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Rawat SS, Keshri AK, Arora N, Kaur R, Mishra A, Kumar R, Prasad A. Taenia solium cysticerci's extracellular vesicles Attenuate the AKT/mTORC1 pathway for Alleviating DSS-induced colitis in a murine model. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12448. [PMID: 38779712 PMCID: PMC11112404 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The excretory-secretory proteome plays a pivotal role in both intercellular communication during disease progression and immune escape mechanisms of various pathogens including cestode parasites like Taenia solium. The cysticerci of T. solium causes infection in the central nervous system known as neurocysticercosis (NCC), which affects a significant population in developing countries. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are 30-150-nm-sized particles and constitute a significant part of the secretome. However, the role of EV in NCC pathogenesis remains undetermined. Here, for the first time, we report that EV from T. solium larvae is abundant in metabolites that can negatively regulate PI3K/AKT pathway, efficiently internalized by macrophages to induce AKT and mTOR degradation through auto-lysosomal route with a prominent increase in the ubiquitination of both proteins. This results in less ROS production and diminished bacterial killing capability among EV-treated macrophages. Due to this, both macro-autophagy and caspase-linked apoptosis are upregulated, with a reduction of the autophagy substrate sequestome 1. In summary, we report that T. solium EV from viable cysts attenuates the AKT-mTOR pathway thereby promoting apoptosis in macrophages, and this may exert immunosuppression during an early viable stage of the parasite in NCC, which is primarily asymptomatic. Further investigation on EV-mediated immune suppression revealed that the EV can protect the mice from DSS-induced colitis and improve colon architecture. These findings shed light on the previously unknown role of T. solium EV and the therapeutic role of their immune suppression potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Singh Rawat
- School of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiMandiHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Anand Kumar Keshri
- School of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiMandiHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Naina Arora
- School of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiMandiHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Rimanpreet Kaur
- School of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiMandiHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology UnitIndian Institute of Technology JodhpurJodhpurRajasthanIndia
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- CSIR‐Institute of Himalayan Bioresource TechnologyPalampurHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Amit Prasad
- School of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiMandiHimachal PradeshIndia
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Microbial Natural Products with Wound-Healing Properties. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing continues to pose a challenge in clinical settings. Moreover, wound management must be performed properly and efficiently. Acute wound healing involves multiple cell divisions, a new extracellular matrix, and the process of formation, such as growth factors and cytokines, which are released at the site of the wound to regulate the process. Any changes that disrupt the healing process could cause tissue damage and prolong the healing process. Various factors, such as microbial infection, oxidation, and inflammation, can delay wound healing. In order to counter these problems, utilizing natural products with wound-healing effects has been reported to promote this process. Several natural products have been associated with wound healing, most of which are from medicinal plants. However, secondary microbial metabolites have not been extensively studied for their wound-healing properties. Further, investigations on the wound-healing control of natural microbial products are required due to a lack of studies. This review discussed the in vivo and in vitro research on the wound healing activities of natural microbial products, which may assist in the development of better wound treatments in the future.
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Hong JH, Lee YC. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Cicadidae Periostracum Extract and Oleic Acid through Inhibiting Inflammatory Chemokines Using PCR Arrays in LPS-Induced Lung inflammation In Vitro. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12060857. [PMID: 35743888 PMCID: PMC9225349 DOI: 10.3390/life12060857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of CP and OA treatments in LPS-stimulated lung epithelial cells on overall chemokines and their receptors using PCR arrays. In addition, we aimed to confirm those effects and mechanisms in LPS-stimulated lung macrophages on some chemokines and cytokines. In our study, CP treatments significantly inhibited the inflammatory mediators CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL6, CCL9, CCL11, CCL17, CCL20, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL5, CXCL7, CXCL10, TNF-α, and IL-6, while markedly suppressing NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation and the phosphorylations of PI3K p55, Akt, Erk1/2, p38, and NF-κB p65 in LPS-stimulated lung epithelial cells. CP treatments also significantly decreased the inflammatory mediators CCL2, CCL5, CCL17, CXCL1, and CXCL2, while markedly inhibiting phospho-PI3K p55 and iNOS expression in LPS-stimulated lung macrophages. Likewise, OA treatments significantly suppressed the inflammatory mediators CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL8, CCL11, CXCL1, CXCL3, CXCL5, CXCL7, CXCL10, CCRL2, TNF-α, and IL-6, while markedly reducing the phosphorylations of PI3K p85, PI3K p55, p38, JNK, and NF-κB p65 in LPS-stimulated lung epithelial cells. Finally, OA treatments significantly inhibited the inflammatory mediators CCL2, CCL5, CCL17, CXCL1, CXCL2, TNF-α, and IL-6, while markedly suppressing phospho-PI3K p55, iNOS, and Cox-2 in LPS-stimulated lung macrophages. These results prove that CP and OA treatments have anti-inflammatory effects on the inflammatory chemokines and cytokines by inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators, including PI3K, Akt, MAPKs, NF-κB, iNOS, and Cox-2. These findings suggest that CP and OA are potential chemokine-based therapeutic substances for treating the lung and airway inflammation seen in allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Young-Cheol Lee
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-730-0672; Fax: +82-33-730-0653
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Han J, Li L, Zhang C, Huang Q, Wang S, Li W, Zong J, Li L, Zhao Z, Zhang Z, Liu Z, Wang Q, Shi Y. Eucommia, Cuscuta, and Drynaria Extracts Ameliorate Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis by Inhibiting Osteoclastogenesis Through PI3K/Akt Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:772944. [PMID: 35185535 PMCID: PMC8855109 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.772944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is one of the most common diseases in the world which resulted in heavy socioeconomic burden and a public health threat. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO) is the most common secondary reason of osteoporosis. Therapeutic strategies using traditional Chinese medicine are under investigation for osteoporosis, with efforts to improve efficacy and clarify the mechanism. The combination of Eucommia, Cuscuta, and Drynaria is widely used in traditional Chinese decoction for osteoporosis treatment, but the experimental efficacy and mechanism are still unclear. Administration of E.C.D. extracts (Eucommia, Cuscuta, and Drynaria) in experimental GIO rats resulted in decreased urinal calcium, phosphorus loss, and decreased expression of RANKL, CTX in serum, increased serum calcium, phosphorus, and OPG level. E.C.D. extracts also improved bone density, structural integrity, and biomechanical function in experimental GIO rats. These finding were associated with E.C.D. extracts’ treatment efficacy to GIO in vivo. The balance between osteoclast and osteoblast activity is essential for bone remodeling and bone related disease. The E.C.D. extracts inhibited Raw 264.7 cell differentiation to osteoclast in vitro. On the other hand, it promoted OPG expression of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) which can suppress the osteoclast genesis. E.C.D. extracts also increased the Wnt1 and Runx2 expression which are related to osteoblast formation. It also regulated the paracrine effect of MSC to inhibit osteoclast differentiation. The analysis of HPLC and comprehensive pharmacology identified the constituents of E.C.D. extracts and the potential osteoporosis-related targets mediated by E.C.D. extracts. The KEGG enrichment analysis suggested that PI3K/Akt pathway may be involved in the regulation osteoclast genesis by E.C.D. extracts and the result of Western blot of vitro assays proved it. Collectively, these data demonstrate E.C.D. extracts can inhibit osteoclast differentiation to foster experimental osteoporosis both in vivo and in vitro and it may exert the function of inhibiting osteoclast differentiation through PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwen Han
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Chenland Nutritionals, Inc., Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Huang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Wenyu Li
- Chenland Nutritionals, Inc., Irvine, CA, United States
| | | | - Lijie Li
- Qingdao Engineering Vocational College Dongzhang Community, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Zengliang Zhang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Inner Mongolia Medicine University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zimin Liu
- Chenland Nutritionals, Inc., Irvine, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Zimin Liu, ; Qi Wang, ; Yuanyuan Shi,
| | - Qi Wang
- National Institute of Chinese Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zimin Liu, ; Qi Wang, ; Yuanyuan Shi,
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Zimin Liu, ; Qi Wang, ; Yuanyuan Shi,
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Rees SWP, Rees TA, Leung E, Walker CS, Barker D, Pilkington LI. Incorporation of a Nitric Oxide Donating Motif into Novel PC-PLC Inhibitors Provides Enhanced Anti-Proliferative Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111518. [PMID: 34768947 PMCID: PMC8583960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) has previously been shown to be a potential target for novel cancer therapeutics. One downstream consequence of PC-PLC activity is the activation of NF-κB, a nuclear transcription factor responsible for transcribing genes related to oncogenic traits, such as proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and cancer cell survival. Another biological pathway linked to NF-κB is the exogenous delivery of nitric oxide (NO), which decreases NF-κB activity through an apparent negative-feedback loop. In this study, we designed and synthesised 13 novel NO-releasing derivatives of our previously reported class of PC-PLC inhibitors, 2-morpholinobenzoic acids. These molecules contained a secondary benzylamine group, which was readily nitrosylated and subsequently confirmed to release NO in vitro using a DAF-FM fluorescence-based assay. It was then discovered that these NO-releasing derivatives possessed significantly improved anti-proliferative activity in both MDA-MB-231 and HCT116 cancer cell lines compared to their non-nitrosylated parent compounds. These results confirmed that the inclusion of an exogenous NO-releasing functional group onto a known PC-PLC inhibitor enhances anti-proliferative activity and that this relationship can be exploited in order to further improve the anti-proliferative activity of current/future PC-PLC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun W. P. Rees
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand;
| | - Tayla A. Rees
- School of Biological Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (T.A.R.); (C.S.W.)
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand;
| | - Euphemia Leung
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand;
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Christopher S. Walker
- School of Biological Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (T.A.R.); (C.S.W.)
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand;
| | - David Barker
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand;
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Correspondence: (D.B.); (L.I.P.)
| | - Lisa I. Pilkington
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand;
- Correspondence: (D.B.); (L.I.P.)
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Effects of different pulp-capping materials on cell death signaling pathways of lipoteichoic acid-stimulated human dental pulp stem cells. Odontology 2020; 109:547-559. [PMID: 33206337 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-020-00571-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the response of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) cultured with and without lipoteichoic acid (LTA) to different pulp-capping materials. METHODS The cells were cultured and seeded in 6-well plates and exposed to 1% LTA solution. Dycal, ProRoot MTA and Biodentine materials were applied on cells and all groups were evaluated by cell proliferation, viability, cell cycle and cell death signaling pathways for 24 and 72 h. RESULTS LTA + Dycal treatment significantly inhibited the proliferation of DPSCs and increased the apoptosis rate of cells more than the other groups at 72 h. Compared to other groups, LTA + Dycal treatment significantly increased the levels of Caspase-3 and AKT and decreased the levels of p-AKT. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study revealed that all tested materials caused apoptosis in DPSCs via an extrinsic apoptotic pathway. The DPSCs showed an early apoptosis response to the Dycal and a late apoptosis response to the ProRoot MTA and Biodentine treatments. LTA led autophagy and inhibited the proliferation of DPSCs. ProRoot MTA and Biodentin eliminated the LTA's bioactivity with higher efficiency than Dycal.
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Lipocalin 2: A New Antimicrobial in Mast Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102380. [PMID: 31091692 PMCID: PMC6566617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) play a significant role in the innate immune defense against bacterial infection through the release of cytokines and antimicrobial peptides. However, their antimicrobial function is still only partially described. We therefore hypothesized that MCs express additional antimicrobial peptides. In this study, we used FANTOM 5 transcriptome data to identify for the first time that MCs express lipocalin 2 (LCN2), a known inhibitor of bacterial growth. Using MCs derived from mice which were deficient in LCN2, we showed that this antimicrobial peptide is an important component of the MCs' antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli). Since sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors (S1PRs) on MCs are known to regulate their function during infections, we hypothesized that S1P could activate LCN2 production in MCs. Using an in vitro assay, we demonstrated that S1P enhances MCs antimicrobial peptide production and increases the capacity of MCs to directly kill S. aureus and E. coli via an LCN2 release. In conclusion, we showed that LCN2 is expressed by MCs and plays a role in their capacity to inhibit bacterial growth.
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Chen YF, You MM, Liu YC, Shi YZ, Wang K, Lu YY, Hu FL. Potential protective effect of Trans-10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid on the inflammation induced by Lipoteichoic acid. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Wu SH, Lu IC, Lee SS, Kwan AL, Chai CY, Huang SH. Erythropoietin attenuates motor neuron programmed cell death in a burn animal model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190039. [PMID: 29385149 PMCID: PMC5791978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Burn-induced neuromuscular dysfunction may contribute to long-term morbidity; therefore, it is imperative to develop novel treatments. The present study investigated whether erythropoietin (EPO) administration attenuates burn-induced motor neuron apoptosis and neuroinflammatory response. To validate our hypothesis, a third-degree hind paw burn rat model was developed by bringing the paw into contact with a metal surface at 75°C for 10 s. A total of 24 male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups: Group A, sham-control; Group B, burn-induced; Group C, burn + single EPO dose (5000 IU/kg i.p. at D0); and Group D, burn + daily EPO dosage (3000 IU/kg/day i.p. at D0–D6). Two treatment regimens were used to evaluate single versus multiple doses treatment effects. Before sacrifice, blood samples were collected for hematological parameter examination. The histological analyses of microglia activation, iNOS, and COX-2 in the spinal cord ventral horn were performed at week 1 post-burn. In addition, we examined autophagy changes by biomarkers of LC3B and ATG5. The expression of BCL-2, BAX, cleaved caspase-3, phospho-AKT, and mTOR was assessed simultaneously through Western blotting. EPO administration after burn injury attenuated neuroinflammation through various mechanisms, including the reduction of microglia activity as well as iNOS and COX-2 expression in the spinal cord ventral horn. In addition, the expression of phospho-AKT, mTOR and apoptotic indicators, such as BAX, BCL-2, and cleaved caspase-3, was modulated. Furthermore, the activity of burn-induced autophagy in the spinal cord ventral horn characterized by the expression of autophagic biomarkers, LC3B and ATG5, was reduced after EPO administration. The present results indicate that EPO inhibits the AKT-mTOR pathway to attenuate burn-induced motor neuron programmed cell death and microglia activation. EPO can modulate neuroinflammation and programmed cell death and may be a therapeutic candidate for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Hua Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - I-Cheng Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Su-Shin Lee
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Aij-Lie Kwan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chee-Yin Chai
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hung Huang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Kim YS, Shin WB, Dong X, Kim EK, Nawarathna WPAS, Kim H, Park PJ. Anti-inflammatory effect of the extract from fermented Asterina pectinifera with Cordyceps militaris mycelia in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:1633-1640. [PMID: 30263700 PMCID: PMC6049704 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous work, Asterina pectinifera was fermented with Cordyceps militaris mycelia to improve its bioactivities and was reported to have strong antioxidant activities. The aim of the current study was to investigate its anti-inflammatory effect and mechanisms of action. In this study, we observed the inhibitory effect of the extract from fermented A. pectinifera with C. militaris mycelia (FACM) on nitric oxide (NO) production and its molecular mechanism in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. FACM could decrease LPS-induced NO production. Western blot analysis showed that FACM could down-regulate LPS-induced expression of inducible NO synthase without affecting cyclooxygenase-2. Moreover, FACM exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cells through proinflammatory mediators including TNF-α and IL-6 via nuclear factor kappa B pathway. FACM inhibited LPS-induced phosphorylation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase expression. Our results suggest that FACM may be a potential candidate for inflammation therapy by attenuating the generation of cytokines, production of NO, and generation of ROS in RAW264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yon-Suk Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 27478 Korea
- Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 27478 Korea
| | - Woen-Bin Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 27478 Korea
| | - Xin Dong
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 27478 Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Kim
- Division of Food and Bio Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478 Korea
| | | | - Hakju Kim
- Seojin Biotech Co., Ltd., Yongin, Gyeonggi 17015 Korea
| | - Pyo-Jam Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 27478 Korea
- Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 27478 Korea
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K ATP channel block inhibits the Toll-like receptor 2-mediated stimulation of NF-κB by suppressing the activation of Akt, mTOR, JNK and p38-MAPK. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 815:190-201. [PMID: 28923349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the KATP channel activity have been shown to regulate inflammation and immune responses. Using human keratinocytes, we investigated the effect of KATP channel inhibition on inflammatory mediator production in relation to the Toll like receptor-2-mediated-Akt, mTOR and NF-κB pathways, as well as JNK and p38-MAPK, which regulate the transcription genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses. 5-Hydroxydecanoate (a selective KATP channel blocker), glibenclamide (a cell surface and mitochondrial KATP channel inhibitor), the Akt inhibitor, rapamycin, Bay 11-7085 and N-acetylcysteine reduced the lipoteichoic acid- or peptidoglycan-induced production of cytokines and chemokines, and production of reactive oxygen species and increased the levels and activities of Kir 6.2, NF-κB, phosphorylated-Akt and mTOR, and the activation of JNK and p38-MAPK in keratinocytes. Inhibitors of c-JNK (SP600125) and p38-MAPK (SB203580) attenuated the lipoteichoic acid- or peptidoglycan-induced production of inflammatory mediators, the activation of the JNK and p38-MAPK, and the production of reactive oxygen species in keratinocytes. The results show that KATP channel blockers may reduce the bacterial component-stimulated production of inflammatory mediators in keratinocytes by suppressing the Toll-like receptor-2-mediated activation of the Akt, mTOR and NF-κB pathways, as well as JNK and p38-MAPK. The suppressive effect of KATP channel blockers appears to be achieved by the inhibition of reactive oxygen species production.
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Seidl SE, Pessolano LG, Bishop CA, Best M, Rich CB, Stone PJ, Schreiber BM. Toll-like receptor 2 activation and serum amyloid A regulate smooth muscle cell extracellular matrix. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171711. [PMID: 28257481 PMCID: PMC5336220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells contribute to extracellular matrix remodeling during atherogenesis. De-differentiated, synthetic smooth muscle cells are involved in processes of migration, proliferation and changes in expression of extracellular matrix components, all of which contribute to loss of homeostasis accompanying atherogenesis. Elevated levels of acute phase proteins, including serum amyloid A (SAA), are associated with an increased risk for atherosclerosis. Although infection with periodontal and respiratory pathogens via activation of inflammatory cell Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 has been linked to vascular disease, little is known about smooth muscle cell TLR2 in atherosclerosis. This study addresses the role of SAA and TLR2 activation on smooth muscle cell matrix gene expression and insoluble elastin accumulation. Cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells were treated with SAA or TLR2 agonists and the effect on expression of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) and tropoelastin studied. SAA up-regulated MMP9 expression. Tropoelastin is an MMP9 substrate and decreased tropoelastin levels in SAA-treated cells supported the concept of extracellular matrix remodeling. Interestingly, SAA-induced down-regulation of tropoelastin was not only evident at the protein level but at the level of gene transcription as well. Contributions of proteasomes, nuclear factor κ B and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β on regulation of MMP9 vs. tropoleastin expression were revealed. Effects on Mmp9 and Eln mRNA expression persisted with long-term SAA treatment, resulting in decreased insoluble elastin accumulation. Interestingly, the SAA effects were TLR2-dependent and TLR2 activation by bacterial ligands also induced MMP9 expression and decreased tropoelastin expression. These data reveal a novel mechanism whereby SAA and/or infection induce changes in vascular elastin consistent with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E. Seidl
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lawrence G. Pessolano
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Bishop
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Best
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Celeste B. Rich
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Phillip J. Stone
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Barbara M. Schreiber
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sinigrin inhibits production of inflammatory mediators by suppressing NF-κB/MAPK pathways or NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 45:163-173. [PMID: 28219839 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sinigrin (2-propenyl glucosinolate) is found mainly in broccoli, brussels sprouts, and black mustard seeds. Recently, sinigrin has received attention for its role in disease prevention and health. This study investigated the effect of sinigrin on macrophage function, including the activity of Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. In a concentration-dependent manner, sinigrin inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and the expression of COX-2 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, sinigrin significantly suppressed the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 via suppression of MAPK phosphorylation and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity. Treatment with sinigrin decreased IL-1β and IL-18 production and concurrently suppressed NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), and caspase-1 expression in LPS/ATP-stimulated cells, suggesting that the blocking of NLRP3 inflammasome activation prevented the production of both cytokines. Collectively, these results suggest that sinigrin has immunomodulatory effects by suppressing the production of inflammatory mediators, possibly by inhibiting the NF-κB/MAPK pathways or NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Our findings also provide evidence that the pharmacological modulation of sinigrin could have an anti-inflammatory effect.
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Bhaskar S, Helen A. Quercetin modulates toll-like receptor-mediated protein kinase signaling pathways in oxLDL-challenged human PBMCs and regulates TLR-activated atherosclerotic inflammation in hypercholesterolemic rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 423:53-65. [PMID: 27665434 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2824-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that have a unique and essential function in innate immunity. The effect of quercetin on TLR-mediated downstream signaling mechanism and its effect on TLR-mediated MAP kinase and Akt pathways were studied in oxLDL-stimulated hPBMCs using specific inhibitors. The pretreatment of hPBMCs with specific TLR inhibitor, CLI-095, decreased the NF-κB nuclear translocation and TNF-α release by oxLDL. When the cells treated with inhibitor and quercetin together, the inhibition was more effective. The specific inhibitor for p38 MAPK, SB203580, reduced the phosphorylated p38 level and decreased the NF-κB activation and TNF-α release by oxLDL-challenged hPBMCs. This inhibitor showed enhanced inhibition when treated with quercetin together. The inhibitors for ERK1/2, PD98059, and for JNK, SP606125, also showed inhibitory effect on NF-κB activation and TNF-α release by oxLDL-simulated hPBMCs. Quercetin supplementation enhanced the inhibition of nuclear translocation of NF-κB and the release of cytokines. TLR4 inhibition study confirmed the downstream signaling mechanism mediated by NF-κB which is involved in the oxLDL-induced inflammatory response, and quercetin suppresses the cytokine, TNF-α release by modulating TLR-NF-κB signaling pathway. In addition to NF-κB signaling pathway, inflammation induced by oxLDL was also related to the activation of p38MAPK, ERK1/2 and JNK, and Akt pathways, and the protective effect of quercetin may be also related to the inhibition of activation of these pathways. Quercetin significantly downregulated the elevated mRNA expression of TLRs and cytokine TNF-α in HCD-fed atherosclerotic rats in vivo. As quercetin possesses inhibition on both TLR-NF-κB signaling pathway and TLR-mediated MAPK pathway, it is evident that it can be used as a therapeutic agent to ameliorate atherosclerotic inflammation. Since quercetin is the major flavonoid and forms the backbone of many other flavonoids and this study provides strong evidence that it has potent anti-inflammatory effect, quercetin may be a promising agent for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and promote health by reducing harmful vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobha Bhaskar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - A Helen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
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Wang P, Qiao Q, Li J, Wang W, Yao LP, Fu YJ. Inhibitory effects of geraniin on LPS-induced inflammation via regulating NF-κB and Nrf2 pathways in RAW 264.7 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 253:134-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Gutiérrez-Venegas G, González-Rosas Z. Apigenin reduce lipoteichoic acid-induced inflammatory response in rat cardiomyoblast cells. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 40:240-249. [PMID: 27193174 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0756-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Infective endocarditis is caused by Streptococcus sanguinis present in dental plaque, which can induce inflammatory responses in the endocardium. The present study depicts research on the properties of apigenin in embryonic mouse heart cells (H9c2) treated with lipoteichoic acid (LTA) obtained from S. sanguinis. Interleukin-1β and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression were detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. In addition, western blot assays and immuno-fluorescence staining were used to assess translocation of nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB), degradation of IκB, as well as activity of the mitogen activated protein kinases: extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Effect of apigenin on cell viability was equally assessed in other experimental series. Our results showed that apigenin blocked activation of ERK, JNK, and p38 in cardiomyocytes treated with LTA in a dose-dependent fashion. Moreover, apigenin showed no cytotoxic effects; it blocked NF-κB translocation and IκB degradation. Our findings suggested that apigenin possessed potential value in the treatment of infectious endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Gutiérrez-Venegas
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica de la División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación de la Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, DF, Mexico.
| | - Zeltzin González-Rosas
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica de la División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación de la Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, DF, Mexico
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Meshkibaf S, Fritz J, Gottschalk M, Kim SO. Preferential production of G-CSF by a protein-like Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 secretory factor through activating TLR2-dependent signaling events without activation of JNKs. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:238. [PMID: 26502905 PMCID: PMC4623291 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Different species and strains of probiotic bacteria confer distinct immunological responses on immune cells. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 (GR-1) is a probiotic bacterial strain found in both the intestinal and urogenital tracts, and has immunomodulatory effects on several cell types including macrophages. However, detailed immunological responses and the signaling mechanism involved in the response are largely unknown. Results We examined the production of GR-1-induced cytokines/chemokines and signaling events in macrophages. Among 84 cytokines and chemokines examined, GR-1 discretely induced granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) mRNA at highest levels (>60-fold) without inducing other cytokines such as IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α (<5-fold). The toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/6-agonist PAM2CSK4, TLR2/1-agonist PAM3CSK4 and TLR4-agonist lipopolysaccharide induced all of these inflammatory cytokines at high levels (>50-fold). The TLR2 ligand lipoteichoic acid activated all mitogen-activated kinases, Akt and NF-κB; whereas, GR-1 selectively activated extracellular regulated kinases and p38, NF-κB and Akt, but not c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) in a TLR2-dependent manner. Using specific inhibitors, we demonstrated that lack of JNKs activation by GR-1 caused inefficient production of pro-inflammatory cytokines but not G-CSF production. A secreted heat-labile protein-like molecule, 30–100 kDa in size, induced the preferential production of G-CSF. Conclusion This study elucidated unique signaling events triggered by GR-1, resulting in selective production of the immunomodulatory cytokine G-CSF in macrophages. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0578-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Meshkibaf
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Siebens-Drake Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, N6G 2 V4, Canada. .,Center for Human Immunology, Western University, London, ON, N6G 2 V4, Canada.
| | - Jӧrg Fritz
- Department of Microbiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada.
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2 M2, Canada.
| | - Sung Ouk Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Siebens-Drake Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, N6G 2 V4, Canada. .,Center for Human Immunology, Western University, London, ON, N6G 2 V4, Canada.
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Datta S, Roy S, Manna M. Therapy with radio-attenuated vaccine in experimental murine visceral leishmaniasis showed enhanced T cell and inducible nitric oxide synthase levels, suppressed tumor growth factor-beta production with higher expression of some signaling molecules. Braz J Infect Dis 2014; 19:36-42. [PMID: 25532783 PMCID: PMC9425217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or Kala-Azar (KA) is one of the most deadly forms of disease among all neglected tropical diseases. There are no satisfactory drugs or vaccine candidates available for this dreaded disease. Our previous studies showed promising therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of the live, radio-attenuated parasites through intramuscular (I.M.) and intraperitoneal (I.P.) route in BALB/c mice model. Methods The T-cell proliferation level, the mRNA expression level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor growth factor-beta (TGF-β) genes and finally the phosphorylation levels of phosphoinositide dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) molecules were checked in BALB/c mice model immunized with radio-attenuated Leishmania donovani parasites through I.M. route. Results Higher T-cell proliferation, increased iNOS level, and suppressed TGF-β level were found in treated infected animal groups (100 and 150 Gy) in relation to untreated infected animals. Likewise, phosphorylation levels of PDK1, PI3K and p38MAPK of these two groups were increased when compared to untreated infected controls. Conclusion The clearance of the parasites from treated infected groups of animals may be mediated by the restoration of T-cell due to therapy with radio-attenuated L. donovani parasites. The killing of parasites was mediated by increase in nitric oxide release through PDK1, PI3K and p38MAPK signaling pathways. A lower TGF-β expression has augmented the restored Th1 ambience in the 100 and 150 Gy treated animal groups proving further the efficacy of the candidate vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchita Datta
- Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Barasat Government College, Kolkata, India
| | - Syamal Roy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Madhumita Manna
- Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Barasat Government College, Kolkata, India.
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Yang YI, Jung SH, Lee KT, Choi JH. 8,8'-Bieckol, isolated from edible brown algae, exerts its anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of NF-κB signaling and ROS production in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 23:460-8. [PMID: 25261704 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ecklonia cava (E. cava) is an abundant brown alga that contains high levels of phlorotannins, which are unique marine polyphenolic compounds. It has been suggested that E. cava phlorotannins exert anti-inflammatory effects. However, the anti-inflammatory effects and underlying molecular mechanism exerted by 8,8'-bieckol isolated from E. cava have not been reported. Thus, in this study, we examined the anti-inflammatory effects of 8,8'-bieckol on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated primary macrophages and RAW 264.7 macrophages. We found that 8,8'-bieckol suppressed key inflammatory mediator [i.e., nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)] production in both primary and RAW 264.7 macrophages. 8,8'-Bieckol inhibited NO by suppressing LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) at the mRNA and protein levels in primary macrophages and RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, 8,8'-bieckol decreased the production and mRNA expression of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), but not tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, in RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, 8,8'-bieckol treatment diminished transactivation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit and suppressed LPS-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in macrophages. Furthermore, 8,8'-bieckol markedly reduced mortality in LPS-induced septic mice. Taken together, these data indicate that the anti-inflammatory properties of 8,8'-bieckol are associated with the suppression of NO, PGE2, and IL-6 via negative regulation of the NF-κB pathway and ROS production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, 8,8'-bieckol protects mice from endotoxin shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-In Yang
- Department of Life & Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Jung
- Department of Life & Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Life & Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hye Choi
- Department of Life & Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Li YC, Xian YF, Su ZR, Ip SP, Xie JH, Liao JB, Wu DW, Li CW, Chen JN, Lin ZX, Lai XP. Pogostone suppresses proinflammatory mediator production and protects against endotoxic shock in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 157:212-221. [PMID: 25256685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth is a well-known medicinal herb commonly used in many Asian countries for inflammatory diseases. Pogostone (PO), a natural product isolated from Pogostemon cablin, is known to exert various pharmacological activities. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory property of PO, to elucidate its mechanism of action, and to evaluate its potential acute toxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of PO was assessed using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. The protein and mRNA levels of proinflammatory mediators were measured with ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. Proteins of the NF-κB and MAPK family were determined by Western blot to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of PO was tested using LPS-induced endotoxic shock in mice. In addition, the median lethal dose (LD50) of PO in mice was tested in an acute toxicity test. RESULTS In vitro, PO significantly inhibited the protein and mRNA expression of proinflammatory mediators including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, NO, and PGE2. The action mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of PO was partly dependent on inhibition of the activation of NF-κB and the phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK. In vivo, PO was able to significantly reduce the mortality induced by LPS in mice. Furthermore, PO could markedly suppress the production of the proinflammatory mediators in serum, and attenuate liver and lung injury. The action mechanisms of PO during endotoxic shock may be attributed to down-regulation of the mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators in multiple organs via inhibition of the activation of NF-κB and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. Moreover, the LD50 of PO in mice was about 163mg/kg with intravenous administration, which was about 8-fold higher than the dose used in the animal experiment. CONCLUSIONS Our findings regarding the anti-inflammatory effect of PO and the underlying molecular mechanisms help justify the use of Pogostemon cablin in Chinese medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. More importantly, the results also render PO a promising anti-inflammatory agent worthy of further development into a pharmaceutical drug for the treatment of septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cui Li
- College of Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Wai Huan Dong Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yan-Fang Xian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Zi-Ren Su
- College of Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Wai Huan Dong Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Dongguan Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Siu-Po Ip
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Jian-Hui Xie
- College of Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Wai Huan Dong Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jin-Bin Liao
- College of Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Wai Huan Dong Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Dian-Wei Wu
- College of Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Wai Huan Dong Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chu-Wen Li
- College of Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Wai Huan Dong Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jian-Nan Chen
- College of Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Wai Huan Dong Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Dongguan Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Zhi-Xiu Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Ping Lai
- College of Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Wai Huan Dong Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Dongguan Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan 523808, PR China.
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LEE YONGHEE, LEE DOHYUN, KOO KYOTAN, LEE JAY, SONG YISEOP, YOON HOSANG, CHOI YOOMI, KIM BEOMJOON. Mixtures of recombinant growth factors inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells by inactivating the ERK and NF-κB pathways. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:624-31. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Hu B, Zhang H, Meng X, Wang F, Wang P. Aloe-emodin from rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum) inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 153:846-853. [PMID: 24685589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rheum rhabarbarum (rhubarb) has long been used for the treatment of inflammation in China and other Asian countries. However, the mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory activity of this medicinal plant is not fully understood. The present study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of anthraquinones, the major constituents in rhubarb, and the molecular mechanism involved in their anti-inflammatory effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS RAW264.7 cells were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence or absence of the compounds examined. The proliferation of RAW264.7 cells was assayed by the Alamar-Blue method. The quantity of nitric oxide (NO) was determined by Griess assay. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative real-time PCR. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), inhibitor of nuclear factor κBα (IκBα), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), and Akt/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) protein expression levels were determined by Western blotting. RESULTS Aloe-emodin markedly suppressed the production of NO, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells with no apparent cytotoxicity. The mRNA expression levels of iNOS, IL-6, and IL-1β genes were also significantly inhibited by aloe-emodin. Western blot analysis showed that aloe-emodin suppressed LPS-induced iNOS protein expression, IκBα degradation, and the phosphorylation of ERK, p38, JNK, and Akt. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that aloe-emodin is the bioactive component of rhubarb that confers an anti-inflammatory effect through a likely mechanism involving a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokine production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages via inhibition of NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3K pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Hu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Xianli Meng
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Ping Wang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China.
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Gutiérrez-Venegas G, Ventura-Arroyo JA, Arreguín-Cano JA, Ostoa-Pérez MF. Flavonoids inhibit iNOS production via mitogen activated proteins in lipoteichoic acid stimulated cardiomyoblasts. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 21:320-7. [PMID: 24768712 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Infective endocarditis is caused by oral commensal bacteria which are important etiologic agents in this disease and can induce release of nitric oxide (NO), promoting an inflammatory response in the endocardium. In this study, we investigated the properties of kaempherol, epigallocatechin, apigenin, and naringin in embryonic mouse heart cells (H9c2) treated with lipoteichoic acid (LTA) obtained from Streptococcus sanguinis. NO production was measured with the Griess method. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, western blot assays and immunofluorescence staining were used to assess translocation of nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB), degradation of IκB, and activity of the mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK 1/2), p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). And the effects of these flavonoids on cell viability were also assessed. Our results showed that flavonoids blocked activation of ERK, JNK, and p38 in cardiomyocytes treated with LTA. Moreover, the flavonoids showed no cytotoxic effects and blocked NF-κB translocation and IκB degradation and inhibited LTA-induced NF-κB promoter activity, iNOS expression and NO production. In conclusion these effects are consistent with some of the observed anti-inflammatory properties of other flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Gutiérrez-Venegas
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica de la División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México, D.F., Mexico.
| | - Jairo Agustín Ventura-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica de la División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Juan Antonio Arreguín-Cano
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica de la División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México, D.F., Mexico
| | - María Fernanda Ostoa-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica de la División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México, D.F., Mexico
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Kim YJ, Jung EB, Lee MS, Seo SJ, Kim MH, Lee MW, Lee CS. Rotundarpene inhibits Toll-like receptor 2 activation-induced production of inflammatory mediators in keratinocytes by suppressing the Akt and NF-κB pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 18:325-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Tsai CY, Chang AYW, Chan JYH, Chan SHH. Activation of PI3K/Akt signaling in rostral ventrolateral medulla impairs brain stem cardiovascular regulation that underpins circulatory depression during mevinphos intoxication. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:75-85. [PMID: 24462917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
As the most widely used pesticides in the globe, the organophosphate compounds are understandably linked with the highest incidence of suicidal poisoning. Whereas the elicited toxicity is often associated with circulatory depression, the underlying mechanisms require further delineation. Employing the pesticide mevinphos as our experimental tool, we evaluated the hypothesis that transcriptional upregulation of nitric oxide synthase II (NOS II) by NF-κB on activation of the PI3K/Akt cascade in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), the brain stem site that maintains blood pressure and sympathetic vasomotor tone, underpins the circulatory depressive effects of organophosphate poisons. Microinjection of mevinphos (10 nmol) bilaterally into the RVLM of anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats induced a progressive hypotension that was accompanied sequentially by an increase (Phase I) and a decrease (Phase II) of an experimental index for the baroreflex-mediated sympathetic vasomotor tone. There were also progressive augmentations in PI3K or Akt enzyme activity and phosphorylation of p85 or Akt(Thr308) subunit in the RVLM that were causally related to an increase in NF-κB transcription activity and elevation in NOS II or peroxynitrite expression. Loss-of-function manipulations of PI3K or Akt in the RVLM significantly antagonized the reduced baroreflex-mediated sympathetic vasomotor tone and hypotension during Phase II mevinphos intoxication, and blunted the increase in NF-κB/NOS II/peroxynitrite signaling. We conclude that activation of the PI3K/Akt cascade, leading to upregulation of NF-κB/NOS II/peroxynitrite signaling in the RVLM, elicits impairment of brain stem cardiovascular regulation that underpins circulatory depression during mevinphos intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yi Tsai
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Alice Y W Chang
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Julie Y H Chan
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Samuel H H Chan
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, ROC.
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Effects of P-MAPA immunomodulator on Toll-like receptor 2, ROS, nitric oxide, MAPKp38 and IKK in PBMC and macrophages from dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 18:373-8. [PMID: 24374021 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania (L.) chagasi is the etiologic agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) that can be transmitted to humans and dogs. VL in Brazil represents a serious public health problem; therefore, it is important to study new alternatives to treat infected dogs. In dogs, the therapeutic arsenal against canine VL is limited. The immunomodulator protein aggregate magnesium-ammonium phospholinoleate-palmitoleate anhydride (P-MAPA) improves immunocompetence when the immune system is impaired, but its dependence on Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the mechanisms involved in immune response remain unclear. The in vitro action of P-MAPA on the expression of TLR2 and TLR4, reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and IKK phosphorylation was studied in mononuclear cells from peripheral blood and macrophages from healthy and Leishmania-infected dogs. The PBMC or macrophages were isolated and cultured with different concentrations of P-MAPA (20,100 and 200 μg/ml) in a humid environment at 37°C with 5% CO(2). Observation revealed that Leishmania-infected dogs showed a decrease in TLR2 in macrophages compared with healthy dogs and in induction with P-MAPA. ROS were increased in PBMCs from Leishmania spp.-infected dogs compared with healthy dogs and P-MAPA improved ROS production. NO production was increased in culture supernatant from macrophages stimulated by P-MAPA in both healthy and Leishmania spp. infected dogs. Treatment of macrophages from healthy dogs with immunomodulatory P-MAPA induced p38 MAPK and IKK phosphorylation, suggesting signal transduction by this pathway. These findings suggest that P-MAPA has potential as a therapeutic drug in the treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis.
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Kang GJ, Han SC, Yoon WJ, Koh YS, Hyun JW, Kang HK, Youl Cho J, Yoo ES. Sargaquinoic acid isolated from Sargassum siliquastrum inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in macrophages via modulation of nuclear factor-κB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2013; 35:80-7. [PMID: 22758221 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2012.698622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a crucial molecule in inflammatory diseases and is synthesized from L-arginine by a specific enzyme, NO synthase (NOS). The expression of inducible NOS (iNOS) is activated in macrophages by various stimuli, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a wall component of gram-negative bacteria. LPS binds to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on the macrophage surface and activates several downstream signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathways. This study investigated whether sargaquinoic acid isolated from Sargassum siliquastrum might have anti-inflammatory activity and interfere with NO production in macrophages by disrupting LPS-induced signaling. This study was conducted in vitro using RAW264.7 murine macrophages. LPS-stimulated cells were treated with sargaquinoic acid, and the effects on NO production, iNOS expression, and involvement of the NF-κB signaling pathway were investigated by Griess assay, western blotting, and confocal microscopy. The results demonstrated that sargaquinoic acid inhibited the production of NO and the expression of the iNOS protein in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Moreover, sargaquinoic acid inhibited the degradation of inhibitory-κB protein (IκB)-α and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, a key transcription factor for the regulation of iNOS expression. Also, sargaquinoic acid influenced the phosphorylation of JNK1/2 MAPK, except ERK1/2 and p38 MAPKs, stimulated by LPS. These results suggest that sargaquinoic acid specifically prevents NO production in macrophages via the blockade of NF-κB activation and may thus have therapeutic applications in various inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeoung-Jin Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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Gwon WG, Lee MS, Kim JS, Kim JI, Lim CW, Kim NG, Kim HR. Hexane fraction from Sargassum fulvellum inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in RAW 264.7 cells via NF-κB pathways. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2013; 41:565-84. [PMID: 23711142 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x13500407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Sargassum fulvellum (Turner) C. Agardh has been used to treat various inflammatory diseases, including lump, dropsy, swollen and painful scrotum, and urination problems for several centuries with no side effects. This study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of the hexane fraction of S. fulvellum (HFS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced mouse-ear edema. The anti-inflammatory activity of HFS in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells was investigated by assessing the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokine production during Griess reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the anti-inflammatory action of HFS were investigated by analyzing the activation of transcription factor and its upstream signaling proteins. Additionally, an in vivo study of the anti-inflammatory effect of HFS was carried out using PMA-induced mouse-ear edema. HFS inhibited LPS-induced NO production in a dose-dependent manner and suppressed the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in the RAW 264.7 cells. Further, HFS reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. HFS significantly inhibited LPS-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) transcriptional activity and NF-κB translocation into the nucleus by preventing degradation of inhibitor κB-α. Moreover, HFS inhibited the activation of Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, HFS suppressed PMA-induced mouse-ear edema. The above data indicate that the anti-inflammatory effects of HFS on LPS-stimulated cells are associated with the suppression of NF-κB through the inhibition of MAPKs and Akt phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wi-Gyeong Gwon
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, South Korea
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Synergistic cooperation between methamphetamine and HIV-1 gsp120 through the P13K/Akt pathway induces IL-6 but not IL-8 expression in astrocytes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52060. [PMID: 23251686 PMCID: PMC3522628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 has been extensively studied for neurotoxic effects that have been attributed to the increased expression of various proinflammatory cytokines in the CNS. Recently we have shown that methamphetamine (MA) also increases expression of proinflammatory cytokines in astrocytes. However, combined effect of gp120 and MA is not known. The present study was undertaken to determine cumulative effect and the mechanism(s)/pathways involved in the functional interaction between gp120 and MA in SVGA astrocytes. Our results clearly suggest that gp120 and MA affect IL-6 but not IL-8 in a synergistic manner and this synergy was mediated by PI3K/Akt and NF-κB pathways. Inhibition of either of these pathways could abrogate the increased expression of IL-6 due to MA or gp120 alone, as well as the increased expression of IL-6 when the astrocytes were treated with both gp120 and MA. These results were confirmed by both, using chemical inhibitors/siRNA as well as western blotting. This study therefore provides novel information regarding the interaction between MA and gp120 in terms of the expression of IL-6 and the mechanisms underlying potential synergy between MA and gp120 in astrocytes.
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Joung EJ, Lee MS, Choi JW, Kim JS, Shin T, Jung BM, Kim JI, Kim HR. Anti-inflammatory effects of phlorofucofuroeckol B-rich ethyl acetate fraction obtained from Myagropsis myagroides on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and mouse edema. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 14:471-80. [PMID: 22974580 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Myagropsis myagroides has been used as a Chinese medicine and its extract has shown various biological activities, however, its anti-inflammatory mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of M. myagroides (EFM) on the production of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. EFM significantly inhibited LPS-induced production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E(2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines in a dose-dependent manner and suppressed the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 in RAW 264.7 cells. Inhibitory effect of EFM on iNOS expression and NO production was further confirmed using LPS-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages. EFM treatment strongly suppressed the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) by suppressing phosphorylation of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs). EFM as well as phlorofucofuroeckol B (PFF-B), a major compound isolated from EFM, reduced ear edema induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in mice. These results indicate that the anti-inflammatory effect of EFM, rich in PFF-B, on LPS-stimulated macrophages is regulated by the inhibition of NF-κB pathway through the inhibition of ERKs and Akt phosphorylation in LPS-stimulated macrophage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ji Joung
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, South Korea
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31
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Kou X, Chen N. Pharmacological potential of ampelopsin in Rattan tea. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lipoteichoic acid from Staphylococcus aureus induces lung endothelial cell barrier dysfunction: role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49209. [PMID: 23166614 PMCID: PMC3499573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tunneled central venous catheters (TCVCs) are used for dialysis access in 82% of new hemodialysis patients and are rapidly colonized with Gram-positive organism (e.g. Staphylococcus aureus) biofilm, a source of recurrent infections and chronic inflammation. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a cell wall ribitol polymer from Gram-positive organisms, mediates inflammation through the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). The effect of LTA on lung endothelial permeability is not known. We tested the hypothesis that LTA from Staphylococcus aureus induces alterations in the permeability of pulmonary microvessel endothelial monolayers (PMEM) that result from activation of TLR2 and are mediated by reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS). The permeability of PMEM was assessed by the clearance rate of Evans blue-labeled albumin, the activation of the TLR2 pathway was assessed by Western blot, and the generation of RONS was measured by the fluorescence of oxidized dihydroethidium and a dichlorofluorescein derivative. Treatment with LTA or the TLR2 agonist Pam(3)CSK(4) induced significant increases in albumin permeability, IκBα phosphorylation, IRAK1 degradation, RONS generation, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activation (as measured by the p-eNOSser1177:p-eNOSthr495 ratio). The effects on permeability and RONS were effectively prevented by co-administration of the superoxide scavenger Tiron, the peroxynitrite scavenger Urate, or the eNOS inhibitor L-NAME and these effects as well as eNOS activation were reduced or prevented by pretreatment with an IRAK1/4 inhibitor. The results indicate that the activation of TLR2 and the generation of ROS/RNS mediates LTA-induced barrier dysfunction in PMEM.
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Malabaricone C suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses via inhibiting ROS-mediated Akt/IKK/NF-κB signaling in murine macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 14:302-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Gutiérrez-Venegas G, Contreras-Sánchez A. Luteolin and fisetin inhibit the effects of lipopolysaccharide obtained from Porphyromonas gingivalis in human gingival fibroblasts. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:477-85. [PMID: 23054013 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2083-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory process of infectious origin that affects the gums and, in severe cases, destroys connective tissue, leading to loss of the dental organ. Gram-negative Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria are recovered from patients with chronic periodontitis. The polysaccharide obtained from these bacteria induces the expression of interleukin (IL)-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor, and IL-6. Flavonoids are molecules that participate in the control of inflammatory processes. We studied the role of the flavonoids fisetin, luteolin, myricetin, and morin in inhibiting the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and AKT as well as their role in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) transcription. All four of these flavonoids were found to inhibit MAPK and AKT. Fisetin and luteolin blocked the activation of MAPK and AKT to levels below basal levels. All of these flavonoids also blocked LPS-mediated COX-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Gutiérrez-Venegas
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica de la División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México, D.F., Mexico.
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Joung EJ, Lee MS, Choi JW, Kim JS, Shin T, Jung BM, Yoon NY, Lim CW, Kim JI, Kim HR. Anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic extract from Myagropsis myagroides on murine macrophages and mouse ear edema. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 12:171. [PMID: 23031211 PMCID: PMC3517429 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to investigate anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic extract of Myagropsis myagroides (EMM) in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced ear edema in mice, and to clarify its underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS The levels of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured by Griess assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and Akt were measured using Western blotting. Nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were determined by immunocytochemistry and reporter gene assay, respectively. PMA-induced mouse ear edema was used as the animal model of inflammation. Anti-inflammatory compounds in EMM were isolated using high-performance liquid chromatography and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance. RESULTS EMM significantly inhibited the production of NO, PGE2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in a dose-dependent manner and suppressed the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. EMM strongly suppressed nuclear translocation of NF-κB by preventing degradation of inhibitor of κB-α as well as by inhibiting phosphorylation of Akt and MAPKs. EMM reduced ear edema in PMA-induced mice. One of the anti-inflammatory compounds in EMM was identified as 6,6'-bieckol. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of EMM are associated with the down-regulation of iNOS, COX-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines through the inhibition of NF-κB pathway in LPS-stimulated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ji Joung
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, South Korea
| | - Min-Sup Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, South Korea
| | - Ji-Woong Choi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, South Korea
| | - Jong-Soon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, South Korea
| | - Taisun Shin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 550-749, South Korea
| | - Bok-Mi Jung
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 550-749, South Korea
| | - Na Young Yoon
- Food and Safety Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Gijang-gun, Busan, 619-705, Korea
| | - Chi-Won Lim
- Food and Safety Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Gijang-gun, Busan, 619-705, Korea
| | - Jae-Il Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, South Korea
| | - Hyeung-Rak Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, South Korea
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Trouillon R, Williamson ED, Saint RJ, O'Hare D. Electrochemical detection of the binding of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA) to the membrane receptor on macrophages through release of nitric oxide. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 38:138-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lee JY, Lee MS, Choi JW, Shin TS, Woo HC, Kim HR. Dichloromethane fraction of Laminaria japonica ethanolic extract inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in RAW 264.7 cells via NF-κB pathway. Inflammation 2012; 35:1650-8. [PMID: 22588330 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9481-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Strong anti-inflammatory activity has been found in Laminaria japonica dichloromethane fraction (LDF); however, the molecular mechanisms underlying its anti-inflammatory activity are not reported. Our results indicated that LDF inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide and prostaglandin E(2) production in a dose-dependent manner and suppressed the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in RAW 264.7 cells. Also, levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 were remarkably reduced by LDF in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. LDF greatly inhibited promoter activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and translocation of NF-κB subunits by prevention of the degradation of inhibitor κB-α in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells (p < 0.05). Moreover, LDF inhibited activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and AKT in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. These results indicate that the LDF downregulates iNOS and COX-2 expressions through the suppression of NF-κB pathway associated with inhibition of multiple signaling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, 599-1, Daeyeon-dong, Nam-gu, Busan 608-737, South Korea
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Lee MS, Kwon MS, Choi JW, Shin T, No HK, Choi JS, Byun DS, Kim JI, Kim HR. Anti-inflammatory activities of an ethanol extract of Ecklonia stolonifera in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:9120-9. [PMID: 22897701 DOI: 10.1021/jf3022018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ecklonia stolonifera is a brown alga that was shown to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, tyrosinase inhibitory, and chemopreventive activities. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its anti-inflammatory activity remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of the anti-inflammatory action of E. stolonifera ethanolic extracts (ESE) using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. ESE inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide (IC(50) = 72 ± 1.9 μg/mL) and prostaglandin E(2) (IC(50) = 98 ± 5.3 μg/mL) production in a dose-dependent manner and suppressed the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in RAW 264.7 cells. ESE also reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. LPS-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcriptional activity and NF-κB translocation into the nucleus were significantly inhibited by ESE treatment through the prevention of the degradation of inhibitor κB-α. Moreover, ESE inhibited the activation of Akt, ERK, JNK1/2, and p38 MAPK in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The main components with anti-inflammatory activity in ESE were identified as phlorofucofuroeckol A and B based on the inhibition of NO production. Our results indicate that ESE can be considered as a potential source of therapeutic agents for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sup Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, South Korea
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Abstract
TLR agonists initiate a rapid activation program in dendritic cells (DCs) that requires support from metabolic and bioenergetic resources. We found previously that TLR signaling promotes aerobic glycolysis and a decline in oxidative phosphorylation (OXHPOS) and that glucose restriction prevents activation and leads to premature cell death. However, it remained unclear why the decrease in OXPHOS occurs under these circumstances. Using real-time metabolic flux analysis, in the present study, we show that mitochondrial activity is lost progressively after activation by TLR agonists in inflammatory blood monocyte-derived DCs that express inducible NO synthase. We found that this is because of inhibition of OXPHOS by NO and that the switch to glycolysis is a survival response that serves to maintain ATP levels when OXPHOS is inhibited. Our data identify NO as a profound metabolic regulator in inflammatory monocyte-derived DCs.
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Wang Z, MacLeod DT, Di Nardo A. Commensal bacteria lipoteichoic acid increases skin mast cell antimicrobial activity against vaccinia viruses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1551-8. [PMID: 22772452 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are considered sentinels in the skin and mucosa. Their ability to release antimicrobial peptides, such as cathelicidin, protects against bacterial infections when the epithelial barrier is breached. We recently described that MCs defend against bacterial and viral infections through the release of cathelicidin during degranulation. In this study, we hypothesize that cathelicidin expression is induced in MCs by the activation of TLR2 from bacterial products (lipoteichoic acid) produced by commensal bacteria at the epithelial surface. Our research shows that signaling through TLR2 increases the production and expression of cathelicidin in mast cells, thereby enhancing their capacity to fight vaccinia virus. MCs deficient in cathelicidin were less efficient in killing vaccinia virus after lipoteichoic acid stimulation than wild-type cells. Moreover, the activation of TLR2 increases the MC recruitment at the skin barrier interface. Taken together, our findings reveal that the expression and control of antimicrobial peptides and TLR signaling on MCs are key in fighting viral infection. Our findings also provide new insights into the pathogenesis of skin infections and suggest potential roles for MCs and TLR2 ligands in antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenping Wang
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Vinokurov M, Ostrov V, Yurinskaya M, Garbuz D, Murashev A, Antonova O, Evgen’ev M. Recombinant human Hsp70 protects against lipoteichoic acid-induced inflammation manifestations at the cellular and organismal levels. Cell Stress Chaperones 2012; 17:89-101. [PMID: 21845530 PMCID: PMC3227847 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-011-0288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been previously reported that pretreatment with exogenous heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is able to protect cells and animals from the deleterious effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produced by Gram-negative bacteria. However, the effects of Hsp70 pretreatment on lipoteichoic acid (LTA) challenge resulted from Gram-positive bacteria infection have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that preconditioning with human recombinant Hsp70 ameliorates various manifestations of systematic inflammation, including reactive oxygen species, TNFα, and CD11b/CD18 adhesion receptor expression induction observed in different myeloid cells after LTA addition. Therefore, exogenous Hsp70 may provide a mechanism for controlling excessive inflammatory responses after macrophage activation. Furthermore, in a rat model of LTA-induced sepsis, we demonstrated that prophylactic administration of exogenous human Hsp70 significantly exacerbated numerous homeostatic and hemodynamic disturbances induced by LTA challenge and partially normalized the coagulation system and multiple biochemical blood parameters, including albumin and bilirubin concentrations, which were severely disturbed after LTA injections. Importantly, prophylactic intravenous injection of Hsp70 before LTA challenge significantly reduced mortality rates. Thus, exogenous mammalian Hsp70 may serve as a powerful cellular defense agent against the deleterious effects of bacterial pathogens, such as LTA and LPS. Taken together, our findings reveal novel functions of this protein and establish exogenous Hsp70 as a promising pharmacological agent for the prophylactic treatment of various types of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Vinokurov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290 Russia
- Pushchino State University, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290 Russia
| | - Vladimir Ostrov
- Branch of Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290 Russia
| | - Marina Yurinskaya
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290 Russia
| | - David Garbuz
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of RAS, Vavilova, 32, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - Arkady Murashev
- Branch of Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290 Russia
| | - Olga Antonova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290 Russia
- Pushchino State University, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290 Russia
| | - Mikhail Evgen’ev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of RAS, Vavilova, 32, Moscow, 119991 Russia
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290 Russia
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42
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Qi S, Xin Y, Guo Y, Diao Y, Kou X, Luo L, Yin Z. Ampelopsin reduces endotoxic inflammation via repressing ROS-mediated activation of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 12:278-87. [PMID: 22193240 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ampelopsin (AMP), a plant flavonoid, has potent anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and in vivo. The molecular mechanisms of ampelopsin on pharmacological and biochemical actions of RAW264.7 macrophages in inflammation have not been clearly elucidated yet. In the present study, non-cytotoxic level of ampelopsin significantly inhibited the release of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in a dose-dependent manner. Consistent with NO inhibition, ampelopsin suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) by inhibiting nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation, which highly correlated with its inhibitory effect on IκB kinase (IKK) phosphorylation, IκB phosphorylation and NF-κB nuclear translocation. Further study demonstrated that ampelopsin suppressed LPS-induced activation of Akt without effecting mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) phosphorylation. A pharmacological inhibitor of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway, LY294002, abrogated IKK/IκB/NF-κB-mediated iNOS gene expression. Finally, we certificated that ampelopsin reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and an anti-oxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) significantly repressed LPS-induced PI3K/Akt phosphorylation and the downstream IKK/IκB activation. NAC thereby inhibited LPS-induced iNOS expression and NO production. The present results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effect of ampelopsin is due to inhibiting the interconnected ROS/Akt/IKK/NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimei Qi
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
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43
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Lin CC, Shih CH, Yang YL, Bien MY, Lin CH, Yu MC, Sureshbabu M, Chen BC. Thrombin induces inducible nitric oxide synthase expression via the MAPK, MSK1, and NF-κB signaling pathways in alveolar macrophages. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 672:180-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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44
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Kim AR, Lee MS, Shin TS, Hua H, Jang BC, Choi JS, Byun DS, Utsuki T, Ingram D, Kim HR. Phlorofucofuroeckol A inhibits the LPS-stimulated iNOS and COX-2 expressions in macrophages via inhibition of NF-κB, Akt, and p38 MAPK. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:1789-95. [PMID: 21963823 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported that phlorofucofuroeckol A isolated from the edible brown algae Ecklonia stolonifera showed potential antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties in macrophage stimulated by LPS treatments. In this study, we further investigated the pharmacological characteristic of phlorofucofuroeckol A in regulations of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 through regulatory and signaling pathways using LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Treatment with 20 μM of phlorofucofuroeckol A significantly decreased levels of iNOS and COX-2 mRNA induced by LPS stimulation. As results, levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were significantly reduced by treatments of phlorofucofuroeckol A in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Phlorofucofuroeckol A inhibited promoter activities of inflammatory-mediators (iNOS and COX-2) and transcriptional factors (nuclear factor-κB, NF-κB, and AP-1) in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, phlorofucofuroeckol A inhibited activation of Akt and p38 MAPK in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. These results indicate that the phlorofucofuroeckol A regulates iNOS and COX-2 expressions through the NF-κB-dependent transcriptional control associated with inhibition of multiple signaling proteins, suggesting potential candidates of phloroglucinol derivatives for treatments of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Reum Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, South Korea
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45
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Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor suppresses inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in bronchiole epithelial cells in asthmatic rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 359:293-9. [PMID: 21847581 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1023-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is known to produce nitric oxide (NO), which is a main contributor to asthmatic airway inflammation. Recent studies have shown that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is ubiquitously expressed in airway epithelial cells and its inhibition could relieve airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. This study aimed to explore the interaction of PI3K and NO signaling in allergic asthma. We investigated the effects of PI3K inhibitor wortmannin on iNOS expression in bronchiole epithelial cells and NO, IL-4 and IFN-γ levels in lung tissues of asthmatic rat model, which was prepared by 10% OVA solution sensitization and 1% OVA aerosol challenge. Our results showed that the ratio of eosinophils to total cells in BALF, PI3K activity, NO and IL-4 levels in lung tissues was increased after OVA sensitization and challenge, but then was attenuated by the administration of wortmannin. In contrast, IFN-γ level in lung tissues was decreased after OVA sensitization and challenge and increased after the administration of wortmannin. The expression of iNOS protein in bronchiole epithelial cells, iNOS mRNA level and iNOS activity in lung tissues was markedly upregulated after OVA sensitization and challenge, but the upregulation was significantly antagonized by wortmannin. Taken together, these data provide evidence that PI3K functions upstream to modulate iNOS/NO signaling, which then promotes the development of airway inflammation in asthmatic animal model. PI3K inhibitor wortmannin could lead to reduced iNOS expression and NO production, therefore inhibiting airway inflammatory responses.
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46
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Preconditioning with high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) induces lipoteichoic acid (LTA) tolerance. J Immunother 2011; 33:663-71. [PMID: 20664360 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181dcd111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
High mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB1) is a DNA-binding protein that exhibits proinflammatory properties when present in the extracellular compartment. Putative receptors for HMGB1 include Toll-like receptor (TLR)4, TLR2, and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). We tested the hypothesis that extracellular HMGB1 can induce tolerance to the bacterial product, lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Pretreatment of human monocyte-like THP-1 cells with 1 μg/mL HMGB1 18 hours before exposure to LTA (10 μg/mL) decreased secretion of tumor necrosis factor, nuclear factor-κB DNA-binding, and degradation of IκBα. Denaturation of HMGB1 with boiling water or coincubation with anti-HMGB1 antibody abrogated the induction of tolerance to LTA. In contrast, coincubation with polymyxin B failed to diminish HMGB1-induced tolerance to LTA. These findings support the view that the induction of LTA tolerance by HMGB1 was not due to lipopolysaccharide contamination. Bone marrow-derived macrophages obtained from C57Bl/6 wild-type and RAGE-deficient mice became LTA-tolerant after HMGB1 exposure ex vivo. We were unable to demonstrate LTA tolerance in TLR2 and TLR4-deficient macrophages, as they are hyporesponsive to LTA. These findings suggest that extracellular HMGB1 induces LTA tolerance, and RAGE receptor is not required for this induction.
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Oh YJ, Youn JH, Min HJ, Kim DH, Lee SS, Choi IH, Shin JS. CKD712, (S)-1-(α-naphthylmethyl)-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, inhibits the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated secretion of HMGB1 by inhibiting PI3K and classical protein kinase C. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1160-5. [PMID: 21457762 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
CKD712, (S)-1-(α-naphthylmethyl)-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, was considered as a new effective drug candidate to sepsis, based on its anti-inflammatory activity. It was reported that CKD712 inhibited various signal pathways which play a key role in production of proinflammatory cytokines. Here, we examined the effect of CKD712 on the secretion of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), which is one of the proinflammatory cytokines. CKD712 can reduce Gram-negative lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and Gram-positive lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-stimulated HMGB1 secretion in RAW264.7 and human peripheral blood monocytes (PBMo), and also reduce LPS-induced nucleocytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1 1h before or after LPS treatment. CKD712 could dose-dependently inhibit the activation of PI3K and PI3K-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), which are involved in HMGB1 secretion signaling pathway. In addition, CKD712 inhibited classical protein kinase C (cPKC), the effective kinase for phosphorylation of HMGB1 for secretion, however, had no effect on histone acetyl-transferase activity, which is another mechanism known for HMGB1 secretion. Thus, we suggest that CKD712 could inhibit LPS- and LTA-stimulated HMGB1 secretion through the inhibition of HMGB1 phosphorylation by inhibiting PI3K-PKC signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Joo Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
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Chou YY, Lu SC. Inhibition by rapamycin of the lipoteichoic acid-induced granulocyte-colony stimulating factor expression in mouse macrophages. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 508:110-9. [PMID: 21295008 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a cytokine which involves in anti-inflammation and inflammation as well. Rapamycin is an inhibitor of mTOR which also plays a role in innate immunity. This study investigated the effect of rapamycin on the lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-induced expression of G-CSF in macrophages and its underlying mechanism. Our data show that LTA induced G-CSF expression in RAW264.7 and bone marrow-derived macrophages and that this effect was inhibited by rapamycin. Analysis of the G-CSF 5' flanking sequence revealed that the -283 to +35 fragment, which contains CSF and octamer elements, was required for maximal promoter activity in response to LTA stimulation. Western blot analyses of proteins that bind to the CSF and octamer element show that LTA increased protein levels of NF-κB, C/EBPβ and Oct-2, and that rapamycin inhibited the LTA-induced increase in Oct-2 protein levels, but not the others. Knockdown of Oct-2 by RNA interference resulted in a decrease in LTA-induced G-CSF mRNA levels. Moreover, forced expression of Oct-2 by transfection with the pCG-Oct-2 plasmid overcame the inhibitory effect of rapamycin on the LTA-induced increase in G-CSF mRNA levels and promoter activity. This study demonstrates that rapamycin reduces G-CSF expression in LTA-treated macrophages by inhibiting Oct-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yi Chou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Mazzio EA, Close F, Soliman KFA. The biochemical and cellular basis for nutraceutical strategies to attenuate neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:506-69. [PMID: 21340000 PMCID: PMC3039966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12010506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Future therapeutic intervention that could effectively decelerate the rate of degeneration within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) could add years of mobility and reduce morbidity associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Neurodegenerative decline associated with PD is distinguished by extensive damage to SNc dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons and decay of the striatal tract. While genetic mutations or environmental toxins can precipitate pathology, progressive degenerative succession involves a gradual decline in DA neurotransmission/synaptic uptake, impaired oxidative glucose consumption, a rise in striatal lactate and chronic inflammation. Nutraceuticals play a fundamental role in energy metabolism and signaling transduction pathways that control neurotransmission and inflammation. However, the use of nutritional supplements to slow the progression of PD has met with considerable challenge and has thus far proven unsuccessful. This review re-examines precipitating factors and insults involved in PD and how nutraceuticals can affect each of these biological targets. Discussed are disease dynamics (Sections 1 and 2) and natural substances, vitamins and minerals that could impact disease processes (Section 3). Topics include nutritional influences on α-synuclein aggregation, ubiquitin proteasome function, mTOR signaling/lysosomal-autophagy, energy failure, faulty catecholamine trafficking, DA oxidation, synthesis of toxic DA-quinones, o-semiquinones, benzothiazolines, hyperhomocyseinemia, methylation, inflammation and irreversible oxidation of neuromelanin. In summary, it is clear that future research will be required to consider the multi-faceted nature of this disease and re-examine how and why the use of nutritional multi-vitamin-mineral and plant-based combinations could be used to slow the progression of PD, if possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Mazzio
- Florida A&M University, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; E-Mails: (E.A.M.); (F.C.)
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The roles of Akt and NOSs in regulation of VLA-4-mediated melanoma cell adhesion to endothelial VCAM-1 after UVB-irradiation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 508:192-7. [PMID: 21129359 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
UVB-reduced avidity between M624 melanoma and HUVEC cells is dependent on the interaction of VLA-4 with its endothelial ligand VCAM-1. Our previous studies suggested that a spatial organization of α4 integrin, one of the two subunits of VLA-4, on the melanoma cell surface contributed to the changes in avidity for VCAM-1 upon UVB-irradiation. In this study, we demonstrate that Akt plays an important role in regulation of the expression and surface level of α4 integrin on melanoma cells upon UVB-irradiation. While the cell surface level of α4 integrin is not significantly affected by UVB-irradiation or Akt inhibitor alone, it is dynamically altered after UVB-irradiation when Akt is inhibited. Inhibition of Akt also reverses the reduction of avidity of cells after the irradiation. Our data also shows that UVB reduces the level of Akt. The inhibition of Akt activity correlates with a reduced amount of coupled cNOS and reduced amount of iNOS after UVB-irradiation. However, the effect of NOSs on melanoma cell adhesion appears due to their roles in regulation of apoptosis after UVB-irradiation. Base on these results, we propose that the UVB-induced reduction of avidity of melanoma cells is coordinatively regulated by NOSs and Akt through two differential mechanisms.
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