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He J, Huang F, Liao X, Zhang J, Wei S, Xiao Y, Zheng X, Zhu Z, Chen D, Chen J. TLR9 agonist CpG ODN 2395 promotes the immune response against Leishmania donovani in obesity and undernutrition mice. Acta Trop 2023; 242:106921. [PMID: 37030488 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
As important immunomodulators, CpG ODNs have broad application prospects in the treatment and prevention of leishmaniasis. In order to explore the immunomodulatory effect of CpG ODNs on mice infected with Leishmania parasites in different nutritional status, TLR9 agonist CpG ODN 2395 or TLR9 antagonist CpG ODN 2088 was injected into normal, obesity and undernutrition BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania donovani, respectively. Subsequently, spleen and liver parasite loads, spleen and liver immune gene expression, spleen T cell subsets proportion and PD-1 expression, serum lipids, serum cytokines, and anti-Leishmania antibodies were measured to assess the immune response of mice with different nutritional status. The results displayed that at the 8th week after infection, the spleen parasite load of obesity and undernutrition mice was significantly higher than that of normal mice, but the liver parasite load showed no statistical difference among the three groups. The treatment of CpG ODN 2395 or CpG ODN 2088 significantly reduced the spleen parasite load of obesity and undernutrition infected mice, but did not reduce that of normal infected mice. In obesity infected mice, CpG ODN 2395 promoted the up-regulation of TCR, ICOS and TLR4 in spleen, promoted the secretion of IFN-γ and anti-Leishmania total IgG and IgG1 antibodies, and increased the content of serum HDL-C. In undernutrition infected mice, CpG ODN 2395 promoted the up-regulation of spleen CD28 and TLR9, increased the proportion of spleen CD3+ T cells, and decreased the content of serum IL-10. Our results demonstrated that CpG ODN 2395 enhanced the immune response and clearance of Leishmania parasites in obesity and undernutrition mice, which might be used as a therapeutic agent for obesity and undernutrition leishmaniasis patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlei He
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Huang
- First Surgical Department, Chengdu Shuangliu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuechun Liao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shulan Wei
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuying Xiao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoting Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zheying Zhu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dali Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Wang H, Su Y, Chen D, Li Q, Shi S, Huang X, Fang M, Yang M. Advances in the mechanisms and applications of inhibitory oligodeoxynucleotides against immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1119431. [PMID: 36825156 PMCID: PMC9941346 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1119431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) are short single-stranded DNA, which capable of folding into complex structures, enabling them to bind to a large variety of targets. With appropriate modifications, the inhibitory oligodeoxynucleotides exhibited many features of long half-life time, simple production, low toxicity and immunogenicity. In recent years, inhibitory oligodeoxynucleotides have received considerable attention for their potential therapeutic applications in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). Inhibitory oligodeoxynucleotides could be divided into three categories according to its mechanisms and targets, including antisense ODNs (AS-ODNs), DNA aptamers and immunosuppressive ODNs (iSup ODNs). As a synthetic tool with immunomodulatory activity, it can target RNAs or proteins in a specific way, resulting in the reduction, increase or recovery of protein expression, and then regulate the state of immune activation. More importantly, inhibitory oligodeoxynucleotides have been used to treat immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory disorders and autoimmune diseases. Several inhibitory oligodeoxynucleotide drugs have been developed and approved on the market already. These drugs vary in their chemical structures, action mechanisms and cellular targets, but all of them could be capable of inhibiting excessive inflammatory responses. This review summarized their chemical modifications, action mechanisms and applications of the three kinds of inhibitory oligodeoxynucleotidesin the precise treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yingying Su
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Duoduo Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shuyou Shi
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mingli Fang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China,*Correspondence: Mingli Fang, ; Ming Yang,
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China,*Correspondence: Mingli Fang, ; Ming Yang,
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Qu Y, Shen F, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Huang H, Xu Y, Li Q, Zhu X, Sun L. Applications of Functional DNA Materials in Immunomodulatory Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:45079-45095. [PMID: 36171537 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, nanoscale or microscale functional materials derived from DNA have shown great potential for immunotherapy as superior delivery carriers. DNA nanostructures with excellent programmability and addressability enable the precise assembly of molecules or nanoparticles. DNA hydrogels have predictable structures and adjustable mechanical strength, thus being advantageous in controllable release of cargos. In addition, utilizing systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment technology, a variety of DNA aptamers have been screened for specific recognition of ions, molecules, and even cells. Moreover, a wide variety of chemical modifications can further enrich the function of DNA. The unique advantages of functional DNA materials make them extremely attractive in immunomodulation. Recently, functional DNA materials-based immunotherapy has shown great potential in fighting against many diseases like cancer, viral infection, and inflammation. Therefore, in this review, we focus on discussing the progress of the applications of functional DNA materials in immunotherapy; before that, we also summarize the characteristics of the functional DNA materials descried above. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future opportunities of functional DNA materials in immunomodulatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Qu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Fengyun Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ziyi Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hao Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yufei Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Lele Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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Zhang C, Wang H, Wang H, Shi S, Zhao P, Su Y, Wang H, Yang M, Fang M. A microsatellite DNA-derived oligodeoxynucleotide attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice by inhibiting the HMGB1-TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:964112. [PMID: 35992691 PMCID: PMC9386506 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.964112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) with uncontrolled inflammatory response has high morbidity and mortality rates in critically ill patients. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are involved in the development of uncontrolled inflammatory response injury and associated lethality. In this study, we investigated the inhibit effect of MS19, a microsatellite DNA-derived oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) with AAAG repeats, on the inflammatory response induced by various PAMPs in vitro and in vivo. In parallel, a microsatellite DNA with AAAC repeats, named as MS19-C, was used as controls. We found that MS19 extensively inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α induced by various PAMPs stimulation, including DNA viruses, RNA viruses, bacterial components lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and curdlan, as well as the dsDNA and dsRNA mimics, in primed bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM). Other than various PAMPs, MS19 also demonstrated obvious effects on blocking the high mobility group box1 (HMGB1), a representative damage-associated-molecular pattern (DAMP), nuclear translocation and secretion. With the base substitution from G to C, MS19-C has been proved that it has lost the inhibitory effect. The inhibition is associated with nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling but not the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) transduction. Moreover, MS19 capable of inhibiting the IL-6 and TNF-α production and blocking the HMGB1 nuclear translocation and secretion in LPS-stimulated cells was used to treat mice ALI induced by LPS in vivo. In the ALI mice model, MS19 significantly inhibited the weight loss and displayed the dramatic effect on lessening the ALI by reducing consolidation, hemorrhage, intra-alveolar edema in lungs of the mice. Meanwhile, MS19 could increase the survival rate of ALI by downregulating the inflammation cytokines HMGB1, TNF-a, and IL-6 production in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The data suggest that MS19 might display its therapeutic role on ALI by inhibiting the HMGB1-TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghua Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Endoscopy, Jilin Provincial Cancer Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongrui Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuyou Shi
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peiyan Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingying Su
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Ming Yang,
| | - Mingli Fang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Mingli Fang,
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Gao C, Qiao T, Yuan S, Zhuang X. The Preliminary Study for Postoperative Radiotherapy Survival Associated with RUNX3 and TLR9 Expression in Lung Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:4497-4507. [PMID: 34113175 PMCID: PMC8186941 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s305452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many studies have reported that the inflammatory immune response related to TLR9 signaling activation participates in tumor development and affects the treatment outcome. RUNX3 functions as a tumor suppressor by regulating DNA methylation. RUNX3 protein plays an important role in TGF-β signaling pathway that is involved in tumor growth inhibition and apoptosis. At present, radiotherapy is still an important treatment in lung cancer, which induces immune response and affects the therapeutic outcome. The role of TLR9 signaling activation and RUNX3 in this process is not clear. Methods In this study, we investigated the expression of TLR9 in tumor and RUNX3 in surrounding tissues by immunohistochemical methods and analyzed the relationship on postoperative survival in lung cancer. Results We found that the high expression of TLR9 was the risk factor in postoperative survival of lung cancer with no difference in lifetime. The high expression of RUNX3 in lung cancer with TLR9 signaling activation was in favor of progression-free survival and overall survival in postoperative radiotherapy. It suggested that RUNX3 played an important role in lung cancer radiotherapy. In order to determine the effect of RUNX3 in lung cancer radiation with TLR9 signaling activation, we introduced 5-Aza-2ʹ-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) and exposed lung cancer A459 cells repeatedly. The high expression of RUNX3 especially RUNX3-B in cells treated with 5-Aza-CdR was observed. We examined that 5-Aza-CdR induced more cell blocking in G2/M phase in combining irradiation. Conclusion The result implied that it was feasible to improve radiosensitivity of lung cancer with TLR9 signaling activation by increasing RUNX3 expression, and 5-Aza-CdR was an option in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Gao
- Jinshan Hospital Center for Tumor Diagnosis & Therapy, Shanghai, 201508, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiankui Qiao
- Jinshan Hospital Center for Tumor Diagnosis & Therapy, Shanghai, 201508, People's Republic of China
| | - Sujuan Yuan
- Jinshan Hospital Center for Tumor Diagnosis & Therapy, Shanghai, 201508, People's Republic of China
| | - Xibing Zhuang
- Jinshan Hospital Center for Tumor Diagnosis & Therapy, Shanghai, 201508, People's Republic of China
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Sun L, Shen F, Tian L, Tao H, Xiong Z, Xu J, Liu Z. ATP-Responsive Smart Hydrogel Releasing Immune Adjuvant Synchronized with Repeated Chemotherapy or Radiotherapy to Boost Antitumor Immunity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007910. [PMID: 33788339 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Certain chemotherapeutics and forms of ionizing radiation can induce immunogenic cell death (ICD). If there simultaneously exist immune adjuvants within the tumor, such antitumor immunity would be further amplified. However, as clinical chemo/radiotherapies are usually repeatedly given at low individual doses, it would be impractical to administrate immune adjuvants into tumors at each dose of chemo/radiotherapies. Thus, a smart hydrogel is developed that releases immune adjuvants in response to repeatedly applied chemo-/radiotherapies. Herein, alginate is conjugated with an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-specific aptamer, which is hybridized with immunoadjuvant CpG oligonucleotide. Upon intratumoral injection, alginate-based hydrogel is formed in situ. Interestingly, low doses of oxaliplatin or X-rays, while inducing ICD of tumor cells, could trigger release of ATP, which competitively binds with ATP-specific aptamer to trigger CpG release. Therefore, the smart hydrogel could release the immune adjuvant synchronized with low-dose repeated chemo/radiotherapies, achieving remarkable synergistic responses in eliminating established tumors, as well as immune memory to reject re-challenged tumors. Moreover, repeated radiotherapies assisted by the smart hydrogel could inhibit distant tumor metastases, especially in combination with immune checkpoint blockade. The study presents a conceptually new strategy to boost cancer immunotherapy coherent with repeated low-dose chemo-/radiotherapies following a clinically relevant manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Sun
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Key Lab Carbon Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Fengyun Shen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Key Lab Carbon Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Longlong Tian
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Key Lab Carbon Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Huiquan Tao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Key Lab Carbon Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Zijian Xiong
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Key Lab Carbon Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Key Lab Carbon Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Key Lab Carbon Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
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Dondalska A, Rönnberg E, Ma H, Pålsson SA, Magnusdottir E, Gao T, Adam L, Lerner EA, Nilsson G, Lagerström M, Spetz AL. Amelioration of Compound 48/80-Mediated Itch and LL-37-Induced Inflammation by a Single-Stranded Oligonucleotide. Front Immunol 2020; 11:559589. [PMID: 33101278 PMCID: PMC7554336 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.559589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous inflammatory skin disorders display a high prevalence of itch. The Mas-related G protein coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2) has been shown to modulate itch by inducing non-IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation and the release of endogenous inducers of pruritus. Various substances collectively known as basic secretagogues, which include inflammatory peptides and certain drugs, can trigger MRGPRX2 and thereby induce pseudo-allergic reactions characterized by histamine and protease release as well as inflammation. Here, we investigated the capacity of an immunomodulatory single-stranded oligonucleotide (ssON) to modulate IgE-independent mast cell degranulation and, more specifically, its ability to inhibit the basic secretagogues compound 48/80 (C48/80)-and LL-37 in vitro and in vivo. We examined the effect of ssON on MRGPRX2 activation in vitro by measuring degranulation in a human mast cell line (LAD2) and calcium influx in MRGPRX2-transfected HEK293 cells. To determine the effect of ssON on itch, we performed behavioral studies in established mouse models and collected skin biopsies for histological analysis. Additionally, with the use of a rosacea mouse model and RT-qPCR, we investigated the effect on ssON on LL-37-induced inflammation. We reveal that both mast cell degranulation and calcium influx in MRGPRX2 transfected HEK293 cells, induced by the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 and the basic secretagogue C48/80, are effectively inhibited by ssON in a dose-dependent manner. Further, ssON demonstrates a capability to inhibit LL-37 and C48/80 activation in vivo in two mouse models. We show that intradermal injection of ssON in mice is able to block itch induced via C48/80 in a dose-dependent manner. Histological staining revealed that ssON inhibits acute mast cell degranulation in murine skin treated with C48/80. Lastly, we show that ssON treatment ameliorates LL-37-induced inflammation in a rosacea mouse model. Since there is a need for new therapeutics targeting non-IgE-mediated activation of mast cells, ssON could be used as a prospective drug candidate to resolve itch and inflammation in certain dermatoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Dondalska
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elin Rönnberg
- Immunology and Allergy Division, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Haisha Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sandra Axberg Pålsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Tianle Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lucille Adam
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ethan A. Lerner
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gunnar Nilsson
- Immunology and Allergy Division, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Anna-Lena Spetz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lv S, Li S, Wang Z, Xia J. Imbalance in the ratio of CpG and polyG contributes to impaired interferon-α expression. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1148-1157. [PMID: 30701565 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The secretion of interferon-α (IFN-α) is impaired during hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. DNA sequences purified from distinct viruses, for example, HBV versus members of Herpesviridae, have been shown to differ in their IFN-α signaling properties. The present study found that DNA from HBV inhibited, while DNA from members of Herpesviridae induced, the expression of IFN-α. Furthermore, stimulatory cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) sequences derived from these DNA viruses could induce the secretion of IFN-α, while inhibitory guanosine-rich oligodeoxynucleoti (polyG) oligonucleotide sequences derived from these DNA viruses could inhibit CpG-induced IFN-α secretion. Using a computational analysis of genomic DNA sequences, the discrimination between the genomes of HBV and those of other DNA viruses that can also cause inflammation of the liver is based on different frequencies of the CpG and polyG motifs. The underrepresentation of stimulatory CpG motifs and overrepresentation of inhibitory polyG motifs were documented in HBV genomes, whereas the DNA from other viral genomes displayed the opposite trend. Moreover, it was demonstrated that HBV could suppress the activation of IFN-α via its own DNA through the high proportion of polyG motifs. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a specific role for polyG motifs in the inhibition of the IFN-α response following DNA virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Lv
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Suping Li
- Blood Test and Identification Laboratory, Blood Transfusion Institute, Anhui Blood Center, Hefei, China
| | - Zifeng Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Xia
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Maeda M, Kojima T, Song Y, Takayama S. DNA-Based Biomaterials for Immunoengineering. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801243. [PMID: 30516349 PMCID: PMC6407644 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Man-made DNA materials hold the potential to modulate specific immune pathways toward immunoactivating or immunosuppressive cascades. DNA-based biomaterials introduce DNA into the extracellular environment during implantation or delivery, and subsequently intracellularly upon phagocytosis or degradation of the material. Therefore, the immunogenic functionality of biological and synthetic extracellular DNA should be considered to achieve desired immune responses. In vivo, extracellular DNA from both endogenous and exogenous sources holds immunoactivating functions which can be traced back to the molecular features of DNA, such as sequence and length. Extracellular DNA is recognized as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), by immune cell receptors, activating either proinflammatory signaling pathways or immunosuppressive cell functions. Although extracellular DNA promotes protective immune responses during early inflammation such as bacterial killing, recent advances demonstrate that unresolved and elevated DNA concentrations may contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, cancer, and fibrosis. Therefore, addressing the immunogenicity of DNA enables immune responses to be engineered by optimizing their activating and suppressive performance per application. To this end, emerging biology relevant to the generation of extracellular DNA, DNA sensors, and its role concerning existing and future synthetic DNA biomaterials are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Maeda
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, 950 Atlantic Dr NW. Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
- The Parker H Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Taisuke Kojima
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, 950 Atlantic Dr NW. Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
- The Parker H Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Yang Song
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, 950 Atlantic Dr NW. Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
- The Parker H Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Shuichi Takayama
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, 950 Atlantic Dr NW. Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
- The Parker H Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332 USA,
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10
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Järver P, Dondalska A, Poux C, Sandberg A, Bergenstråhle J, Sköld AE, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Martinon F, Pålsson S, Zaghloul E, Brodin D, Sander B, Lennox KA, Behlke MA, El-Andaloussi S, Lehtiö J, Lundeberg J, LeGrand R, Spetz AL. Single-Stranded Nucleic Acids Regulate TLR3/4/7 Activation through Interference with Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15841. [PMID: 30367171 PMCID: PMC6203749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33960-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of nucleic acids by endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLR) is essential to combat pathogens, but requires strict control to limit inflammatory responses. The mechanisms governing this tight regulation are unclear. We found that single-stranded oligonucleotides (ssON) inhibit endocytic pathways used by cargo destined for TLR3/4/7 signaling endosomes. Both ssDNA and ssRNA conferred the endocytic inhibition, it was concentration dependent, and required a certain ssON length. The ssON-mediated inhibition modulated signaling downstream of TLRs that localized within the affected endosomal pathway. We further show that injection of ssON dampens dsRNA-mediated inflammatory responses in the skin of non-human primates. These studies reveal a regulatory role for extracellular ssON in the endocytic uptake of TLR ligands and provide a mechanistic explanation of their immunomodulation. The identified ssON-mediated interference of endocytosis (SOMIE) is a regulatory process that temporarily dampens TLR3/4/7 signaling, thereby averting excessive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Järver
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Aleksandra Dondalska
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Candice Poux
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - AnnSofi Sandberg
- Cancer Proteomics Mass Spectrometry, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joseph Bergenstråhle
- Department of Gene Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, 171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Annette E Sköld
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- CEA, -Université Paris Sud-Inserm U1184, IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie Francois Jacob (IBFJ), 922 60, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Fréderic Martinon
- CEA, -Université Paris Sud-Inserm U1184, IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie Francois Jacob (IBFJ), 922 60, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sandra Pålsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eman Zaghloul
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Brodin
- Bioinformatics and Expression Analysis core facility, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Sander
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kim A Lennox
- Integrated DNA Technologies Inc, Coralville, 52241, Iowa, USA
| | - Mark A Behlke
- Integrated DNA Technologies Inc, Coralville, 52241, Iowa, USA
| | - Samir El-Andaloussi
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, OX1 3PT, Oxford, UK
| | - Janne Lehtiö
- Cancer Proteomics Mass Spectrometry, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joakim Lundeberg
- Department of Gene Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, 171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Roger LeGrand
- CEA, -Université Paris Sud-Inserm U1184, IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie Francois Jacob (IBFJ), 922 60, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anna-Lena Spetz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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11
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Kostyuk SV, Porokhovnik LN, Ershova ES, Malinovskaya EM, Konkova MS, Kameneva LV, Dolgikh OA, Veiko VP, Pisarev VM, Martynov AV, Sergeeva VA, Kaliyanov AA, Filev AD, Chudakova JM, Abramova MS, Kutsev SI, Izhevskaya VL, Veiko NN. Changes of KEAP1/NRF2 and IKB/NF- κB Expression Levels Induced by Cell-Free DNA in Different Cell Types. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:1052413. [PMID: 29743966 PMCID: PMC5883976 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1052413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is a circulating DNA of nuclear and mitochondrial origin mainly derived from dying cells. Recent studies have shown that cfDNA is a stress signaling DAMP (damage-associated molecular pattern) molecule. We report here that the expression profiles of cfDNA-induced factors NRF2 and NF-κB are distinct depending on the target cell's type and the GC-content and oxidation rate of the cfDNA. Stem cells (MSC) have shown higher expression of NRF2 without inflammation in response to cfDNA. In contrast, inflammatory response launched by NF-κB was dominant in differentiated cells HUVEC, MCF7, and fibroblasts, with a possibility of transition to massive apoptosis. In each cell type examined, the response for oxidized cfDNA was more acute with higher peak intensity and faster resolution than that for nonoxidized cfDNA. GC-rich nonoxidized cfDNA evoked a weaker and prolonged response with proinflammatory component (NF-κB) as predominant. The exploration of apoptosis rates after adding cfDNA showed that cfDNA with moderately increased GC-content and lightly oxidized DNA promoted cell survival in a hormetic manner. Novel potential therapeutic approaches are proposed, which depend on the current cfDNA content: either preconditioning with low doses of cfDNA before a planned adverse impact or eliminating (binding, etc.) cfDNA when its content has already become high.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lev N. Porokhovnik
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics (RCMG), Moscow 115478, Russia
- V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow 107031, Russia
| | - Elizaveta S. Ershova
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics (RCMG), Moscow 115478, Russia
- V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow 107031, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Olga A. Dolgikh
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics (RCMG), Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Vladimir P. Veiko
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Vladimir M. Pisarev
- V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow 107031, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Anton D. Filev
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics (RCMG), Moscow 115478, Russia
- V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow 107031, Russia
| | | | - Margarita S. Abramova
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics (RCMG), Moscow 115478, Russia
- N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Serguey I. Kutsev
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics (RCMG), Moscow 115478, Russia
- N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
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12
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Bayik D, Gursel I, Klinman DM. Structure, mechanism and therapeutic utility of immunosuppressive oligonucleotides. Pharmacol Res 2016; 105:216-25. [PMID: 26779666 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides that can down-regulate cellular elements of the immune system have been developed and are being widely studied in preclinical models. These agents vary in sequence, mechanism of action, and cellular target(s) but share the ability to suppress a plethora of inflammatory responses. This work reviews the types of immunosuppressive oligodeoxynucleotide (Sup ODN) and compares their therapeutic activity against diseases characterized by pathologic levels of immune stimulation ranging from autoimmunity to septic shock to cancer (see graphical abstract). The mechanism(s) underlying the efficacy of Sup ODN and the influence size, sequence and nucleotide backbone on function are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defne Bayik
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Bilkent University, Molecular Biology and Genetic Department, Therapeutic ODN Research Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ihsan Gursel
- Bilkent University, Molecular Biology and Genetic Department, Therapeutic ODN Research Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Dennis M Klinman
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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13
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Nishida Y, Ohtsuki S, Araie Y, Umeki Y, Endo M, Emura T, Hidaka K, Sugiyama H, Takahashi Y, Takakura Y, Nishikawa M. Self-assembling DNA hydrogel-based delivery of immunoinhibitory nucleic acids to immune cells. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:123-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Reyes-Becerril M, Ascencio-Valle F, Alamillo E, Hirono I, Kondo H, Jirapongpairoj W, Angulo C. Molecular cloning and comparative responses of Toll-like receptor 22 following ligands stimulation and parasitic infection in yellowtail (Seriola lalandi). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:323-333. [PMID: 26102460 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
TLR22 is exclusively present in teleosts and amphibians and is expected to play the distinctive role in innate immunity. In this study, we cloned the full-length cDNA sequence of yellowtail (Seriola lalandi) TLR22 (SlTLR22). The complete cDNA sequence of SlTLR22 was 4208 bp and encodes a polypeptide of 961 amino acids. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence indicated that SlTLR22 has typical structural features of proteins belonging to the TLR family. These included 17 LRR domains (residues 91-633) and one C-terminal LRR domain (LRR-CT, residues 693-744) in the extracellular region, and a TIR domain (residues 800-943) in the cytoplasmic region. Comparison with homologous proteins showed that the deduced SlTLR22 has the highest sequence identity to turbot TLR22 (76%). Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis demonstrated the constitutive expression of SlTLR22 mRNA in all examined tissues with higher levels in the head kidney, intestine, skin and spleen. Further, SlTLR22 expression was significantly up-regulated following TLR ligands injection with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), CpG ODN2006 and polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) in spleen and liver. Amyloodinium ocellatum infection also induced a high expression of SlTLR22 in spleen, intestine, muscle, skin and gill, with maximum increases ranging from 1000 to 100 fold upon different ligands and organs. Finally, histological examination in gill tissue confirmed infection by the parasite and histopathological lesion was observed also in spleen and skin. These findings suggest a possible role of SlTLR22 in the immune responses to the infections of a broad range of pathogens that include DNA and RNA viruses and parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Reyes-Becerril
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico
| | - Felipe Ascencio-Valle
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico
| | - Erika Alamillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico
| | - Ikuo Hirono
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kondo
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Walissara Jirapongpairoj
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Carlos Angulo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico.
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15
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Engman C, Wen Y, Meng WS, Bottino R, Trucco M, Giannoukakis N. Generation of antigen-specific Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells in vivo following administration of diabetes-reversing tolerogenic microspheres does not require provision of antigen in the formulation. Clin Immunol 2015; 160:103-23. [PMID: 25773782 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have developed novel antisense oligonucleotide-formulated microspheres that can reverse hyperglycemia in newly-onset diabetic mice. Dendritic cells taking up the microspheres adopt a restrained co-stimulation ability and migrate to the pancreatic lymph nodes when injected into an abdominal region that is drained by those lymph nodes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the absolute numbers of antigen-specific Foxp3+ T regulatory cells are increased only in the lymph nodes draining the site of administration and that these T-cells proliferate independently of antigen supply in the microspheres. Taken together, our data add to the emerging model where antigen supply may not be a requirement in "vaccines" for autoimmune disease, but the site of administration - subserved by lymph nodes draining the target organ - is in fact critical to foster the generation of antigen-specific regulatory cells. The implications of these observations on "vaccine" design for autoimmunity are discussed and summarized.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B7-1 Antigen/genetics
- B7-2 Antigen/genetics
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- CD11c Antigen/metabolism
- CD40 Antigens/genetics
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/analysis
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Hyperglycemia/therapy
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Macaca fascicularis
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microspheres
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
- Pancreas/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Engman
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA.
| | - Yi Wen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Mellon 413, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Wilson S Meng
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Mellon 413, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | - Rita Bottino
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA.
| | - Massimo Trucco
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA.
| | - Nick Giannoukakis
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA.
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16
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Römmler F, Hammel M, Waldhuber A, Müller T, Jurk M, Uhlmann E, Wagner H, Vollmer J, Miethke T. Guanine-modified inhibitory oligonucleotides efficiently impair TLR7- and TLR9-mediated immune responses of human immune cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116703. [PMID: 25695778 PMCID: PMC4335036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of TLR7 and TLR9 by endogenous RNA- or DNA-containing ligands, respectively, is thought to contribute to the complicated pathophysiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). These ligands induce the release of type-I interferons by plasmacytoid dendritic cells and autoreactive antibodies by B-cells, both responses being key events in perpetuating SLE. We recently described the development of inhibitory oligonucleotides (INH-ODN), which are characterized by a phosphorothioate backbone, a CC(T)XXX3-5GGG motif and a chemical modification of the G-quartet to avoid the formation of higher order structures via intermolecular G-tetrads. These INH-ODNs were equally or significantly more efficient to impair TLR7- and TLR9-stimulated murine B-cells, macrophages, conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells than the parent INH-ODN 2088, which lacks G-modification. Here, we evaluate the inhibitory/therapeutic potential of our set of G-modified INH-ODN on human immune cells. We report the novel finding that G-modified INH-ODNs efficiently inhibited the release of IFN-α by PBMC stimulated either with the TLR7-ligand oligoribonucleotide (ORN) 22075 or the TLR9-ligand CpG-ODN 2216. G-modification of INH-ODNs significantly improved inhibition of IL-6 release by PBMCs and purified human B-cells stimulated with the TLR7-ligand imiquimod or the TLR9-ligand CpG-ODN 2006. Furthermore, inhibition of B-cell activation analyzed by expression of activation markers and intracellular ATP content was significantly improved by G-modification. As observed with murine B-cells, high concentrations of INH-ODN 2088 but not of G-modified INH-ODNs stimulated IL-6 secretion by PBMCs in the absence of TLR-ligands thus limiting its blocking efficacy. In summary, G-modification of INH-ODNs improved their ability to impair TLR7- and TLR9-mediated signaling in those human immune cells which are considered as crucial in the pathophysiology of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Römmler
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Monika Hammel
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Waldhuber
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tina Müller
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Jurk
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | | | - Hermann Wagner
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Miethke
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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17
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Sandholm J, Selander KS. Toll-like receptor 9 in breast cancer. Front Immunol 2014; 5:330. [PMID: 25101078 PMCID: PMC4105583 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is a cellular DNA receptor of the innate immune system. DNA recognition via TLR9 results in an inflammatory reaction, which eventually also activates a Th1-biased adaptive immune attack. In addition to cells of the immune system, TLR9 mRNA and protein are also widely expressed in breast cancer cell lines and in clinical breast cancer specimens. Although synthetic TLR9-ligands induce cancer cell invasion in vitro, the role of TLR9 in cancer pathophysiology has remained unclear. In the studies conducted so far, tumor TLR9 expression has been shown to have prognostic significance only in patients that have triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Specifically, high tumor TLR9 expression predicts good prognosis among TNBC patients. Pre-clinical studies suggest that TLR9 expression may affect tumor immunophenotype and contribute to the immunogenic benefit of chemotherapy. In this review, we discuss the possible contribution of tumor TLR9 to the pathogenesis and treatment responses in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jouko Sandholm
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University , Turku , Finland
| | - Katri S Selander
- Department of Pathology, Lapland Central Hospital , Rovaniemi , Finland ; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA ; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
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18
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Sauter MM, Gauger JJL, Brandt CR. Oligonucleotides designed to inhibit TLR9 block Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection at multiple steps. Antiviral Res 2014; 109:83-96. [PMID: 24995383 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is an important human pathogen which requires activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) during its replication cycle. The persistent nature of HSV-1 infection, and the emergence of drug-resistant strains, highlights the importance of research to develop new antiviral agents. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a prominent role during the early antiviral response by recognizing viral nucleic acid and gene products, activating NFκB, and stimulating the production of inflammatory cytokines. We demonstrate a significant effect on HSV-1 replication in ARPE-19 and Vero cells when oligonucleotides designed to inhibit TLR9 are added 2h prior to infection. A greater than 90% reduction in the yield of infectious virus was achieved at oligonucleotide concentrations of 10-20 μM. TLR9 inhibitory oligonucleotides prevented expression of essential immediate early herpes gene products as determined by immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blotting. TLR9 oligonucleotides also interfered with viral attachment and entry. A TLR9 inhibitory oligonucleotide containing five adjacent guanosine residues (G-ODN) exhibited virucidal activity and inhibited HSV-1 replication when added post-infection. The antiviral effect of the TLR9 inhibitory oligonucleotides did not depend on the presence of TLR9 protein, suggesting a mechanism of inhibition that is not TLR9 specific. TLR9 inhibitory oligonucleotides also reduced NFκB activity in nuclear extracts. Studies using these TLR inhibitors in the context of viral infection should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Sauter
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
| | - Joshua J L Gauger
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
| | - Curtis R Brandt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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19
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Kang HJ, Le TVT, Kim K, Hur J, Kim KK, Park HJ. Novel Interaction of the Z-DNA Binding Domain of Human ADAR1 with the Oncogenic c-Myc Promoter G-Quadruplex. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:2594-604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Reovirus type-2-triggered autoimmune cholangitis in extrahepatic bile ducts of weanling DBA/1J mice. Pediatr Res 2014; 75:29-37. [PMID: 24121424 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2013.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reovirus is a proposed cause of infantile biliary atresia. However, mechanistic insight regarding Reo-2 as a potential cholangiotropic virus is lacking. Furthermore, it is unknown whether Reo-2 infection can induce autoimmune-mediated bile duct injury. METHODS Lesions of bile ducts in newborn DBA/1J mice infected with Reo-2 were analyzed immunopathologically. RESULTS Damage to biliary epithelia occurs after Reo-2 infection. In addition, nonsuppurative cholangitis with fibrosis in extrahepatic (especially septal) bile ducts developed following complete viral clearance from the liver. At the inflamed ducts, major histocompatibility complex class I expressing((+)) and FAS(+) cholangiocytes were associated with FAS ligand(+) lymphocytes and tumor necrosis factor-α(+) mononuclear cells (macrophages and lymphocytes). These cholangiocytes were apoptotic and necrotic. Moreover, affected ducts were infiltrated by CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), IFN-γ(+), and FAS(+) lymphocytes. Analysis of blood from Reo-2-infected mice revealed that they developed anticholangiocyte cytoplasm antibodies and had high serum IFN-γ concentration. Notably, there was no increase in Foxp3(+) lymphocytes at inflamed ducts, lymph nodes, and thymi. CONCLUSION Reo-2 infection induced T-helper cell type 1-dependent injury to bile ducts in weanling mice. The lesions observed in mice may be analogous to those associated with human infantile biliary atresia, which are caused by an autoimmune-mediated process.
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21
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Ward TL, Hosid S, Ioshikhes I, Altosaar I. Human milk metagenome: a functional capacity analysis. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:116. [PMID: 23705844 PMCID: PMC3679945 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk contains a diverse population of bacteria that likely influences colonization of the infant gastrointestinal tract. Recent studies, however, have been limited to characterization of this microbial community by 16S rRNA analysis. In the present study, a metagenomic approach using Illumina sequencing of a pooled milk sample (ten donors) was employed to determine the genera of bacteria and the types of bacterial open reading frames in human milk that may influence bacterial establishment and stability in this primal food matrix. The human milk metagenome was also compared to that of breast-fed and formula-fed infants' feces (n = 5, each) and mothers' feces (n = 3) at the phylum level and at a functional level using open reading frame abundance. Additionally, immune-modulatory bacterial-DNA motifs were also searched for within human milk. RESULTS The bacterial community in human milk contained over 360 prokaryotic genera, with sequences aligning predominantly to the phyla of Proteobacteria (65%) and Firmicutes (34%), and the genera of Pseudomonas (61.1%), Staphylococcus (33.4%) and Streptococcus (0.5%). From assembled human milk-derived contigs, 30,128 open reading frames were annotated and assigned to functional categories. When compared to the metagenome of infants' and mothers' feces, the human milk metagenome was less diverse at the phylum level, and contained more open reading frames associated with nitrogen metabolism, membrane transport and stress response (P < 0.05). The human milk metagenome also contained a similar occurrence of immune-modulatory DNA motifs to that of infants' and mothers' fecal metagenomes. CONCLUSIONS Our results further expand the complexity of the human milk metagenome and enforce the benefits of human milk ingestion on the microbial colonization of the infant gut and immunity. Discovery of immune-modulatory motifs in the metagenome of human milk indicates more exhaustive analyses of the functionality of the human milk metagenome are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonya L Ward
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; and Ottawa Institute of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Sergey Hosid
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; and Ottawa Institute of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Ilya Ioshikhes
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; and Ottawa Institute of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Illimar Altosaar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; and Ottawa Institute of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
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22
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In vivo TLR9 inhibition attenuates CpG-induced myocardial dysfunction. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:217297. [PMID: 23690658 PMCID: PMC3649709 DOI: 10.1155/2013/217297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), a receptor for bacterial DNA, in septic cardiac depression has not been clarified in vivo. Thus, the aim of the study was to test possible TLR9 inhibitors (H154-thioate, IRS954-thioate, and chloroquine) for their ability to protect the cardiovascular system in a murine model of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide- (ODN-) dependent systemic inflammation. Sepsis was induced by i.p. application of the TLR9 agonist 1668-thioate in C57BL/6 wild type (WT) and TLR9-deficient (TLR9-D) mice. Thirty minutes after stimulation TLR9 antagonists were applied i.v. Survival was monitored up to 18 h after stimulation. Cardiac mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators was analyzed 2 h and 6 h after stimulation with 1668-thioate and hemodynamic parameters were monitored at the later time point. Stimulation with 1668-thioate induced a severe sepsis-like state with significant drop of body temperature and significantly increased mortality in WT animals. Additionally, there was a time-dependent increase of inflammatory mediators in the heart accompanied by development of septic heart failure. These effects were not observed in TLR9-D mice. Inhibition of TLR9 by the suppressive ODN H154-thioate significantly ameliorated cardiac inflammation, preserved cardiac function, and improved survival. This suppressive ODN was the most efficient inhibitor of the tested substances.
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Matesic D, Lenert A, Lenert P. Modulating toll-like receptor 7 and 9 responses as therapy for allergy and autoimmunity. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2013; 12:8-17. [PMID: 22086297 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-011-0233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Type I allergic diseases, such as allergic rhinitis and asthma, depend on allergen-induced T-helper type 2 (Th2) cells and IgE-secreting plasma cells. Fortunately, this harmful immune response can be modified by engaging Toll-like receptor (TLR)7 and TLR9, offering hopes to allergy sufferers. While clinical trials employing synthetic ligands for TLR7 or TLR9 are under way, one can wonder whether TLR7 or TLR9 engagements may trigger inadvertent autoreactivity and/or Th1-/Th17-mediated tissue pathology. To neutralize such danger, we have pioneered the development of potent TLR9 pathway antagonists, inhibitory oligonucleotides (INH-ODNs), which work in a sequence-specific manner. Interestingly, INH-ODNs also have TLR7-inhibitory properties; however, these effects appear to be sequence independent and phosphorothioate backbone dependent. In B cells, co-engagement of the B-cell receptor for antigen and TLR7 or TLR9 may influence how INH-ODNs impose their regulatory effects. INH-ODNs block TLR9 activation by competitively antagonizing ligand binding to proteolytically cleaved C-terminal TLR9 fragment. One may envision future use of INH-ODNs in systemic autoimmune diseases, DNA-mediated sepsis, or other situations in which chronic inflammation results from abnormal TLR7- and/or TLR9-mediated immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Matesic
- Indiana Institute of Immunology, Allergy, and Asthma, Kokomo, IN 46902, USA.
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Parcina M, Miranda-Garcia MA, Durlanik S, Ziegler S, Over B, Georg P, Foermer S, Ammann S, Hilmi D, Weber KJ, Schiller M, Heeg K, Schneider-Brachert W, Götz F, Bekeredjian-Ding I. Pathogen-triggered activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells induces IL-10-producing B cells in response to Staphylococcus aureus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:1591-602. [PMID: 23325892 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Induction of polyclonal B cell activation is a phenomenon observed in many types of infection, but its immunological relevance is unclear. In this study we show that staphylococcal protein A induces T cell-independent human B cell proliferation by enabling uptake of TLR-stimulating nucleic acids via the V(H)3(+) BCR. We further demonstrate that Staphylococcus aureus strains with high surface protein A expression concomitantly trigger activation of human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC). Sensitivity to chloroquine, cathepsin B inhibition, and a G-rich inhibitory oligodeoxynucleotide supports the involvement of TLR9 in this context. We then identify pDC as essential cellular mediators of B cell proliferation and Ig production in response to surface protein A-bearing S. aureus. The in vivo relevancy of these findings is confirmed in a human PBMC Nod/scid(Prkdc)/γc(-/-) mouse model. Finally, we demonstrate that co-operation of pDC and B cells enhances B cell-derived IL-10 production, a cytokine associated with immunosuppression and induction of IgG4, an isotype frequently dominating the IgG response to S. aureus. IL-10 release is partially dependent on TLR2-active lipoproteins, a hallmark of the Staphylococcus species. Collectively, our data suggest that S. aureus exploits pDC and TLR to establish B cell-mediated immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijo Parcina
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology, and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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David BT, Ratnayake A, Amarante MA, Reddy NP, Dong W, Sampath S, Heary RF, Elkabes S. A toll-like receptor 9 antagonist reduces pain hypersensitivity and the inflammatory response in spinal cord injury. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 54:194-205. [PMID: 23313320 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are mediators of the innate immune response to exogenous pathogens. They have also been implicated in sterile inflammation associated with systemic injury and non-infectious diseases via binding of endogenous ligands, possibly released by damaged cells. Emerging evidence indicates that some TLRs play a role in nervous system injury and especially in injury-elicited pain and sterile inflammation. However, no information is available about the contribution of TLR9, a member of the TLR family, to traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Moreover, the therapeutic potential of TLR9 ligands in the functional outcomes of SCI, including pain, has not been explored. We report, for the first time, that the intrathecal administration of a TLR9 antagonist, cytidine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotide 2088 (CpG ODN 2088), to mice sustaining a severe contusion SCI, diminishes injury-induced heat hypersensitivity. Investigations on the potential mechanisms underlying the reduction in pain sensitivity indicated an attenuation of the inflammatory reaction manifested by a decrease in the number of CD11b-, CD45- and CD3-immunoreactive cells and a reduction in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression at the epicenter. Conversely, intrathecal delivery of a TLR9 agonist, CpG ODN 1826, increased inflammatory cell numbers and TNF-α expression in the epicenter. The CpG ODN 2088 treatment did not appear to induce systemic adverse effects as shown by spleen histology and serum cytokine levels. We propose that CpG ODN 2088 dampens injury-induced heat hypersensitivity by suppressing the inflammatory response and TNF-α expression. This investigation defines a previously unreported therapeutic role for CpG ODN 2088 in SCI-induced pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T David
- Department of Neurological Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Boivin N, Menasria R, Piret J, Boivin G. Modulation of TLR9 response in a mouse model of herpes simplex virus encephalitis. Antiviral Res 2012; 96:414-21. [PMID: 23043942 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of agonists and antagonist of toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 in comparison with a TLR3 agonist in a mouse model of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis (HSE). BALB/c mice received a single intranasal dose of either a TLR3 agonist (polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid; PIC), TLR9 agonists (oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) 1585, 1826 or 2395) or a TLR9 antagonist (ODN 2088), 1 day before and, for selected groups, 3 days after infection with HSV-1. Mice that received the pre-treatment with vehicle, PIC, ODNs 1585, 1826, 2395 and 2088 before infection had survival rates of 25%, 65%, 55%, 40%, 55% and 30%, respectively (P<0.05 for PIC and ODNs 1585 and 2395 versus vehicle). Infected mice subsequently treated with vehicle, ODNs 2395 and 2088 had survival rates of 9%, 0% and 30%, respectively (P<0.05, ODN 2088 versus other groups). The pre-treatment of mice with ODN 2395 reduced both the viral load (P<0.05 at day 5) and the production of CCL2, IL-6 and CCL5 at days 3, 4 and 5 (P<0.05 for IL-6 at day 3 and P<0.05 for CCL2 and CCL5 at day 4). Treatment of infected mice with ODN 2088 reduced the production of the same cytokines (P=0.07 for CCL2 and P=0.09 for IL-6 at day 5). Pre-treatment of mice with TLR9 agonists before infection reduces brain viral load and cytokine levels resulting in increased HSE survival rates. On the other hand, TLR9 antagonists can be helpful to control the inflammatory response that could be detrimental after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Boivin
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHUQ-CHUL and Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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27
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Nordström I, Eriksson K. HHV-6B induces IFN-lambda1 responses in cord plasmacytoid dendritic cells through TLR9. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38683. [PMID: 22701693 PMCID: PMC3368904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus type 6B (HHV-6B) is a strong inducer of IFN-alpha and has the capacity to promote Th1 responses and block Th2 responses in vitro. In this study we addressed whether inactivated HHV-6B can also induce IFN lambda responses and to what extent interferons alpha and lambda affect Th1/Th2 polarization. We show that inactivated HHV-6B induced IFN-lambda1 (IL-29) but not IFN-lambda2 (IL-28A) responses in plasmacytoid DC and that this induction was mediated through TLR9. We have previously shown that HHV-6B promotes Th1 responses and blocks Th2 responses in both humans and mice. We now show that neutralization of IFN-alpha but not IFN-lambda1 blocked the HHV-6B-induced enhancement of Th1 responses in MLR, but did not affect the HHV-6-induced dampening of Th2 responses. Similarly, blockage of TLR9 counteracted HHV-6Bs effects on the Th1/Th2 balance. In addition, IFN-alpha but not IFN-lambda1 promoted IFN-gamma production and blocked IL-5 and IL-13 production in purified CD4+ T-cells. The lack of effect of IFN-lambda1 correlated with the absence of the IFN-lambda receptor IL-28Ralfa chain on the cell surface of both resting and activated CD4+ T-cells. We conclude that inactivated HHV-6B is a strong inducer of IFN-lambda1 in plasmacytoid DC and that this induction is TLR9-dependent. However, human CD4+ T-cells do not express the IFN-lambda receptor and are refractory to IFN-lambda1 treatment. The HHV-6B-induced alterations in the Th1/Th2 balance are instead mediated mainly through TLR9 and IFN-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Nordström
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Eriksson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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28
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Zhang YS, Wu XL, Wang Y, Sun R, Yu YL, Wang LY. Structure-activity relationship of a guanine-free oligodeoxynucleotide as immunopotent inhibitor. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 13:446-53. [PMID: 22664144 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Excessive innate immune response could contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. It is required to develop agents to inhibit the overwhelming innate immune response. SAT05f, an inhibitory ODN with CCT repeat sequence found in human microsatellite DNA, has been demonstrated to down-regulate TLR7/9-mediated innate immune response, protect mice from D-GalN/CpG ODN induced lethal shock, and reduce anti-ssDNA antibody level in the lupus-prone mice induced by chronic graft versus host disease (cGVHD). In this article, to explore the structure-activity relationship of SAT05f, we designed and synthesized a series of ODNs based on the sequence of SAT05f by changing repeat number of the CCT unit, substituting CCT unit with AAG at 3' end or 5' end or in the middle and by forming hairpin at 5' or 3' end, and tested their inhibitory effect on the CpG ODN induced proliferation and TNF-α production in murine immune cells. The results indicated that 1) at least 8 CCT units were required for a CCT repeat ODN to display its inhibitory activity; 2) CCT unit at 3' end of SAT05f was necessary for its full inhibitory activity; and 3) 5' end of SAT05f could be modified to design a more potent SAT05f derived inhibitory ODN. The data provided here would be helpful for finding a potent inhibitory ODN as a candidate medicament for the treatment of diseases associated with over-activated innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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29
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Avalos AM, Ploegh HL. Competition by inhibitory oligonucleotides prevents binding of CpG to C-terminal TLR9. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:2820-7. [PMID: 21766476 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
TLR9 recognizes unmethylated CpG-containing DNA commonly found in bacteria. Synthetic oligonucleotides containing CpG-motifs (CpG ODNs) recapitulate the activation of TLR9 by microbial DNA, whereas inversion of the CG dinucleotide within the CpG motif to GC (GpC ODNs) renders such ODNs inactive. This difference cannot be attributed to binding of ODNs to the full-length TLR9 ectodomain, as both CpG and GpC ODNs bind comparably. Activation of murine TLR9 requires cleavage into an active C-terminal fragment, which binds CpG robustly. We therefore compared the ability of CpG and GpC ODNs to bind to full-length and C-terminal TLR9, and their impact on the cleavage of TLR9. We found that CpG binds better to C-terminal TLR9 when compared with GpC, despite comparably low binding of both ODNs to full-length TLR9. Neither CpG nor GpC ODNs affected TLR9 cleavage in murine RAW 264.7 cells stably expressing TLR9-Myc. Inhibitory ODNs (IN-ODNs) block TLR9 signaling, but how they do so remains unclear. We show here that inhibitory ODNs do not impede TLR9 cleavage but bind to C-terminal TLR9 preferentially, and thereby compete for CpG ODN binding both in RAW cells and in TLR9-deficient cells transduced with TLR9-Myc. Ligand binding to C-terminal fragment thus determines the outcome of activation through TLR9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Avalos
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
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30
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Ashman RF, Goeken JA, Latz E, Lenert P. Optimal oligonucleotide sequences for TLR9 inhibitory activity in human cells: lack of correlation with TLR9 binding. Int Immunol 2011; 23:203-14. [PMID: 21393636 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxq473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR)9 performs our innate response to bacterial DNA, warning us of the presence of infection. Inhibitory oligodeoxyribonucleotides (INH-ODN) have been developed that selectively block activation of mouse TLR9. Their inhibitory motif consisting of CCx(not-C)(not-C)xxGGG (x = any base) also reduces anti-DNA antibodies in lupus mice. The current study demonstrates that this motif also provides the sequences required to block TLR9 in human B cells and human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells transfected with human TLR9. However, extending the sequence by four to five bases at the 5' end enhanced activity and this enhancement was greater when a phosphorothioate (pS) backbone replaced the native phosphodiester (pO) backbone. A series of pO-backbone INH-ODN representing a 500-fold range of activity in biologic assays was shown to cover less than a 2.5-fold range of avidity for binding human TLR9-Ig fusion protein, eliminating TLR9 ectodomain binding as the explanation for sequence-specific differences in biologic activity. With few exceptions, the relative activity of INH-ODN in Namalwa cells and HEK/human TLR9 cells was similar to that seen in mouse B cells. INH-ODN activity in human peripheral blood B cells correlated significantly with the cell line data. These results favor the conclusion that although the backbone determines strength of TLR9 binding, critical recognition of the INH-ODN sequence necessary for biologic activity is performed by a molecule that is not TLR9. These studies also identify the strongest INH-ODN for human B cells, helping to guide the selection of INH-ODN sequences for therapeutics in any situation where inflammation is enhanced by TLR9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Ashman
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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31
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Svensson A, Jäkärä E, Shestakov A, Eriksson K. Inhibition of γ-secretase cleavage in the notch signaling pathway blocks HSV-2-induced type I and type II interferon production. Viral Immunol 2011; 23:647-51. [PMID: 21142451 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2010.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have evaluated the role of γ-secretase, which is a crucial component in the Notch-induced signaling cascade, on herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)-induced innate and acquired interferon responses in human CD4(+) T cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC). We found that blockade of the Notch signaling pathway with a pharmacological γ-secretase inhibitor blocked both HSV-2-induced interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production in CD4(+) T cells, and HSV-2-induced IFN-α production in pDC in a dose-dependent fashion. These effects were not due to an overall suppressive capacity of the γ-secretase inhibitor, as it affected neither phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced IFN-γ production in CD4(+) T cells, nor CpG-induced IFN-α production in pDC. Our data suggest that Notch signaling could be involved in HSV-2-induced interferon responses in CD4(+) T-cells and pDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Svensson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Ciraci C, Lamont SJ. Avian-specific TLRs and downstream effector responses to CpG-induction in chicken macrophages. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:392-398. [PMID: 21095203 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Chickens possess toll-like receptor (TLR15), a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) absent in mammals. We characterized the regulation and mechanism of CpG responsiveness via TLRs in chicken macrophage HD11 cells. TLR15 was significantly upregulated after induction with B- and C-type CpG oligonucleotides (ODN), tripalmitoylated lipopeptide (PAM3CSK4), Escherichia coli- and Salmonella enteritidis-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In response to CpG-ODN inhibitor, TLR15 and IL1B were downregulated, but TLR21 was upregulated. IL1B was upregulated with CpG-ODN and downregulated after inhibitor treatment. The results suggest that responsiveness to different types of CpG-ODN in chicken macrophages requires multiple receptors, each with unique variation in expression. We utilized RNA interference (RNAi) technology to examine myeloid differentiation primary response gene (MyD88) dependency of TLR15 and TLR21. HD11 macrophages transfected with multiple MyD88-target siRNAs exhibited 70% decrease in MyD88 mRNA expression. IL1B was upregulated with CpG induction in cells with no reduction of MyD88 mRNA levels, but not in cells with 70% MyD88 reduction. Therefore, induction through TLR15 in response to CpG-ODN operates via the MyD88-dependent pathway in chicken macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Ciraci
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Gupta GK, Agrawal DK. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as TLR9 agonists: therapeutic application in allergy and asthma. BioDrugs 2010; 24:225-35. [PMID: 20623989 DOI: 10.2165/11536140-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) dinucleotides in microbial DNA sequences activate Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9, and previous studies have shown that oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing CpG in specific base sequence motifs (CpG ODNs) can reiterate the majority of the immunomodulatory effects produced by bacterial DNA. Many of the manifestations in allergic diseases are primarily due to T helper (T(h))-2 cell-type responses. CpG ODNs can induce T(h)1 and T-regulatory (T(reg)) cell-type cytokines that can suppress the T(h)2 response. The therapeutic application of TLR9 has been explored extensively in recent years, and many studies are being conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of TLR9 agonists in various diseases, including atopic and infectious diseases, and cancer. Studies in murine models have shown that the development of atopic airway disease can be prevented by treatment with CpG ODNs. Various clinical trials are currently ongoing to determine the efficacy of CpG ODNs as a therapeutic tool for atopic diseases. In this review, we discuss the therapeutic application of CpG ODNs in allergy and asthma. CpG ODNs may be used alone or as an adjuvant to immunotherapy to treat these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav K Gupta
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA
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Classification, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic applications of inhibitory oligonucleotides for Toll-like receptors (TLR) 7 and 9. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:986596. [PMID: 20490286 PMCID: PMC2873634 DOI: 10.1155/2010/986596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our immune defense depends on two specialized armed forces. The innate force acts as an alarm mechanism that senses changes in the microenvironment through the recognition of common microbial patterns by Toll-like receptors (TLR) and NOD proteins. It rapidly generates an inflammatory response aimed at neutralizing the intruder at the mucosal checkpoint. The innate arm also communicates this message with more specialized adaptive forces represented by pathogen-specific B cells and T cells. Interestingly, B cells also express some innate sensors, like TLR7 and TLR9, and may respond to bacterial hypomethylated CpG motifs and single-stranded RNA viruses. Intracellular nucleic acid sensing TLRs play an important role in the pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). In this review, we describe recent achievements in the development of oligonucleotide—(ODN)-based inhibitors of TLR9 and/or TLR7 signaling. We categorize these novel therapeutics into Classes G, R, and B based on their cellular and molecular targets. Several short ODNs have already shown promise as pathway-specific therapeutics for animal lupus. We envision their future use in human SLE, microbial DNA-dependent sepsis, and in other autoinflammatory diseases.
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Lenert P. Nucleic acid sensing receptors in systemic lupus erythematosus: development of novel DNA- and/or RNA-like analogues for treating lupus. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 161:208-22. [PMID: 20456414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded (ds) DNA, DNA- or RNA-associated nucleoproteins are the primary autoimmune targets in SLE, yet their relative inability to trigger similar autoimmune responses in experimental animals has fascinated scientists for decades. While many cellular proteins bind non-specifically negatively charged nucleic acids, it was discovered only recently that several intracellular proteins are involved directly in innate recognition of exogenous DNA or RNA, or cytosol-residing DNA or RNA viruses. Thus, endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLR) mediate responses to double-stranded RNA (TLR-3), single-stranded RNA (TLR-7/8) or unmethylated bacterial cytosine (phosphodiester) guanine (CpG)-DNA (TLR-9), while DNA-dependent activator of IRFs/Z-DNA binding protein 1 (DAI/ZBP1), haematopoietic IFN-inducible nuclear protein-200 (p202), absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), RNA polymerase III, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) mediate responses to cytosolic dsDNA or dsRNA, respectively. TLR-induced responses are more robust than those induced by cytosolic DNA- or RNA- sensors, the later usually being limited to interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)-dependent type I interferon (IFN) induction and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation. Interestingly, AIM2 is not capable of inducing type I IFN, but rather plays a role in caspase I activation. DNA- or RNA-like synthetic inhibitory oligonucleotides (INH-ODN) have been developed that antagonize TLR-7- and/or TLR-9-induced activation in autoimmune B cells and in type I IFN-producing dendritic cells at low nanomolar concentrations. It is not known whether these INH-ODNs have any agonistic or antagonistic effects on cytosolic DNA or RNA sensors. While this remains to be determined in the future, in vivo studies have already shown their potential for preventing spontaneous lupus in various animal models of lupus. Several groups are exploring the possibility of translating these INH-ODNs into human therapeutics for treating SLE and bacterial DNA-induced sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lenert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Characterization of immunostimulatory CpG-rich sequences from different Bifidobacterium species. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:2846-55. [PMID: 20208019 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01714-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of Bifidobacterium are partly due to its immunostimulatory properties. These immunostimulatory properties may be linked to the presence of unmethylated CpG motifs specific to bacterial DNA, which may induce a TH1 response by activating Toll-like receptors (TLR). Using in silico analyses, PCR amplification, and dot blotting, we characterized the CpG content of various bifidobacterial strains and evaluated the immunostimulatory properties and genomic heterogeneity of these motifs in the genus. Our in silico study, based on entire genome sequences from five bifidobacterial strains, showed that Bifidobacterium genomes contain numerous CpG motifs, including 5'-purine-purine-CG-pyrimidine-pyrimidine-3' and 5'-purine-TCG-pyrimidine-pyrimidine-3' motifs, and biologically active sequences previously identified in lactic acid bacteria. We identified four CpG-rich sequences with Bifidobacterium longum NCC2705. Two sequences with a percent G+C of about 68% included 14 and 16 CpG motifs. Two sequences with a percent G+C of about 60% included 16 and 6 CpG motifs. These sequences induce the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) through a pattern of TLR9 stimulation on RAW 264.7 macrophages. No link could be established between their immunostimulatory properties, the number of CpG motifs, and percent G+C. We investigated inter- and intraspecies heterogeneity in 71 strains of various origins. These sequences were highly conserved in the genus. No link was found between the presence of the CpG-rich sequence and the origin of the strains (healthy, allergic, or preterm infants). The high frequency of CpG motifs in the DNA of Bifidobacterium may play an important role in the immunostimulatory properties of commensal or probiotic bifidobacterial strains.
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A human microsatellite DNA-mimicking oligodeoxynucleotide with CCT repeats negatively regulates TLR7/9-mediated innate immune responses via selected TLR pathways. Clin Immunol 2010; 134:262-76. [PMID: 20034855 PMCID: PMC7106173 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A human microsatellite DNA-mimicking ODN (MS ODN) composed of CCT repeats, designated as SAT05f, has been studied for its capacity of negatively regulating innate immunity induced by TLR7/TLR9 agonists in vitro and in mice. The result showed that SAT05f could down-regulate TLR7/9-dependent IFN-α production in cultured human PBMC stimulated by inactivated Flu virus PR8 or HSV-1 or CpG ODN or imiquimod, protect d-GalN-treated mice from lethal shock induced by TLR9 agonist, not by TLR3/4 agonist. In addition, SAT05f significantly inhibit IFN-α production from purified human plasmacytoid cells (pDCs) stimulated by CpG ODN. Interestingly, SAT05f could up-regulate CD80, CD86, and HLA-DR on the pDCs in vitro, implying that SAT05f-mediated inhibition on IFN-α production could be related to the activation of pDCs. The data suggest that SAT05f could be developed as a candidate medicament for the treatment of TLR7/9 activation-associated diseases by inhibiting TLR7/9 signaling pathways.
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Chang YS, Kim YK, Kwon HS, Park HW, Min KU, Kim YY, Cho SH. The effect of CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides with different backbone structures and 3' hexameric deoxyriboguanosine run conjugation on the treatment of asthma in mice. J Korean Med Sci 2009; 24:860-6. [PMID: 19794984 PMCID: PMC2752769 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2009.24.5.860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
CpG-Oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) has two backbones. Phosphorothioate backbone (PS) shows a strong immunostimulating effect while phosphodiester (PE) shows little in vivo. 3' hexameric deoxyriboguanosine-run (3' dG(6)-run) conjugation to PE CpG-ODN has been reported to enhance immunostimulation and to protect against asthma when injected at the time of sensitization in mice. We evaluated the treatment effects of PE and PS CpG-ODN with or without 3' dG(6)-run on asthma in presensitized mice. BALB/c mice sensitized with ovalbumin and alum were challenged with 1% ovalbumin on three days. CpG-ODNs (100 microg) or PBS were injected 4 times; 27 hr before challenge and 3 hr before each challenge (CpG-dG(6): CpG-ODN with 3' dG(6)-run, PE*-CpG-dG(6): PE-CpG-dG(6) with two PS backbones at the 5' terminus). PE-CpG showed no treatment effect. PE-CpG-dG(6) only increased ovalbumin-specific IgG2a. PE*-CpG-dG(6) increased ovalbumin-specific IgG2a but also reduced BAL fluid eosinophils and airway hyperresponsiveness. PS-CpG increased ovalbumin-specific IgG2a, reduced airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. PS-CpG-dG(6) was less effective than PS-CpG on airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. In pre-sensitized mice, PE-CpG required not only 3' dG(6)-run but also the modification of two PS linkages at 5' terminus to inhibit features of asthma. PS-CpG was strong enough to inhibit asthma but PS-CpG-dG(6) was less effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Seok Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yoon-Keun Kim
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hyouk-Soo Kwon
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Heung-Woo Park
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kyung-Up Min
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - You-Young Kim
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sang-Heon Cho
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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TLR9-independent effects of inhibitory oligonucleotides on macrophage responses to S. typhimurium. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 87:218-25. [PMID: 19048019 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2008.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Detection of bacterial CpG-containing DNA (CpG DNA) by innate immune cells is dependent on toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). Here we show that the expression of tlr9 mRNA was induced in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) upon infection with the facultative Gram-negative intracellular bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium). Treatment of BMM with the inhibitory oligonucleotide (ODN) 2114, an antagonist of TLR9 signalling, enhanced intracellular S. typhimurium numbers approximately fivefold, whereas a control ODN (2310) had no significant effect. Surprisingly, 2114 also amplified S. typhimurium bacterial loads in TLR9-deficient BMM. Indeed, 2114 suppressed responses (nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent reporter gene expression and interleukin-12p40 secretion) to not only CpG DNA, but also the TLR2 ligand Pam(3)Cys, in BMM and RAW264 cells in a sequence-specific manner. Inhibitory ODNs, which have been proposed as therapeutic agents for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus because of their inhibitory effects on TLR9 signalling, may thus compromise the host response to bacterial pathogens through TLR9-independent mechanisms.
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Calcaterra C, Sfondrini L, Rossini A, Sommariva M, Rumio C, Ménard S, Balsari A. Critical Role of TLR9 in Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:6132-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.9.6132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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