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Hou X, Yan D, Wu Z, Mao L, Wang H, Guo Y, Yang J. Discovery of Dolutegravir Derivative against Liver Cancer via Inducing Autophagy and DNA Damage. Molecules 2024; 29:1779. [PMID: 38675599 PMCID: PMC11052077 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We introduced a terminal alkyne into the core structure of dolutegravir, resulting in the synthesis of 34 novel dolutegravir-1,2,3-triazole compounds through click chemistry. These compounds exhibited remarkable inhibitory activities against two hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines, Huh7 and HepG2. Notably, compounds 5e and 5p demonstrated exceptional efficacy, particularly against Huh7 cells, with IC50 values of 2.64 and 5.42 μM. Additionally, both compounds induced apoptosis in Huh7 cells, suppressed tumor cell clone formation, and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, further promoting tumor cell apoptosis. Furthermore, compounds 5e and 5p activated the LC3 signaling pathway, inducing autophagy, and triggered the γ-H2AX signaling pathway, resulting in DNA damage in tumor cells. Compound 5e exhibited low toxicity, highlighting its potential as a promising anti-tumor drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Hou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China;
| | - Dong Yan
- College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luoyang 471003, China (Z.W.); (L.M.)
| | - Ziyuan Wu
- College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luoyang 471003, China (Z.W.); (L.M.)
| | - Longfei Mao
- College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luoyang 471003, China (Z.W.); (L.M.)
| | - Huili Wang
- University of North Carolina Hospitals, 101 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, Orange County, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Yajie Guo
- Department of Emergency, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Jianxue Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China;
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Trinh QD, Pham NTK, Takada K, Ushijima H, Komine-Aizawa S, Hayakawa S. Roles of TGF-β1 in Viral Infection during Pregnancy: Research Update and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076489. [PMID: 37047462 PMCID: PMC10095195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) is a pleiotropic growth factor playing various roles in the human body including cell growth and development. More functions of TGF-β1 have been discovered, especially its roles in viral infection. TGF-β1 is abundant at the maternal-fetal interface during pregnancy and plays an important function in immune tolerance, an essential key factor for pregnancy success. It plays some critical roles in viral infection in pregnancy, such as its effects on the infection and replication of human cytomegalovirus in syncytiotrophoblasts. Interestingly, its role in the enhancement of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection and replication in first-trimester trophoblasts has recently been reported. The above up-to-date findings have opened one of the promising approaches to studying the mechanisms of viral infection during pregnancy with links to corresponding congenital syndromes. In this article, we review our current and recent advances in understanding the roles of TGF-β1 in viral infection. Our discussion focuses on viral infection during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester. We highlight the mutual roles of viral infection and TGF-β1 in specific contexts and possible functions of the Smad pathway in viral infection, with a special note on ZIKV infection. In addition, we discuss promising approaches to performing further studies on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Duy Trinh
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Ngan Thi Kim Pham
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Takada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Shihoko Komine-Aizawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hayakawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
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Tan Z, Sun H, Xue T, Gan C, Liu H, Xie Y, Yao Y, Ye T. Liver Fibrosis: Therapeutic Targets and Advances in Drug Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:730176. [PMID: 34621747 PMCID: PMC8490799 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.730176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is an abnormal wound repair response caused by a variety of chronic liver injuries, which is characterized by over-deposition of diffuse extracellular matrix (ECM) and anomalous hyperplasia of connective tissue, and it may further develop into liver cirrhosis, liver failure or liver cancer. To date, chronic liver diseases accompanied with liver fibrosis have caused significant morbidity and mortality in the world with increasing tendency. Although early liver fibrosis has been reported to be reversible, the detailed mechanism of reversing liver fibrosis is still unclear and there is lack of an effective treatment for liver fibrosis. Thus, it is still a top priority for the research and development of anti-fibrosis drugs. In recent years, many strategies have emerged as crucial means to inhibit the occurrence and development of liver fibrosis including anti-inflammation and liver protection, inhibition of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation and proliferation, reduction of ECM overproduction and acceleration of ECM degradation. Moreover, gene therapy has been proved to be a promising anti-fibrosis method. Here, we provide an overview of the relevant targets and drugs under development. We aim to classify and summarize their potential roles in treatment of liver fibrosis, and discuss the challenges and development of anti-fibrosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zui Tan
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongbao Sun
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Taixiong Xue
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cailing Gan
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyao Liu
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuting Xie
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqin Yao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tinghong Ye
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Modifications of liver stiffness and CXCL4, TGF-β1 and HGF are similar in HCV- and HIV/HCV-infected patients after DAAs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9824. [PMID: 33972651 PMCID: PMC8110591 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89370-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was to identify predictive factors of fibrosis regression after direct antiviral agents (DAAs) in HCV-monoinfected and HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. This was a prospective study of HCV-monoinfected (n = 20), HIV/HCV-co-infected (n = 66) patients and healthy controls (n = 15). Patients had started DAAs and achieved sustained virological response. Liver stiffness (LS) and serum concentrations of profibrotic transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and CXC chemokine ligand 4 (CXCL4) and antifibrotic HGF hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were analyzed at baseline (M0) and 12 months after starting DAAs (M12). A M12 LS achievement of ≤ 9.5 kPa was considered the cutoff point to discharge from a liver clinic. The LS decrease from M0 to M12 was 34%. No significant differences were observed in LS decline between HCV- and HIV/HCV-infected individuals. Changes of serum CXCL4, TGF-β1 and HGF levels did not correlate with LS improvement. 16 out from 56 patients (28%) with a baseline LS > 9.5 achieved a M12 LS ≤ 9.5. HCV-monoinfected and HIV/HCV coinfected patients experienced a significant reduction of LS after sustained virological response. This improvement did not correlate with changes in serum profibrotic or antifibrotic markers. A 29% of those with a baseline LS > 9.5 achieved a LS under this cutoff point.
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Mohagheghi S, Geramizadeh B, Nikeghbalian S, Khodadadi I, Karimi J, Khajehahmadi Z, Gharekhanloo F, Tavilani H. Intricate role of yes‐associated protein1 in human liver cirrhosis: TGF‐β1 still is a giant player. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:1453-1464. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.2052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Mohagheghi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of MedicineHamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran
| | - Bita Geramizadeh
- Transplant Research Center, Pathology DepartmentShiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Saman Nikeghbalian
- Shiraz Transplant Center, Namazi HospitalShiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Iraj Khodadadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of MedicineHamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran
| | - Jamshid Karimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of MedicineHamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran
| | - Zohreh Khajehahmadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of MedicineHamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran
| | - Farideh Gharekhanloo
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Besat HospitalHamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran
| | - Heidar Tavilani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of MedicineHamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran
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Aso Y, Kato K, Sakurai S, Kishi H, Shimizu M, Jojima T, Iijima T, Maejima Y, Shimomura K, Usui I. Impact of dapagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, on serum levels of soluble dipeptidyl peptidase-4 in patients with type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Int J Clin Pract 2019; 73:e13335. [PMID: 30810254 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Soluble dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (sDPP-4) is secreted by hepatocytes and induces adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors can improve hepatic steatosis by inhibiting hepatic de novo lipogenesis. We investigated the effects of dapagliflozin (an SGLT2 inhibitor) on serum levels of sDPP-4 in patients with type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS Fifty-seven patients with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD were randomized to a dapagliflozin group (5 mg/d for 24 weeks) (n = 33) or the control group (n = 24). Serum levels of sDPP-4 were measured with a commercial ELISA kit. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) areas were measured by dual bioelectrical impedance analysis. RESULTS In a total of 57 patients, baseline serum sDPP-4 was positively correlated with aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and HOMA-IR Both VAT and SAT areas decreased significantly in the dapagliflozin group alone. Liver enzymes were decreased at 24 weeks in the dapagliflozin group, but were unchanged in the control group. Although both groups showed significant reduction of serum sDPP-4 after 24 weeks of treatment, the magnitude of decrease was significantly larger in the dapagliflozin group. Changes in liver enzymes during treatment with dapagliflozin were positively correlated with the change in serum sDPP-4, but not with changes in VAT volume or HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS Improvement of liver dysfunction after treatment with dapagliflozin was associated with a decrease in serum sDPP-4, suggesting that reduction of serum sDPP-4 by SGLT2 inhibitors may be a therapeutic strategy for NAFLD/NASH in patients with type 2 diabetes that is independent of glucose lowering or weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Aso
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kanako Kato
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shintaro Sakurai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Haruka Kishi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masanori Shimizu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Teruo Jojima
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Toshie Iijima
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yuko Maejima
- Department of Pharmacology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kenju Shimomura
- Department of Pharmacology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Isao Usui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
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Dysregulation of the Immune System in HIV/HCV-Coinfected Patients According to Liver Stiffness Status. Cells 2018; 7:cells7110196. [PMID: 30400258 PMCID: PMC6262386 DOI: 10.3390/cells7110196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Advanced cirrhosis is related to alterations in immunity. We aimed to evaluate the levels of peripheral CD4+ T cells (Tregs) and plasma cytokine in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus (HIV/HCV) according to liver fibrosis stages [evaluated as liver stiffness measure (LSM)] and their linear relationship. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study on 238 HIV/HCV-coinfected patients (119 had <12.5 kPa, 73 had 12.5–25 kPa, and 46 had >25 kPa). Peripheral T-cell subsets were phenotyped by flow cytometry, plasma biomarkers were assessed by multiplex immunoassays, and LSM was assessed by transient elastography. Results: We found HIV/HCV-coinfected patients had higher values of CD4+ Tregs (p < 0.001), memory Tregs (p ≤ 0.001), and plasma cytokine levels [IFN-γ (p ≤ 0.05) and IL-10 (p ≤ 0.01)] compared with healthy donors and HIV-monoinfected patients. In the multivariate analysis, higher LSM values were associated with reduced levels of IL-10 (adjusted arithmetic mean ratio (aAMR) = 0.83; p = 0.019), IL-2 (aAMR = 0.78; p = 0.017), TNF-α (aAMR = 0.67; p < 0.001), and IL-17A (aAMR = 0.75; p = 0.006). When we focus on HIV/HCV-coinfected patients analyzed by LSM strata, patients with ≥25 kPa had lower values of IL-2 (aAMR = 0.66; p = 0.021), TNF-α (aAMR = 0.565; p = 0.003), and IL-17A (aAMR = 0.58; p = 0.003) than patients with <12.5 kPa. Conclusion: HIV/HCV-coinfected patients showed an immunosuppressive profile compared to healthy controls and HIV-monoinfected patients. Additionally, HIV/HCV-coinfected patients with advanced cirrhosis (LSM ≥ 25 kPa) had the lowest plasma values of cytokines related to Th1 (IL-2 and TNF-α) and Th17 (IL-17A) response.
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Chunhua M, Hongyan L. Protective effect of pilose antler peptide on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 99:648-654. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Valva P, Ríos DA, De Matteo E, Preciado MV. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection: Serum biomarkers in predicting liver damage. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:1367-1381. [PMID: 26819506 PMCID: PMC4721972 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i4.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, a major clinical challenge in the management of the increasing number of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients is determining the best means for evaluating liver impairment. Prognosis and treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) are partly dependent on the assessment of histological activity, namely cell necrosis and inflammation, and the degree of liver fibrosis. These parameters can be provided by liver biopsy; however, in addition to the risks related to an invasive procedure, liver biopsy has been associated with sampling error mostly due to suboptimal biopsy size. To avoid these pitfalls, several markers have been proposed as non-invasive alternatives for the diagnosis of liver damage. Distinct approaches among the currently available non-invasive methods are (1) the physical ones based on imaging techniques; and (2) the biological ones based on serum biomarkers. In this review, we discuss these approaches with special focus on currently available non-invasive serum markers. We will discuss: (1) class I serum biomarkers individually and as combined panels, particularly those that mirror the metabolism of liver extracellular matrix turnover and/or fibrogenic cell changes; (2) class II biomarkers that are indirect serum markers and are based on the evaluation of common functional alterations in the liver; and (3) biomarkers of liver cell death, since hepatocyte apoptosis plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of HCV infection. We highlight in this review the evidence behind the use of these markers and assess the diagnostic accuracy as well as advantages, limitations, and application in clinical practice of each test for predicting liver damage in CHC.
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Qu K, Yan Z, Wu Y, Chen Y, Qu P, Xu X, Yuan P, Huang X, Xing J, Zhang H, Liu C, Zhang J. Transarterial chemoembolization aggravated peritumoral fibrosis via hypoxia-inducible factor-1α dependent pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 30:925-32. [PMID: 25641377 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM It was commonly accepted that chemotherapeutic cytotoxicity was the main cause for hepatic failure in hepatocellular carcinoma patients after repeated transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). However, the effect of embolization-induced hypoxia on liver cirrhosis has rarely been concerned. METHODS Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and albumin were used to detect liver injury. Hepatic artery ligation was performed in carbon tetrachloride-induced rat hepatic fibrosis model to mimic the effect of hepatic hypoxia on liver fibrosis after TACE. Sirius Red staining and immunohistochemical analysis of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were used to detect the activation of hepatic stellate cells. Moreover, the expression of hypoxia and fibrosis-related molecules were analyzed at protein and/or mRNA level. RESULTS Patients showed a significant increase in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (P = 0.006), accompanied by a decrease in albumin (P = 0.005) after repeated TACE. Hepatic artery ligation significantly promoted carbon tetrachloride-induced rat liver fibrosis progression as indicated by Sirius Red and α-SMA staining, as well as increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Conditioned media of hypoxia-treated L02 cells induced the expression of Collagen I and α-SMA in LX-2 cells, which was inhibited by HIF-1α small interfering RNA. Finally, HIF-1α inhibitor LW6 attenuated the hypoxia-induced fibrosis progression in vivo. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that TACE-induced hepatic hypoxia aggravates the fibrosis progression in peritumoral liver tissue, thus leads to the deterioration of liver function. Intervention of HIF-1α might be a valuable strategy to optimize the efficacy and reduce the complication of TACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Qu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Sacchi P, Cima S, Corbella M, Comolli G, Chiesa A, Baldanti F, Klersy C, Novati S, Mulatto P, Mariconti M, Bazzocchi C, Puoti M, Pagani L, Filice G, Bruno R. Liver fibrosis, microbial translocation and immune activation markers in HIV and HCV infections and in HIV/HCV co-infection. Dig Liver Dis 2015; 47:218-25. [PMID: 25544657 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver fibrosis is accelerated in patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C viruses. AIMS We investigated the correlation between liver fibrosis, immune activation and microbial translocation. METHODS This cross-sectional study included patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) mono-infections, HIV/HCV co-infection, and healthy controls (20 subjects/group). Peripheral blood was analysed to determine the levels of Forkhead box 3 (Foxp3) T cells, TGF-β1, CD14 (soluble and surface isoforms), IL-17 and bacterial translocation products. These measurements were correlated to the severity of liver fibrosis, measured with the FIB-4 score and transient elastography. RESULTS Foxp3T cell levels were significantly elevated in HIV mono-infected and co-infected groups (p<0.0005). FIB-4 and liver stiffness values inversely correlated with TGF-β1 (p=0.0155 and p=0.0498). Bacterial DNA differed significantly in the HIV-positive compared to the other groups: HIV/HCV co-infected subjects had significantly higher serum levels of bacterial translocation products, CD14, and IL-17 levels (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Fibrosis stage in HIV/HCV co-infection may be influenced by immune activation due either by viral infections or to bacterial translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Sacchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Serena Cima
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marta Corbella
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuditta Comolli
- Molecular and Virology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Laboratory of Biotechnology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Chiesa
- Molecular and Virology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Molecular and Virology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Catherine Klersy
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biometry, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Novati
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Mulatto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mara Mariconti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Pagani
- Microbiology Institution, University of Pavia, Italy; Department of Paediatrics, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Gaetano Filice
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Raffaele Bruno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Paediatrics, University of Pavia, Italy.
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12
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Controversy on the role of FoxP3⁺ regulatory T cells in fibrogenesis in chronic hepatitis C virus infections. J Hepatol 2014; 60:231-2. [PMID: 24045149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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13
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Leite NC, Salles GF, Cardoso CRL, Villela-Nogueira CA. Serum biomarkers in type 2 diabetic patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and advanced fibrosis. Hepatol Res 2013; 43:508-15. [PMID: 23067270 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2012.01106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Advanced stages of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are highly prevalent in type 2 diabetes (T2DM), however, no diabetes-related or biochemical variable seems to be predictive of severity of NAFLD. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of several serum biomarkers with the more severe histopathological stages of NAFLD in T2DM. METHODS In a cross-sectional design, 84 T2DM patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD had adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, interleukin (IL)-6, -8 and -10, and C-reactive protein measured. NAFLD severity was evaluated by two hepatopathologists according to the non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) Clinical Research Network scoring system. Independent associations of cytokines with NASH and advanced fibrosis were evaluated by multivariate logistic regressions. RESULTS Sixty-six patients (78.6%) had NASH, and 52 patients (61.9%) had advanced fibrosis considering the highest score between the two pathologists. Patients with NASH or with advanced fibrosis had equal cytokine levels to those without NASH or with absent/light fibrosis, except for a lower serum adiponectin (8.59 vs 12.77 μg/mL; P = 0.015) in patients with NASH and a lower TGF-β1 (170 vs 180 pg/mL; P = 0.026) in patients with advanced fibrosis. In multivariate analysis, lower adiponectin was independently associated with NASH (odds ratio = 7.7, 95% confidence interval = 1.5-39.9, P = 0.014, for the subgroup with adiponectin below the median value), whereas both lower adiponectin and lower TGF-β1 levels were associated with advanced fibrosis. CONCLUSION Low adiponectin and low TGF-β1 are associated with severest NAFLD stages in T2DM and may be a valuable tool to support liver biopsy indication in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Carvalho Leite
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hepatology and Internal Medicine Division, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Medical School, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Li S, Vriend LE, Nasser IA, Popov Y, Afdhal NH, Koziel MJ, Schuppan D, Exley MA, Alatrakchi N. Hepatitis C virus-specific T-cell-derived transforming growth factor beta is associated with slow hepatic fibrogenesis. Hepatology 2012; 56:2094-105. [PMID: 22806830 PMCID: PMC3508175 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific immune effector responses can cause liver damage in chronic infection. Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are the main effectors of liver fibrosis. TGFβ, produced by HCV-specific CD8(+) T cells, is a key regulatory cytokine modulating HCV-specific effector T cells. Here we studied TGFβ as well as other factors produced by HCV-specific intrahepatic lymphocytes (IHL) and peripheral blood cells in hepatic inflammation and fibrogenesis. This was a cross-sectional study of two well-defined groups of HCV-infected subjects with slow (≤ 0.1 Metavir units/year, n = 13) or rapid (n = 6) liver fibrosis progression. HCV-specific T-cell responses were studied using interferon-gamma (IFNγ)-ELISpot ±monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) blocking regulatory cytokines, along with multiplex, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and multiparameter fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). The effects of IHL stimulated with HCV-core peptides on HSC expression of profibrotic and fibrolytic genes were determined. Blocking regulatory cytokines significantly raised detection of HCV-specific effector (IFNγ) responses only in slow fibrosis progressors, both in the periphery (P = 0.003) and liver (P = 0.01). Regulatory cytokine blockade revealed HCV-specific IFNγ responses strongly correlated with HCV-specific TGFβ, measured before blockade (R = 0.84, P = 0.0003), with only a trend to correlation with HCV-specific IL-10. HCV-specific TGFβ was produced by CD8 and CD4 T cells. HCV-specific TGFβ, not interleukin (IL)-10, inversely correlated with liver inflammation (R = -0.63, P = 0.008) and, unexpectedly, fibrosis (R = -0.46, P = 0.05). In addition, supernatants from HCV-stimulated IHL of slow progressors specifically increased fibrolytic gene expression in HSC and treatment with anti-TGFβ mAb abrogated such expression. CONCLUSION Although TGFβ is considered a major profibrogenic cytokine, local production of TGFβ by HCV-specific T cells appeared to have a protective role in HCV-infected liver, together with other T-cell-derived factors, ameliorating HCV liver disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyong Li
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lianne E.M. Vriend
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Vrije University Medical Center, Amsterdam
| | - Imad A. Nasser
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yury Popov
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nezam H. Afdhal
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Margaret J. Koziel
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Molecular and Translational Medicine, Dept. of Medicine I, Mainz University Medical School, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mark A. Exley
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nadia Alatrakchi
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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15
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Hartling HJ, Gaardbo JC, Ronit A, Knudsen LS, Ullum H, Vainer B, Clausen MR, Skogstrand K, Gerstoft J, Nielsen SD. CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are elevated and display an active phenotype in patients with chronic HCV mono-infection and HIV/HCV co-infection. Scand J Immunol 2012; 76:294-305. [PMID: 22671952 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2012.02725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine regulatory T cells (Tregs) in peripheral blood and liver tissue in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) mono-infection and in patients with HIV/HCV co-infection. In a cross-sectional study were included 51 patients with chronic HCV infection, 24 patients with HIV/HCV co-infection and 24 healthy individuals. CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ Tregs were determined using flow cytometry. Fibrosis was examined by transient elastography. Inflammation, fibrosis and Tregs were determined in liver biopsies from 12 patients. Increased frequency of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ Tregs was found in HIV/HCV co-infected patients [median: 6.4% (IQR: 5.7-6.9) and 1.0% (0.7-1.2), respectively] compared to HCV mono-infected patients [5.6% (4.2-6.3), P = 0.01 and 0.5% (0.3-0.7), P < 0.001, respectively]. Furthermore, HCV mono-infected patients had increased frequencies of Tregs compared with healthy controls (P < 0.05). However, no associations between the frequency of Tregs and fibrosis were found. Furthermore, characterization of CD4⁺ Tregs using CD45RA demonstrated a higher frequency of activated Tregs in both HCV mono-infected and HIV/HCV co-infected patients compared with healthy controls. Finally, number of intrahepatic Tregs was associated with both peripheral CD8⁺ Tregs and intrahepatic inflammation. In conclusion, HCV mono-infected patients and particularly HIV/HCV co-infected patients have increased the frequency of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ Tregs compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, CD4⁺ Tregs in infected patients displayed an active phenotype. Tregs were not associated with fibrosis, but a positive correlation between intrahepatic Tregs and inflammation was found. Taken together, these results suggest a role for Tregs in the pathogenesis of chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Hartling
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Keating SM, Jacobs ES, Norris PJ. Soluble mediators of inflammation in HIV and their implications for therapeutics and vaccine development. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 23:193-206. [PMID: 22743035 PMCID: PMC3418433 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
From early in the HIV epidemic it was appreciated that many inflammatory markers such as neopterin and TNF-α were elevated in patients with AIDS. With the advent of modern technology able to measure a broad array of cytokines, we now know that from the earliest points of infection HIV induces a cytokine storm. This review will focus on how cytokines are disturbed in HIV infection and will explore potential therapeutic uses of cytokines. These factors can be used directly as therapy during HIV infection, either to suppress viral replication or prevent deleterious immune effects of infection, such as CD4+ T cell depletion. Cytokines also show great promise as adjuvants in the development of HIV vaccines, which would be critical for the eventual control of the epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M Keating
- Blood Systems Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
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17
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Harfouch S, Guiguet M, Valantin MA, Samri A, Ouazene Z, Slama L, Dominguez S, Simon A, Theodorou I, Thibault V, Autran B. Lack of TGF-β production by hepatitis C virus-specific T cells during HCV acute phase is associated with HCV clearance in HIV coinfection. J Hepatol 2012; 56:1259-68. [PMID: 22326469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Immunity and genetic factors govern the recovery from acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. No predictive factors have been yet identified in patients coinfected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We investigated whether early T cell responses to HCV producing transforming-growth-factor beta (TGF-β) predict the outcome of acute HCV coinfection, independently of the IL-28B gene polymorphism. METHODS Intracellular cytokine staining assays against HCV-core, E1, NS2, and NS4 overlapping peptides were used for the analysis of peripheral HCV-specific TGF-β-producing T cells. Patients were genotyped for IL-28B polymorphisms. Healthy donors' samples were tested as controls. Twenty-four acute hepatitis C-HIV+ patients were followed-up for 15 months defining two groups: (A) Recovered (n=16, 5 spontaneous recoveries, 11 sustained virologic response after treatment), (B) Chronic HCV (n=8, 4 spontaneous chronic course, 4 therapeutic failures). RESULTS During the acute pretreatment phase, core/NS2-specific TGF-β-producing CD4+ and/or CD8+ T cells were detected in 8/24 (33%) patients. Lack of anti-HCV TGF-β+ cells was characteristic of healthy donors and Group A, except for 2 cases, with frequencies significantly lower than in Group B (p=0.04 and 0.01), and was associated with recovery in 14/16 cases. Presence of anti-HCV TGF-β+ cells was associated with persistent viremia in 6/8 cases (p=0.005). This profile remained stable over time. Such TGF-β production was independent of the rs129679860 SNP (p=1.0) which was not associated with recovery (p=1.0). CONCLUSIONS During acute hepatitis C, pre-therapeutic HCV-specific TGF-β-producing T cells are a new marker independent of the IL-28B gene polymorphism, predicting the lack of spontaneous or therapeutic HCV clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawsan Harfouch
- INSERM, UMRS-945, Laboratoire Immunité et Infection, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this study is to review key recent findings related to the immunopathogenesis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, especially in regards to T lymphocytes. It aims to complement other reviews in this issue on the roles of host genetics (IL-28B), acute HCV infection (when disease outcome is determined) and other factors that may influence fibrosis progression (microbial translocation). The main focus is on specific immunity and T cells in the context of success and failure to control viral infection. RECENT FINDINGS This review focuses on two areas of intense interest in the recent literature: the relationship between the human leukocyte antigen (HLA), class I-restricted T-cell responses and the evolution of the virus and the role of inhibitory markers on T cells in the immunopathogenesis of HCV. When appropriate, we compare findings from studies of HIV-specific immunity. SUMMARY From examining the virus and the mutational changes associated with T-cell responses and from analyzing the markers on T cells, there have been numerous advances in the understanding of immune evasion mechanisms employed by HCV.
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19
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Valva P, Casciato P, Diaz Carrasco JM, Gadano A, Galdame O, Galoppo MC, Mullen E, De Matteo E, Preciado MV. The role of serum biomarkers in predicting fibrosis progression in pediatric and adult hepatitis C virus chronic infection. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23218. [PMID: 21858035 PMCID: PMC3157356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Liver biopsy represents the gold standard for damage evaluation, but noninvasive serum markers that mirror liver fibrosis progression are actual goals both in adults and especially in children. The aim was to determine specific serum markers that correlate with liver fibrosis progression during chronic HCV infection. Methods Liver biopsies and concomitant serum samples from 22 pediatric and 22 adult HCV patients were analyzed. Histological parameters were evaluated. On serum TGF-ß1, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloprotein inhibitor-1 (TIMP-1), hyaluronic acid (HA) and aminoterminal peptide of procollagen type III (PIIINP) were tested. Results Significant fibrosis (F≥2) and advanced fibrosis (F≥3) represented 64% and 20%, respectively in children; while 54% F≥2 and 23% F≥3 in adults. Hyaluronic acid (p = 0.011) and PIIINP (p = 0.016) were related to worse fibrosis stages only in adults, along with TIMP-1 (p = 0.039) just in children; but TGF-ß1 was associated with mild fibrosis (p = 0.022) in adults. The AUROC of TIMP-1 in children to discriminate advanced fibrosis was 0.800 (95%IC 0.598–0.932). In adults, the best AUROCs were that of HA, PIIINP and TGF-ß1 [0.929 (IC95% 0.736–0.994), 0.894 (IC95% 0.689–0.984) and 0.835 (IC95% 0.617–0.957)], respectively. In children, according to the cut off (165.7 ng/mL) value for TIMP-1, biopsies could have been avoided in 72% (18/25). Considering the cut off for HA (109.7 ng/mL), PIIINP (9.1 µg/L), and TGF-ß1 (10,848.3 pg/mL), biopsies could have been avoided in 87% (19/22) of adult patients by using HA and 73% (16/22) using PIIINP or TGF-ß1. Conclusions In adults given the diagnostic accuracy of HA, PIIINP, TGF-ß1, their combination may provide a potential useful tool to assess liver fibrosis. This first pediatric study suggests that TIMP-1 is clinically useful for predicting liver fibrosis in HCV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Valva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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20
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Abstract
Significant research has been conducted on the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in HIV infection. To date, however, it is not clear whether Tregs play a detrimental role or a beneficial role in the pathogenesis of HIV infection. In fact, a number of immunotherapeutic strategies to control HIV infection have revealed a possible antagonistic role for Tregs. This necessitates investigating ways to counteract the suppressive function, such as through Treg depletion or blockade of specific Treg immunosuppressive mechanisms, without further increasing the cellular immune activation associated with chronic HIV infection. Simply applying Treg immunotherapeutic strategies used in diseases other than HIV may pose problems due to the complexity of HIV immunopathogenesis. Studies are therefore necessary to elucidate the different immunoregulatory networks in HIV infection in order to determine the specific cellular or molecular pathways that can be altered to boost the body's immune control of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Jc Macatangay
- HIV/AIDS Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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