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Huber ED, Hintz LL, Wilmoth B, McKenna JR, Hintz WD. Coping with stress: Salt type, concentration, and exposure history limit life history tradeoffs in response to road salt salinization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:174998. [PMID: 39053528 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Substantial increases in the salinity of freshwater ecosystems has occurred around the globe from causes such as climate change, industrial operations, and the application of road deicing salts. We know very little about how plastic responses in life history traits or rapid evolution of new traits among freshwater organisms could promote stability in ecological communities affected by salinization. We performed a cohort life history analysis from birth to death with 180 individuals of a ubiquitous freshwater zooplankter to understand how life history traits are affected by exposure to two common salt types causing salinization-sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl2)-across two environmentally relevant concentrations. We also tested if a multi-generational exposure history to high salinity altered life-history responses. We tracked and measured lifespan, time to maturation, brood size, brood interval, and body size. We found smaller brood sizes but slightly longer lifespans occurred at a low concentration of NaCl (230 mg Cl-/L). The longer lifespans led to more, albeit smaller broods, which generated a similar lifetime reproductive output compared to the no-salt control populations. At higher concentrations of NaCl and CaCl2, we found lifetime reproductive output was reduced by 23 % to 83 % relative to control populations because no tradeoff among life history traits occurred. In CaCl2, we observed shorter life spans, longer time intervals between smaller broods, and smaller body sizes leading to reduced lifetime reproductive output. We also found that a multi-generational exposure to the salt types did not convey any advantages for lifetime reproductive output. In some cases, the exposure history worsened the life history trait responses suggesting maladaptation. Our findings suggest that life history tradeoffs for freshwater species can occur in response to salinization, but these tradeoffs will largely depend on salt type and concentration, which will have implications for biodiversity and ecological stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Huber
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Lake Erie Center, The University of Toledo, 6200 Bay Shore Rd., Oregon, OH, USA
| | - Leslie L Hintz
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Lake Erie Center, The University of Toledo, 6200 Bay Shore Rd., Oregon, OH, USA
| | - Bayley Wilmoth
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Lake Erie Center, The University of Toledo, 6200 Bay Shore Rd., Oregon, OH, USA
| | - Jorden R McKenna
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Lake Erie Center, The University of Toledo, 6200 Bay Shore Rd., Oregon, OH, USA
| | - William D Hintz
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Lake Erie Center, The University of Toledo, 6200 Bay Shore Rd., Oregon, OH, USA.
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de Almeida Prado DM, de Figueiredo AC, Lima AS, Gomes FR, Madelaire CB. Corticosterone treatment results in fat deposition and body mass maintenance without effects on feeding behaviour or immunity in female lizards (Tropidurus catalanensis). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 297:111712. [PMID: 39084515 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Throughout life, animals must maintain homeostasis while coping with challenging events. The period after reproduction can be challenging for oviparous females to maintain homeostasis since they direct most of their energy stores to vitellogenesis, possibly increasing the vulnerability to stressors. Changes in glucocorticoids' (GC) secretion promote various behavioural and physiological adjustments daily and to restore balance after facing stressors. However, when GC are elevated for extended periods, which usually occurs in response to chronic exposure to stressors, they can affect feeding behaviour and suppress the immune function. We aim to elucidate the effects of chronic corticosterone (CORT) exposure on feeding behaviour, body condition and immune function in female lizards, Tropidurus catalanensis, in the post-reproductive period. Thirty animals were divided into three groups: 1. Control (no experimental procedure performed); 2. Empty Implant (animals implanted with empty silastic tube); and 3. CORT Implant (animals implanted with silastic tube filled with CORT, with a chronic continuous release for at least a week). CORT plasma levels feeding behaviour, body condition (body index [BI] and fat index [FI]), leukocyte count, and several immune function variables (bacterial killing ability [BKA], hemagglutination titer, phytohemagglutinin [PHA] immune challenge and leukocyte count) were evaluated. After implantation, CORT treated animals maintained stable body mass through the experiment, while Control and Empty Implant groups displayed weight loss. In the CORT treated animals, there was also a positive relation between BI and FI, and higher FI when compared to groups 1 and 2. No effects of CORT were observed on feeding behaviour nor on the immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Meyer de Almeida Prado
- USP - Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Fisiologia, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, n° 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508090, Brazil.
| | - Aymam Cobo de Figueiredo
- USP - Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Fisiologia, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, n° 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508090, Brazil
| | - Alan Siqueira Lima
- USP - Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Fisiologia, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, n° 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508090, Brazil
| | - Fernando Ribeiro Gomes
- USP - Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Fisiologia, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, n° 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508090, Brazil
| | - Carla Bonetti Madelaire
- Beckman Center for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, CA 92027, United States. https://twitter.com/carlamadelaire
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Rosso AA, Casement B, Chung AK, Curlis JD, Folfas E, Gallegos MA, Neel LK, Nicholson DJ, Williams CE, McMillan WO, Logan ML, Cox CL. Plasticity of Gene Expression and Thermal Tolerance: Implications for Climate Change Vulnerability in a Tropical Forest Lizard. ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 97:81-96. [PMID: 38728692 DOI: 10.1086/729927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
AbstractTropical ectotherms are thought to be especially vulnerable to climate change because they have evolved in temporally stable thermal environments and therefore have decreased tolerance for thermal variability. Thus, they are expected to have narrow thermal tolerance ranges, live close to their upper thermal tolerance limits, and have decreased thermal acclimation capacity. Although models often predict that tropical forest ectotherms are especially vulnerable to rapid environmental shifts, these models rarely include the potential for plasticity of relevant traits. We measured phenotypic plasticity of thermal tolerance and thermal preference as well as multitissue transcriptome plasticity in response to warmer temperatures in a species that previous work has suggested is highly vulnerable to climate warming, the Panamanian slender anole lizard (Anolis apletophallus). We found that many genes, including heat shock proteins, were differentially expressed across tissues in response to short-term warming. Under long-term warming, the voluntary thermal maxima of lizards also increased, although thermal preference exhibited only limited plasticity. Using these data, we modeled changes in the activity time of slender anoles through the end of the century under climate change and found that plasticity should delay declines in activity time by at least two decades. Our results suggest that slender anoles, and possibly other tropical ectotherms, can alter the expression of genes and phenotypes when responding to shifting environmental temperatures and that plasticity should be considered when predicting the future of organisms under a changing climate.
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Palacios-Marquez JJ, Guevara-Fiore P. Parasitism in viviparous vertebrates: an overview. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:53. [PMID: 38100003 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08083-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The reproductive mode of viviparity has independently evolved in various animal taxa. It refers to the condition in which the embryos or young develop inside the female's body during gestation, providing advantages such as protection, nutrition, and improved survival chances. However, parasites and diseases can be an evolutionary force that limit the host's resources, leading to physiological, morphological, and behavioral changes that impose additional costs on both the pregnant female and her offspring. This review integrates the primary literature published between 1980 and 2021 on the parasitism of viviparous hosts. We describe aspects such as reproductive investment in females, offspring sex ratios, lactation investment in mammals, alterations in birth intervals, current reproductive investment, variations between environments, immune system activity in response to immunological challenges, and other factors that can influence the interaction between viviparous females and parasites. Maintaining pregnancy incurs costs in managing the mother's resources and regulating the immune system's responses to the offspring, while simultaneously maintaining an adequate defense against parasites and pathogens. Parasites can significantly influence this reproductive mode: parasitized females adjust their investment in survival and reproduction based on their life history, environmental factors, and the diversity of encountered parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Palacios-Marquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Blvd. Valsequillo y Av. San Claudio, Edificio Bio-1, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Jardines de San Manuel, 72580, Puebla, CP, Mexico
| | - Palestina Guevara-Fiore
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Blvd. Valsequillo y Av. San Claudio, Edificio Bio-1, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Jardines de San Manuel, 72580, Puebla, CP, Mexico.
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Griffen BD, Bolander M, Blakeslee A, Crane LC, Repetto MF, Tepolt CK, Toscano BJ. Past energy allocation overwhelms current energy stresses in determining energy allocation trade-offs. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10402. [PMID: 37560183 PMCID: PMC10408252 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of lost appendages is a gradual process in many species, spreading energetic costs of regeneration through time. Energy allocated to the regeneration of lost appendages cannot be used for other purposes and, therefore, commonly elicits energetic trade-offs in biological processes. We used limb loss in the Asian shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus to compare the strength of energetic trade-offs resulting from historic limb losses that have been partially regenerated versus current injuries that have not yet been repaired. Consistent with previous studies, we show that limb loss and regeneration results in trade-offs that reduce reproduction, energy storage, and growth. As may be expected, we show that trade-offs in these metrics from historic limb losses far outweigh trade-offs from current limb losses, and correlate directly with the degree of historic limb loss that has been regenerated. As regenerating limbs get closer to their normal size, these historical injuries get harder to detect, despite the continued allocation of additional resources to limb development. Our results demonstrate the importance of and a method for identifying historic appendage losses and of quantifying the amount of regeneration that has already occurred, as opposed to assessing only current injury, to accurately assess the strength of energetic trade-offs in animals recovering from nonlethal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - April Blakeslee
- Department of BiologyEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | | | - Carolyn K. Tepolt
- Department of BiologyWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods HoleMassachusettsUSA
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Chapman EG, Pilkington JG, Pemberton JM. Correlates of early reproduction and apparent fitness consequences in male Soay sheep. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10058. [PMID: 37168987 PMCID: PMC10164647 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Life history trade-offs are ubiquitous across species and place constraints on the timing of life history events, including the optimal age at first reproduction. However, studies on lifetime breeding success of male mammals are rare due to sex-biased dispersal and the requirement for genetic paternity inferences. We studied the correlates and apparent fitness consequences of early life reproduction among males in a free-living population of Soay sheep (Ovis aries) on St Kilda, Scotland. We investigated the factors associated with early breeding success and the apparent consequences of early success for survival and future reproduction. We used genetic paternity inferences, population data, and individual morphology measurements collected over 30 years. We found that individuals born in years with low-density population size had the highest early life breeding success and singletons were more likely to be successful than twins. Individuals that bred successfully at 7 months were more likely to survive their first winter. For individuals that survived their first winter, early breeding success was not associated with later breeding success. As individual heterogeneity affects breeding success, we believe that variation in individual quality masks the costs of early reproduction in this population. Our findings provide no evidence for selection for delayed age at reproduction in male Soay sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth G. Chapman
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Jill G. Pilkington
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Josephine M. Pemberton
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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7
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Ouyang H, Zhang R, Haseeb M. Investment Trade-Off between Mating Behavior and Tonic Immobility in the Sweetpotato Weevil Cylas formicarius (Coleoptera: Brentidae). INSECTS 2023; 14:73. [PMID: 36662001 PMCID: PMC9861796 DOI: 10.3390/insects14010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have confirmed that the trade-off between anti-predator behavior and mating behavior occurs in certain insect species. This suggests that insects invest more in anti-predator behavior, and fewer resources or time can be used in mating behavior. However, few studies focus on tonic immobility, an important anti-predator behavior in nature, and different stages in mating behavior. Tonic immobility (TI) is considered to be an important anti-predator behavior. Herein, we investigated the relationship between TI and mating behavior in the sweetpotato weevil (SPW), Cylas formicarius. As the first step, we artificially selected SPWs for the longer duration of TI (L-strain) and the shorter duration of TI (S-strain). The effect of courtship and copulation on the duration of TI in two artificial selection strains was tested. Furthermore, we compared the frequency and duration of two mating behaviors in four kinds of pairs (LF×LM, LF×SM, SF×LM, and SF×SM: LM-L-strain male; SM-S-strain male; LF-L-strain female; SF-S-strain female). Finally, we tested insemination success in four kinds of pairs (male and female SPWs from the L-strain or the S-strain). The courtship and copulation significantly reduced the duration of TI. Pairs with males from the L-strain showed lower frequency and longer duration of courtship than pairs with males from the S-strain. Similarly, males from L-strain pairs showed a longer period of copulation than pairs with males from the S-strain. However, there is no significant difference in the frequency of copulation and the success of insemination. These results support that there was a significant trade-off between TI and courtship as well as copulation in the SPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyong Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Biological Control, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Runzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Muhammad Haseeb
- Center for Biological Control, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
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8
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Hanssen SA, Erikstad KE, Sandvik H, Tveraa T, Bustnes JO. Eyes on the future: buffering increased costs of incubation by abandoning offspring. Behav Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Life history theory states that the resources invested in current reproduction must be traded off against resources needed for survival and future reproduction. Long-lived organisms have a higher residual reproductive value and are therefore expected to be sensitive to reproductive investments that may reduce survival and future reproduction. Individuals within a population may vary in phenotypic quality, experience, access to resources etc. This may affect their optimal reproductive investment level. In this study we manipulated reproductive costs by shortening and extending the incubation period in common eiders Somateria mollissima without altering clutch size. Females whose incubation time was prolonged experimentally, suffered higher mass loss and increased clutch loss/nest desertion. These females were also more prone to abandon their brood after hatching. Both clutch loss and brood abandonment decreased with clutch size in all treatment categories, indicating higher phenotypic quality and/or better access to resources for females producing more eggs. However, although females with prolonged incubation were lighter at hatching, their return rate and breeding performance in the following year were unaffected. These results show that individual quality as expressed through clutch size and body mass is affecting current reproductive investment level as well as future survival and breeding performance. The results also show that individual birds are sensitive to changes in their own condition, and when reproductive effort is approaching a level where survival or future survival may be compromised, they respond by terminating their current reproductive attempt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sveinn Are Hanssen
- Norwegian Institute of Nature Research, Dept. of Arctic Ecology, FRAM – High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment , P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, NO-9296 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Kjell Einar Erikstad
- Norwegian Institute of Nature Research, Dept. of Arctic Ecology, FRAM – High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment , P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, NO-9296 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Hanno Sandvik
- Norwegian Institute of Nature Research, Dept. of Aquatic Biodiversity , P.O. Box 5685 Torgarden, NO-7485 Trondheim , Norway
- Centre of Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , NO-7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Torkild Tveraa
- Norwegian Institute of Nature Research, Dept. of Arctic Ecology, FRAM – High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment , P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, NO-9296 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Jan Ove Bustnes
- Norwegian Institute of Nature Research, Dept. of Arctic Ecology, FRAM – High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment , P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, NO-9296 Tromsø , Norway
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9
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Gaffard A, Pays O, Monceau K, Teixeira M, Bretagnolle V, Moreau J. Feeding on grains containing pesticide residues is detrimental to offspring development through parental effects in grey partridge. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 312:120005. [PMID: 35998772 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Numerous toxicological studies have shown that ingestion of pesticides can induce physiological stress in breeding birds, with adverse consequences on egg laying parameters and offspring quality through parental effects. However, previous studies do not mimic current levels of pesticide residues in typical landscapes, and they do not consider potential cocktail effects of pesticides as they occur in the wild. Herein, we explored whether realistic pesticide exposure affected reproduction parameters and offspring condition through parental effects in Grey partridge. We fed 24 breeding pairs with either seeds from conventional agriculture crops treated with various pesticides during cropping, or organic grains without pesticide residues as controls. The conventional and organic grain diets mimicked food options potentially encountered by wild birds in the field. The results showed that ingesting low pesticide doses over a long period had consequences on reproduction and offspring quality without altering mortality in parents or chicks. Compared with organic pairs, conventional pairs yielded smaller chicks at hatching that had a lower body mass index at 24 days old. Additionally, these chicks displayed lower haematocrit when body mass index was higher. Therefore, ingestion of conventional grains by parents resulted in chronic exposure to pesticide residues, even at low doses, and this had detrimental consequences on offspring. These results demonstrate a sublethal effect of pesticide residues through parental effects. The consequences of parental exposure on chicks might partly explain the decline in wild Grey partridge populations, which raises questions for avian conservation and demography if current agrosystem approaches are continued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Gaffard
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS & La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France.
| | - Olivier Pays
- Univ Angers, BIODIVAG, 49000, Angers, France; REHABS International Research Laboratory, CNRS-Université Lyon 1-Nelson Mandela University, George Campus, Madiba Drive 6531, George, South Africa
| | - Karine Monceau
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS & La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Maria Teixeira
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Vincent Bretagnolle
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS & La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France; LTSER "Zone Atelier Plaine & Val de Sèvre", Villiers-en-Bois, 79360, France
| | - Jérôme Moreau
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS & La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France; UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France
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10
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Romano A, Liker A, Bazzi G, Ambrosini R, Møller AP, Rubolini D. Annual egg productivity predicts female-biased mortality in avian species. Evolution 2022; 76:2553-2565. [PMID: 36117282 PMCID: PMC9828124 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Among avian species, the differential cost entailed by either sex in competition for mates has been regarded as the main evolutionary influence on sex differences in mortality rates. However, empirical evidence suggests that sex-biased adult mortality is mainly related to differential energy investment in gamete production, with a greater annual mass devoted to egg production leading to higher female mortality. We explicitly tested the generality of this pattern in a comparative framework. Annual egg production can be relatively large in some species (up to 200% of female body mass) and annual mortality is generally biased toward females. We showed that greater annual egg productivity resulted in higher mortality rates of females relative to males. Mating system was secondarily important, with species in which males were more involved in mating competition having more equal mortality rates between the sexes. However, both traits explained only a limited fraction of the interspecific variation in female-biased mortality. Other traits, such as sexual size dimorphism and parental care, had much weaker influences on female-biased mortality. Our results suggest that both annual mass devoted to gamete production by females and mating system contribute to the evolution of the fundamental life-history trade-off between reproduction and survival in avian taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Romano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche AmbientaliUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilan20133Italy
| | - András Liker
- ELKH‐PE Evolutionary Ecology Research GroupUniversity of PannoniaVeszprém8210Hungary,Behavioral Ecology Research Group, Center for Natural SciencesUniversity of PannoniaVeszprém8210Hungary
| | - Gaia Bazzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche AmbientaliUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilan20133Italy,Area per l'Avifauna Migratrice (BIO‐AVM)Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA)Ozzano dell'Emilia40064Italy
| | - Roberto Ambrosini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche AmbientaliUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilan20133Italy
| | - Anders P. Møller
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, CNRS UMR 8079Université Paris‐SaclayOrsay Cedex91405France
| | - Diego Rubolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche AmbientaliUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilan20133Italy,Istituto di Ricerca sulle AcqueIRSA‐CNRBrugherio20861Italy
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11
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Zhou L, Liu K, Zhao Y, Cui L, Dong C, Wang Z. Increasing salinization of freshwater limits invasiveness of a live-bearing fish: Insights from behavioral and life-history traits. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 308:119658. [PMID: 35750304 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biological invasions and continued salinization of freshwater are two global issues with largely serious ecological consequences. Increasing salinity in freshwater systems, as an environmental stressor, may negatively affect normal life activities in fish. It has been documented that salinity limits the invasive success of alien species by mediating physiological and life-history performances, however, there are few studies on how salinity affects its invasive process via altered behaviors. Using wild-caught invasive western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) as animal model, in this study, we asked whether gradual increasing salinity affects behaviors (personality and mate choice decision here), life-history traits, as well as the correlation between them by exposing G. affinis to three levels salinity (freshwater, 10 and 20‰). Results showed that, with increased salinity, male tended to be shyer, less active, less sociable, and reduced desire to mate, and female tended to be shyer, less active and lost preferences for the larger male. Furthermore, across salinity treatments, male exhibited reduced body fat content and rising reproduction allocation, however, pregnant female revealed diametrically opposed trends. In addition, the correlation between life-history traits and behaviors was only identified in pregnant female. It seems that either salinity or life-history traits directly affects mosquitofish behaviors. In summary, our results partially emphasize the harmful consequences of salinity on both life-history traits and behavioral performances. These findings provide a novel perspective on how salinity potentially affect fish fitness via altering personalities, mate choice decisions, as well as body condition, and hence supports the idea that salinity could affect the spread of invasive mosquitofish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjun Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shannxi, 712100, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources and Eco-environment, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shannxi, 712100, China
| | - Ling Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shannxi, 712100, China
| | - Chenglong Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shannxi, 712100, China
| | - Zaizhao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shannxi, 712100, China.
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12
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Burress ED, Muñoz MM. Functional Trade-offs Asymmetrically Promote Phenotypic Evolution. Syst Biol 2022; 72:150-160. [PMID: 35961046 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syac058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trade-offs are thought to bias evolution and are core features of many anatomical systems. Therefore, trade-offs may have far-reaching macroevolutionary consequences, including patterns of morphological, functional, and ecological diversity. Jaws, like many complex anatomical systems, are comprised of elements involved in biomechanical trade-offs. We test the impact of a core mechanical trade-off, transmission of velocity versus force (i.e., mechanical advantage), on rates of jaw evolution in Neotropical cichlids. Across 130 species representing a wide array of feeding ecologies, we find that the velocity-force trade-off impacts evolution of the surrounding jaw system. Specifically, rates of jaw evolution are faster at functional extremes than in more functionally intermediate or unspecialized jaws. Yet, surprisingly, the effect on jaw evolution is uneven across the extremes of the velocity-force continuum. Rates of jaw evolution are 4 to 10-fold faster in velocity-modified jaws, whereas force-modified jaws are 7 to 18-fold faster, compared to unspecialized jaws, depending on the extent of specialization. Further, we find that a more extreme mechanical trade-off resulted in faster rates of jaw evolution. The velocity-force trade-off reflects a gradient from specialization on capture-intensive (e.g., evasive or buried) to processing-intensive prey (e.g., attached or shelled), respectively. The velocity extreme of the trade-off is characterized by large magnitudes of trait change leading to functionally divergent specialists and ecological stasis. By contrast, the force extreme of the trade-off is characterized by enhanced ecological lability made possible by phenotypes more readily co-opted for different feeding ecologies. This asymmetry of macroevolutionary outcomes along each extreme is likely the result of an enhanced utility of the pharyngeal jaw system as force-modified oral jaws are adapted for prey that require intensive processing (e.g., algae, detritus, and molluscs). The velocity-force trade-off, a fundamental feature of many anatomical systems, promotes rapid phenotypic evolution of the surrounding jaw system in a canonical continental adaptive radiation. Considering that the velocity-force trade-off is an inherent feature of all jaw systems that involve a lower element that rotates at a joint, spanning the vast majority of vertebrates, our results may be widely applicable across the tree of life. [adaptive radiation; constraint; decoupling; jaws; macroevolution; specialization].
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Burress
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Martha M Muñoz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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13
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Disgust sensitivity predicts sociosexuality across cultures. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Home range size and habitat quality affect breeding success but not parental investment in barn owl males. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6516. [PMID: 35444196 PMCID: PMC9021228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10324-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Life-history theory predicts that parents should balance their limited resources to maximize lifetime fitness, limiting their investment in current reproduction when the fitness value of current progeny is lower than that gained by producing offspring in the future. Here, we examined whether male barn owls (Tyto alba) breeding in low-quality habitats increased their parental effort to successfully complete offspring rearing or limited their investment by paying a fitness cost while saving energy for the future. We equipped 128 males with GPS devices between 2016 and 2020 to collect information on home range size, habitat composition, food provisioning rate to the brood and nightly distances covered. We also recorded nestlings’ growth and survival, as well as males’ body mass variation and future reproductive success. Males living in lower-quality habitats exploited bigger home ranges compared to individuals whose nests were settled in prey-rich habitats. They fed their brood less frequently, while covering longer nightly distance, resulting in a slower growth of late-hatched nestlings and ultimately in a lower fledging success. As males did not differ in body mass variation or future reproductive success our findings suggest that males hunting in home ranges with less prey-rich structures do not jeopardize future reproduction by investing disproportionately larger resources to compensate for their current low home range quality.
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15
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Tai YL, Lee YF, Kuo YM, Kuo YJ. Effects of host state and body condition on parasite infestation of bent-wing bats. Front Zool 2022; 19:12. [PMID: 35248083 PMCID: PMC8898463 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-022-00457-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ectoparasites inhabit the body surface or outgrowths of hosts and are usually detrimental to host health and wellbeing. Hosts, however, vary in quality and may lead ectoparasites to aggregate on preferred hosts, resulting in a heterogeneous distribution of parasite load among hosts. RESULTS We set out to examine the effects of host individual state and body condition on the parasite load of multiple nycteribiid and streblid bat flies and Spinturnix wing mites on eastern bent-wing bats Miniopterus fuliginosus in a tropical forest in southern Taiwan. We detected a high parasite prevalence of 98.9% among the sampled bats, with nearly 75% of the bats harboring three or more species of parasites. The parasite abundance was higher in the wet season from mid spring to early fall, coinciding with the breeding period of female bats, than in the dry winter season. In both seasonal periods, the overall parasite abundance of adult females was higher than that of adult males. Among the bats, reproductive females, particularly lactating females, exhibited a higher body condition and were generally most infested. The Penicillidia jenynsii and Nycteribia parvula bat flies showed a consistent female-biased infection pattern. The N. allotopa and Ascodipteron speiserianum flies, however, showed a tendency towards bats of a moderate to higher body condition, particularly reproductive females and adult males. CONCLUSIONS We found an overall positive correlation between parasite abundance and reproductive state and body condition of the host and female-biased parasitism for M. fuliginosus bats. However, the effects of body condition and female-biased infestation appear to be parasite species specific, and suggest that the mobility, life history, and potential inter-species interactions of the parasites may all play important roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yik Ling Tai
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fu Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Yen-Min Kuo
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Kuo
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
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16
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Zhang VY, Buck CL. Seasonal patterns in behavior and glucocorticoid secretion of a specialist Holarctic tree squirrel (Sciurus aberti). J Comp Physiol B 2022; 192:541-559. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01429-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Fargevieille A, Reedy AM, Kahrl AF, Mitchell TS, Durso AM, Delaney DM, Pearson PR, Cox RM, Warner DA. Propagule size and sex ratio influence colonisation dynamics after introduction of a non-native lizard. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:845-857. [PMID: 35114034 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The composition of founding populations plays an important role in colonisation dynamics and can influence population growth during early stages of biological invasion. Specifically, founding populations with small propagules (i.e., low number of founders) are vulnerable to the Allee effect and have reduced likelihood of establishment compared to those with large propagules. The founding sex ratio can also impact establishment via its influence on mating success and offspring production. Our goal was to test the effects of propagule size and sex ratio on offspring production and annual population growth following introductions of a non-native lizard species (Anolis sagrei). We manipulated propagule composition on nine small islands, then examined offspring production, population growth, and survival rate of founders and their descendants encompassing three generations. By the third reproductive season, per capita offspring production was higher on islands seeded with a relatively large propagule size, but population growth was not associated with propagule size. Propagule sex ratio did not affect offspring production, but populations with a female-biased propagule had positive growth, whereas those with a male-biased propagule had negative growth in the first year. Populations were not affected by propagule sex ratio in subsequent years, possibly due to rapid shifts towards balanced (or slightly female-biased) population sex ratios. Overall, we show that different components of population fitness have different responses to propagule size and sex ratio in ways that could affect early stages of biological invasion. Despite these effects, the short lifespan and high fecundity of A. sagrei likely helped small populations to overcome Allee effects and enabled all populations to successfully establish. Our rare experimental manipulation of propagule size and sex ratio can inform predictions of colonisation dynamics in response to different compositions of founding populations, which is critical in the context of population ecology and invasion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Fargevieille
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.,Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Aaron M Reedy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Ariel F Kahrl
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.,Department of Zoology/Ethology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg, 18B SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Timothy S Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.,Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.,Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Andrew M Durso
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL, 33965, USA
| | - David M Delaney
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80302, USA
| | - Phillip R Pearson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.,Centre for Conservation, Ecology and Genomics, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia
| | - Robert M Cox
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Daniel A Warner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.,Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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18
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Messerman AF, Leal M. The contributions of individual traits to survival among terrestrial juvenile pond‐breeding salamanders. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arianne F. Messerman
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Missouri Columbia MO USA
- Department of Biology University of Miami Coral Gables FL USA
| | - Manuel Leal
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Missouri Columbia MO USA
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19
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Adams AE, Besozzi EM, Shahrokhi G, Patten MA. A case for associational resistance: Apparent support for the stress gradient hypothesis varies with study system. Ecol Lett 2021; 25:202-217. [PMID: 34775662 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
According to the stress gradient hypothesis (SGH), ecological interactions between organisms shift positively as environmental stress increases. In the case of associational resistance, habitat is modified to ameliorate stress, benefitting other organisms. The SGH is contentious due to conflicting evidence and theoretical perspectives, so we adopted a meta-analytic approach to determine if it is widely supported across a variety of contexts, including different kingdoms, ecosystems, habitats, interactions, stressors, and life history stages. We developed an extensive list of Boolean search criteria to search the published ecological literature and successfully detect studies that both directly tested the hypothesis, and those that were relevant but never mentioned it. We found that the SGH is well supported by studies that feature bacteria, plants, terrestrial ecosystems, interspecific negative interactions, adults, survival instead of growth or reproduction, and drought, fire, and nutrient stress. We conclude that the SGH is indeed a broadly relevant ecological hypothesis that is currently held back by cross-disciplinary communication barriers. More SGH research is needed beyond the scope of interspecific plant competition, and more SGH research should feature multifactor stress. There remains a need to account for positive interactions in scientific pursuits, such as associational resistance in tests of the SGH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Adams
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | | | - Golya Shahrokhi
- Oklahoma Biological Survey, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michael A Patten
- Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Steinkjer, Norway
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20
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MacLeod KJ, Kohl KD, Trevelline BK, Langkilde T. Context-dependent effects of glucocorticoids on the lizard gut microbiome. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:185-196. [PMID: 34661319 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate gut microbiota (bacterial, archaeal and fungal communities of the gastrointestinal tract) can have profound effects on the physiological processes of their hosts. Although relatively stable, changes in microbiome structure and composition occur due to changes in the environment, including exposure to stressors and associated increases in glucocorticoid hormones. Although a growing number of studies have linked stressor exposure to microbiome changes, few studies have experimentally explored the specific influence of glucocorticoids on the microbiome in wild animals, or across ecologically important processes (e.g., reproductive stages). Here we tested the response of the gut microbiota of adult female Sceloporus undulatus across gestation to ecologically relevant elevations of a stress-relevant glucocorticoid hormone (CORT) in order to determine (i) how experimentally elevated CORT influenced microbiome characteristics, and (ii) whether this relationship was dependent on reproductive context (i.e., whether females were gravid or not, and, in those that were gravid, gestational stage). We show that the effects of CORT on gut microbiota are complex and depend on both gestational state and stage. CORT treatment altered microbial community membership and resulted in an increase in microbiome diversity in late-gestation females, and microbial community membership varied according to treatment. In nongravid females, CORT treatment decreased interindividual variation in microbial communities, but this effect was not observed in late-gestation females. Our results highlight the need for a more holistic understanding of the downstream physiological effects of glucocorticoids, as well as the importance of context (here, gestational state and stage) in interpreting stress effects in ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty J MacLeod
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kevin D Kohl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian K Trevelline
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.,Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Tracy Langkilde
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Brain, Behavior and Cognition, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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21
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Effects of brief exposure to high temperatures on the survival and fecundity of Athetis lepigone (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Therm Biol 2021; 100:103066. [PMID: 34503802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In Huang-Huai-Hai Summer Corn Region of China, brief periods of high summer temperatures have been reported with increasing frequency in recent years. Athetis lepigone is a cosmopolitan insect which causes severe damage on summer corn seedlings. To understand how high summer temperatures may affect the population dynamics of A. lepigone, we exposed different developmental stages (1, 2 and 4-day old eggs; 1, 6, 12 and 18-day old larvae; 1, 3 and 6-day old pupae; and 1 and 2-day old female and male adults) to 41 °C for periods of various length (0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 h): The rearing temperature (constant 26 °C) was used as control. After heat treatment, all individuals were transferred to a 26 °C climate chamber for further development. The effects on immediate survival, maturation success to adulthood, and female fecundity were studied. Eggs, young larvae, late pupae and newly emerged adults had relatively higher immediate survival rates than the other experimental groups. Heat treatment at the egg and larval stages had no impact on development to adulthood and on female fecundity, while it significantly reduced the survival rate of larvae but not of eggs. Brief exposure to high temperature during the early pupal stage and as adults depressed female fecundity whereas exposure during the late pupal stage had no effect.
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22
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Cox RM, Wittman TN, Calsbeek R. Reproductive trade-offs and phenotypic selection change with body condition, but not with predation regime, across island lizard populations. J Evol Biol 2021; 35:365-378. [PMID: 34492140 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Trade-offs between reproduction and survival are central to life-history theory and are expected to shape patterns of phenotypic selection, but the ecological factors structuring these trade-offs and resultant patterns of selection are generally unknown. We manipulated reproductive investment and predation regime in island populations of brown anole lizards (Anolis sagrei) to test (1) whether previously documented increases in the survival of experimentally non-reproductive females (OVX = ovariectomy) reflect the greater susceptibility of reproductive females (SHAM = control) to predation and (2) whether phenotypic selection differs as a function of reproductive investment and predation regime. OVX females exceeded SHAM controls in growth, mass gain and body condition, indicating pronounced energetic costs of reproduction. Although mortality was greatest in the presence of bird and snake predators, differences in survival between OVX and SHAM were unrelated to predation regime, as were patterns of natural selection on body size. Instead, we found that body condition at the conclusion of the experiment differed significantly across populations, suggesting that local environments varied in their ability to support mass gain and positive energy balance. As mean body condition improved across populations, the magnitude of the survival cost of reproduction increased, linear selection on body size shifted from positive to negative, and quadratic selection shifted from stabilizing to weakly disruptive. Our results suggest that reproductive trade-offs and patterns of phenotypic selection in female brown anoles are more sensitive to inferred variation in environmental quality than to experimentally induced variation in predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Cox
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Tyler N Wittman
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ryan Calsbeek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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23
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Caracalas HE, French SS, Hudson SB, Kluever BM, Webb AC, Eifler D, Lehmicke AJ, Aubry LM. Reproductive trade-offs in the colorado checkered whiptail lizard (Aspidoscelis neotesselatus): an examination of the relationship between clutch and follicle size. Evol Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-021-10131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Hinchcliffe DL, Lea JMD, Palme R, Shultz S. Fecal Glucocorticoid Metabolites as Biomarkers in Equids: Assay Choice Matters. J Wildl Manage 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica M. D. Lea
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Manchester United Kingdom
| | - Rupert Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Austria
| | - Susanne Shultz
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Manchester United Kingdom
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25
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Horn CJ, Luong LT. Trade-offs between reproduction and behavioural resistance against ectoparasite infection. Physiol Behav 2021; 239:113524. [PMID: 34229032 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Reproduction is a key determinant of organismal fitness, but organisms almost always face the threat of parasite infection. Thus, potential trade-offs between mating and parasite resistance may have substantial impacts on the ecology and evolution of host species. Although trade-offs between microbial resistance and mating in arthropods are well-documented, there is a paucity of evidence that mating compromises host resistance to the ubiquitous threat posed by ectoparasites. Despite the centrality of reproduction to host fitness and the widespread risk of parasites, there is a dearth of experiments showing a trade-off between mating/reproduction and anti-parasite behaviours. In this study, we test if mating increases the susceptibility of female flies to mite infection. We also investigated a potential underlying mechanism for the trade-off: that mating reduces overall endurance and hence anti-parasitic defenses among female flies. We experimentally mated female Drosophila nigrospiracula, with or without a chance to recover from male harassment, and challenged them with a natural ectoparasite, the mite Macrocheles subbadius. Mated females, regardless of time for recovery from male harassment, acquired more infections than unmated females. Furthermore, mated females had lower endurance in negative geotaxis assays, suggesting the increased susceptibility is due to reduced endurance. Our research shows a trade-off between reproduction and parasite resistance in a host-macroparasite system and suggests that trade-off theory is a fruitful direction for understanding these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin J Horn
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences., CW405 Biological Sciences Bldg. Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 Canada.
| | - Lien T Luong
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences., CW405 Biological Sciences Bldg. Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 Canada
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26
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Josefson CC, Zohdy S, Hood WR. Methodological Considerations for Assessing Immune Defense in Reproductive Females. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 60:732-741. [PMID: 32818268 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the key foci of ecoimmunology is understanding the physiological interactions between reproduction and immune defense. To assess an immune challenge, investigators typically measure an immune response at a predetermined time point that was selected to represent a peak response. These time points often are based on the immunological responses of nonreproductive males. Problematically, these peaks have been applied to studies quantifying immune responses of females during reproduction, despite the fact that nonreproductive males and reproductive females display fundamentally different patterns of energy expenditure. Previous work within pharmacological research has reported that the response to the commonly-used antigen keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) varies among individuals and between females and males. In this heuristic analysis, we characterize antibody responses to KLH in females with varying reproductive demands (nonreproductive, lactating, concurrently lactating, and pregnant). Serum was taken from one animal per day per group and assessed for general and specific Immunoglobulins (Igs) G and M. We then used regression analysis to characterize the antibody response curves across groups. Our results demonstrate that the antibody response curve is asynchronous among females with varying maternal demands and temporally differs from the anticipated peak responses reflected in standardized protocols. These findings highlight the importance of multiple sampling points across treatment groups for a more integrative assessment of how reproductive demand alters antibody responses in females beyond a single measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe C Josefson
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Sarah Zohdy
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Wendy R Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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27
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Arya H, Toltesi R, Eng M, Garg D, Merritt TJS, Rajpurohit S. No water, no mating: Connecting dots from behaviour to pathways. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252920. [PMID: 34111165 PMCID: PMC8192009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects hold considerable ecological and agricultural importance making it vital to understand the factors impacting their reproductive output. Environmental stressors are examples of such factors which have a substantial and significant influence on insect reproductive fitness. Insects are also ectothermic and small in size which makes them even more susceptible to environmental stresses. The present study assesses the consequence of desiccation on the mating latency and copulations duration in tropical Drosophila melanogaster. We tested flies for these reproductive behavioral parameters at varying body water levels and with whole metabolome analysis in order to gain a further understanding of the physiological response to desiccation. Our results showed that the duration of desiccation is positively correlated with mating latency and mating failure, while having no influence on the copulation duration. The metabolomic analysis revealed three biological pathways highly affected by desiccation: starch and sucrose metabolism, galactose metabolism, and phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis. These results are consistent with carbohydrate metabolism providing an energy source in desiccated flies and also suggests that the phenylalanine biosynthesis pathway plays a role in the reproductive fitness of the flies. Desiccation is a common issue with smaller insects, like Drosophila and other tropical insects, and our findings indicate that this lack of ambient water can immediately and drastically affect the insect reproductive behaviour, which becomes more crucial because of unpredictable and dynamic weather conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homica Arya
- Division of Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Regan Toltesi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Eng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Divita Garg
- Division of Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Thomas J. S. Merritt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Subhash Rajpurohit
- Division of Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- * E-mail:
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28
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Ritchot Y, Festa‐Bianchet M, Coltman D, Pelletier F. Determinants and long-term costs of early reproduction in males of a long-lived polygynous mammal. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:6829-6845. [PMID: 34141259 PMCID: PMC8207375 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In long-lived polygynous species, male reproductive success is often monopolized by a few mature dominant individuals. Young males are generally too small to be dominant and may employ alternative tactics; however, little is known about the determinants of reproductive success for young males. Understanding the causes and consequences of variability in early reproductive success may be crucial to assess the strength of sexual selection and possible long-term trade-offs among life-history traits. Selective pressures driven by fluctuating environmental conditions may depend on age class. We evaluated the determinants of reproduction in male bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) aged 2-4 years using 30 years of individual-level data. These young males cannot defend estrous ewes and use alternative mating tactics. We also investigated how the age of first detected reproduction was correlated to lifetime reproductive success and longevity. We found that reproductive success of males aged 3 years was positively correlated to body mass, to the proportion of males aged 2-4 years in the competitor pool, and to the number of females available per adult male. These results suggest that reproductive success depends on both competitive ability and population age-sex structure. None of these variables, however, had significant effects on the reproductive success of males aged 2 or 4 years. Known reproduction before the age of five increased lifetime reproductive success but decreased longevity, suggesting a long-term survival cost of early reproduction. Our analyses reveal that both individual-level phenotypic and population-level demographic variables influence reproductive success by young males and provide a rare assessment of fitness trade-offs in wild polygynous males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanny Ritchot
- Département de biologieUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQCCanada
| | | | - David Coltman
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Fanie Pelletier
- Département de biologieUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQCCanada
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Wittman TN, Cox RM. The evolution of monogamy is associated with reversals from male to female bias in the survival cost of parasitism. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210421. [PMID: 33977790 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent to which parasites reduce host survival should depend upon how hosts balance trade-offs between reproduction and survival. For example, parasites are predicted to impose greater survival costs under polygynous or promiscuous mating systems in which competition for mates favours increased reproductive investment, particularly in males. We provide, to our knowledge, the first comparative test of the hypothesis that the mating system of the host is an important determinant of (i) the extent to which parasites reduce survival, and (ii) the extent to which males and females differ in the survival cost of parasitism. Using meta-analysis of 85 published estimates of the survival cost of parasitism from 72 studies of 64 species representing diverse animal lineages, we show that parasites impose a mean 3.5-fold increase in the odds of mortality on their hosts. Although this survival cost does not differ significantly across monogamous, polygynous and promiscuous mating systems, females incur a greater survival cost than males in monogamous species, whereas males incur a greater survival cost than females in polygynous and promiscuous species. Our results support the idea that mating systems shape the relative extent to which males and females invest in reproduction at the expense of defence against parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler N Wittman
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Robert M Cox
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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30
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Neu A, Beaulieu M, Fischer K. Limits on optimal decision making: host plant selection is not altered by high temperatures in a butterfly. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Marciano A, López Greco L, Colpo K. Reproductive patterns and energy management strategies of females of the fiddler crab Leptuca uruguayensis with short reproductive seasons. CAN J ZOOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2020-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reproduction is a costly process that depends on the management of available resources. Here, we aimed to understand the energetic strategies of females of the fiddler crab Leptuca uruguayensis (Nobili, 1901) in a population with short reproductive seasons. For this, we developed an integrated approach to recognize the brooding time, spawning pattern modulated by female size, number of spawns per female, and content of reserves in the ovary and hepatopancreas. Based on the condition of the ovary and hepatopancreas, the reproductive season was divided into three periods. In each of these periods, it was possible to record a spawning event, which was mainly represented by large females. Most of the females had one spawn during the breeding season, and only large females had two spawns, with an interval of approximately 2 months. We propose that L. uruguayensis presents a mixed capital–income breeding strategy associated with the female size and period of the reproductive season. We conclude that large females make the greatest reproductive effort for the population because they can have two spawns, whereas medium-sized and small females make a low contribution because they are still investing energy in somatic growth to increase fecundity in the next reproductive season.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Marciano
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción y el Crecimiento de Crustáceos Decápodos, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - L.S. López Greco
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción y el Crecimiento de Crustáceos Decápodos, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - K.D. Colpo
- Instituto de Limnología Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Boulevard 120 and 60, PB N° 712, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
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Spence AR, French SS, Hopkins GR, Durso AM, Hudson SB, Smith GD, Neuman‐Lee LA. Long‐term monitoring of two snake species reveals immune–endocrine interactions and the importance of ecological context. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2021; 333:744-755. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.2442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Austin R. Spence
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut USA
| | - Susannah S. French
- Department of Biology, Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah USA
| | | | - Andrew M. Durso
- Department of Biological Sciences Florida Gulf Coast University Fort Myers Florida USA
| | - Spencer B. Hudson
- Department of Biology, Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah USA
| | - Geoffrey D. Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences Dixie State University St. George Utah USA
| | - Lorin A. Neuman‐Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences Arkansas State University Jonesboro Arkansas USA
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Prado DMA, Gomes FR, Madelaire CB. Effects of corticosterone treatment and wound healing on reproductive traits of American bullfrogs. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2021; 335:275-285. [PMID: 33411410 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
During reproductive season, calling anuran males display high testosterone (T) and episodically high corticosterone (CORT) plasma levels, which are positively associated with higher calling rates and immunocompetence. However, exposure to constant stress stimuli can result in chronically elevated CORT levels, possibly leading to inhibition of reproductive and immune activity. Reproduction and immune responses are energetically expensive, so when an animal is immunologically challenged, a tradeoff might be expressed, with CORT potentially mediating it. Our aim was to test how episodic and chronic CORT treatments, alongside wound healing, would affect reproduction in American bullfrog males (Lithobates catesbeianus). Forty animals were divided in four groups: Episodic CORT (daily transdermic application of CORT), placebo (daily transdermic application of sesame oil), chronic CORT (subcutaneous CORT silastic implants), and sham control (subcutaneous empty silastic implants). One week after treatments began, animals were punctured in the leg with a biopsy needle and the wound was photographed after 45 days to determine wound healing status (WS). Blood samples were collected throughout the experiment to measure CORT and T plasma levels. After animal euthanasia, testes were dissected, fixed, and analyzed histologically to determine spermatogenic activity (germinative cyst [GmC] morphometrics). As expected, the episodic CORT treatment had no effect on T plasma levels or spermatogenic activity. On the other hand, chronic CORT treatment reduced GmC morphometric traits, indicating suppression of reproduction, although T levels were not altered. In addition, animals from sham control and chronic CORT treatments with higher T levels presented higher WS, which indicates an immune-enhancing T effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora M A Prado
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Fernando R Gomes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Carla B Madelaire
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
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Mendes TMF, Carrilho E, Galinaro CA, Cabral FJ, Allegretti SM. Biomphalaria glabrata infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis: Proteomic changes in the snail host. Acta Trop 2020; 212:105684. [PMID: 32931750 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is the main cause of human eosinophilic meningitis. Humans are accidental hosts, becoming infected due to ingestion of raw intermediate (snails and slugs) or paratenic hosts. Once ingested, the larvae migrate towards the brain where they die, causing the disease. To develop better mollusk control strategies, it is important to first understand what happens in the snail during infection, therefore our purpose was to characterize proteomic, metabolic and immunologic changes in Biomphalaria glabrata 24 h after infection with A. cantonensis. For this purpose, proteins were extracted from infected and uninfected snails and analyzed through mass spectrometry. Hemolymph was also collected, the number of hemocytes was counted and urea, nitric oxide, calcium, glycogen levels as well as alanine and aspartate aminotransferases activities were assessed. The cephalopodal region and gonad-digestive gland complex were dissected and their glycogen content was measured. After infection with A. cantonensis, we observed an increase of hemocytes and granulocytes as well as an increase in hemoglobin type 2 proteins. Temptin-like protein was also found up-regulated in infected snails. Several proteins with structural function (such as myosin heavy chain - striated muscle - like and protein LOC106059779 with ADAM/reprosolin domain) were also differentially expressed, suggesting loss/damage of internal tissues. Increase in phosphoglycerate mutase indicates an increase in glycolysis, possible to compensate the increase in energetic needs. Consequently, there is a decrease in glycogen reserves, particularly in the gonad - digestive gland complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago M F Mendes
- Biology Institute, Animal Biology Department, Campinas State University (UNICAMP) - SP, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Carrilho
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry - University of São Paulo (USP) - SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Galinaro
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry - University of São Paulo (USP) - SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda J Cabral
- Biology Institute, Animal Biology Department, Campinas State University (UNICAMP) - SP, Brazil
| | - Silmara M Allegretti
- Biology Institute, Animal Biology Department, Campinas State University (UNICAMP) - SP, Brazil.
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35
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Rosso AA, Nicholson DJ, Logan ML, Chung AK, Curlis JD, Degon ZM, Knell RJ, Garner TWJ, McMillan WO, Cox CL. Sex-biased parasitism and expression of a sexual signal. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Given that sexual signals are often expressed more highly in one sex than the other, they can impose a sex-specific cost of reproduction through parasitism. The two primary paradigms regarding the relationship of parasites to sexual signals are the good genes hypothesis and the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis; however, there are other ecological, morphological and energetic factors that might influence parasite infections in a sex-specific fashion. We tested the relationship between expression of a sexual signal (the dewlap) and ecological, morphological and energetic factors mediating ectoparasite (mite) load between male and female Panamanian slender anoles (Anolis apletophallus). We found that males were more highly parasitized than females because of the preponderance of ectoparasites on the larger dewlap of males. Indeed, ectoparasite infection increased with both body size and dewlap size in males but not in females, and parasite infection was related to energy storage in a sex-specific fashion for the fat bodies, liver and gonads. Our work and previous work on testosterone in anoles suggests that this pattern did not arise solely from immunosuppression by testosterone, but that mites prefer the dewlap as an attachment site. Thus, the expression of this sexual signal could incur a fitness cost that might structure life-history trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Rosso
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Daniel J Nicholson
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Michael L Logan
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Albert K Chung
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John David Curlis
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zachariah M Degon
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Robert J Knell
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - W Owen McMillan
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Christian L Cox
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
- Institute of Environment and Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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36
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Duffield KR, Hampton KJ, Houslay TM, Rapkin J, Hunt J, Sadd BM, Sakaluk SK. Macronutrient intake and simulated infection threat independently affect life history traits of male decorated crickets. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:11766-11778. [PMID: 33144999 PMCID: PMC7593159 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional geometry has advanced our understanding of how macronutrients (e.g., proteins and carbohydrates) influence the expression of life history traits and their corresponding trade-offs. For example, recent work has revealed that reproduction and immune function in male decorated crickets are optimized at very different protein:carbohydrate (P:C) dietary ratios. However, it is unclear how an individual's macronutrient intake interacts with its perceived infection status to determine investment in reproduction or other key life history traits. Here, we employed a fully factorial design in which calling effort and immune function were quantified for male crickets fed either diets previously demonstrated to maximize calling effort (P:C = 1:8) or immune function (P:C = 5:1), and then administered a treatment from a spectrum of increasing infection cue intensity using heat-killed bacteria. Both diet and a simulated infection threat independently influenced the survival, immunity, and reproductive effort of males. If they called, males increased calling effort at the low infection cue dose, consistent with the terminal investment hypothesis, but interpretation of responses at the higher threat levels was hampered by the differential mortality of males across infection cue and diet treatments. A high protein, low carbohydrate diet severely reduced the health, survival, and overall fitness of male crickets. There was, however, no evidence of an interaction between diet and infection cue dose on calling effort, suggesting that the threshold for terminal investment was not contingent on diet as investigated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin R. Duffield
- Behavior, Ecology, Evolution and Systematics SectionSchool of Biological SciencesIllinois State UniversityNormalILUSA
- Present address:
Crop Bioprotection Research UnitUnited States Department of AgricultureNational Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research ServicePeoriaILUSA
| | - Kylie J. Hampton
- Behavior, Ecology, Evolution and Systematics SectionSchool of Biological SciencesIllinois State UniversityNormalILUSA
- Present address:
Crop Bioprotection Research UnitUnited States Department of AgricultureNational Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research ServicePeoriaILUSA
| | | | - James Rapkin
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - John Hunt
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
- School of Science and Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSWAustralia
| | - Ben M. Sadd
- Behavior, Ecology, Evolution and Systematics SectionSchool of Biological SciencesIllinois State UniversityNormalILUSA
| | - Scott K. Sakaluk
- Behavior, Ecology, Evolution and Systematics SectionSchool of Biological SciencesIllinois State UniversityNormalILUSA
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Judson JM, Reding DM, Bronikowski AM. Immunosenescence and its influence on reproduction in a long-lived vertebrate. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb223057. [PMID: 32376708 PMCID: PMC7328165 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.223057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunosenescence is a well-known phenomenon in mammal systems, but its relevance in other long-lived vertebrates is less understood. Further, the influence of age and reproductive effort on immune function in long-lived species can be challenging to assess, as long-term data are scarce and it is often difficult to sample the oldest age classes. We used the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) to test hypotheses of immunosenescence and a trade-off between reproductive output and immune function in a population of a long-lived vertebrate that has been monitored for over 30 years. These long-term data were utilized to employ a unique approach of aging turtles with mark-recapture data and population-specific growth modeling to obtain more accurate estimates of age. We analyzed natural antibodies, lysis ability and bactericidal competence in 126 individuals from 1 to 33 years of age captured during May and June 2011. Older turtles exhibited greater natural antibody levels than young individuals. Young females with large clutches exhibited greater lysis ability, while older females with large clutches had decreased lysis ability, suggesting a trade-off between reproductive output and immune function conditional upon age. However, bactericidal competence increased later in the nesting season for older females. Our study rejects the hypothesis of immunosenescence in a long-lived turtle, despite evidence of actuarial and reproductive senescence in this population. Additionally, we detected mixed evidence for a trade-off between reproduction and immune health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Judson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Dawn M Reding
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Anne M Bronikowski
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Brusch GA, Mills AM, Walman RM, Masuda G, Byeon A, DeNardo DF, Stahlschmidt ZR. Dehydration enhances cellular and humoral immunity in a mesic snake community. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 333:306-315. [PMID: 32277742 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The immunocompetence of a community of free-living animals can be affected by seasonality, sex, and parasite burden. However, each of these factors is often examined independently. Recent studies have also found that dehydration can enhance aspects of immunocompetence in drought-adapted species. To explore how all of these factors interact, and their effect on the immune system in mesic-adapted species, we collected blood samples from a community of free-ranging snakes in coastal South Carolina, United States, across 2 years. We specifically examined (a) how sex and seasonality influence humoral and cellular immunocompetence and parasite burden, (b) the dynamics among hydration state, parasite burden, and immunocompetence, and (c) whether mesic-adapted species also show enhanced innate immunity with dehydration. Consistent with previous work on drought-adapted species, we found that dehydration enhances multiple aspects of humoral immunity in mesic species, and we are the first to report that dehydration also enhances aspects of cellular immunocompetence. Contrary to previous results in other squamates, sex and season did not impact immunocompetence or parasite prevalence. Our results also reveal complex interactions among parasite prevalence, immunocompetence, and hydration state demonstrating that hydration state and parasitism are two ubiquitous factors that should continue to be considered in future studies examining ecoimmunological variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Brusch
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.,Centre d'Etudies Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, Villiers en Bois, France
| | | | | | - Garrett Masuda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California
| | - Andy Byeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California
| | - Dale F DeNardo
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
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Rádai Z, Kiss J, Babczyńska A, Kardos G, Báthori F, Samu F, Barta Z. Consequences of rapid development owing to cohort splitting: just how costly is it to hurry? J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb219659. [PMID: 32098878 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.219659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In cohort splitting, diverging sub-cohorts may show substantial differences in their growth and developmental rates. Although in the past, causes and adaptive value of cohort splitting were studied in detail, individual-level consequences of cohort splitting are still rather overlooked. Life history theory predicts that considerably increased growth and developmental rates should be traded off against other costly life history traits. However, it is not clear whether one should expect such associations in adaptive developmental plasticity scenarios, because natural selection might have promoted genotypes that mitigate those potential costs of rapid development. To address these contrasting propositions, we assessed life history traits in the wolf spider Pardosa agrestis, both collected from natural habitat and reared in laboratory. We found that some traits are negatively associated with developmental rates in spiders collected from the wild, but these associations were relaxed to a considerable extent in laboratory-reared specimens. In general, we observed no consistent trend for the presence of developmental costs, although some results might suggest higher relative fecundity costs in rapidly developing females. Our study provides a detailed approach to the understanding of individual-level consequences of cohort splitting, and to the associations between key life history traits in adaptive developmental plasticity scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Rádai
- MTA-DE Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Johanna Kiss
- MTA-DE Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Agnieszka Babczyńska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Gábor Kardos
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Báthori
- Department of Ecology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Samu
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1029 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Barta
- MTA-DE Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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40
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Lübcker N, Bloem LM, du Toit T, Swart P, de Bruyn PN, Swart AC, Millar RP. What’s in a whisker? High-throughput analysis of twenty-eight C19 and C21 steroids in mammalian whiskers by ultra-performance convergence chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1141:122028. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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Lin JW, Chen YR, Li TW, Shaner PJL, Lin SM. Long-term monitoring reveals invariant clutch size and unequal reproductive costs between sexes in a subtropical lacertid lizard. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2020; 6:1. [PMID: 31921441 PMCID: PMC6945589 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-019-0152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Based on 20,000 records representing c. 11,000 individuals from an 8-year capture-mark-recapture (CMR) study, we tested and confirmed a new case of invariant clutch size (ICS) in a sexually dichromatic lacertid lizard, Takydromus viridipunctatus. In the grassland habitat of the early succession stage, females showed strictly low and invariant clutch size, multiple clutches in a breeding season, high reproductive potential, and annual breeding cycles that correspond to the emergence of male courtship coloration. The hatchlings mature quickly, and join the adult cohort for breeding within a few months, whereas adults show low survival rates and a short lifespan, such that most die within one year. Mortality increased in both sexes during the breeding season, especially in females, indicating an unequal cost of reproduction in survival. These life history characters may be explained by two non-exclusive hypotheses of ICS-arboreal hypothesis and predation hypothesis-within the ecological context of their habitat. Our study highlights a confirmed case of ICS, which adapts well to this r-selected grassland habitat that experiences seasonal fluctuation and frequent disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhan-Wei Lin
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88, Sec. 4, Tingzhou Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, No. 1, Guanqian Rd., Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Rong Chen
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88, Sec. 4, Tingzhou Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Wen Li
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88, Sec. 4, Tingzhou Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jen L. Shaner
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88, Sec. 4, Tingzhou Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Si-Min Lin
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88, Sec. 4, Tingzhou Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
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Stahlschmidt ZR, Jeong N, Johnson D, Meckfessel N. From phenoloxidase to fecundity: food availability does not influence the costs of oxidative challenge in a wing-dimorphic cricket. J Comp Physiol B 2019; 190:17-26. [PMID: 31720761 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-019-01244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stressed animals often struggle to maintain optimal investment into a number of fitness-related traits, which can result in some traits being more adversely affected than others. Variation in stress-related costs may also depend on the environment-costs can be facultative and only occur when resources are limited, or they may be obligate and occur regardless of resource availability. Dynamics of oxidative stress may be important in life-history evolution given their role in a range of biological processes-from reproduction to immunity to locomotion. Thus, we examined how resource (food) availability influences the costs of oxidative challenge to fitness-related traits spanning several levels of biological organization. We manipulated food availability and oxidative status in females of the wing-dimorphic sand field cricket (Gryllus firmus) during early adulthood. We then determined investment into several traits: reproduction (ovary mass), soma (body mass and flight musculature), and immune function (total phenoloxidase activity). Oxidative challenge (paraquat exposure) obligated costs to somatic tissue and a parameter of immune function regardless of food availability, but it did not affect reproduction. We show that the costs of oxidative challenge are trait-specific, but we did not detect a facultative (food-dependent) cost of oxidative challenge to any trait measured. Although the dynamics of oxidative stress are complex, our study is an important step toward a more complete understanding of the roles that resource availability and redox systems play in mediating life histories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N Jeong
- University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
| | - D Johnson
- University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
| | - N Meckfessel
- University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
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Schuppe ER, Fuxjager MJ. Phenotypic variation reveals sites of evolutionary constraint in the androgenic signaling pathway. Horm Behav 2019; 115:104538. [PMID: 31211944 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormone systems play an important role in shaping the evolution of vertebrate sexual traits, but several aspects of this relationship remain unclear. For example, we currently know little about how steroid signaling complexes are adapted to accommodate the emergence of behavior in response to sexual selection. We use downy woodpeckers (Dryobates pubescens) to evaluate how the machinery underlying androgen action can evolve to accommodate this bird's main territorial signal, the drum. We focus specifically on modifications to androgenic mechanisms in the primary neck muscle that actuates the hammering movements underlying this signal. Of the signaling components we examine, we find that levels of circulating testosterone (T) and androgen receptor (AR) expression are consistently increased in a way that likely enhances androgenic regulation of drumming. By contrast, the expression of nuclear receptor co-factors-the 'molecular rheostats' of steroid action-show no such relationship in our analyses. If anything, co-factors are expressed in directions that would presumably hinder androgenic regulation of the drum. These findings therefore collectively point to T levels and AR as the more evolutionarily labile components of the androgenic system, in that they are likely more apt to change over time to support sexual selection for territorial signaling in woodpeckers. Yet the signaling elements that fine-tune AR's functional effects on the genome-namely the receptor's transcriptional co-factors-do not change in such a manner, and thus may be under tighter evolutionary constraint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Schuppe
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, 455 Vine Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, United States of America
| | - Matthew J Fuxjager
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States of America.
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English S, Bonsall MB. Physiological dynamics, reproduction-maintenance allocations, and life history evolution. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:9312-9323. [PMID: 31463023 PMCID: PMC6706218 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Allocation of resources to competing processes of growth, maintenance, or reproduction is arguably a key process driving the physiology of life history trade-offs and has been shown to affect immune defenses, the evolution of aging, and the evolutionary ecology of offspring quality. Here, we develop a framework to investigate the evolutionary consequences of physiological dynamics by developing theory linking reproductive cell dynamics and components of fitness associated with costly resource allocation decisions to broader life history consequences. We scale these reproductive cell allocation decisions to population-level survival and fecundity using a life history approach and explore the effects of investment in reproduction or tissue-specific repair (somatic or reproductive) on the force of selection, reproductive effort, and resource allocation decisions. At the cellular level, we show that investment in protecting reproductive cells increases fitness when reproductive cell maturation rate is high or reproductive cell death is high. At the population level, life history fitness measures show that cellular protection increases reproductive value by differential investment in somatic or reproductive cells and the optimal allocation of resources to reproduction is moulded by this level of investment. Our model provides a framework to understand the evolutionary consequences of physiological processes underlying trade-offs and highlights the insights to be gained from considering fitness at multiple levels, from cell dynamics through to population growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead English
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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Reedy AM, Evans WJ, Cox RM. Sexual dimorphism explains residual variance around the survival‐reproduction tradeoff in lizards: Implications for sexual conflict over life‐history evolution*. Evolution 2019; 73:2324-2332. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Reedy
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia 22904
- Department of Biological SciencesAuburn University Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - William J. Evans
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia 22904
| | - Robert M. Cox
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia 22904
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Zhao F, Xing K, Hoffmann AA, Ma CS. The importance of timing of heat events for predicting the dynamics of aphid pest populations. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:1866-1874. [PMID: 30663223 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heatwaves are increasing in frequency and there is growing interest in their impact on pest organisms. Previous work indicates that effects depend on the timing of the stress event, whose impact needs to be characterized across the full set of developmental stages and exposure periods of an organism. Here, we undertake such a detailed assessment using heat stress (20-35 °C diurnal cycle) across the nymph and adult stages of the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius). RESULTS Stress-related mortality increased with stress duration at all stages; effects were less severe at the late nymphal stage. Effects on longevity adults after stress showed a complex pattern with nymphal heat stress, increasing with stress duration at the late nymphal stage, but decreasing with duration at the early nymphal stage. Longevity was also reduced by adult stress although to a lesser extent, and patterns were not connected to duration. Post-stress productivity decreased following adult and nymphal stress and the decrease tended to be correlated with stress duration. The rate of offspring production was more affected by adult stress than nymphal stress. Productivity and longevity effects, when combined, showed that the largest effect of heat stress occurred at the early nymphal stage. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the complex ways in which heat stress at a particular life stage influences later fitness and they also emphasize the importance of considering multiple fitness components when assessing stress effects. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, China
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Xing
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Chun-Sen Ma
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zamora-Camacho FJ. Integrating time progression in ecoimmunology studies: beyond immune response intensity. Curr Zool 2019; 65:205-212. [PMID: 30936910 PMCID: PMC6430971 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoy045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat alterations in agroecosystems may damage amphibian immune capacity. As agroecosystem extension is increasing worldwide, broader-context knowledge on the effects of agroecosystem stressful conditions on amphibian immune capacity is crucial for understanding and management of amphibian global declines. However, most studies on ecoimmunology assume synchronal among-group immune-response peaks, and focus on immune response after standardized time lapses, neglecting its progression. Herein, I compared inflamatory response short-term progression of agroecosystem and natural-habitat female and male natterjack toads Epidalea calamita, by measuring swelling response, once per hour, 6 h following an artificial immune challenge with innocuous antigen phytohemagglutinin. I also compared maximum magnitude of swelling response, irrespective of the moment when it was reached. Habitat differences arose only 3 h after challenge, when natural-habitat toads showed greater swelling response. Maximum magnitude of swelling response was similar in toads from both habitats. However, agroecosystem toads showed a delayed swelling response as compared with natural-habitat conspecifics, probably as a consequence of agroecosystem stressful conditions. Such a delay suggests a weaker immune capacity, and consequently impaired anti-pathogen performance. Regarding sex, swelling response magnitude did not differ between males and females. Female swelling response peaked earlier, but that of males was more sustained in time, which contradicts general across-taxa findings that males show impaired immune response. Interestingly, results suggest that measuring swelling response only after some standardized period following stimulation may be a simplistic approach and produce unrealistic results. Consequently, studies on ecoimmunology should implement swelling response progression in order to produce unbiased science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Zamora-Camacho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Escallón C, Belden LK, Moore IT. The Cloacal Microbiome Changes with the Breeding Season in a Wild Bird. Integr Org Biol 2019; 1:oby009. [PMID: 33791516 PMCID: PMC7671126 DOI: 10.1093/iob/oby009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The symbiotic microbial communities, or “microbiomes,” that reside on animals are dynamic, and can be affected by the behavior and physiology of the host. These communities provide many critical beneficial functions for their hosts, but they can also include potential pathogens. In birds, bacteria residing in the cloaca form a complex community, including both gut and sexually-transmitted bacteria. Transmission of cloacal bacteria among individuals is likely during the breeding season, when there is direct cloacal contact between individuals. In addition, the major energetic investment in reproduction can draw resources away from immune responses that might otherwise prevent the successful establishment of microbes. We assessed dynamic variation in the cloacal microbiome of free-living rufous-collared sparrows (Zonotrichia capensis) through sequential breeding and non-breeding seasons. We found that the cloacal bacterial communities differed between the sexes when they were in breeding condition. Further, in males, but not in females, the bacterial community became more diverse with the onset of reproduction, and then decreased in diversity as males transitioned to non-breeding condition. Individuals sampled across sequential breeding seasons did not accumulate more bacterial taxa over seasons, but bacterial community composition did change. Our results suggest that the cloacal microbiome in birds is dynamic and, especially in males, responsive to breeding condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Escallón
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.,Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de La Salle, Cra 2 No. 10-70, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - L K Belden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - I T Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Graham JL, Bauer CM, Heidinger BJ, Ketterson ED, Greives TJ. Early-breeding females experience greater telomere loss. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:114-126. [PMID: 30565787 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Annual reproductive success is often highest in individuals that initiate breeding early, yet relatively few individuals start breeding during this apparently optimal time. This suggests that individuals, particularly females who ultimately dictate when offspring are born, incur costs by initiating reproduction early in the season. We hypothesized that increases in the ageing rate of somatic cells may be one such cost. Telomeres, the repetitive DNA sequences on the ends of chromosomes, may be good proxies of biological wear and tear as they shorten with age and in response to stress. Using historical data from a long-term study population of dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis), we found that telomere loss between years was greater in earlier breeding females, regardless of chronological age. There was no relationship between telomere loss and the annual number of eggs laid or chicks that reached independence. However, telomere loss was greater when temperatures were cooler, and cooler temperatures generally occur early in the season. This suggests that environmental conditions could be the primary cause of accelerated telomere loss in early breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Graham
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Carolyn M Bauer
- Department of Biology, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York
| | - Britt J Heidinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | | | - Timothy J Greives
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
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