1
|
Protschka M, Di Placido D, Moore PF, Büttner M, Alber G, Eschke M. Canine peripheral non-conventional TCRαβ + CD4 -CD8α - double-negative T cells show T helper 2-like and regulatory properties. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1400550. [PMID: 38835756 PMCID: PMC11148280 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1400550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The dog is an important companion animal and also serves as model species for human diseases. Given the central role of T cells in immune responses, a basic understanding of canine conventional T cell receptor (TCR)αβ+ T cells, comprising CD4+ single-positive (sp) T helper (Th) and CD8α+ sp cytotoxic T cell subsets, is available. However, characterization of canine non-conventional TCRαβ+ CD4+CD8α+ double-positive (dp) and TCRαβ+ CD4-CD8α- double-negative (dn) T cells is limited. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of canine dp and dn T cells in comparison with their conventional counterparts. TCRαβ+ T cells from peripheral blood of healthy dogs were sorted according to their CD4/CD8α phenotype into four populations (i.e. CD4+ sp, CD8α+ sp, dp, and dn) and selected surface markers, transcription factors and effector molecules were analyzed ex vivo and after in vitro stimulation by RT-qPCR. Novel characteristics of canine dp T cells were identified, expanding the previously characterized Th1-like phenotype to Th17-like and Th2-like properties. Overall, mRNA expression of various Th cell-associated cytokines (i.e. IFNG, IL17A, IL4, IL13) in dp T cells upon stimulation highlights their versatile immunological potential. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the CD4-CD8α- dn phenotype is stable during in vitro stimulation. Strikingly, dn T cells were found to express highest mRNA levels of type 2 effector cytokines (IL4, IL5, and IL13) upon stimulation. Their strong ability to produce IL-4 was confirmed at the protein level. Upon stimulation, the percentage of IL-4-producing cells was even higher in the non-conventional dn than in the conventional CD4+ sp population. Constitutive transcription of IL1RL1 (encoding IL-33Rα) further supports Th2-like properties within the dn T cell population. These data point to a role of dn T cells in type 2 immunity. In addition, the high potential of dn T cells to transcribe the gene encoding the co-inhibitory receptor CTLA-4 and to produce the inhibitory cytokine IL-10 indicates putative immunosuppressive capacity of this population. In summary, this study reveals important novel aspects of canine non-conventional T cells providing the basis for further studies on their effector and/or regulatory functions to elucidate their role in health and disease.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Dogs
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- CD8 Antigens/metabolism
- CD8 Antigens/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- CD4 Antigens/metabolism
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Immunophenotyping
- Male
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Protschka
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniela Di Placido
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter F Moore
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Mathias Büttner
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gottfried Alber
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Eschke
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Murphy JD, Shiomitsu K, Milner RJ, Lejeune A, Ossiboff RJ, Gell JC, Axiak-Bechtel S. Characterization of expression and prognostic implications of transforming growth factor beta, programmed death-ligand 1, and T regulatory cells in canine histiocytic sarcoma. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 257:110560. [PMID: 36804838 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is an aggressive malignant neoplasm in dogs. Expression and prognostic significance of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and T regulatory cells (Tregs) in HS is unknown. The goal of this study was to investigate the expression and prognostic significance of TGF-β, PD-L1, and FoxP3/CD25 in canine HS utilizing RNA in situ hybridization (RNAscope®). After validation was performed, RNAscope® on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) patient HS tissue samples was performed for all targets and expression quantified with HALO® software image analysis. Cox proportional hazard model was conducted to investigate the association between survival time and each variable. Additionally, for categorical data, the Kaplan-Meier product-limit method was used to generate survival curves. TGF-β and PD-L1 mRNA expression was confirmed in the DH82 cell line by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and CD25 + FoxP3 + cells were detected by flow cytometry in peripheral blood. Once the RNAscope® method was validated, TGF-β H-score and dots/cell and FoxP3 dots/cell were assessed in HS samples and found to be significantly correlated with survival. Moderate positive correlations were found between FoxP3 and PD-L1 H-score, percent staining area, and dots/cell, and FoxP3 and TGF-β dots/cell. In summary, RNAscope® is a valid technique to detect TGF-β and PD-L1 expression and identify Tregs in canine HS FFPE tissues. Furthermore, canine HS expresses TGF-β and PD-L1. Increased TGF-β and FoxP3 correlated with worse prognosis. Prospective studies are warranted to further investigate TGF-β, PD-L1, and Tregs effect on prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline D Murphy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - Keijiro Shiomitsu
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - Rowan J Milner
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - Amandine Lejeune
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - Robert J Ossiboff
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - Jessy Castellanos Gell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - Sandra Axiak-Bechtel
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pro-Inflammatory and Immunological Profile of Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9070326. [PMID: 35878343 PMCID: PMC9315642 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9070326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most commonly acquired cardiac disease in dogs and is responsible for congestive heart failure. In this research, some inflammatory, immunological, and echocardiographic parameters were evaluated in dogs affected by MMVD in order to assess the involvement of additional pathophysiological mechanisms during the disease. The main results revealed that inflammation parameters increased according to the severity of the disease and suggested that inflammatory activation may play an important role in cardiac remodeling associated with the progressive volumetric overload in MMVD. Also, a relative increase in Treg cells was detected, suggesting that they could represent a regulatory mechanism for limiting the inflammatory immune response. Abstract Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is a very frequently acquired cardiac disease in dog breeds and is responsible for congestive heart failure (CHF). The involvement of the immune system and pro-inflammatory cytokines in dogs with CHF due to mitral valve disease has not yet been extensively investigated. Here, we investigate the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the dysfunction of the immune system in dogs with different stages of severity through the blood assessment of CD4+FoxP3+regulatory T cells (Treg) cells, leptin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 pro-inflammatory cytokines, and immunological and echocardiographic parameters. A total of 36 cardiopathic dogs, 14 females and 22 males, with MMVD were included. Mean age and body weight (BW) at the time of enrollment were 10.7 ± 2.77 years and 10.9 ± 6.69 kg, respectively. For the comparison of the pro-inflammatory and immunological parameters, two groups of healthy dogs were also established. Control group 1 consisted of young animals (n. 11; 6 females and 5 males), whose age and mean weight were 4.1 ± 0.82 years and 13.8 ± 4.30 kg, respectively. Control group 2 consisted of elderly dogs (n. 12; 6 females and 6 males), whose age and BW were 9.6 ± 0.98 years and 14.8 ± 6.15 kg, respectively. Of particular interest, an increase in Treg cells was observed in the cohort of MMVD dogs, as compared to the healthy dogs, as Treg cells are involved in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance, and they are involved in etiopathogenetic and pathophysiological mechanisms in the dog. On the other hand, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 significantly increased according to the severity of the disease in MMVD dogs. Furthermore, the positive correlation between IL-6 and the left ventricle diastolic volume suggests that inflammatory activation may be involved in cardiac remodeling associated with the progressive volumetric overload in MMVD.
Collapse
|
4
|
Martini F, Rostaher A, Favrot C, Fischer N. Interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor-beta 1 plasma levels in atopic dogs before and during immunotherapy. Vet Rec 2021; 190:e1270. [PMID: 34939678 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human studies suggest that the cytokines, interleukin 10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-ß1) may play an important role in allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT). However, there is little known about the function of these cytokines in atopic dogs. This study compared the plasma levels of IL-10 and TGF-ß1 in atopic and control dogs and investigated their changes during different ASIT approaches. METHODS A total of 54 atopic and 32 control dogs were included. Immunotherapy was performed in 30 atopic dogs. The dogs undergoing immunotherapy were allocated to four groups of different ASIT approaches (namely subcutaneous, intralymphatic, sublingual ASIT and subcutaneous ASIT with recombinant allergens). Blood samples were collected at four timepoints throughout the one year of ASIT. Canine atopic dermatitis extent and severity index, pruritus visual analogue scale and medication score were recorded at each timepoint. Commercially available ELISA kits were used to quantify IL-10 and TGF-ß1 in plasma. RESULTS There was no significant difference in IL-10 and TGF-ß1 between atopic and control dogs. The IL-10 levels were significantly increased in the intralymphatic group at the end of the study. No significant differences were found in the other groups for both IL-10 and TGF-ß1. CONCLUSION The findings of this work suggest that IL-10 and TGF-ß1 cannot be used to monitor the course of the disease during ASIT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franco Martini
- Dermatology Department, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ana Rostaher
- Dermatology Department, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claude Favrot
- Dermatology Department, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Fischer
- Dermatology Department, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Agulla B, García-Sancho M, Sainz Á, Rodríguez-Franco F, Díaz-Regañón D, Rodríguez-Bertos A, Villaescusa A. Isolation and immunophenotyping by flow cytometry of canine peripheral blood and intraepithelial and lamina propria duodenal T lymphocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 239:110305. [PMID: 34352607 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) effector sites play a crucial role on the pathogenesis of many immune-mediated gastrointestinal diseases. The lymphocytes at these effector sites are principally T cells which present important morphological, phenotypical and functional differences. Flow cytometry (FC) is one of the most commonly used techniques to characterize intestinal lymphocytes in human and animal models. Published studies with a focus on dogs for intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) immunophenotyping exist in very limited numbers. Moreover, no lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL) isolation protocols in the canine species have been described for FC evaluation. In addition to immune intestinal dysregulation, imbalances in the peripheral blood immune system have been described in both human and animal gastrointestinal disorders. The aim of this study was to provide a protocol for canine IEL and LPL isolation for FC immunophenotyping of T cells subsets. Specifically, T helper, T cytotoxic, activated Th and Tc lymphocytes, regulatory, double negative, double positive, IFN-γ and IL-4 producing T cells, and to compare their respective populations between these effector sites and with the blood stream compartment in healthy dogs. The potential relationship of these cells distributions with age, sex and breed was also evaluated. This study included sixteen healthy dogs of different sexes and breeds with a mean age of 4.55 ± 2.93 years old. The selected protocols for the three immune compartments showed proper cell yield, purity, viability, and the absence of phenotypic and functional disturbances. Histologically, an adequate separation of the duodenal epithelium from the lamina propria was also observed. All the proposed T cells subsets were identified in the three immune compartments studied, showing some statistically significant differences in their distributions at these locations that highlight the importance of their individual evaluation. This study provides an adequate method for canine small intestine IEL and LPL isolation for FC immunophenotyping and is key for future studies on the gastrointestinal immune system associated with different canine diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Agulla
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mercedes García-Sancho
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Sainz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Franco
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Díaz-Regañón
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Bertos
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain; VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Villaescusa
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Takeuchi H, Konnai S, Maekawa N, Takagi S, Ohta H, Sasaki N, Kim S, Okagawa T, Suzuki Y, Murata S, Ohashi K. Canine Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptor 2-Ig: A Potential Candidate Biologic for Melanoma Treatment That Reverses Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Immunosuppression. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:656715. [PMID: 34195245 PMCID: PMC8236594 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.656715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells can evade host immune systems via multiple mechanisms. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is an immunosuppressive cytokine that induces regulatory T cell (Tregs) differentiation and is involved in immune evasion mechanisms in cancer. The inhibition of the TGF-β1 signaling pathway can suppress cancer progression and metastasis through the modulation of anticancer immune responses. However, to best of our knowledge, no implementation of treatments targeting TGF-β1 has been reported in dog cancers. This study aimed to examine whether TGF-β1 is upregulated in canine cancers. We measured TGF-β1 concentrations in culture supernatants of canine melanoma cell lines and in serum samples from dogs with oral malignant melanoma. TGF-β1 production was observed in several cell lines, and serum TGF-β1 levels were elevated in dogs with oral malignant melanoma. Interestingly, the addition of recombinant TGF-β1 to canine peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures decreased Th1 cytokine production and increased differentiation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ lymphocytes, suggesting that TGF-β1 is immunosuppressive in canine immune systems. We developed a decoy receptor for TGF-β, namely TGF-βRII-Ig, by identifying an open reading frame of the canine TGFBR2 gene. TGF-βRII-Ig was prepared as a recombinant fusion protein of the extracellular region of canine TGF-βRII and the Fc region of canine IgG-B. As expected, TGF-βRII-Ig bound to TGF-β1. In the presence of TGF-β1, the treatment with TGF-βRII-Ig increased Th1 cytokine production and decreased the differentiation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ lymphocytes. Our results suggest that TGF-βRII-Ig competitively inhibits the immunosuppressive effects of TGF-β1 and thereby activates immune responses. This study demonstrated the potential of TGF-βRII-Ig as a novel biologic for canine melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Takeuchi
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoya Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takagi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohta
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Noboru Sasaki
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sangho Kim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Okagawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shiro Murata
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Comazzi S, Riondato F. Flow Cytometry in the Diagnosis of Canine T-Cell Lymphoma. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:600963. [PMID: 33969027 PMCID: PMC8096896 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.600963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell lymphoma (TCL) is a heterogenous group of lymphoid malignancies representing about 30–40% of all canine lymphomas and often harboring a very aggressive behavior. WHO classification identifies the majority of TCLs as peripheral TCL, but other subtypes with peculiar presentation and outcome have been recognized. This review aims to explore the use of flow cytometry for refining the diagnosis of canine TCL, putting a particular emphasis on the identification of some peculiar immunotypes, such as T zone lymphoma; on the investigation of putative prognostic markers; and on the evaluation of lymphoma stage and of the minimal residual disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Comazzi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Fulvio Riondato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rostaher A, Rodriguez-Campos S, Deplazes P, Zwickl L, Akdis AC, Urwyler A, Wheeler DW, Audergon S, Fischer NM, Favrot C. Atopic dermatitis in West Highland white terriers - Part III: early life peripheral blood regulatory T cells are reduced in atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:239-e63. [PMID: 33565202 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory T (Treg) cells are involved in homeostasis of immune regulation and suppression of inflammation and T-cell polarisation. Current knowledge regarding the role of Treg cells in the initiation of allergic disease is limited for both people and dogs. OBJECTIVES To explore the role of circulating Treg cells and their possible influencing factors, on the development of atopic dermatitis (AD). METHODS AND MATERIALS This study followed part of a birth cohort of West Highland white terrier dogs and classified them according to eventual clinical signs of AD (i.e. allergic versus healthy). The Treg phenotypes were assessed longitudinally by flow cytometry at 3, 3-12 and 12-36 months of age, and associated with development of AD. Different early life antigenic factors [endotoxins and allergens in house dust, Toxocara canis-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E/IgG, allergen-specific and total IgE, skin microbiota] were measured at three months of age, and a possible association with Treg cell levels was assessed. RESULTS The percentages of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Treg cells in healthy dogs were significantly higher at in 3-month-old (mean 4.5% healthy versus 3.3% allergic; P = 0.021) and <1-year-old (4.0% healthy versus 2.9% allergic; P = 0.028) dogs when compared to percentages of Treg cells in dogs that developed AD. There was a significantly positive correlation between the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae on the skin and CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Treg cells in puppies that became allergic (r = 0.568, P = 0.017). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Further large-scale studies are needed to identify the practical value of these findings in AD diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rostaher
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Dermatology Unit, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Rodriguez-Campos
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern, 3012, Switzerland.,Bacteriology and Mycology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ullevålsveien 72, Oslo, 0454, Norway
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Lena Zwickl
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Dermatology Unit, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - A Cezmi Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Obere Strasse 22, Davos, 7270, Switzerland.,Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Herman-Burchard-Strasse 1, Davos, 7265, Switzerland
| | | | - David W Wheeler
- Companion Animal Research, Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, 46140, USA
| | - Sabrina Audergon
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Dermatology Unit, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Nina Maria Fischer
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Dermatology Unit, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Claude Favrot
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Dermatology Unit, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu Y, Luo J, Garden OA. Immunoregulatory Cells in Myasthenia Gravis. Front Neurol 2020; 11:593431. [PMID: 33384654 PMCID: PMC7769807 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.593431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a T cell-dependent, B-cell mediated autoimmune disease caused by antibodies against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor or other components of the post-synaptic muscle endplate at the neuromuscular junction. These specific antibodies serve as excellent biomarkers for diagnosis, but do not adequately substitute for clinical evaluations to predict disease severity or treatment response. Several immunoregulatory cell populations are implicated in the pathogenesis of MG. The immunophenotype of these populations has been well-characterized in human peripheral blood. CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are functionally defective in MG, but there is a lack of consensus on whether they show numerical perturbations. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have also been explored in the context of MG. Adoptive transfer of CD4+FoxP3+ Tregs or MDSCs suppresses ongoing experimental autoimmune MG (EAMG), a rodent model of MG, suggesting a protective role of both populations in this disease. An imbalance between follicular Tregs and follicular T helper cells is found in untreated MG patients, correlating with disease manifestations. There is an inverse correlation between the frequency of circulating IL-10–producing B cells and clinical status in MG patients. Taken together, both functional and numerical defects in various populations of immunoregulatory cells in EAMG and human MG have been demonstrated, but how they relate to pathogenesis and whether these cells can serve as biomarkers of disease activity in humans deserve further exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Oliver A Garden
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Comparative oncology clinical trials play an important and growing role in cancer research and drug development efforts. These trials, typically conducted in companion (pet) dogs, allow assessment of novel anticancer agents and combination therapies in a veterinary clinical setting that supports serial biologic sample collections and exploration of dose, schedule and corresponding pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships. Further, an intact immune system and natural co-evolution of tumour and microenvironment support exploration of novel immunotherapeutic strategies. Substantial improvements in our collective understanding of the molecular landscape of canine cancers have occurred in the past 10 years, facilitating translational research and supporting the inclusion of comparative studies in drug development. The value of the approach is demonstrated in various clinical trial settings, including single-agent or combination response rates, inhibition of metastatic progression and randomized comparison of multiple agents in a head-to-head fashion. Such comparative oncology studies have been purposefully included in the developmental plan for several US FDA-approved and up-and-coming anticancer drugs. Challenges for this field include keeping pace with technology and data dissemination/harmonization, improving annotation of the canine genome and immune system, and generation of canine-specific validated reagents to support integration of correlative biology within clinical trial efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy K LeBlanc
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Christina N Mazcko
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wu Y, Chang YM, Lawson BS, Galban EM, Mittelman NS, Benedicenti L, Petesch SC, Carroll AB, Punt JA, Luo J, Garden OA. Myeloid-derived suppressor cell and regulatory T cell frequencies in canine myasthenia gravis: A pilot study. Vet J 2020; 267:105581. [PMID: 33375962 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a T cell-dependent, B cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Little is known about its cellular pathogenesis in dogs. This study provides the first preliminary assessment of the frequency of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the peripheral blood of dogs with seropositive generalized MG. No alteration in frequency of either MDSCs or Tregs in dogs with MG was observed when compared to those in either seronegative dogs with diagnoses other than MG, or healthy dogs. A longitudinal study in three dogs with MG revealed no correlation between the relative numbers of either population and the clinical course of disease. Neither the frequency of MDSCs nor of Tregs showed a correlation with anti-AChR antibody titer in dogs with MG. These findings suggest that aberrations in the frequency of either immunosuppressive population do not occur in MG, but they need to be validated in large-scale prospective studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Yu-Mei Chang
- Research Support Office, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Brandon S Lawson
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Evelyn M Galban
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Neil S Mittelman
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Leontine Benedicenti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Scott C Petesch
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Alicia B Carroll
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer A Punt
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Oliver A Garden
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Matar AJ, Crepeau RL, Duran-Struuck R. Cellular Immunotherapies in Preclinical Large Animal Models of Transplantation. Transplant Cell Ther 2020; 27:36-44. [PMID: 33017660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2020.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation and solid organ transplantation remain the only curative options for many hematologic malignancies and end-stage organ diseases. Unfortunately, the sequelae of long-term immunosuppression, as well as acute and chronic rejection, carry significant morbidities, including infection, malignancy, and graft loss. Numerous murine models have demonstrated the efficacy of adjunctive cellular therapies using HSCs, regulatory T cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and regulatory dendritic cells in modulating the alloimmune response in favor of graft tolerance; however, translation of such murine approaches to other preclinical models and in the clinic has yielded mixed results. Large animals, including nonhuman primates, swine, and canines, provide a more immunologically rigorous model in which to test the clinical translatability of these cellular therapies. Here, we highlight the contributions of large animal models to the development and optimization of HSCs and additional cellular therapies to improve organ transplantation outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J Matar
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rebecca L Crepeau
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Raimon Duran-Struuck
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pantelyushin S, Ranninger E, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R, Vom Berg J. OMIP-065: Dog Immunophenotyping and T-Cell Activity Evaluation with a 14-Color Panel. Cytometry A 2020; 97:1024-1027. [PMID: 32583607 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Companion dogs are increasingly recognized as large-animal models of diseases such as cancer, infectious-, inflammatory-, or autoimmune diseases. At the same time, compared to human clinics, veterinarians have only a fraction of the treatment options available. To study the immunological aspects of canine diseases and ultimately develop or adapt human treatments for the dog, the methodology also needs to be in place. Such tools include robust and reliable flow cytometric panels. The purpose of the panel described here is to assess the immune cell composition and their functionality in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of dogs. Moreover, its "plug and play" composition allows for an in-depth analysis of T-cell responses in ex vivo assays (Table 1). Initially, this panel has been designed for the analysis of cryopreserved PBMCs to allow batched analysis and to reduce interexperimental variation. Withers and colleagues published a comparable and-to our knowledge-currently the most extensive canine panel to date (1). While their study focused on the aging and activation status of T cells in dogs, our panel is designed to look at a broader range of cells with a higher number of markers. This allows a more in-depth analysis of functional extracellular and intracellular markers. In addition, all antibodies in our proposed panel are directly labeled. In combination with suitable lymphocyte isolation protocols, this panel could potentially also be adapted to analyze tissue biopsies from various different organs. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabeth Ranninger
- Anaesthesiology Section, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Johannes Vom Berg
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Immunopathogenesis of canine chronic ulcerative stomatitis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227386. [PMID: 31923271 PMCID: PMC6953816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine Chronic Ulcerative Stomatitis is a spontaneously occurring inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa. An immune-mediated pathogenesis is suspected though not yet proven. We have recently reported on the clinical and histologic features, and identification of select leukocyte cell populations within the lesion. A clinical and histologic similarity to oral lichen planus of people was proposed. In the present study, these initial observations are extended by examining lesions from 24 dogs with clinical evidence of chronic ulcerative stomatitis. Because dogs with chronic ulcerative stomatitis often have concurrent periodontal disease, we wondered if dental plaque/biofilm may be a common instigator of inflammation in both lesions. We hypothesized that dogs with chronic ulcerative stomatitis would exhibit a spectrum of pathologic changes and phenotype of infiltrating leukocytes that would inform lesion pathogenesis and that these changes would differ from inflammatory phenotypes in periodontitis. Previously we identified chronic ulcerative stomatitis lesions to be rich in FoxP3+ and IL17+ cells. As such, we suspect that these leukocytes play an important role in lesion pathogenesis. The current study confirms the presence of moderate to large numbers of FoxP3+ T cells and IL17+ cells in all ulcerative stomatitis lesions using confocal immunofluorescence. Interestingly, the majority of IL17+ cells were determined to be non-T cells and IL17+ cell frequencies were negatively correlated with severity on the clinical scoring system. Three histologic subtypes of ulcerative stomatitis were determined; lichenoid, deep stomatitis and granulomatous. Periodontitis lesions, like stomatitis lesions, were B cell and plasma cell rich, but otherwise differed from the stomatitis lesions. Direct immunofluorescence results did not support an autoantibody-mediated autoimmune disease process. This investigation contributes to the body of literature regarding leukocyte involvement in canine idiopathic inflammatory disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
15
|
Rabiger FV, Rothe K, von Buttlar H, Bismarck D, Büttner M, Moore PF, Eschke M, Alber G. Distinct Features of Canine Non-conventional CD4 -CD8α - Double-Negative TCRαβ + vs. TCRγδ + T Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2748. [PMID: 31824515 PMCID: PMC6883510 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of conventional TCRαβ+CD4+ or TCRαβ+CD8α+ single-positive (sp) T lymphocytes in adaptive immunity is well-recognized. However, non-conventional T cells expressing TCRαβ or TCRγδ but lacking CD4 and CD8α expression [i.e., CD4−CD8α− double-negative (dn) T cells] are thought to play a role at the interface between the innate and adaptive immune system. Dn T cells are frequent in swine, cattle or sheep and predominantly express TCRγδ. In contrast, TCRγδ+ T cells are rare in dogs. In this study, we identified a high proportion of canine dn T cells in the TCRαβ+ T cell population of PBMC, lymphatic and non-lymphatic organs. In PBMC, the frequency of this T cell subpopulation made up one third of the frequency of TCRαβ+CD4+ sp, and almost half of the frequency of TCRαβ+CD8α+ sp T cells (i.e., ~15% of all TCRαβ+ T cells). Among TCRαβ+CD4−CD8α− dn T cells of PBMC and tissues, FoxP3+ cells were identified indicating regulatory potential of this T cell subset. 80% of peripheral blood FoxP3+TCRαβ+CD4−CD8α− dn T cells co-expressed CD25, and, interestingly, also the FoxP3-negative TCRαβ+CD4−CD8α− dn T cells comprised ~34% CD25+ cells. Some of the FoxP3-positive TCRαβ+CD4−CD8α− dn T cells co-expressed GATA-3 suggesting stable function of regulatory T cells. The frequency of GATA-3 expression by FoxP3−TCRαβ+CD4−CD8α− dn T cells was even higher as compared with TCRαβ+CD4+ sp T cells (20.6% vs. 11.9%). Albeit lacking FoxP3 and CD25 expression, TCRγδ+CD4−CD8α− dn T cells also expressed substantial proportions of GATA-3. In addition, TCRαβ+CD4−CD8α− dn T cells produced IFN-γ and IL-17A upon stimulation. T-bet and granzyme B were only weakly expressed by both dn T cell subsets. In conclusion, this study identifies two dn T cell subsets in the dog: (i) a large (~7.5% in Peyer's patches, ~15% in lung) population of TCRαβ+CD4−CD8α− dn T cells with subpopulations thereof showing an activated phenotype, high expression of FoxP3 or GATA-3 as well as production of IFN-γ or IL-17A and (ii) a small TCRγδ+CD4−CD8α− dn T cell subset also expressing GATA-3 without production of IFN-γ or IL-17A. It will be exciting to unravel the function of each subset during immune homeostasis and diseases of dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Friederike V Rabiger
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Rothe
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heiner von Buttlar
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Doris Bismarck
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathias Büttner
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter F Moore
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Maria Eschke
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gottfried Alber
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Migliorini D, Mason NJ, Posey AD. Keeping the Engine Running: The Relevance and Predictive Value of Preclinical Models for CAR-T Cell Development. ILAR J 2019; 59:276-285. [PMID: 31095687 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular immunotherapy field has achieved important milestones in the last 30 years towards the treatment of a variety of cancers due to improvements in ex-vivo T cell manufacturing processes, the invention of synthetic T cell receptors, and advances in cellular engineering. Here, we discuss major preclinical models that have been useful for the validation of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies and also promising new models that will fuel future investigations towards success. However, multiple unanswered questions in the CAR-T cell field remain to be addressed that will require innovative preclinical models. Key challenges facing the field include premature immune rejection of universal CAR-T cells and the immune suppressive tumor microenvironment. Immune competent models that accurately recapitulate tumor heterogeneity, the hostile tumor microenvironment, and barriers to CAR-T cell homing, toxicity, and persistence are needed for further advancement of the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Migliorini
- University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy
| | - Nicola J Mason
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Avery D Posey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy; and Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wu Y, Chang YM, Stell AJ, Priestnall SL, Sharma E, Goulart MR, Gribben J, Xia D, Garden OA. Phenotypic characterisation of regulatory T cells in dogs reveals signature transcripts conserved in humans and mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13478. [PMID: 31530890 PMCID: PMC6748983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a double-edged regulator of the immune system. Aberrations of Tregs correlate with pathogenesis of inflammatory, autoimmune and neoplastic disorders. Phenotypically and functionally distinct subsets of Tregs have been identified in humans and mice on the basis of their extensive portfolios of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against Treg surface antigens. As an important veterinary species, dogs are increasingly recognised as an excellent model for many human diseases. However, insightful study of canine Tregs has been restrained by the limited availability of mAb. We therefore set out to characterise CD4+CD25high T cells isolated ex vivo from healthy dogs and showed that they possess a regulatory phenotype, function, and transcriptomic signature that resembles those of human and murine Tregs. By launching a cross-species comparison, we unveiled a conserved transcriptomic signature of Tregs and identified that transcript hip1 may have implications in Treg function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Eshita Sharma
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michelle R Goulart
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.,Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - John Gribben
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Dong Xia
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Oliver A Garden
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK. .,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gamboa JC, Padiernos RBC, Uy MRD, Celestino EF, Mingala CN. Comparative molecular characterization of Forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) gene of swamp-type (Bubalus carabanensis) and riverine-type (Bubalus bubalis) water buffaloes. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 64:1-6. [PMID: 31174683 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
FoxP3 is a forkhead family member that plays an important role in the development and function of a type of CD4 + T cell called T regulatory cells. Molecular characterization of FoxP3 gene in swamp- and riverine-type water buffaloes was conducted to determine its homology and compare it to the FoxP3 gene of other animal species (cattle, goat, sheep, horse, pig, cat, and dog), determine its unique characteristics in water buffaloes, and provide a reference for future studies to analyze its immunological function. FoxP3 nucleotide sequence of swamp- and riverine-type water buffaloes was 99% identical, whereas its protein translation revealed 97% homology. FoxP3 of swamp- and riverine-type water buffaloes were compared to FoxP3 of other animal species and revealed a high degree of homology which suggests that they may have the same biological properties. This study is the first report that describes the genetic characteristic of FoxP3 gene in water buffalo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonifel C Gamboa
- Department of Animal Management, College of Veterinary Science and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz 3120, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Ryan Bismark C Padiernos
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center National Headquarters and Gene Pool, Science City of Muñoz 3120, Nueva Ecija, Philippines; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz 3120, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Mary Rose D Uy
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center National Headquarters and Gene Pool, Science City of Muñoz 3120, Nueva Ecija, Philippines; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz 3120, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Elfren F Celestino
- Department of Animal Management, College of Veterinary Science and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz 3120, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Claro N Mingala
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center National Headquarters and Gene Pool, Science City of Muñoz 3120, Nueva Ecija, Philippines; Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz 3120, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lisiecka U, Kostro K, Dudek K, Brodzki A, Czop M. Evaluation of T regulatory lymphocytes and serum concentration of selected cytokines in dogs with perianal tumors. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 207:10-17. [PMID: 30593345 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine concentrations of IL-2, IL-10, TGF-β1 in serum and T regulatory cell (Treg) percentage in peripheral blood of dogs with perianal tumours. Investigations were conducted on 32 male dogs of mixed breed. The animals were divided into 4 experimental groups and control group. The groups were established depending on the tumour malignancy degree and the type of dominant hormones. All measurements of serum cytokine concentrations were conducted by the use of commercial diagnostic ELISA kits. Treg lymphocyte percentage was measured by flow cytometry. In both groups with benign tumours cytokine levels decreased during therapy, whilst in groups with malignant tumors, in spite of applying anti-tumour therapy, concentrations of cytokines in serum markedly increased. The mean percentage of Treg lymphocytes in dogs with benign tumours (group I and II) was significantly lower than the mean percentage of these cells in control group at all time points, but after applying of anti-hormonal therapy, the significant increase of Treg percentage was observed compared to baseline values. By contrast, in both groups with malignant tumours (group III and IV), the mean percentage of Treg lymphocytes was significantly higher at the beginning of the experiment comparing with the control group as well as both groups with benign tumours and this percentage increased during anti-tumour therapy. The results of this study suggest that monitoring changes in cytokine serum concentrations and Treg percentage in the bloodstream during anti-hormonal therapy may constitute a subsidiary marker in the monitoring of therapy effectiveness, in prognosis the outcome of a disease or in differentiating tumour degree of malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Lisiecka
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland.
| | - K Kostro
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - K Dudek
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - A Brodzki
- Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - M Czop
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Chair of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rostaher A, Fischer NM, Urwyler A, Favrot C. Circulating CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T regulatory cell levels in an experimental model of canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2018; 29:511-e171. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rostaher
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Nina M. Fischer
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Claude Favrot
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cardiosphere-derived cells suppress allogeneic lymphocytes by production of PGE2 acting via the EP4 receptor. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13351. [PMID: 30190508 PMCID: PMC6127326 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) are a cardiac progenitor cell population, which have been shown to possess cardiac regenerative properties and can improve heart function in a variety of cardiac diseases. Studies in large animal models have predominantly focussed on using autologous cells for safety, however allogeneic cell banks would allow for a practical, cost-effective and efficient use in a clinical setting. The aim of this work was to determine the immunomodulatory status of these cells using CDCs and lymphocytes from 5 dogs. CDCs expressed MHC I but not MHC II molecules and in mixed lymphocyte reactions demonstrated a lack of lymphocyte proliferation in response to MHC-mismatched CDCs. Furthermore, MHC-mismatched CDCs suppressed lymphocyte proliferation and activation in response to Concanavalin A. Transwell experiments demonstrated that this was predominantly due to direct cell-cell contact in addition to soluble mediators whereby CDCs produced high levels of PGE2 under inflammatory conditions. This led to down-regulation of CD25 expression on lymphocytes via the EP4 receptor. Blocking prostaglandin synthesis restored both, proliferation and activation (measured via CD25 expression) of stimulated lymphocytes. We demonstrated for the first time in a large animal model that CDCs inhibit proliferation in allo-reactive lymphocytes and have potent immunosuppressive activity mediated via PGE2.
Collapse
|
22
|
Peiravan A, Bertolini F, Rothschild MF, Simpson KW, Jergens AE, Allenspach K, Werling D. Genome-wide association studies of inflammatory bowel disease in German shepherd dogs. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200685. [PMID: 30028859 PMCID: PMC6054420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is considered a multifactorial disease caused by complex interactions between the intestinal immune system, intestinal microbiota and environmental factors in genetically susceptible individuals. Although IBD can affect any breed, German shepherd dogs (GSD) in the UK are at increased risk of developing the disease. Based on previous evidence, the aim of the present study was to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which may confer genetic susceptibility or resistance to IBD using a genome-wide association study (GWAS). Genomic DNA was extracted from EDTA blood or saliva samples of 96 cases and 98 controls. Genotyping of cases and controls was performed on the Canine Illumina HD SNP array and data generated was analyzed using PLINK. Several SNPs and regions on chromosomes 7,9,11 and 13 were detected to be associated with IBD using different SNP-by-SNP association methods and FST windows approach. Searching one Mb up-and down-stream of the most significant SNPs, as identified by single SNP analysis as well as 200Kb before and after the start and the end position of the associated regions identified by FST windows approach, we identified 63 genes. Using a combination of pathways analysis and a list of genes that have been reported to be involved in human IBD, we identified 16 candidate genes potentially associated with IBD in GSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atiyeh Peiravan
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Bertolini
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Max F. Rothschild
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kenneth W. Simpson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Albert E. Jergens
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Karin Allenspach
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Dirk Werling
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Junginger J, Raue K, Wolf K, Janecek E, Stein VM, Tipold A, Günzel-Apel AR, Strube C, Hewicker-Trautwein M. Zoonotic intestinal helminths interact with the canine immune system by modulating T cell responses and preventing dendritic cell maturation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10310. [PMID: 28871165 PMCID: PMC5583179 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10677-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasite co-evolution alongside the mammalian immune system gave rise to several modulatory strategies by which they prevent exaggerated pathology and facilitate a longer worm survival. As little is known about the immunoregulatory potential of the zoonotic canine parasites Ancylostoma caninum and Toxocara canis in the natural host, the present study aimed to investigate whether their larval excretory-secretory (ES) products can modulate the canine immune system. We demonstrated TcES to increase the frequency of CD4+ Foxp3high T cells, while both AcES and TcES were associated with elevated Helios expression in Foxp3high lymphocytes. ES products were further capable of inducing IL-10 production by lymphocytes, which was mainly attributed to CD8+ T cells. ES treatment of PBMCs prior to mitogen stimulation inhibited polyclonal proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Moreover, monocyte-derived ES-pulsed dendritic cells reduced upregulation of MHC-II and CD80 in response to lipopolysaccharide. The data showed that regulation of the canine immune system by A. caninum and T. canis larvae comprises the modification of antigen-specific and polyclonal T cell responses and dendritic cell maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Junginger
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Raue
- Institute for Parasitology, Center for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karola Wolf
- Unit of Reproductive Medicine of Clinics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 15, D-30559, Hannover, Germany.,Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 9, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Janecek
- Institute for Parasitology, Center for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Veronika M Stein
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 9, D-30559, Hannover, Germany.,Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 128, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 9, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne-Rose Günzel-Apel
- Unit of Reproductive Medicine of Clinics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 15, D-30559, Hannover, Germany.,Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 9, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Center for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marion Hewicker-Trautwein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, D-30559, Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Canine peripheral blood CD4 + CD8 + double-positive T cell subpopulations exhibit distinct T cell phenotypes and effector functions. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 185:48-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
25
|
Abstract
Abstract
The progressive growth and spread of tumour cells in the form of metastases requires an interaction of healthy host cells, such as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and other cells of mesenchymal origin with immune cells taking part in innate and adaptive responses within the tumour lesion and entire body. The host cells interact with tumour cells to create a dynamic tumour microenvironment, in which healthy cells can both positively and negatively influence the growth and spread of the tumour. The balance of cellular homeostasis and the effect of substances they secrete on the tumour microenvironment determine whether the tumour has a tendency to grow or disappear, and whether the cells remain within the lesion or are capable of metastasis to other regions of the body. Intercellular interactions also determine the tumour’s susceptibility to radiation or other types of cancer treatment. They may also be a rational explanation for differences in treatment outcomes, in which some metastases regress and others progress in response to the same treatment method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Lisiecka
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Life Sciences, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kostro
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Life Sciences, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Swann JW, Woods K, Wu Y, Glanemann B, Garden OA. Characterisation of the Immunophenotype of Dogs with Primary Immune-Mediated Haemolytic Anaemia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168296. [PMID: 27942026 PMCID: PMC5152924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA) is reported to be the most common autoimmune disease of dogs, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality in affected animals. Haemolysis is caused by the action of autoantibodies, but the immunological changes that result in their production have not been elucidated. Aims To investigate the frequency of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and other lymphocyte subsets and to measure serum concentrations of cytokines and peripheral blood mononuclear cell expression of cytokine genes in dogs with IMHA, healthy dogs and dogs with inflammatory diseases. Animals 19 dogs with primary IMHA, 22 dogs with inflammatory diseases and 32 healthy control dogs. Methods Residual EDTA-anti-coagulated blood samples were stained with fluorophore-conjugated monoclonal antibodies and analysed by flow cytometry to identify Tregs and other lymphocyte subsets. Total RNA was also extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells to investigate cytokine gene expression, and concentrations of serum cytokines (interleukins 2, 6 10, CXCL-8 and tumour necrosis factor α) were measured using enhanced chemiluminescent assays. Principal component analysis was used to investigate latent variables that might explain variability in the entire dataset. Results There was no difference in the frequency or absolute numbers of Tregs among groups, nor in the proportions of other lymphocyte subsets. The concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines were greater in dogs with IMHA compared to healthy controls, but the concentration of IL-10 and the expression of cytokine genes did not differ between groups. Principal component analysis identified four components that explained the majority of the variability in the dataset, which seemed to correspond to different aspects of the immune response. Conclusions The immunophenotype of dogs with IMHA differed from that of dogs with inflammatory diseases and from healthy control dogs; some of these changes could suggest abnormalities in peripheral tolerance that permit development of autoimmune disease. The frequency of Tregs did not differ between groups, suggesting that deficiency in the number of these cells is not responsible for development of IMHA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James W. Swann
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawskhead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- Immune Regulation Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly Woods
- Immune Regulation Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ying Wu
- Immune Regulation Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Glanemann
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawskhead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver A. Garden
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawskhead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- Immune Regulation Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Majewska A, Gajewska M, Dembele K, Maciejewski H, Prostek A, Jank M. Lymphocytic, cytokine and transcriptomic profiles in peripheral blood of dogs with atopic dermatitis. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:174. [PMID: 27553600 PMCID: PMC4995625 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a common chronic and pruritic skin disease in dogs. The development of cAD involves complex interactions between environmental antigens, genetic predisposition and a number of disparate cell types. The aim of the present study was to perform comprehensive analyses of peripheral blood of AD dogs in relation to healthy subjects in order to determine the changes which would be characteristic for cAD. Results The number of cells in specific subpopulations of lymphocytes was analyzed by flow cytometry, concentration of chosen pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, TNF-α, TGF-β1) was determined by ELISA; and microarray analysis was performed on RNA samples isolated from peripheral blood nuclear cells of AD and healthy dogs. The number of Th cells (CD3+CD4+) in AD and healthy dogs was similar, whereas the percentage of Tc (CD3+CD8+) and Treg (CD4+CD25+ Foxp3+) cells increased significantly in AD dogs. Increased concentrations of IL-13 and TNF-α, and decreased levels of IL-10 and TGF-β1 was observed in AD dogs. The level of IL-4 was similar in both groups of animals. Results of the microarray experiment revealed differentially expressed genes involved in transcriptional regulation (e.g., transcription factors: SMAD2, RORA) or signal transduction pathways (e.g., VEGF, SHB21, PROC) taking part in T lymphocytes lineages differentiation and cytokines synthesis. Conclusions Results obtained indicate that CD8+ T cells, beside CD4+ T lymphocytes, contribute to the development of the allergic response. Increased IL-13 concentration in AD dogs suggests that this cytokine may play more important role than IL-4 in mediating changes induced by allergic inflammation. Furthermore, observed increase in Treg cells in parallel with high concentrations of TNF-α and low levels of IL-10 and TGF-β1 in the peripheral blood of AD dogs point at the functional insufficiency of Treg cells in patients with AD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0805-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Majewska
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Gajewska
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kourou Dembele
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Henryk Maciejewski
- Department of Computer Engineering, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Adam Prostek
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Jank
- Veterinary Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Denies S, Cicchelero L, de Rooster H, Daminet S, Polis I, Van de Maele I, Sanders NN. Immunological and angiogenic markers during metronomic temozolomide and cyclophosphamide in canine cancer patients. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:594-605. [PMID: 26961119 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Metronomic chemotherapy stimulates the immune response via depletion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and suppresses angiogenesis by modulating the secretion of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In this study, blood was collected from 10 healthy dogs and from 30 canine cancer patients before and 2 and 4 weeks after treatment with metronomic temozolomide (6.6 mg m-2 ), cyclophosphamide (12.5 mg m-2 ) or cyclophosphamide and temozolomide. The percentage of circulating CD25+ Foxp3+ CD4+ Tregs and the plasma levels of TSP-1 and VEGF were measured. There was a significant difference in the percentage of Tregs between cancer patients and healthy dogs. A significant decrease in Tregs was noted in patients treated with metronomic cyclophosphamide and the combination. Treatment with temozolomide had no effect on the percentage of Tregs. TSP-1 and VEGF levels were, respectively, significantly lower and higher in cancer patients than in healthy dogs, but they were not influenced by any of the studied metronomic treatment regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Denies
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Cicchelero
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - H de Rooster
- Small Animal Hospital, Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Daminet
- Small Animal Hospital, Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - I Polis
- Small Animal Hospital, Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - I Van de Maele
- Small Animal Hospital, Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - N N Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Denyer MP, Pinheiro DY, Garden OA, Shepherd AJ. Missed, Not Missing: Phylogenomic Evidence for the Existence of Avian FoxP3. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150988. [PMID: 26938477 PMCID: PMC4777427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Forkhead box transcription factor FoxP3 is pivotal to the development and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs), which make a major contribution to peripheral tolerance. FoxP3 is believed to perform a regulatory role in all the vertebrate species in which it has been detected. The prevailing view is that FoxP3 is absent in birds and that avian Tregs rely on alternative developmental and suppressive pathways. Prompted by the automated annotation of foxp3 in the ground tit (Parus humilis) genome, we have questioned this assumption. Our analysis of all available avian genomes has revealed that the foxp3 locus is missing, incomplete or of poor quality in the relevant genomic assemblies for nearly all avian species. Nevertheless, in two species, the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and the saker falcon (F. cherrug), there is compelling evidence for the existence of exons showing synteny with foxp3 in the ground tit. A broader phylogenomic analysis has shown that FoxP3 sequences from these three species are similar to crocodilian sequences, the closest living relatives of birds. In both birds and crocodilians, we have also identified a highly proline-enriched region at the N terminus of FoxP3, a region previously identified only in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Denyer
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology and Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dammy Y. Pinheiro
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver A. Garden
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (OAG); (AJS)
| | - Adrian J. Shepherd
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology and Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (OAG); (AJS)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Swann JW, Garden OA. Novel immunotherapies for immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia in dogs and people. Vet J 2016; 207:13-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
31
|
Hivelin M, Klimczak A, Cwykiel J, Sonmez E, Nasir S, Gatherwright J, Siemionow M. Immunomodulatory Effects of Different Cellular Therapies of Bone Marrow Origin on Chimerism Induction and Maintenance Across MHC Barriers in a Face Allotransplantation Model. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 64:299-310. [PMID: 26708158 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0380-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Many more patients would benefit from vascularized composite allotransplantation if less toxic and safer immunosuppressive protocols will become available. Tolerance induction protocols with donor cells co-transplantation are one of the promising pathways to reduce maintenance immunosupressive regimens. We investigated the role of donor bone marrow cells (BMC), mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) and in vivo created chimeric cells (CC) used as supportive therapies in a fully MHC-mismatched rat face transplantation model. Twenty-four fully MHC-mismatched hemiface transplantations were performed between ACI (RT1(a)) donors and Lewis (RT1(l)) recipients under combined seven-day immunosuppressive regimen of anti-αβ-T-cell receptor (TCR) monoclonal antibody and cyclosporin A. We studied four experimental groups-group 1: no cellular therapy; group 2: supportive therapy with BMC; group 3: supportive therapy with MSC; group 4: supportive therapy with CC generated in a primary chimera. We evaluated clinical and histological rejection grades, transplanted cells migration, donor-specific chimerism in the peripheral blood and bone marrow compartments, and CD4(+)/CD25(+) T-cell levels. Face allograft rejection was observed at 26.8 ± 0.6 days post-transplant (PT) in the absence of cellular therapy, at 34.5 ± 1.1 days for group 2, 29.3 ± 0.8 days for group 3, and 30.3 ± 1.38 PT for group 4. The longest survival was observed in allografts supported by co-transplantation of BMC. All support in cellular therapies delayed face allograft rejection by chimerism induction and/or immunomodulatory properties of co-transplanted cells. Survival time was comparable between groups, however, further studies, with different cell dosages, delivery routes and delivery times are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Hivelin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Aleksandra Klimczak
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,L. Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Cwykiel
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erhan Sonmez
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Serdar Nasir
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Maria Siemionow
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Department of Orthopedics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hauck V, Hügli P, Meli ML, Rostaher A, Fischer N, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Favrot C. Increased numbers of FoxP3-expressing CD4+ CD25+regulatory T cells in peripheral blood from dogs with atopic dermatitis and its correlation with disease severity. Vet Dermatol 2015; 27:26-e9. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Hauck
- Dermatology Unit; Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hügli
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory and Center for Clinical Studies; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Ana Rostaher
- Dermatology Unit; Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Nina Fischer
- Dermatology Unit; Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory and Center for Clinical Studies; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Claude Favrot
- Dermatology Unit; Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Beccati M, Martini V, Comazzi S, Fanton N, Cornegliani L. Lymphocyte subpopulations and Treg cells in dogs with atopic dermatitis receiving ciclosporin therapy: a prospective study. Vet Dermatol 2015; 27:17-e5. [PMID: 26660308 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is a chronic dermatological disease partly due to dysregulation of the immune system. Inappropriate activation of CD4(+) lymphocytes could favour and promote the allergic response. An inadequate activation system of regulatory T cells (Tregs) is suspected to be a key immunological feature of the allergic response in atopic dogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To evaluate the difference in the CD4/CD8 lymphocyte ratio and the percentage of Tregs in healthy dogs, in a breed predisposed to CAD, and in dogs affected by CAD before and during therapy with ciclosporin (CsA). Additionally to assess the improvement in pruritus and skin lesions during therapy with CsA, and to compare this with CD4/CD8/Treg values. ANIMALS Ten atopic dogs of different breed, sex and age, ten healthy dogs and ten English bulldogs were included. METHODS Peripheral blood from all dogs was tested using flow cytometry to assess the CD4/CD8 ratio and percentage of Tregs. For atopic dogs, sampling was repeated after 30 and 90 days of therapy with CsA. RESULTS The CD4/CD8 ratio was not significantly different between the three groups. The Treg percentage was higher, but not statistically significant, in atopic dogs compared with controls. Therapy with CsA led to clinical improvement; it was not associated with statistically significant differences in haematological variables. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE This study suggests that Tregs may be involved in the pathogenesis of CAD and that ciclosporin therapy does not affect the circulating lymphocyte subpopulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Beccati
- Centro Medico Veterinario Veterinaria Adda, 24042, Capriate San Gervasio, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Valeria Martini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Comazzi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Cornegliani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Rasmussen RM, Kurzman ID, Biller BJ, Guth A, Vail DM. Phase I lead-in and subsequent randomized trial assessing safety and modulation of regulatory T cell numbers following a maximally tolerated dose doxorubicin and metronomic dose cyclophosphamide combination chemotherapy protocol in tumour-bearing dogs. Vet Comp Oncol 2015; 15:421-430. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. M. Rasmussen
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
| | - I. D. Kurzman
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
| | - B. J. Biller
- Flint Animal Cancer Center; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - A. Guth
- Flint Animal Cancer Center; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - D. M. Vail
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
- The Carbone Cancer Center; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
von Buttlar H, Bismarck D, Alber G. Peripheral canine CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive T cells - unique amongst others. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 168:169-75. [PMID: 26460086 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes co-expressing CD4 and CD8 ("double-positive T cells") are commonly associated with a thymic developmental stage of T cells. Their first description in humans and pigs as extrathymic T cells with a memory phenotype almost 30 years ago came as a surprise. Meanwhile peripheral double-positive T cells have been described in a growing number of different species. In this review we highlight novel data from our very recent studies on canine peripheral double-positive T cells which point to unique features of double-positive T cells in the dog. In contrast to porcine CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells forming a homogenous cellular population based on their expression of CD4 and CD8α, canine CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells can be divided into three different cellular subsets with distinct expression levels of CD4 and CD8α. Double-positive T cells expressing CD8β are present in humans and dogs but absent in swine. Moreover, canine CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells can not only develop from CD4(+) single-positive T cells but also from CD8(+) single-positive T cells. Together, this places canine CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells closer to their human than porcine counterparts since human double-positive T cells also appear to be heterogeneous in their CD4 and CD8α expression and have both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells as progenitor cells. However, CD4(+) single-positive T cells are the more potent progenitors for canine double-positive T cells, whereas CD8(+) single-positive T cells are more potent progenitors for human double-positive T cells. Canine double-positive T cells have an activated phenotype and may have as yet unrecognized roles in vivo in immunity to infection or in inflammatory diseases such as chronic infection, autoimmunity, allergy, or cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heiner von Buttlar
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Doris Bismarck
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Gottfried Alber
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Maeda S, Ohno K, Fujiwara-Igarashi A, Uchida K, Tsujimoto H. Changes in Foxp3-Positive Regulatory T Cell Number in the Intestine of Dogs With Idiopathic Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Intestinal Lymphoma. Vet Pathol 2015; 53:102-12. [PMID: 26173451 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815591081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an integral role in immunologic tolerance and the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, their involvement in canine gastrointestinal diseases, including idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and intestinal lymphoma, remains unclear. Here we show altered numbers of forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)-positive Tregs in the intestine of dogs with IBD and intestinal lymphoma. IBD was diagnosed in 48 dogs; small cell intestinal lymphoma was diagnosed in 46 dogs; large cell intestinal lymphoma was diagnosed in 30 dogs; and 25 healthy beagles were used as normal controls. Foxp3-positive Tregs in the duodenal mucosa were examined by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Duodenal expression of interleukin-10 mRNA was quantified by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The number of Foxp3-positive lamina propria cells and the expression of interleukin-10 mRNA were significantly lower in dogs with IBD than in healthy dogs and dogs with intestinal lymphoma. The number of Foxp3-positive intraepithelial cells was higher in dogs with small cell intestinal lymphoma. Some large cell intestinal lymphoma cases had high numbers of Foxp3-positive cells, but the increase was not statistically significant. Double-labeling immunofluorescence showed that CD3-positive granzyme B-negative helper T cells expressed Foxp3. In small cell intestinal lymphoma cases, the overall survival of dogs with a high Treg density was significantly worse than that of dogs with a normal Treg density. These results suggest that a change in the number of Foxp3-positive Tregs contributes to the pathogenesis of canine IBD and intestinal lymphoma by disrupting mucosal tolerance and suppressing antitumor immunity, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Ohno
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Fujiwara-Igarashi
- Department of Veterinary Radiology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Tsujimoto
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Volkmann M, Hepworth MR, Ebner F, Rausch S, Kohn B, Hartmann S. Frequencies of regulatory T cells in the peripheral blood of dogs with primary immune-mediated thrombocytopenia and chronic enteropathy: A pilot study. Vet J 2014; 202:630-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
38
|
Choi EW, Lee JM, Lee HW, Yang J, Youn HY. Therapeutic effects of CTLA4Ig gene-transduced adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on established autoimmune thyroiditis. Cell Transplant 2014; 24:2221-36. [PMID: 25299180 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x685122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the beneficial effects of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) and ASCs that overexpress the CTLA4Ig gene (CTLA4Ig-ASCs) on established autoimmune thyroiditis and to examine changes in clinical chemistry parameters and the presence of humoral responses upon repeated long-term administration of autologous ASCs. This study also aimed to acquire desirable results in a preclinical study by using large-sized lab animals and applying ASCs that overexpress therapeutic genes. Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis was induced by immunization with thyroglobulin. Experimental dogs were divided into five groups: (i) ASC IT + IV, (ii) ASC IV, (iii) CTLA4Ig-ASC IT + IV, (iv) CTLA4Ig-ASC IV, and (v) control IT + IV (saline only), and they received intrathyroidal (IT; 10 million cells/250 µl saline per thyroid) administration one time or intravenous (IV; 20 million cells/5 ml) administration seven times within a 101-day period. Blood samples were collected every week, and thyroids were harvested on days 104-106. After serial ASC or CTLA4Ig transplantation, the levels of canine thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAA) in serum and the infiltration of T-lymphocytes between the follicles of the thyroid glands were decreased. The expression of FoxP3 in submandibular lymph nodes was significantly increased. Repeated long-term administration of autologous ASCs or CTLA4Ig-ASCs did not generate changes in clinical chemistry parameters or humoral responses.The TgAA test can detect autoimmune thyroiditis years before clinical signs of hypothyroidism occur. Thus, ASC and CTLA4Ig-ASC transplantation in that period can be attractive candidates to ameliorate autoimmune thyroiditis and prevent the development of hypothyroidism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Wha Choi
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pinheiro D, Chang YM, Bryant H, Szladovits B, Dalessandri T, Davison LJ, Yallop E, Mills E, Leo C, Lara A, Stell A, Polton G, Garden OA. Dissecting the regulatory microenvironment of a large animal model of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: evidence of a negative prognostic impact of FOXP3+ T cells in canine B cell lymphoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105027. [PMID: 25119018 PMCID: PMC4132014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cancer microenvironment plays a pivotal role in oncogenesis, containing a number of regulatory cells that attenuate the anti-neoplastic immune response. While the negative prognostic impact of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the context of most solid tissue tumors is well established, their role in lymphoid malignancies remains unclear. T cells expressing FOXP3 and Helios were documented in the fine needle aspirates of affected lymph nodes of dogs with spontaneous multicentric B cell lymphoma (BCL), proposed to be a model for human non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Multivariable analysis revealed that the frequency of lymph node FOXP3+ T cells was an independent negative prognostic factor, impacting both progression-free survival (hazard ratio 1.10; p = 0.01) and overall survival (hazard ratio 1.61; p = 0.01) when comparing dogs showing higher than the median FOXP3 expression with those showing the median value of FOXP3 expression or less. Taken together, these data suggest the existence of a population of Tregs operational in canine multicentric BCL that resembles thymic Tregs, which we speculate are co-opted by the tumor from the periphery. We suggest that canine multicentric BCL represents a robust large animal model of human diffuse large BCL, showing clinical, cytological and immunophenotypic similarities with the disease in man, allowing comparative studies of immunoregulatory mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dammy Pinheiro
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Immune Regulation Laboratory, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yu-Mei Chang
- Research Office, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Bryant
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Immune Regulation Laboratory, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Balazs Szladovits
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Dalessandri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Immune Regulation Laboratory, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy J. Davison
- Henry Wellcome Building, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Yallop
- Clinical Investigation Centre, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Mills
- Clinical Investigation Centre, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Leo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Lara
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Anneliese Stell
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gerry Polton
- Oncology Service, North Downs Specialist Referrals, Bletchingley, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver A. Garden
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Immune Regulation Laboratory, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Jassies-van der Lee A, Rutten VPMG, Bruijn J, Willemse T, Broere F. CD4+and CD8+skin-associated T lymphocytes in canine atopic dermatitis produce interleukin-13, interleukin-22 and interferon-γ and contain a CD25+FoxP3+subset. Vet Dermatol 2014; 25:456-e72. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Jassies-van der Lee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Yalelaan 108 3584 CM Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Victor P. M. G. Rutten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology; Division of Immunology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Yalelaan 108 3584 CM Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria; Private Bag X04 Onderstepoort 0110 South Africa
| | - Jet Bruijn
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Yalelaan 108 3584 CM Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Ton Willemse
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Yalelaan 108 3584 CM Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology; Division of Immunology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Yalelaan 108 3584 CM Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Femke Broere
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology; Division of Immunology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Yalelaan 108 3584 CM Utrecht The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Weaver KF, Stokes JV, Gunnoe SA, Follows JS, Shafer L, Ammari MG, Archer TM, Thomason JM, Mackin AJ, Pinchuk LM. EFFECT OF LIPOSOMAL CLODRONATE-DEPENDENT DEPLETION OF PROFESSIONAL ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS ON NUMBERS AND PHENOTYPE OF CANINE CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ REGULATORY T CELLS. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE AND RESEARCH 2014; 1:1003. [PMID: 25950023 PMCID: PMC4418640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are known to control autoreactivity during and subsequent to the development of the peripheral immune system. Professional antigen presenting cells (APCs), dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes, have an important role in inducing Tregs. For the first time, this study evaluated proportions and phenotypes of Tregs in canine peripheral blood depleted of professional APCs, utilizing liposomal clodronate (LC) and multicolor flow cytometry analysis. Our results demonstrate that LC exposure promoted short term decreases followed by significant increases in the proportions or absolute numbers of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Tregs in dogs. In general, the LC-dependent Treg fluctuations were similar to the changes in the levels of CD14+ monocytes in Walker hounds. However, the proportions of monocytes showed more dramatic changes compared to the proportions of Tregs that were visually unchanged after LC treatment over the study period. At the same time, absolute Treg numbers showed, similarly to the levels of CD14+ monocytes, significant compensatory gains as well as the recovery during the normalization period. We confirm the previous data that CD4+ T cells with the highest CD25 expression were highly enriched for FOXP3. Furthermore, for the first time, we report that CD4+CD25lowFOXP3+ is the major regulatory T cell subset affected by LC exposure. The increases within the lowest CD25 expressers of CD4+FOXP3+ cells together with compensatory gains in the proportion of CD14+ monocytes during compensatory and normalization periods suggest the possible direct or indirect roles of monocytes in active recruitment and generation of Tregs from naïve CD4+ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kriston F. Weaver
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, 240 Wise Center Drive, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - John V. Stokes
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, 240 Wise Center Drive, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Sagen A. Gunnoe
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, 240 Wise Center Drive, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Joyce S. Follows
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, 240 Wise Center Drive, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Lydia Shafer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, 240 Wise Center Drive, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Mais G. Ammari
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, 240 Wise Center Drive, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Todd M. Archer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, 240 Wise Center Drive, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - John M. Thomason
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, 240 Wise Center Drive, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Andrew J. Mackin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, 240 Wise Center Drive, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Lesya M. Pinchuk
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, 240 Wise Center Drive, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Comparison of microbiological, histological, and immunomodulatory parameters in response to treatment with either combination therapy with prednisone and metronidazole or probiotic VSL#3 strains in dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94699. [PMID: 24722235 PMCID: PMC3983225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common chronic enteropathy in dogs. There are no published studies regarding the use of probiotics in the treatment of canine IBD. The objectives were to compare responses to treatment with either combination therapy (prednisone and metronidazole) or probiotic strains (VSL#3) in dogs with IBD. Methodology and Principal Findings Twenty pet dogs with a diagnosis of IBD, ten healthy pet dogs, and archived control intestinal tissues from three euthanized dogs were used in this open label study. Dogs with IBD were randomized to receive either probiotic (D-VSL#3, n = 10) or combination drug therapy (D-CT, n = 10). Dogs were monitored for 60 days (during treatment) and re-evaluated 30 days after completing treatment. The CIBDAI (P<0.001), duodenal histology scores (P<0.001), and CD3+ cells decreased post-treatment in both treatment groups. FoxP3+ cells (p<0.002) increased in the D-VSL#3 group after treatment but not in the D-CT group. TGF-β+ cells increased in both groups after treatment (P = 0.0043) with the magnitude of this increase being significantly greater for dogs in the D-VSL#3 group compared to the D-CT group. Changes in apical junction complex molecules occludin and claudin-2 differed depending on treatment. Faecalibacterium and Turicibacter were significantly decreased in dogs with IBD at T0, with a significant increase in Faecalibacterium abundance observed in the animals treated with VSL#3 strains. Conclusions A protective effect of VSL#3 strains was observed in dogs with IBD, with a significant decrease in clinical and histological scores and a decrease in CD3+ T-cell infiltration. Protection was associated with an enhancement of regulatory T-cell markers (FoxP3+ and TGF-β+), specifically observed in the probiotic-treated group and not in animals receiving combination therapy. A normalization of dysbiosis after long-term therapy was observed in the probiotic group. Larger scale studies are warranted to evaluate the clinical efficacy of VSL#3 in canine IBD.
Collapse
|
43
|
CD4+FOXP3+ cells produce IL-10 in the spleens of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol 2014; 202:313-8. [PMID: 24703254 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by intracellular parasites of the genus Leishmania that affect humans and several animal species. Dogs are one of the main urban reservoirs of the parasite and play a central role in the transmission cycle to humans via sandflies. Studies concerning the immune response in dogs with VL have demonstrated that protective immunity is associated with cellular immune response, while disease progression is associated with humoral response and IL-10 and TGF-β production. The study aimed to evaluate IL-10 and TGF-β production by regulatory T (Treg) cells in the blood and spleen of dogs naturally infected by Leishmania spp. and correlate this with parasite load. Five healthy dogs and 29 dogs with proven infection were selected for the study group. Real-time PCR was used to quantify parasite load and confirm infection by Leishmania spp. Treg cells producing IL-10 and TGF-β were quantified using flow cytometry. An increase in IL-10 production by Treg cells was verified in the spleen of dogs naturally infected by Leishmania spp. Concurrently, a decrease in the total number of T cells in these dogs was verified compared with healthy dogs. No association was determined between parasite load and the percentage of spleen Treg cells producing IL-10 and TGF-β. These findings suggest that Treg cells are an important source of IL-10 in the spleen, participating in immune response modulation, while the reduced percentage of these cells in infected dogs could be attributed to persistent immune activation.
Collapse
|
44
|
Foote JB, Kabir FML, Graff EC, Cattley RC, DeInnocentes P, Smith BF, Bird RC. Engraftment of canine peripheral blood lymphocytes into nonobese diabetic-severe combined immune deficient IL-2R common gamma chain null mice. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 157:131-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
45
|
Activation-induced FoxP3 expression regulates cytokine production in conventional T cells stimulated with autologous dendritic cells. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:1583-92. [PMID: 22855393 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00308-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A defining feature of dendritic cells (DCs) is their ability to induce the proliferation of autologous T cells in the absence of foreign antigen-a process termed the "autologous mixed leukocyte reaction" (AMLR). We report that equine monocyte-derived DCs, but not macrophages, are potent inducers of the AMLR. The response is contact dependent and major histocompatibility complex class II dependent and primarily involves CD3(+) CD4(+) CD8(-) T cells. Upon stimulation with DCs or the mitogen concanavalin A, a subset of the proliferating T cells expresses the regulatory T-cell (Treg) transcription factor FoxP3. Although many of these FoxP3(+) T cells are capable of producing the effector cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ), they are more likely to produce IL-10 and less likely to produce IFN-γ than equivalent FoxP3(-) cells. Therefore, FoxP3 expression is an inherent component of equine T cell activation and is associated with a more immunosuppressive cytokine profile. These results confirm that FoxP3 expression in the horse, in contrast to the mouse, is regulated similarly to FOXP3 expression in humans and provide evidence that FoxP3 expression by conventional T cells may help regulate the developing immune response.
Collapse
|
46
|
Kim JH, Chon SK, Im KS, Kim NH, Cho KW, Sur JH. Infiltrating Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and histopathological features in canine classical and spermatocytic seminomas. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 48:218-22. [PMID: 22775571 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In humans, regulatory T (T reg) cells are known to play a critical role in both the regulation of immune homoeostasis and the progression of cancer. However, there is little information about the identification, characterization and the function of T reg cells in canine tumours. We identified T reg cells in 28 canine seminoma samples using a Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) antibody and investigated the relationship between T reg cell infiltration and histopathological features of classical and spermatocytic seminomas (SE and SS, respectively). The Foxp3 protein showed nuclear immunostaining in infiltrating lymphocytes, and Foxp3+ cells were diffused or focally distributed in seminoma tissues. Foxp3+ cells were frequently present in the SS histotype, in seminomas that showed no evidence of tumour cell invasion into the vessels and in seminomas showing a diffuse growth pattern with three cell types. Neither the SE/SS histotype nor the histopathological features of the tumour correlated with Foxp3+ cell counts. These results indicate that Foxp3+ T reg cells may be associated with a less malignant histological phenotype or may not play a critical role in the immune response of canine seminomas. Moreover, Foxp3+ T reg cells may be associated with SS seminoma, but further studies, involving a larger number of samples, are required to better understand whether these cells play a critical role in the immune response in canine seminomas. This is the first report to demonstrate the characteristics of T reg cell infiltration in canine seminoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumour Diagnostic Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Junginger J, Schwittlick U, Lemensieck F, Nolte I, Hewicker-Trautwein M. Immunohistochemical investigation of Foxp3 expression in the intestine in healthy and diseased dogs. Vet Res 2012; 43:23. [PMID: 22440243 PMCID: PMC3364872 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal immune regulation including development of oral tolerance is of great importance for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Concerning this, regulatory T cells (Tregs) occupy a pivotal role in cell-mediated immunosuppression. Dysregulation of mucosal immunology leading to an abnormal interaction with commensal bacteria is suggested to play a key role in the pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) in men and dogs. The aim of this study was to characterise the expression of Foxp3 in the normal canine gut of 18 dogs (mean age: 6.03 years), in 16 dogs suffering from IBD (mean age: 5.05 years), and of 6 dogs with intestinal nematode infection (mean age: 0.87 years) using immunohistochemistry. In the duodenum, Tregs in healthy dogs declined from villi (median: 10.67/62 500 μm2) to crypts (median: 1.89/62 500 μm2). Tregs were further increased in the villi of middle-aged dogs (median: 18.92/62 500 μm2) in contrast to juvenile (median: 3.50/62 500 μm2) and old (median: 9.56/62 500 μm2) individuals. Compared to healthy controls, animals suffering from IBD revealed reduced numbers of Tregs in duodenal villi (median: 4.13/62 500 μm2). Dogs with intestinal nematode infection displayed increased numbers of Tregs (median: 21.06/62 500 μm2) compared to healthy animals.Age-related changes indicate a progressive establishment of oral tolerance and immunosenescence in the canine elderly. The results further suggest that a defect in Treg homeostasis may be involved in the pathogenesis of canine IBD. In contrast, increased numbers of Tregs in the duodenum may be due to nematode infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Junginger
- Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lewis DH, Chan DL, Pinheiro D, Armitage-Chan E, Garden OA. The immunopathology of sepsis: pathogen recognition, systemic inflammation, the compensatory anti-inflammatory response, and regulatory T cells. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:457-82. [PMID: 22428780 PMCID: PMC7166777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, the systemic inflammatory response to infection, represents the major cause of death in critically ill veterinary patients. Whereas important advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of this syndrome have been made, much remains to be elucidated. There is general agreement on the key interaction between pathogen‐associated molecular patterns and cells of the innate immune system, and the amplification of the host response generated by pro‐inflammatory cytokines. More recently, the concept of immunoparalysis in sepsis has also been advanced, together with an increasing recognition of the interplay between regulatory T cells and the innate immune response. However, the heterogeneous nature of this syndrome and the difficulty of modeling it in vitro or in vivo has both frustrated the advancement of new therapies and emphasized the continuing importance of patient‐based clinical research in this area of human and veterinary medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D H Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield Campus, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Schmitz S, Garden OA, Werling D, Allenspach K. Gene expression of selected signature cytokines of T cell subsets in duodenal tissues of dogs with and without inflammatory bowel disease. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 146:87-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
50
|
Mitchell L, Thamm D, Biller B. Clinical and Immunomodulatory Effects of Toceranib Combined with Low-Dose Cyclophosphamide in Dogs with Cancer. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:355-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. Mitchell
- Animal Cancer Center; Department of Clinical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins; CO
| | - D.H. Thamm
- Animal Cancer Center; Department of Clinical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins; CO
| | - B.J. Biller
- Animal Cancer Center; Department of Clinical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins; CO
| |
Collapse
|