1
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Ballester Roig MN, Roy PG, Hannou L, Delignat-Lavaud B, Sully Guerrier TA, Bélanger-Nelson E, Dufort-Gervais J, Mongrain V. Transcriptional regulation of the mouse EphA4, Ephrin-B2 and Ephrin-A3 genes by the circadian clock machinery. Chronobiol Int 2023; 40:983-1003. [PMID: 37551686 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2023.2237580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms originate from molecular feedback loops. In mammals, the transcription factors CLOCK and BMAL1 act on regulatory elements (i.e. E-boxes) to shape biological functions in a rhythmic manner. The EPHA4 receptor and its ligands Ephrins (EFN) are cell adhesion molecules regulating neurotransmission and neuronal morphology. Previous studies showed the presence of E-boxes in the genes of EphA4 and specific Ephrins, and that EphA4 knockout mice have an altered circadian rhythm of locomotor activity. We thus hypothesized that the core clock machinery regulates the gene expression of EphA4, EfnB2 and EfnA3. CLOCK and BMAL1 (or NPAS2 and BMAL2) were found to have transcriptional activity on distal and proximal regions of EphA4, EfnB2 and EfnA3 putative promoters. A constitutively active form of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β; a negative regulator of CLOCK and BMAL1) blocked the transcriptional induction. Mutating the E-boxes of EphA4 distal promoter sequence reduced transcriptional induction. EPHA4 and EFNB2 protein levels did not show circadian variations in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus or prefrontal cortex. The findings uncover that core circadian transcription factors can regulate the gene expression of elements of the Eph/Ephrin system, which might contribute to circadian rhythmicity in biological processes in the brain or peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Neus Ballester Roig
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Recherche CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre-Gabriel Roy
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Recherche CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Valérie Mongrain
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Recherche CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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2
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Fert A, Raymond Marchand L, Wiche Salinas TR, Ancuta P. Targeting Th17 cells in HIV-1 remission/cure interventions. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:580-594. [PMID: 35659433 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of HIV-1, progress has been made in deciphering the viral replication cycle and mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions that has facilitated the implementation of effective antiretroviral therapies (ARTs). Major barriers to HIV-1 remission/cure include the persistence of viral reservoirs (VRs) in long-lived CD4+ T cells, residual viral transcription, and lack of mucosal immunity restoration during ART, which together fuel systemic inflammation. Recently, T helper (Th)17-polarized cells were identified as major contributors to the pool of transcriptionally/translationally competent VRs. In this review, we discuss the functional features of Th17 cells that were elucidated by fundamental immunology studies in the context of autoimmunity. We also highlight recent discoveries supporting the possibility of extrapolating this knowledge toward the identification of new putative Th17-targeted HIV-1 remission/cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Fert
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Laurence Raymond Marchand
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tomas Raul Wiche Salinas
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
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3
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Gray KJ, Gibbs JE. Adaptive immunity, chronic inflammation and the clock. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:209-224. [PMID: 35233691 PMCID: PMC8901482 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00919-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive arm of the immune system facilitates recognition of specific foreign pathogens and, via the action of T and B lymphocytes, induces a fine-tuned response to target the pathogen and develop immunological memory. The functionality of the adaptive immune system exhibits daily 24-h variation both in homeostatic processes (such as lymphocyte trafficking and development of T lymphocyte subsets) and in responses to challenge. Here, we discuss how the circadian clock exerts influence over the function of the adaptive immune system, considering the roles of cell intrinsic clockwork machinery and cell extrinsic rhythmic signals. Inappropriate or misguided actions of the adaptive immune system can lead to development of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis and multiple sclerosis. Growing evidence indicates that disturbance of the circadian clock has negative impact on development and progression of these chronic inflammatory diseases and we examine current understanding of clock-immune interactions in the setting of these inflammatory conditions. A greater appreciation of circadian control of adaptive immunity will facilitate further understanding of mechanisms driving daily variation in disease states and drive improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Gray
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Julie E Gibbs
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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4
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Ladurner A, Schwarz PF, Dirsch VM. Natural products as modulators of retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors (RORs). Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:757-781. [PMID: 33118578 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00047g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1994 to 2020 Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors (RORs) belong to a subfamily of the nuclear receptor superfamily and possess prominent roles in circadian rhythm, metabolism, inflammation, and cancer. They have been subject of research for over two decades and represent attractive but challenging drug targets. Natural products were among the first identified ligands of RORs and continue to be of interest to this day. This review focuses on ligands and indirect modulators of RORs from natural sources and explores their roles in a therapeutic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ladurner
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Patrik F Schwarz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Verena M Dirsch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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5
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de Souza Teixeira AA, Lira FS, Rosa-Neto JC. Aging with rhythmicity. Is it possible? Physical exercise as a pacemaker. Life Sci 2020; 261:118453. [PMID: 32956663 PMCID: PMC7500276 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with gradual decline in numerous physiological processes, including a reduction in metabolic functions and immunological system. The circadian rhythm plays a vital role in health, and prolonged clock disruptions are associated with chronic diseases. The relationships between clock genes, aging, and immunosenescence are not well understood. Inflammation is an immune response triggered in living organisms in response to the danger associated with pathogens and injury. The term 'inflammaging' has been used to describe the chronic low-grade-inflammation that develops with advancing age and predicts susceptibility to age-related pathologies. Equilibrium between pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines is needed for healthy aging and longevity. Sedentary and poor nutrition style life indices a disruption in circadian rhythm promoting an increase in pro-inflammatory factors or leads for chronic low-grade inflammation. Moreover, signals mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6, might accentuate of the muscle loss during aging. Circadian clock is important to maintain the physiological functions, as maintenance of immune system. A strategy for imposes rhythmicity in the physiological systems may be adopted of exercise training routine. The lifelong regular practice of physical exercise decelerates the processes of aging, providing better quality and prolongation of life. Thus, in this review, we will focus on how aging affects circadian rhythms and its relationship to inflammatory processes (inflammaging), as well as the role of physical exercise as a regulator of the circadian rhythm, promoting aging with rhythmicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fábio Santos Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Post-Graduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Sen A, Hoffmann HM. Role of core circadian clock genes in hormone release and target tissue sensitivity in the reproductive axis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 501:110655. [PMID: 31756424 PMCID: PMC6962569 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Precise timing in hormone release from the hypothalamus, the pituitary and ovary is critical for fertility. Hormonal release patterns of the reproductive axis are regulated by a feedback loop within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. The timing and rhythmicity of hormone release and tissue sensitivity in the HPG axis is regulated by circadian clocks located in the hypothalamus (suprachiasmatic nucleus, kisspeptin and GnRH neurons), the pituitary (gonadotrophs), the ovary (theca and granulosa cells), the testis (Leydig cells), as well as the uterus (endometrium and myometrium). The circadian clocks integrate environmental and physiological signals to produce cell endogenous rhythms generated by a transcriptional-translational feedback loop of transcription factors that are collectively called the "molecular clock". This review specifically focuses on the contribution of molecular clock transcription factors in regulating hormone release patterns in the reproductive axis, with an emphasis on the female reproductive system. Specifically, we discuss the contributions of circadian rhythms in distinct neuronal populations of the female hypothalamus, the molecular clock in the pituitary and its overall impact on female and male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritro Sen
- Department of Animal Science and the Reproductive and Developmental Science Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Hanne M Hoffmann
- Department of Animal Science and the Reproductive and Developmental Science Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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7
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Amir M, Chaudhari S, Wang R, Campbell S, Mosure SA, Chopp LB, Lu Q, Shang J, Pelletier OB, He Y, Doebelin C, Cameron MD, Kojetin DJ, Kamenecka TM, Solt LA. REV-ERBα Regulates T H17 Cell Development and Autoimmunity. Cell Rep 2019; 25:3733-3749.e8. [PMID: 30590045 PMCID: PMC6400287 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RORγt is well recognized as the lineage-defining transcription factor for T helper 17 (TH17) cell development. However, the cell-intrinsic mechanisms that negatively regulate TH17 cell development and autoimmunity remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the transcriptional repressor REV-ERBα is exclusively expressed in TH17 cells, competes with RORγt for their shared DNA consensus sequence, and negatively regulates TH17 cell development via repression of genes traditionally characterized as RORγt dependent, including Il17a. Deletion of REV-ERBα enhanced TH17-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, exacerbating experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and colitis. Treatment with REV-ERB-specific synthetic ligands, which have similar phenotypic properties as RORγ modulators, suppressed TH17 cell development, was effective in colitis intervention studies, and significantly decreased the onset, severity, and relapse rate in several models of EAE without affecting thymic cellularity. Our results establish that REV-ERBα negatively regulates pro-inflammatory TH17 responses in vivo and identifies the REV-ERBs as potential targets for the treatment of TH17-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Amir
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Sweena Chaudhari
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Ran Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Sean Campbell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Sarah A Mosure
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA; Scripps Research, Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA; Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Laura B Chopp
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Jinsai Shang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Oliver B Pelletier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Yuanjun He
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Christelle Doebelin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Michael D Cameron
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Douglas J Kojetin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Theodore M Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Laura A Solt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA.
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8
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Hannou L, Bélanger-Nelson E, O'Callaghan EK, Dufort-Gervais J, Ballester Roig MN, Roy PG, Beaulieu JM, Cermakian N, Mongrain V. Regulation of the Neuroligin-1 Gene by Clock Transcription Factors. J Biol Rhythms 2019; 33:166-178. [PMID: 29671709 DOI: 10.1177/0748730418761236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
NEUROLIGIN-1 (NLGN1) is a postsynaptic adhesion molecule involved in the regulation of glutamatergic transmission. It has been associated with several features of sleep and psychiatric disorders. Our previous work suggested that transcription of the Nlgn1 gene could be regulated by the transcription factors CLOCK and BMAL1 because they bind to the Nlgn1 gene promoter in vivo. However, whether CLOCK/BMAL1 can directly activate Nlgn1 transcription is not yet known. We thus aimed to verify whether CLOCK/BMAL1, as well as their homologs NPAS2 and BMAL2, can activate transcription via the Nlgn1 promoter by using luciferase assays in COS-7 cells. We also investigated how Nlgn1 expression was affected in Clock mutant mice. Our results show transcriptional activation in vitro mediated by CLOCK/BMAL1 and by combinations with their homologs NPAS2 and BMAL2. Moreover, CLOCK/BMAL1 activation via the Nlgn1 gene fragment was repressed by GSK3β. In vivo, Nlgn1 mRNA expression was significantly modified in the forebrain of Clock mutant mice in a transcript variant-dependent manner. However, no significant change in NLGN1 protein level was observed in Clock mutant mice. These findings will increase knowledge about the transcriptional regulation of Nlgn1 and the relationship between circadian rhythms, mental health, and sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Hannou
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Erika Bélanger-Nelson
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emma K O'Callaghan
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julien Dufort-Gervais
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maria Neus Ballester Roig
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre-Gabriel Roy
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Martin Beaulieu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicolas Cermakian
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute and Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Valérie Mongrain
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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9
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Hannou L, Roy P, Ballester Roig MN, Mongrain V. Transcriptional control of synaptic components by the clock machinery. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:241-267. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Hannou
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research CenterHôpital du Sacré‐Cœur de Montréal (CIUSSS‐NIM) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversité de Montréal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Pierre‐Gabriel Roy
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research CenterHôpital du Sacré‐Cœur de Montréal (CIUSSS‐NIM) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversité de Montréal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Maria Neus Ballester Roig
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research CenterHôpital du Sacré‐Cœur de Montréal (CIUSSS‐NIM) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversité de Montréal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Valérie Mongrain
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research CenterHôpital du Sacré‐Cœur de Montréal (CIUSSS‐NIM) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversité de Montréal Montreal Quebec Canada
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10
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Westermark PO. Linking Core Promoter Classes to Circadian Transcription. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006231. [PMID: 27504829 PMCID: PMC4978467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms in transcription are generated by rhythmic abundances and DNA binding activities of transcription factors. Propagation of rhythms to transcriptional initiation involves the core promoter, its chromatin state, and the basal transcription machinery. Here, I characterize core promoters and chromatin states of genes transcribed in a circadian manner in mouse liver and in Drosophila. It is shown that the core promoter is a critical determinant of circadian mRNA expression in both species. A distinct core promoter class, strong circadian promoters (SCPs), is identified in mouse liver but not Drosophila. SCPs are defined by specific core promoter features, and are shown to drive circadian transcriptional activities with both high averages and high amplitudes. Data analysis and mathematical modeling further provided evidence for rhythmic regulation of both polymerase II recruitment and pause release at SCPs. The analysis provides a comprehensive and systematic view of core promoters and their link to circadian mRNA expression in mouse and Drosophila, and thus reveals a crucial role for the core promoter in regulated, dynamic transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pål O. Westermark
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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11
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Freyburger M, Pierre A, Paquette G, Bélanger-Nelson E, Bedont J, Gaudreault PO, Drolet G, Laforest S, Blackshaw S, Cermakian N, Doucet G, Mongrain V. EphA4 is Involved in Sleep Regulation but Not in the Electrophysiological Response to Sleep Deprivation. Sleep 2016; 39:613-24. [PMID: 26612390 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Optimal sleep is ensured by the interaction of circadian and homeostatic processes. Although synaptic plasticity seems to contribute to both processes, the specific players involved are not well understood. The EphA4 tyrosine kinase receptor is a cell adhesion protein regulating synaptic plasticity. We investigated the role of EphA4 in sleep regulation using electrocorticography in mice lacking EphA4 and gene expression measurements. METHODS EphA4 knockout (KO) mice, Clock(Δ19/Δ19) mutant mice and littermates, C57BL/6J and CD-1 mice, and Sprague-Dawley rats were studied under a 12 h light: 12 h dark cycle, under undisturbed conditions or 6 h sleep deprivation (SLD), and submitted to a 48 h electrophysiological recording and/or brain sampling at different time of day. RESULTS EphA4 KO mice showed less rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), enhanced duration of individual bouts of wakefulness and nonrapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) during the light period, and a blunted daily rhythm of NREMS sigma activity. The NREMS delta activity response to SLD was unchanged in EphA4 KO mice. However, SLD increased EphA4 expression in the thalamic/hypothalamic region in C57BL/6J mice. We further show the presence of E-boxes in the promoter region of EphA4, a lower expression of EphA4 in Clock mutant mice, a rhythmic expression of EphA4 ligands in several brain areas, expression of EphA4 in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus (SCN), and finally an unchanged number of cells expressing Vip, Grp and Avp in the SCN of EphA4 KO mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that EphA4 is involved in circadian sleep regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlène Freyburger
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Audrey Pierre
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Paquette
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Erika Bélanger-Nelson
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Joseph Bedont
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Pierre-Olivier Gaudreault
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guy Drolet
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Laforest
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nicolas Cermakian
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guy Doucet
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Valérie Mongrain
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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12
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Cook DN, Kang HS, Jetten AM. Retinoic Acid-Related Orphan Receptors (RORs): Regulatory Functions in Immunity, Development, Circadian Rhythm, and Metabolism. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2015; 2. [PMID: 26878025 PMCID: PMC4750502 DOI: 10.11131/2015/101185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this overview, we provide an update on recent progress made in understanding the mechanisms of action, physiological functions, and roles in disease of retinoic acid related orphan receptors (RORs). We are particularly focusing on their roles in the regulation of adaptive and innate immunity, brain function, retinal development, cancer, glucose and lipid metabolism, circadian rhythm, metabolic and inflammatory diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders. We also summarize the current status of ROR agonists and inverse agonists, including their regulation of ROR activity and their therapeutic potential for management of various diseases in which RORs have been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald N Cook
- Immunogenetics Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Hong Soon Kang
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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13
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Identification of Tetraazacyclic Compounds as Novel Potent Inhibitors Antagonizing RORγt Activity and Suppressing Th17 Cell Differentiation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137711. [PMID: 26368822 PMCID: PMC4569406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T-helper cells that produce interleukin-17 (Th17 cells) are characterized as pathological T-helper cells in autoimmune diseases. Differentiation of human and mouse Th17 cells requires a key transcription regulator, retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt), which is a potential therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases. To develop a therapeutic agent for Th17-mediated autoimmune diseases, we have established a high-throughput screening (HTS) assay for candidate screening, in which the luciferase activity in RORγt-LBD positive and negative Jurkat cells were analyzed to evaluate induction of RORγt activity by compounds. This technique was applied to screen a commercially-available drug-like chemical compound library (Enamine) which contains 20155 compounds. The screening identified 17 compounds that can inhibit RORγt function in the HTS screen system. Of these, three tetraazacyclic compounds can potently inhibit RORγt activity, and suppress Th17 differentiation and IL-17 production. These three candidate compounds could significantly attenuate the expression of the Il17a by 65%- 90%, and inhibit IL-17A secretion by 47%, 63%, and 74%, respectively. These compounds also exhibited a potent anti-RORγt activity, with EC50 values of 0.25 μM, 0.67 μM and 2.6 μM, respectively. Our data demonstrated the feasibility of targeting the RORγt to inhibit Th17 cell differentiation and function with these tetraazacyclic compounds, and the potential to improve the structure of these compounds for autoimmune diseases therapeutics.
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Ding Q, Zhao M, Bai C, Yu B, Huang Z. Inhibition of RORγt activity and Th17 differentiation by a set of novel compounds. BMC Immunol 2015; 16:32. [PMID: 26021566 PMCID: PMC4446823 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-015-0097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt) is the master regulator of Th17 cell differentiation, which plays a critical role in the pathology of several autoimmune diseases. By directing Th17 cells function, RORγt could be a potential target for drug development for Th17 related autoimmune disease. METHODS A Jurkat cell-based reporter assay system was used for screening RORγt inhibitors from a drug-like chemical library, following with mouse Th17 cells differentiation study to identify the effect of targeted compounds in primary T cells. 293T cell-based reporter assay was conducted to determine the cell specificity, and MTT assay was performed to determine the cell toxicity of those compounds. RESULTS In this study, we identified four lead compounds that suppressed RORγt activity, Th17 differentiation and IL-17A secretion. These candidates displayed inhibition ability on RORγt activity in T cell derived Jurkat cell, but not in 293 T cell, which indicated the restricted effects of these compounds to other cells or tissues. Futhermore, our results demonstrated that these candidates exhibited more robust inhibitory on IL-17 F transcription expression than IL-17A, which is different from one reported compound, SR1001, that mainly suppressed IL-17A, rather than IL-17 F production. CONCLUSIONS Our study discovered four novel compounds that inhibited RORγt activity and Th17 function, which indicates their potential in therapeutic application of Th17 related autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Ding
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, N1311 Rm, No.10 Bld, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Rd, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Mei Zhao
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, N1311 Rm, No.10 Bld, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Rd, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Chuan Bai
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, N1311 Rm, No.10 Bld, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Rd, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education in China, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Bolan Yu
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhaofeng Huang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, N1311 Rm, No.10 Bld, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Rd, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education in China, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Abstract
The immune system is a complex set of physiological mechanisms whose general aim is to defend the organism against non-self-bodies, such as pathogens (bacteria, viruses, parasites), as well as cancer cells. Circadian rhythms are endogenous 24-h variations found in virtually all physiological processes. These circadian rhythms are generated by circadian clocks, located in most cell types, including cells of the immune system. This review presents an overview of the clocks in the immune system and of the circadian regulation of the function of immune cells. Most immune cells express circadian clock genes and present a wide array of genes expressed with a 24-h rhythm. This has profound impacts on cellular functions, including a daily rhythm in the synthesis and release of cytokines, chemokines and cytolytic factors, the daily gating of the response occurring through pattern recognition receptors, circadian rhythms of cellular functions such as phagocytosis, migration to inflamed or infected tissue, cytolytic activity, and proliferative response to antigens. Consequently, alterations of circadian rhythms (e.g., clock gene mutation in mice or environmental disruption similar to shift work) lead to disturbed immune responses. We discuss the implications of these data for human health and the areas that future research should aim to address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Labrecque
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Quebec, Canada, and Departments of Medicine, and Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Cermakian
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Departments of Psychiatry, Microbiology & Immunology, Neurology & Neurosurgery, Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Takeda Y, Kang HS, Lih FB, Jiang H, Blaner WS, Jetten AM. Retinoid acid-related orphan receptor γ, RORγ, participates in diurnal transcriptional regulation of lipid metabolic genes. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:10448-59. [PMID: 25143535 PMCID: PMC4176349 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatic circadian clock plays a pivotal role in regulating major aspects of energy homeostasis and lipid metabolism. In this study, we show that RORγ robustly regulates the rhythmic expression of several lipid metabolic genes, including the insulin-induced gene 2a, Insig2a, elongation of very long chain fatty acids-like 3, Elovl3 and sterol 12α-hydroxylase, Cyp8b1, by enhancing their expression at ZT20-4. The time-dependent increase in their expression correlates with the rhythmic expression pattern of RORγ. The enhanced recruitment of RORγ to ROREs in their promoter region, increased histone acetylation, and reporter and mutation analysis support the concept that RORγ regulates the transcription of several lipid metabolic genes directly by binding ROREs in their promoter regulatory region. Consistent with the disrupted expression of a number of lipid metabolic genes, loss of RORγ reduced the level of several lipids in liver and blood in a ZT-preferred manner. Particularly the whole-body bile acid pool size was considerably reduced in RORγ−/− mice in part through its regulation of several Cyp genes. Similar observations were made in liver-specific RORγ-deficient mice. Altogether, our study indicates that RORγ functions as an important link between the circadian clock and the transcriptional regulation of several metabolic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukimasa Takeda
- Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Hong Soon Kang
- Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Fred B Lih
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Group, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Hongfeng Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Colombia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - William S Blaner
- Department of Medicine, Colombia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Varcoe TJ, Gatford KL, Voultsios A, Salkeld MD, Boden MJ, Rattanatray L, Kennaway DJ. Rapidly alternating photoperiods disrupt central and peripheral rhythmicity and decrease plasma glucose, but do not affect glucose tolerance or insulin secretion in sheep. Exp Physiol 2014; 99:1214-28. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.080630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara J. Varcoe
- Robinson Research Institute; School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Kathryn L. Gatford
- Robinson Research Institute; School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Athena Voultsios
- Robinson Research Institute; School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Mark D. Salkeld
- Robinson Research Institute; School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Michael J. Boden
- Robinson Research Institute; School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Leewen Rattanatray
- Robinson Research Institute; School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - David J. Kennaway
- Robinson Research Institute; School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
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Takeda Y, Kang HS, Freudenberg J, DeGraff LM, Jothi R, Jetten AM. Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γ (RORγ): a novel participant in the diurnal regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis and insulin sensitivity. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004331. [PMID: 24831725 PMCID: PMC4022472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatic circadian clock plays a key role in the daily regulation of glucose metabolism, but the precise molecular mechanisms that coordinate these two biological processes are not fully understood. In this study, we identify a novel connection between the regulation of RORγ by the clock machinery and the diurnal regulation of glucose metabolic networks. We demonstrate that particularly at daytime, mice deficient in RORγ exhibit improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance due to reduced hepatic gluconeogenesis. This is associated with a reduced peak expression of several glucose metabolic genes critical in the control of gluconeogenesis and glycolysis. Genome-wide cistromic profiling, promoter and mutation analysis support the concept that RORγ regulates the transcription of several glucose metabolic genes directly by binding ROREs in their promoter regulatory region. Similar observations were made in liver-specific RORγ-deficient mice suggesting that the changes in glucose homeostasis were directly related to the loss of hepatic RORγ expression. Altogether, our study shows that RORγ regulates several glucose metabolic genes downstream of the hepatic clock and identifies a novel metabolic function for RORγ in the diurnal regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis and insulin sensitivity. The inhibition of the activation of several metabolic gene promoters by an RORγ antagonist suggests that antagonists may provide a novel strategy in the management of metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes. The circadian clock plays a critical role in the regulation of many physiological processes, including metabolism and energy homeostasis. The retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γ (RORγ) functions as a ligand-dependent transcription factor that regulates transcription by binding as a monomer to ROR-responsive elements. In liver, RORγ exhibits a robust circadian pattern of expression that is under direct control of the hepatic circadian clock. However, the connection between the circadian regulation of RORγ and its control of downstream metabolic processes is not well understood. In this study, by using ubiquitous and liver-specific RORγ-deficient mice as models, we demonstrate that hepatic RORγ modulates daily insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance by regulating hepatic gluconeogenesis. Genome-wide cistromic profiling, gene expression, and promoter analysis revealed that RORγ is targeting and regulating a number of novel metabolic genes critical in the control of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways. We provide evidence for a model in which RORγ regulates the circadian expression of glucose metabolic genes in the liver downstream of the hepatic circadian clock, thereby enhancing gluconeogenesis and decreasing insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. This study suggests that attenuating RORγ activity by antagonists might be beneficial for the management of glucose metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukimasa Takeda
- Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hong Soon Kang
- Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Johannes Freudenberg
- Systems Biology Group, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Laura M. DeGraff
- Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Raja Jothi
- Systems Biology Group, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anton M. Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jetten AM, Kang HS, Takeda Y. Retinoic acid-related orphan receptors α and γ: key regulators of lipid/glucose metabolism, inflammation, and insulin sensitivity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:1. [PMID: 23355833 PMCID: PMC3555121 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid-related orphan receptors RORα and RORγ play a regulatory role in lipid/glucose homeostasis and various immune functions, and have been implicated in metabolic syndrome and several inflammatory diseases. RORα-deficient mice are protected against age- and diet-induced obesity, hepatosteatosis, and insulin resistance. The resistance to hepatosteatosis in RORα-deficient mice is related to the reduced expression of several genes regulating lipid synthesis, transport, and storage. Adipose tissue-associated inflammation, which plays a critical role in the development of insulin resistance, is considerably diminished in RORα-deficient mice as indicated by the reduced infiltration of M1 macrophages and decreased expression of many proinflammatory genes. Deficiency in RORγ also protects against diet-induced insulin resistance by a mechanism that appears different from that in RORα deficiency. Recent studies indicated that RORs provide an important link between the circadian clock machinery and its regulation of metabolic genes and metabolic syndrome. As ligand-dependent transcription factors, RORs may provide novel therapeutic targets in the management of obesity and associated metabolic diseases, including hepatosteatosis, adipose tissue-associated inflammation, and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton M. Jetten
- *Correspondence: Anton M. Jetten, Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. e-mail:
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20
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Takita E, Yokota S, Tahara Y, Hirao A, Aoki N, Nakamura Y, Nakao A, Shibata S. Biological clock dysfunction exacerbates contact hypersensitivity in mice. Br J Dermatol 2012; 168:39-46. [PMID: 22834538 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immediate-type skin allergic reactions, such as passive cutaneous anaphylactic reaction, are associated with circadian rhythm, but the role of circadian mechanisms on delayed-type skin allergic reactions, such as contact hypersensitivity (CHS), remains uncertain. In mice, CHS, a T-cell-mediated immune response, is a classic model of human allergic contact dermatitis. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether biological clock dysfunction affects CHS pathogenesis in CLOCK mutant mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. METHODS Mice were treated with 2,4,6-trinitro-1-chlorobenzene (TNCB) on the abdominal skin on day 0 (sensitization) and then treated with TNCB on the ears on day 5 (challenge). RESULTS We found that biological clock dysfunction resulted in severe inflammation. Ear swelling, serum immunoglobulin E level and mast cell number were significantly increased in CLOCK mutant mice compared with WT mice. These results provide evidence that CLOCK mutation promotes the T-helper type 2 immune response and exacerbates CHS. Corticosterone has a protective effect on CHS. The serum corticosterone level lost rhythmicity and showed a decreased daily level in CLOCK mutant mice compared with WT mice, supporting the exacerbating effect of CLOCK mutation on CHS. Adrenalectomy markedly worsened TNCB-induced CHS in WT mice but not in CLOCK mutant mice. In addition, dramatic dexamethasone-induced protection of CHS was observed in CLOCK mutant mice compared with WT mice. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that circadian rhythm might be an important factor in the regulation of CHS via corticosterone rhythmicity and/or level.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Takita
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Takeda Y, Jothi R, Birault V, Jetten AM. RORγ directly regulates the circadian expression of clock genes and downstream targets in vivo. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:8519-35. [PMID: 22753030 PMCID: PMC3458568 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate that the lack of retinoic acid-related orphan receptor (ROR) γ or α expression in mice significantly reduced the peak expression level of Cry1, Bmal1, E4bp4, Rev-Erbα and Per2 in an ROR isotype- and tissue-selective manner without affecting the phase of their rhythmic expression. Analysis of RORγ/RORα double knockout mice indicated that in certain tissues RORγ and RORα exhibited a certain degree of redundancy in regulating clock gene expression. Reporter gene analysis showed that RORγ was able to induce reporter gene activity through the RORE-containing regulatory regions of Cry1, Bmal1, Rev-Erbα and E4bp4. Co-expression of Rev-Erbα or addition of a novel ROR antagonist repressed this activation. ChIP-Seq and ChIP-Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) analysis demonstrated that in vivo RORγ regulate these genes directly and in a Zeitgeber time (ZT)-dependent manner through these ROREs. This transcriptional activation by RORs was associated with changes in histone acetylation and chromatin accessibility. The rhythmic expression of RORγ1 by clock proteins may lead to the rhythmic expression of RORγ1 target genes. The presence of RORγ binding sites and its down-regulation in RORγ-/- liver suggest that the rhythmic expression of Avpr1a depends on RORγ consistent with the concept that RORγ1 provides a link between the clock machinery and its regulation of metabolic genes.
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MESH Headings
- ARNTL Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Animals
- CLOCK Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Chromatin/chemistry
- Chromatin/metabolism
- Circadian Rhythm/genetics
- Circadian Rhythm Signaling Peptides and Proteins/biosynthesis
- Circadian Rhythm Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Cryptochromes/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Neurologic Mutants
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group D, Member 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Response Elements
- Transcriptional Activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukimasa Takeda
- Cell Biology Section, Systems Biology Group, Biostatistics Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA and Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Ltd., Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - Raja Jothi
- Cell Biology Section, Systems Biology Group, Biostatistics Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA and Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Ltd., Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - Veronique Birault
- Cell Biology Section, Systems Biology Group, Biostatistics Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA and Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Ltd., Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - Anton M. Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, Systems Biology Group, Biostatistics Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA and Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Ltd., Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK
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Kosir R, Juvan P, Perse M, Budefeld T, Majdic G, Fink M, Sassone-Corsi P, Rozman D. Novel insights into the downstream pathways and targets controlled by transcription factors CREM in the testis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31798. [PMID: 22384077 PMCID: PMC3285179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The essential role of the Crem gene in normal sperm development is widely accepted and is confirmed by azoospermia in male mice lacking the Crem gene. The exact number of genes affected by Crem absence is not known, however a large difference has been observed recently between the estimated number of differentially expressed genes found in Crem knock-out (KO) mice compared to the number of gene loci bound by CREM. We therefore re-examined global gene expression in male mice lacking the Crem gene using whole genome transcriptome analysis with Affymetrix microarrays and compared the lists of differentially expressed genes from Crem−/− mice to a dataset of genes where binding of CREM was determined by Chip-seq. We determined the global effect of CREM on spermatogenesis as well as distinguished between primary and secondary effects of the CREM absence. We demonstrated that the absence of Crem deregulates over 4700 genes in KO testis. Among them are 101 genes associated with spermatogenesis 41 of which are bound by CREM and are deregulated in Crem KO testis. Absence of several of these genes in mouse models has proven their importance for normal spermatogenesis and male fertility. Our study showed that the absence of Crem plays a more important role on different aspects of spermatogenesis as estimated previously, with its impact ranging from apoptosis induction to deregulation of major circadian clock genes, steroidogenesis and the cell-cell junction dynamics. Several new genes important for normal spermatogenesis and fertility are down-regulated in KO testis and are therefore possible novel targets of CREM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rok Kosir
- Center for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Diagenomi Ltd, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Juvan
- Center for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Perse
- Medical Experimental Centre, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tomaz Budefeld
- Center for Animal Genomics, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Majdic
- Center for Animal Genomics, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Martina Fink
- Department of Haematology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Paolo Sassone-Corsi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Center for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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Fortier EE, Rooney J, Dardente H, Hardy MP, Labrecque N, Cermakian N. Circadian variation of the response of T cells to antigen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:6291-300. [PMID: 22075697 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks regulate many important aspects of physiology, and their disturbance leads to various medical conditions. Circadian variations have been found in immune system variables, including daily rhythms in circulating WBC numbers and serum concentration of cytokines. However, control of immune functional responses by the circadian clock has remained relatively unexplored. In this study, we show that mouse lymph nodes exhibit rhythmic clock gene expression. T cells from lymph nodes collected over 24 h show a circadian variation in proliferation after stimulation via the TCR, which is blunted in Clock gene mutant mice. The tyrosine kinase ZAP70, which is just downstream of the TCR in the T cell activation pathway and crucial for T cell function, exhibits rhythmic protein expression. Lastly, mice immunized with OVA peptide-loaded dendritic cells in the day show a stronger specific T cell response than mice immunized at night. These data reveal circadian control of the Ag-specific immune response and a novel regulatory mode of T cell proliferation, and may provide clues for more efficient vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Fortier
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
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Takeda Y, Kang HS, Angers M, Jetten AM. Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γ directly regulates neuronal PAS domain protein 2 transcription in vivo. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:4769-82. [PMID: 21317191 PMCID: PMC3113563 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid-related orphan receptors (RORs) and the basic helix–loop–helix-PAS transcription factor Npas2 have been implicated in the control of circadian rhythm. In this study, we demonstrate that RORγ directly regulates Npas2 expression in vivo. Although the rhythmicity of Npas2 mRNA expression was maintained in RORγ−/− mice, the peak level of expression was significantly reduced in several tissues, while loss of RORα had little effect. Inversely, overexpression of RORγ in hepatoma Hepa1-6 cells greatly induced the expression of Npas2. RORγ-activated Npas2 transcription directly by binding two ROREs in its proximal promoter. ChIP analysis demonstrated that RORγ was recruited to this promoter in the liver of wild-type mice, but not RORγ-deficient mice. Activation of Npas2 correlated positively with chromatin accessibility and level of H3K9 acetylation. The activation of Npas2 by RORγ was repressed by co-expression with Rev-Erbα or addition of the ROR inverse agonist T0901317. Npas2 expression was also significantly enhanced during brown adipose differentiation and that this induction was greatly suppressed in adipose cells lacking RORγ. Our results indicate that RORγ and Rev-Erbα are part of a feed-back loop that regulates the circadian expression of Npas2 suggesting a regulatory role for these receptors in Npas2-dependent physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukimasa Takeda
- Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Klose M, Grote K, Lerchl A. Temporal control of spermatogenesis is independent of the central circadian pacemaker in Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). Biol Reprod 2010; 84:124-9. [PMID: 20826727 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.110.085126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the duration of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium (DCSE) largely differs between species, but is remarkably stable within a species, usually showing variations of 1%-3%. It is difficult to change the DCSE, e.g., by hormones or chemicals. Initial experiments, employing quantitative RT-PCR, aimed at investigating the diurnal profiles of the clock genes Arntl (previously called Bmal1) and Per1 in testes and kidneys of Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). While the testicular levels of Arntl were almost constant, clear diurnal variations were identified for Per1. In order to clarify whether day length (T-cycle) is a factor for DSCE, adult male hamsters (n = 20 per group) were exposed to normal (T = 24 h), prolonged (T = 25 h), or shortened (T = 23 h) T-cycles, with cycles thus being longer or shorter by 4.2% compared to the normal condition. Exposure lasted for 43 days, during which the activity of the animals was recorded to confirm entrainment. DCSE was estimated by incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine in dividing cells and the immunohistochemical localization of labeled cells in stages I-XII of the seminiferous epithelium. Despite the low variability of the results and the close agreement with previously published data, no effects of prolonged or shortened T-cycles on DCSE could be identified (24 h: 7.98 ± 0.05 days; 23 h: 7.94 ± 0.04 days; 25 h: 7.91 ± 0.03 days; P > 0.05). The results strongly indicate that the high temporal precision of spermatogenesis is independent of the central circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Klose
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany
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Dardente H, Fustin JM, Hazlerigg DG. Transcriptional feedback loops in the ovine circadian clock. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2009; 153:391-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 03/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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