morphology. The combinational use of xylanase and protease enhanced growth performance of newly weaned pigs.
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18
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Sawada Y, Kawaratani H, Kubo T, Fujinaga Y, Furukawa M, Saikawa S, Sato S, Seki K, Takaya H, Okura Y, Kaji K, Shimozato N, Mashitani T, Kitade M, Moriya K, Namisaki T, Akahane T, Mitoro A, Yamao J, Yoshiji H. Combining probiotics and an angiotensin-II type 1 receptor blocker has beneficial effects on hepatic fibrogenesis in a rat model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatol Res 2019; 49:284-295. [PMID: 30365236 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Intestinal endotoxin is important for the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Circulating endotoxin levels are elevated in most animal models of diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and NASH. Furthermore, plasma endotoxin levels are significantly higher in NAFLD patients, which is associated with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and increased intestinal permeability. By improving the gut microbiota environment and restoring gut-barrier functions, probiotics are effective for NASH treatment in animal models. It is also widely known that hepatic fibrosis and suppression of activated hepatic stellate cells (Ac-HSCs) can be attenuated using an angiotensin-II type 1 receptor blocker (ARB). We thus evaluated the effect of combination probiotics and ARB treatment on liver fibrosis using a rat model of NASH. METHODS Fisher 344 rats were fed a choline-deficient/L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet for 8 weeks to generate the NASH model. Animals were divided into ARB, probiotics, and ARB plus probiotics groups. Therapeutic efficacy was assessed by evaluating liver fibrosis, the lipopolysaccharide Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 regulatory cascade, and intestinal barrier function. RESULTS Both probiotics and ARB inhibited liver fibrosis, with concomitant HSC activation and suppression of liver-specific transforming growth factor-β and TLR4 expression. Probiotics reduced intestinal permeability by rescuing zonula occludens-1 disruption induced by the CDAA diet. Angiotensin-II type 1 receptor blocker was found to directly suppress Ac-HSCs. CONCLUSIONS Probiotics and ARB are effective in suppressing liver fibrosis through different mechanisms. Currently both drugs are in clinical use; therefore, the combination of probiotics and ARB is a promising new therapy for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Sawada
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Hideto Kawaratani
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Takuya Kubo
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Yukihisa Fujinaga
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Masanori Furukawa
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Soichiro Saikawa
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Shinya Sato
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Seki
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takaya
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okura
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kaji
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Naotaka Shimozato
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Mashitani
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Mitsuteru Kitade
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kei Moriya
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Tadashi Namisaki
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Takemi Akahane
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Akira Mitoro
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Junichi Yamao
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yoshiji
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
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19
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Shao T, Zhao C, Li F, Gu Z, Liu L, Zhang L, Wang Y, He L, Liu Y, Liu Q, Chen Y, Donde H, Wang R, Jala VR, Barve S, Chen SY, Zhang X, Chen Y, McClain CJ, Feng W. Intestinal HIF-1α deletion exacerbates alcoholic liver disease by inducing intestinal dysbiosis and barrier dysfunction. J Hepatol 2018; 69:886-895. [PMID: 29803899 PMCID: PMC6615474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is characterized by gut dysbiosis and increased gut permeability. Hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) has been implicated in transcriptional regulation of intestinal barrier integrity and inflammation. We aimed to test the hypothesis that HIF-1α plays a critical role in gut microbiota homeostasis and the maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity in a mouse model of ALD. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and intestinal epithelial-specific Hif1a knockout mice (IEhif1α-/-) were pair-fed modified Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet containing 5% (w/v) alcohol or isocaloric maltose dextrin for 24 days. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and endotoxin were determined. Fecal microbiota were assessed. Liver steatosis and injury, and intestinal barrier integrity were evaluated. RESULTS Alcohol feeding increased serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and lipopolysaccharide, hepatic triglyceride concentration, and liver injury in the WT mice. These deleterious effects were exaggerated in IEhif1α-/- mice. Alcohol exposure resulted in greater reduction of the expression of intestinal epithelial tight junction proteins, claudin-1 and occludin, in IEhif1α-/- mice. In addition, cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide and intestinal trefoil factor were further decreased by alcohol in IEhif1α-/- mice. Metagenomic analysis showed increased gut dysbiosis and significantly decreased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in IEhif1α-/- mice compared to the WT mice exposed to alcohol. An increased abundance of Akkermansia and a decreased level of Lactobacillus in IEhif1α-/- mice were also observed. Non-absorbable antibiotic treatment reversed the liver steatosis in both WT and IEhif1α-/- mice. CONCLUSION Intestinal HIF-1α is essential for the adaptative response to alcohol-induced changes in intestinal microbiota and barrier function associated with elevated endotoxemia and hepatic steatosis and injury. LAY SUMMARY Alcohol consumption alters gut microbiota and multiple intestinal barrier protecting factors that are regulated by intestinal hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). Absence of intestinal HIF-1α exacerbates gut leakiness leading to an increased translocation of bacteria and bacterial products to the liver, consequently causing alcoholic liver disease. Intestinal specific upregulation of HIF-1α could be developed as a novel approach for the treatment of alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Shao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA,First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical Univesity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cuiqing Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA,Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengyuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Zelin Gu
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA,College of Food Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Limimg Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA,Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yuhua Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Liqing He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yunhuan Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA,Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical Univesity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiping Chen
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical Univesity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hridgandh Donde
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Rui Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical Univesity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Venkatakrishna R. Jala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Shirish Barve
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Shao-Yu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA,Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yongping Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Craig J. McClain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA,Robley Rex Louisville VAMC, Louisville, KY, USA,Corresponding authors: Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street CTR517, Louisville, KY, United State, 40202. Tel.: +1 502 852 2912; fax: +1 502 852 8927; , or or
| | - Wenke Feng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Internal biliary drainage superior to external biliary drainage in improving gut mucosa barrier because of goblet cells and mucin-2 up-regulation. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171241. [PMID: 29599128 PMCID: PMC6435503 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgroud: Obstructive jaundice increases intestinal permeability, but the pathological mechanisms remain obscure, which results in debates about the necessity of performing preoperative biliary drainage in patients with obstructive jaundice. Mucin-2 (MUC2) and goblet cells regulated by bile acids play an important role in maintaining the function of intestinal mucosal barrier. The present study was to investigate the role of goblet cells and MUC2 in obstructive jaundice and evaluate the effect of biliary drainage on intestinal permeability. STUDY DESIGN We enrolled patients with malignant biliary obstruction and controls. We also did animal studies with four groups of rats: sham operation, obstructive jaundice, internal biliary drainage, and external biliary drainage. Histopathological analysis, biochemical measurement, and electron microscopy examination were done on pertinent samples. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the small intestinal mucosa was significantly damaged; goblet cells and MUC2 were significantly decreased and serum endotoxin level was significantly increased in patients and rats with obstructive jaundice. Biliary drainage, especially internal biliary drainage, significantly increased goblet cells and MUC2 and attenuated the damage of small intestinal mucosa. CONCLUSIONS In obstructive jaundice condition, goblet cells and MUC2 were reduced which were involved in the damage of intestinal mucosa barrier; biliary drainage increased goblet cells and MUC2, repaired mucosa layer and restored the intestinal mucosa barrier function.
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21
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Zhu W, Li J, Wu B. Gene expression profiling of the mouse gut: Effect of intestinal flora on intestinal health. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:3667-3673. [PMID: 29257327 PMCID: PMC5802172 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms, including potential genes, pathways and interactions, underlying the effect of intestinal flora on intestinal health. The gene expression profiles of GSE22648 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery was used for Gene Ontology (GO) functional and pathway enrichment analysis of the DEGs. DEG‑associated literature was mined using the GenCLip 2.0 online tool. Finally, GO and pathway enrichment analyses of the DEGs in the literature were processed. By comparing microbiota‑depleted mouse samples and control mouse samples, a total of 115 DEGs, including 58 upregulated genes and 57 downregulated genes, were screened. The upregulated genes were enriched into various GO terms, including microsome, oxidation reduction and heme binding, whereas the 57 downregulated DEGs were enriched in different functions, including DNA packaging and linoleic acid metabolism. A total of 19 genes, including baculoviral IAP repeat containing 5, aurora kinase A, angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 and free fatty acid receptor 2 were identified and enriched in four modules, including cell division, chromosome segregation, inflammatory bowel disease and inflammatory response. AURKA, inner centromere protein antigens 135/155 kDa, baculoviral IAP repeat containing 5, aurora kinase B and solute carrier family 22 (organic cation/zwitterion transporter) member 4 were identified as potential important genes for intestinal flora and intestinal disease treatment through their involvement in various functions, including cell division, chromosome segregation, inflammatory bowel disease and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, South Building, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
- Department of Oncology, The 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, South Building, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Benyan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, South Building, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
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Pavlidis ET, Pavlidis TE. Pathophysiological consequences of obstructive jaundice and perioperative management. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2018; 17:17-21. [PMID: 29428098 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive jaundice is a common problem in daily clinical practice. Understanding completely the pathophysiological changes in obstructive jaundice remains a challenge for planning current and future management. DATA SOURCES A PubMed was searched for relevant articles published up to August 2016. The effect of obstructive jaundice on proinflammatory cytokines, coagulation status, hemodynamics and organ functions were evaluated. RESULTS The effects of obstructive jaundice included biliary tree, the hepatic cell and liver function as well as systemic complications. The lack of bile in the gut, the disruption of the intestinal mucosal barrier, the increased absorption of endotoxin and the subsequent endotoxemia cause proinflammatory cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-6). Bilirubin induces systemic inflammatory response syndrome which may lead to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. The principal clinical manifestations include hemodynamic instability and acute renal failure, cardiovascular suppression, immune compromise, coagulation disorders, nutritional impairment, and wound healing defect. The proper management includes full replacement of water and electrolyte deficiency, prophylactic antibiotics, lactulose, vitamin K and fresh frozen plasma, albumin and dopamine. The preoperative biliary drainage has not been indicated in overall, but only in a few selected cases. CONCLUSION The perioperative management is an essential measure in improving the outcome after the appropriate surgical operation in jaundiced patients especially those with malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios T Pavlidis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School, Second Surgical Propedeutic Department, Hippocration Hospital, Konstantinoupoleos 49, 546 42 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodoros E Pavlidis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School, Second Surgical Propedeutic Department, Hippocration Hospital, Konstantinoupoleos 49, 546 42 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Fukui H. Increased Intestinal Permeability and Decreased Barrier Function: Does It Really Influence the Risk of Inflammation? Inflamm Intest Dis 2016. [PMID: 29922669 DOI: 10.1159/000447252.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased intestinal permeability due to barrier dysfunction is supposed to cause microbial translocation which may induce low-grade inflammation in various diseases. However, this series of events has not been comprehensively evaluated yet. Summary Intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction and increased permeability have been described in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver cirrhosis, acute pancreatitis, primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), type 1 and type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, chronic heart failure (CHF), depression, and other diseases. Most clinical reports used either permeability assays of challenge tests or measurement of circulating bacterial markers like endotoxin for assessment of 'the leaky gut'. The intestinal permeability assessed by the challenge tests has often been related to the changes of tight junction proteins in the epithelium or circulating endotoxin levels. In patients with IBD, alcoholic liver disease, NASH, liver cirrhosis, PBC, obstructive jaundice, severe acute pancreatitis, and CHF, endotoxemia and proinflammatory cytokinemia have been found in addition to increased permeability. In the serum of patients with IBS and depression, antiflagellin antibodies and antilipid A antibodies were detected, respectively, together with increased permeability and proinflammatory cytokinemia. The site of infection, which is localized to the intestine in IBD and IBS, includes various extraintestinal organs in other diseases. The relation of gut dysbiosis to intestinal barrier dysfunction has gradually been clarified. Key Messages Although no direct cause-and-effect relationship has been confirmed, all clinical and experimental data suggest the importance of intestinal hyperpermeability in the inflammatory changes of various diseases. Increased intestinal permeability is a new target for disease prevention and therapy. Considering the close relationship of 'the leaky gut' and gut dysbiosis to the major diseases, we can conclude that meticulous dietetic and probiotic approaches to recover healthy microbiota have the potential to make a breakthrough in the management of these diseases tomorrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
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24
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Fukui H. Increased Intestinal Permeability and Decreased Barrier Function: Does It Really Influence the Risk of Inflammation? Inflamm Intest Dis 2016; 1:135-145. [PMID: 29922669 DOI: 10.1159/000447252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased intestinal permeability due to barrier dysfunction is supposed to cause microbial translocation which may induce low-grade inflammation in various diseases. However, this series of events has not been comprehensively evaluated yet. Summary Intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction and increased permeability have been described in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver cirrhosis, acute pancreatitis, primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), type 1 and type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, chronic heart failure (CHF), depression, and other diseases. Most clinical reports used either permeability assays of challenge tests or measurement of circulating bacterial markers like endotoxin for assessment of 'the leaky gut'. The intestinal permeability assessed by the challenge tests has often been related to the changes of tight junction proteins in the epithelium or circulating endotoxin levels. In patients with IBD, alcoholic liver disease, NASH, liver cirrhosis, PBC, obstructive jaundice, severe acute pancreatitis, and CHF, endotoxemia and proinflammatory cytokinemia have been found in addition to increased permeability. In the serum of patients with IBS and depression, antiflagellin antibodies and antilipid A antibodies were detected, respectively, together with increased permeability and proinflammatory cytokinemia. The site of infection, which is localized to the intestine in IBD and IBS, includes various extraintestinal organs in other diseases. The relation of gut dysbiosis to intestinal barrier dysfunction has gradually been clarified. Key Messages Although no direct cause-and-effect relationship has been confirmed, all clinical and experimental data suggest the importance of intestinal hyperpermeability in the inflammatory changes of various diseases. Increased intestinal permeability is a new target for disease prevention and therapy. Considering the close relationship of 'the leaky gut' and gut dysbiosis to the major diseases, we can conclude that meticulous dietetic and probiotic approaches to recover healthy microbiota have the potential to make a breakthrough in the management of these diseases tomorrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
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25
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Immune dysfunction in patients with obstructive jaundice before and after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:1535-44. [PMID: 27252406 PMCID: PMC4947925 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This prospective observational study investigated monocyte cytokine responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in patients with obstructive jaundice (OJ) before and after endoscopic biliary drainage. Dendritic cell (DC) subsets and their expression of co-stimulatory molecules were also studied. Forty patients with OJ and ten non-jaundiced patients with normal gastroscopy findings were recruited. Ten healthy volunteers provided control blood samples for immunological assays. Patients with OJ had blood and duodenal mucosa sampled at the time of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and further blood sampled during the recovery phase. Monocyte cytokine responses to LPS, DC subsets and co-stimulatory molecule expression were compared with controls. Duodenal morphology and occludin expression were also assessed. Monocytes obtained before ERCP from jaundiced patients demonstrated reduced cytokine responses to endotoxin compared with controls (IL-1β: 2678 compared with 4631 pg/ml, P=0.04 and IL-6: 3442 compared with 6157 pg/ml, P=0.002). Monocytes from patients with malignancy had poorer responses to endotoxin than from those with benign OJ (IL-1β: 2025 compared with 3332 pg/ml, P=0.001). After ERCP, the secretion of inflammatory cytokines by monocytes obtained from jaundiced patients increased (IL-1β: 2150 compared with 2520 pg/ml, P=0.03 and IL-6: 2488 compared with 3250 pg/ml, P=0.01). Occludin expression (85 compared with 95%, P=0.004) and mean duodenal villus height (334 compared with 404 μm, P=0.03) were lower in jaundiced patients. Before biliary drainage, patients with OJ had a higher percentage of myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) and greater mDC expression of CD40 (P=0.04) and CD86 (P=0.04). Monocytes from patients with OJ had lower proinflammatory cytokine secretion in response to LPS, an effect reversed following biliary drainage.
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Douhara A, Moriya K, Yoshiji H, Noguchi R, Namisaki T, Kitade M, Kaji K, Aihara Y, Nishimura N, Takeda K, Okura Y, Kawaratani H, Fukui H. Reduction of endotoxin attenuates liver fibrosis through suppression of hepatic stellate cell activation and remission of intestinal permeability in a rat non-alcoholic steatohepatitis model. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1693-700. [PMID: 25421042 PMCID: PMC4270343 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous clinical studies have demonstrated that endotoxin/toll‑like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling is critical in the inflammatory pathways associated with non‑alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In human and animal studies, NASH was associated with portal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the plasma LPS level was hypothesized to be associated with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, change in composition of the microbiota and increased intestinal permeability. The aim of the present study was to investigate the roles of endogenous endotoxin and TLR4 in the pathogenesis of NASH. The effects of antibiotics were assessed in vivo using a choline deficiency amino acid (CDAA)‑induced experimental liver fibrosis model. Antibiotics, including polymyxins and neomycins, were orally administered in drinking water. Antibiotics attenuated hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and liver fibrosis via TGF‑β and collagen in an experimental hepatic fibrosis model. The mechanism by which antibiotics attenuated LPS‑TLR4 signaling and liver fibrosis was assessed. Notably, TLR4 mRNA level in the liver was elevated in the CDAA group and the CDAA‑induced increase was significantly reduced by antibiotics. However, no significant differences were observed in the intestine among all groups. Elevated mRNA levels of LPS binding protein, which was correlated with serum endotoxin levels, were recognized in the CDAA group and the CDAA‑induced increase was significantly reduced by antibiotics. The intestinal permeability of the CDAA group was increased compared with the choline‑supplemented amino acid group. The tight junction protein (TJP) in the intestine, determined by immunohistochemical analysis was inversely associated with intestinal permeability. Antibiotics improved the intestinal permeability and enhanced TJP expression. Inhibition of LPS‑TLR4 signaling with antibiotics attenuated liver fibrosis development associated with NASH via the inhibition of HSC activation. These results indicated that reduction of LPS and restoration of intestinal TJP may be a novel therapeutic strategy for treatment of liver fibrosis development in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitoshi Douhara
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8521, Japan
| | - Kei Moriya
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8521, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yoshiji
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8521, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Noguchi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8521, Japan
| | - Tadashi Namisaki
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8521, Japan
| | - Mitsuteru Kitade
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8521, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kaji
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8521, Japan
| | - Yosuke Aihara
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8521, Japan
| | - Norihisa Nishimura
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8521, Japan
| | - Kosuke Takeda
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8521, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okura
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8521, Japan
| | - Hideto Kawaratani
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8521, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fukui
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8521, Japan
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Temi V, Okay E, Güneş A, Simşek T, Cekmen M, Bilgili U, Gürbüz Y. Resveratrol attenuates both small bowel and liver changes in obstructive jaundice. Balkan Med J 2014; 31:95-9. [PMID: 25207176 DOI: 10.5152/balkanmedj.2013.9191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that mucosal changes and alterations in liver function occur in the experimental obstructive jaundice model. AIMS We aimed to evaluate the effect of resveratrol on obstructive jaundice-induced changes in the small bowel mucosa and liver using ischaemia-modified albumin as a marker of oxidative damage. STUDY DESIGN Animal experimentation. METHODS The study used a rodent experimental model of obstructive jaundice, including a sham group (1), a control group (2), and a study group (3). Wistar albino rats were used. Jaundice was produced by ligation of the bile duct in Groups 2 and 3. In Group 3, resveratrol was administered intraperitoneally for 14 days. RESULTS In terms of the structure and the size of the mucosal villi, significant thickening and blunting were detected in Group 2 compared with Group 1. These changes were significantly less noticeable in Group 3 compared with Group 2. Levels of ischaemia-modified albumin were significantly higher in Group 2 compared with those in Group 1, and they were significantly decreased in Group 3 compared with Group 2. CONCLUSION Resveratrol administration to obstructive jaundiced rats reduced the organic effects of obstructive jaundice on small bowel mucosa and liver oxidative stress. We believe that this reduction might attenuate bacterial translocation and systemic effects of secreted cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Temi
- Department of General Surgery, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Erdem Okay
- Department of General Surgery, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Güneş
- Department of General Surgery, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Turgay Simşek
- Department of General Surgery, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Cekmen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Umit Bilgili
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Yeşim Gürbüz
- Department of Pathology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Wang C, Xu Y, Lu X. Should preoperative biliary drainage be routinely performed for obstructive jaundice with resectable tumor? Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2014; 2:266-71. [PMID: 24570957 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2013.09.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive jaundice is a common clinical manifestation of malignant lesions adjacent to extrahepatic bile duct, ampulla or pancreatic head. Animal experiments and some clinical observations have demonstrated that preoperative biliary drainage could improve liver function as well as reduce endotoxemia, thereby reducing the incidence of perioperative complications. However, a number of randomized, controlled studies have found that preoperative biliary drainage failed to improve prognosis or reduce the incidence of perioperative complications; in contrast, it might increase the incidence of complications and cause extra financial burden on patients. Thus, whether preoperative biliary drainage should be performed or not is controversial. Since clinical randomized controlled studies are more relevant in clinical setting, we believe that preoperative biliary drainage should not be routinely performed for obstructive jaundice with resectable tumors. More randomized, controlled, prospective studies should be conducted for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yiyao Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing 100730, China
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Song P, Du Y, Song W, Liu X, Hong L, Li H, Xie H, Zhou L, Tuo B, Zheng S. Bile deficiency induces changes in intestinal Cl(-) and HCO3 (-) secretions in mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 211:421-33. [PMID: 24731192 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Biliary tract obstruction is a common clinical lesion. However, the effect of biliary tract obstruction on intestinal secretion is poorly understood. In this study, we made an investigation on intestinal HCO3 (-) and Cl(-) secretions in an experimental model of murine biliary duct ligation. METHODS Murine intestinal mucosal HCO3 (-) and Cl(-) secretions were examined in vitro in Ussing chambers by pH-stat and short-circuit current (Isc ) techniques. The mRNA and protein expressions of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and the Na(+) -K(+) -2Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC1) were analysed by real-time PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Basal Cl(-) secretion and forskolin-stimulated duodenal and jejunal mucosal HCO3 (-) and Cl(-) secretions in mice with common biliary duct ligation were markedly elevated, compared with controls (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). Further experiments showed that basal Cl(-) secretion and forskolin-stimulated duodenal and jejunal mucosal HCO3 (-) and Cl(-) secretions in mice with external bile drainage were also markedly elevated. CFTRinh -172 inhibited forskolin-stimulated HCO3 (-) and Cl(-) secretions. The mRNA and protein expression levels of CFTR and NKCC1 in the intestinal mucosa with both biliary duct ligation and external bile drainage were markedly higher than those in controls (P < 0.001). Bile acid administration restored the changes in function and expression of CFTR and NKCC1 in the intestinal mucosa. CONCLUSION Bile deficiency in the intestine up-regulates the expressions of intestinal mucosal CFTR and NKCC1 and enhances intestinal mucosal HCO3 (-) and Cl(-) secretion capacity, which contributes to the understanding of intestinal physiological function for patients with biliary duct obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Song
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation; Ministry of Public Health; First Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - Y. Du
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation; Ministry of Public Health; First Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - W. Song
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation; Ministry of Public Health; First Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - X. Liu
- Department of Surgery; First Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - L. Hong
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation; Ministry of Public Health; First Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - H. Li
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation; Ministry of Public Health; First Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - H. Xie
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation; Ministry of Public Health; First Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - L. Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation; Ministry of Public Health; First Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - B. Tuo
- Department of Gastroenterology; Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College; Zunyi 563003 China
| | - S. Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation; Ministry of Public Health; First Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310003 China
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30
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Wang N, Jiang HQ. Pathogenesis of intestinal barrier dysfunction in obstructive jaundice. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:2668-2673. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i26.2668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal mucosal barrier is a key structure that normally prevents the passage of harmful molecules across the mucosa and into the circulation, including mechanical barrier, immunological barrier, biological barrier and chemical barrier. Obstructive jaundice (OJ) is frequently associated with infectious complications, mainly due to sepsis and renal dysfunction. The key events in the pathophysiology of these complications are endotoxemia of gut origin and increased intestinal permeability because of intestinal barrier dysfunction, as demonstrated in experimental and clinical studies. However, the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon remain obscure. Here we review recent progress in understanding the pathogenesis of intestinal barrier dysfunction in OJ.
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Abete P, Adlbrecht C, Assimakopoulos SF, Côté N, Dullaart RP, Evsyukova HV, Fang TC, Goswami N, Hinghofer-Szalkay H, Ho YL, Hoebaus C, Hülsmann M, Indridason OS, Kholová I, Lin YH, Maniscalco M, Mathieu P, Mizukami H, Ndrepepa G, Roessler A, Sánchez-Ramón S, Santamaria F, Schernthaner GH, Scopa CD, Sharp KM, Skuladottir GV, Steichen O, Stenvinkel P, Tejera-Alhambra M, Testa G, Visseren FL, Westerink J, Witasp A, Yagihashi S, Ylä-Herttuala S. Research update for articles published in EJCI in 2011. Eur J Clin Invest 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eci.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Abete
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali; Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”; Naples Italy
| | - Christopher Adlbrecht
- Division of Cardiology; Department of Internal Medicine II; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | | | - Nancy Côté
- Department of Surgery; Laboratoire d'Études Moléculaires des Valvulopathies (LEMV); Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec/Research Center; Laval University; Québec Canada
| | - Robin P.F. Dullaart
- Department of Endocrinology; University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Helen V. Evsyukova
- Department of Hospital Therapy; Medical Faculty; St Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Te-Chao Fang
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Internal Medicine; Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital; Hualien Taiwan
| | - Nandu Goswami
- Institute of Physiology; Medical University of Graz; Austria
| | | | - Yi-Lwun Ho
- Department of Internal Medicine; National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Clemens Hoebaus
- Department of Medicine II; Angiology, Medical University and General Hospital of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Martin Hülsmann
- Division of Cardiology; Department of Internal Medicine II; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Olafur S. Indridason
- Internal Medicine Services; Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland; Reykjavik Iceland
| | - Ivana Kholová
- Pathology; Fimlab Laboratories; Tampere University Hospital; Tampere Finland
| | - Yen-Hung Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine; National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Mauro Maniscalco
- Section of Respiratory Diseases; Hospital “S. Maria della Pietà”; Casoria Naples Italy
| | - Patrick Mathieu
- Department of Surgery; Laboratoire d'Études Moléculaires des Valvulopathies (LEMV); Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec/Research Center; Laval University; Québec Canada
| | - Hiroki Mizukami
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Gjin Ndrepepa
- Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen; Deutsches Herzzentrum München; Technische Universität; Munich Germany
| | | | | | - Francesca Santamaria
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences; Federico II University; Naples Italy
| | | | | | | | - Gudrun V. Skuladottir
- Department of Physiology; Faculty of Medicine; School of Health Sciences; University of Iceland; Reykjavik Iceland
| | - Olivier Steichen
- Internal Medicine Department; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Tenon Hospital; Paris France
- Faculty of Medicine; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6; Paris France
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum; Department of Clinical Science; Intervention and Technology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Marta Tejera-Alhambra
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Madrid Spain
| | - Gianluca Testa
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze della Salute; Università del Molise; Campobasso Italy
| | - Frank L.J. Visseren
- Department of Vascular Medicine; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Jan Westerink
- Department of Vascular Medicine; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Anna Witasp
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum; Department of Clinical Science; Intervention and Technology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Soroku Yagihashi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
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Assimakopoulos SF, Tsamandas AC, Tsiaoussis GI, Karatza E, Triantos C, Vagianos CE, Spiliopoulou I, Kaltezioti V, Charonis A, Nikolopoulou VN, Scopa CD, Thomopoulos KC. Altered intestinal tight junctions' expression in patients with liver cirrhosis: a pathogenetic mechanism of intestinal hyperpermeability. Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42:439-46. [PMID: 22023490 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2011.02609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased intestinal permeability in cirrhosis exerts a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and other complications of cirrhosis through promotion of systemic endotoxemia. This study was designed to investigate whether the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins, which regulate gut paracellular permeability, is altered in the intestinal mucosa of patients with liver cirrhosis and study its potential association with the stage of liver disease and the development of systemic endotoxemia. DESIGN Twenty-four patients with cirrhosis at a decompensated (n = 12, group A) or compensated condition (n = 12, group B) and 12 healthy controls (group C) were subjected to duodenal biopsy. The expression of the TJ proteins occludin and claudin-1 in the intestinal epithelium was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Plasma endotoxin concentrations were also determined. RESULTS Patients with cirrhosis presented significantly higher serum endotoxin concentrations as compared to healthy controls (P < 0·001), whilst endotoxemia was higher in decompensated disease (P < 0·05 vs. compensated cirrhosis). Patients with decompensated and compensated cirrhosis presented significantly reduced expression of occludin and claudin-1 as compared to controls (P < 0·01, respectively). These alterations were significantly more pronounced in decompensated patients as compared to compensated (P < 0·05). Regarding occludin, in patients with cirrhosis, a specific pattern of expression in the intestinal epithelium was observed, with a gradually increasing loss of expression from crypt to tip of the villi. Occludin and claudin-1 expression were inversely correlated with Child-Pugh score (P < 0·001), the grade of oesophageal varices (P < 0·01) and endotoxin concentrations (P < 0·001). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates for the first time that human liver cirrhosis induces significant alterations in enterocytes' TJs. These changes might represent an important cellular mechanism for intestinal barrier dysfunction and hyperpermeability in patients with liver cirrhosis.
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Assimakopoulos SF, Papageorgiou I, Charonis A. Enterocytes’ tight junctions: From molecules to diseases. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2011; 2:123-37. [PMID: 22184542 PMCID: PMC3241743 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v2.i6.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are structures between cells where cells appear in the closest possible contact. They are responsible for sealing compartments when epithelial sheets are generated. They regulate the permeability of ions, (macro) molecules and cells via the paracellular pathway. Their structure at the electron microscopic level has been well known since the 1970s; however, only recently has their macromolecular composition been revealed. This review first examines the major macromolecular components of the TJs (occludin, claudins, junctional adhesion molecule and tricellulin) and then the associated macromolecules at the intracellular plaque [zonula occludens (ZO)-1, ZO-2, ZO-3, AF-6, cingulin, 7H6]. Emphasis is given to their interactions in order to begin to understand the mode of assembly of TJs. The functional significance of TJs is detailed and several mechanisms and factors involved are discussed briefly. Emphasis is given to the role of intestinal TJs and the alterations observed or speculated in diverse disease states. Specifically, intestinal TJs may exert a pathogenetic role in intestinal (inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease) and extraintestinal diseases (diabetes type 1, food allergies, autoimmune diseases). Additionally, intestinal TJs may be secondarily disrupted during the course of diverse diseases, subsequently allowing the bacterial translocation phenomenon and promoting the systemic inflammatory response, which is often associated with clinical deterioration. The major questions in the field are highlighted.
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Spiller R, Lam C. The shifting interface between IBS and IBD. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2011; 11:586-92. [PMID: 22000604 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent data developing from the study of postinfectious IBS has challenged the belief that IBS is a purely psychological disorder. Distinct abnormalities of the gut mucosa have been reported including immune activation and increased release of inflammatory mediators with some overlap with IBD. New studies show that genetic factors which predispose to IBD are also associated with IBS. A common feature is impaired gut barrier function which appears to precede the development of IBD while in IBS it may be the result of either a preceding infection or psychosocial stress. Stress can activate mast cells which are a feature in most but not all IBS series. Anti-inflammatory treatments targeting activated mast cells may benefit IBS patients but currently the evidence is weak and larger trials are needed. Changes in the commensal microbiota have been recently described with a "dysbiosis" in CD characterised by reduced diversity. Inconsistent changes have also been described in IBS but studies controlling for antibiotic use and differences in diet and bowel habit are needed before definitive conclusions can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Spiller
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, University Hospital, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.
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Chen ZY, Wang YG, Yang P, Huang WG, Zhou YS, Feng XS. Relationship between CLC-2 and intestinal mucosal barrier in rats with obstructive jaundice. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:2829-2834. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i27.2829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the relationship between chloride channel-2 (CLC-2) and intestinal mucosal barrier in rats with obstructive jaundice (OJ).
METHODS: Rats were randomly divided into five groups: sham operation group, OJ group, lubiprostone (Lu) group, glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) group, and Lu + GLP group. Except for the sham operation group, OJ was induced by bile duct ligation in rats of other groups. The Lu group was subcutaneously injected with LU, and the GLP-2 group was injected with GLP-2. The Lu + GLP group was injected with both Lu and GLP-2. The animals were sacrificed 7 days after treatment. The ratio of lactulose to mannitol (L/M) and plasma endotoxin levels were measured. Western blot was used to examine the changes in the expression tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and CLC-2 in epithelial cells in the terminal ileum.
RESULTS: The ratio of L/M was significantly higher in all the experiment groups than in the sham operation group (all P = 0.00), but was significantly lower in the Lu group, GLP-2 group and Lu + GLP group than in the OJ group (0.545 ± 0.03, 0.512 ± 0.03, 0.482 ± 0.05 vs 0.656 ± 0.04, all P = 0.00). Plasma endotoxin levels increased in all the experiment groups, highest in the OJ group and decreasing somewhat in the Lu group, GLP-2 group and Lu + GLP group. The relative expression of ZO-1 in the Lu group (0.209 ± 0.03) was higher than that in the OJ group (0.178 ± 0.03) but lower than that in the sham operation group (P = 0.02). The relative expression of ZO-1 in the Lu + GLP group was comparable to that in the sham operation group. The relative expression of CLC-2 descended more obviously in the OJ, GLP-2 and Lu + GLP groups than in the sham operation group (0.195 ± 0.04, 0.217 ± 0.05, 0.222 ± 0.03 vs 0.267 ± 0.04, all P = 0.00).
CONCLUSION: CLC-2 and tight junction protein participate in the maintenance of intestinal mucosal barrier. Acute biliary obstruction-induced destruction of intestinal mucosa barrier is associated with CLC-2 in enterocytes. CLC-2 activation could activate tight junction protein and repair impaired intestinal mucosa barrier.
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Kokkinopoulos I, Shahabi G, Colman A, Jeffery G. Mature peripheral RPE cells have an intrinsic capacity to proliferate; a potential regulatory mechanism for age-related cell loss. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18921. [PMID: 21526120 PMCID: PMC3081302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammalian peripheral retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cells proliferate throughout life, while central cells are senescent. It is thought that some peripheral cells migrate centrally to correct age-related central RPE loss. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We ask whether this proliferative capacity is intrinsic to such cells and whether cells located centrally produce diffusible signals imposing senescence upon the former once migrated. We also ask whether there are regional differences in expression patterns of key genes involved in these features between the centre and the periphery in vivo and in vitro. Low density RPE cultures obtained from adult mice revealed significantly greater levels of proliferation when derived from peripheral compared to central tissue, but this significance declined with increasing culture density. Further, exposure to centrally conditioned media had no influence on proliferation in peripheral RPE cell cultures at the concentrations examined. Central cells expressed significantly higher levels of E-Cadherin revealing a tighter cell adhesion than in the peripheral regions. Fluorescence-labelled staining for E-Cadherin, F-actin and ZO-1 in vivo revealed different patterns with significantly increased expression on central RPE cells than those in the periphery or differences in junctional morphology. A range of other genes were investigated both in vivo and in vitro associated with RPE proliferation in order to identify gene expression differences between the centre and the periphery. Specifically, the cell cycle inhibitor p27(Kip1) was significantly elevated in central senescent regions in vivo and mTOR, associated with RPE cell senescence, was significantly elevated in the centre in comparison to the periphery. CONCLUSIONS These data show that the proliferative capacity of peripheral RPE cells is intrinsic and cell-autonomous in adult mice. These differences between centre and periphery are reflected in distinct patterns in junctional markers. The regional proliferation differences may be inversely dependent to cell-cell contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kokkinopoulos
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Biomedical and Health Sciences Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Golnaz Shahabi
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Colman
- Singapore Stem Cell Consortium, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Glen Jeffery
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Wei ZK, Cheng AG. Advances in research of intestinal epithelial tight junctions and intestinal permeability. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:394-399. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i4.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial tight junctions are a structural basis for the intestinal barrier and play an important role in the regulation of intestinal permeability. Increased intestinal permeability caused by the destruction of tight junctions may result in bacterial translocation, systemic inflammatory response, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. In this paper, we review the structure and function of tight junctions, factors affecting intestinal permeability, and measures for improving the dysfunction in intestinal permeability.
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