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Borgert CJ, Burgoon LD, Matthews JC. The physiological and biochemical basis of potency thresholds modeled using human estrogen receptor alpha: implications for identifying endocrine disruptors. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1795-1807. [PMID: 38704805 PMCID: PMC11106131 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03723-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The endocrine system functions by interactions between ligands and receptors. Ligands exhibit potency for binding to and interacting with receptors. Potency is the product of affinity and efficacy. Potency and physiological concentration determine the ability of a ligand to produce physiological effects. The kinetic behavior of ligand-receptor interactions conforms to the laws of mass action. The laws of mass action define the relationship between the affinity of a ligand and the fraction of cognate receptors that it occupies at any physiological concentration. We previously identified the minimum ligand potency required to produce clinically observable estrogenic agonist effects via the human estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα). By examining data on botanical estrogens and dietary supplements, we demonstrated that ERα ligands with potency lower than one one-thousandth that of the primary endogenous hormone 17β-estradiol (E2) do not produce clinically observable estrogenic effects. This allowed us to propose a Human-Relevant Potency Threshold (HRPT) for ERα ligands of 1 × 10-4 relative to E2. Here, we test the hypothesis that the HRPT for ERα arises from the receptor occupancy by the normal metabolic milieu of endogenous ERα ligands. The metabolic milieu comprises precursors to hormones, metabolites of hormones, and other normal products of metabolism. We have calculated fractional receptor occupancies for ERα ligands with potencies below and above the previously established HRPT when normal circulating levels of some endogenous ERα ligands and E2 were also present. Fractional receptor occupancy calculations showed that individual ERα ligands with potencies more than tenfold higher than the HRPT can compete for occupancy at ERα against individual components of the endogenous metabolic milieu and against mixtures of those components at concentrations found naturally in human blood. Ligands with potencies less than tenfold higher than the HRPT were unable to compete successfully for ERα. These results show that the HRPT for ERα agonism (10-4 relative to E2) proposed previously is quite conservative and should be considered strong evidence against the potential for disruption of the estrogenic pathway. For chemicals with potency 10-3 of E2, the potential for estrogenic endocrine disruption must be considered equivocal and subject to the presence of corroborative evidence. Most importantly, this work demonstrates that the endogenous metabolic milieu is responsible for the observed ERα agonist HRPT, that this HRPT applies also to ERα antagonists, and it provides a compelling mechanistic explanation for the HRPT that is grounded in basic principles of molecular kinetics using well characterized properties and concentrations of endogenous components of normal metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Borgert
- Applied Pharmacology and Toxicology, Inc. and CEHT, Univ. FL College of Vet. Med., Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | | | - John C Matthews
- University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, MS, USA
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2
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Kim HY, Seo HS, Seo HA, Doh TY, Chang GT, Lee JY, Lee SH. Safety of deer antler extract in children: A 12-week randomized controlled clinical trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37970. [PMID: 38701283 PMCID: PMC11062680 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deer antlers have been used as strong tonifying medicine in Asian countries, especially for the growth and development of children in pediatrics of Korean medicine. The safety of deer antler in adults cannot be applied directly to children because of their physiological characteristics. To accumulate reliable data on the safety of deer antler in pediatric populations, well-designed clinical studies are required. METHODS This research is a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluating the safety of deer antler extract (DAE) in children. The DAE group received an intervention containing 1586 mg of DAE, whereas the control group received a placebo for 12 weeks. The safety was assessed by monitoring adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and laboratory test results. RESULTS One hundred participants were included in the safety analysis. Three and 2 participants in the DAE and control groups, respectively, reported ADRs. There was no significant difference in incidence between the 2 groups. ADRs are categorized into gastrointestinal and skin-related symptoms. No serious ADR was observed throughout the study. The laboratory test results were within or outside the normal range at clinically insignificant levels. CONCLUSION The research discovered that the DAE is safe in terms of ADRs and laboratory parameters under the conditions studied. Further studies are required to accumulate safety data about DAE dosage adjustment and potential interactions with other medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Yeon Kim
- Department of Korean Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Sun Seo
- Department of Korean Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Ae Seo
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yun Doh
- Department of Korean Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Tae Chang
- Department of Korean Pediatrics, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yong Lee
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Haeng Lee
- Department of Korean Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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3
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Ankarberg-Lindgren C, Becker C, Svala E, Ryberg H. Methodological considerations in determining sex steroids in children: comparison of conventional immunoassays with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem Lab Med 2024; 62:85-96. [PMID: 37540832 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In laboratory medicine, external quality assessment (EQA) schemes have become versatile tools for detecting analytical flaws. However, EQA schemes are lacking for pediatric sex steroid levels. We aimed to investigate the suitability of different estradiol and testosterone immunoassays in a pediatric setting in comparison with clinical liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays. METHODS The study was conducted by staff and the advisory group on endocrinology at Equalis, the Swedish provider of EQA schemes for laboratory medicine. The test material consisted of five pooled serum samples from children who were either prepubertal or in puberty. Clinical laboratories enrolled in Equalis EQA schemes for estradiol and testosterone were invited to participate, as were clinical laboratories using LC-MS/MS-assays. Samples were analyzed by either routine immunoassays (n=18) or in-house LC-MS/MS assays (n=3). RESULTS For estradiol, LC-MS/MS assays showed a high degree of conformity with interlaboratory coefficients of variation (CV) below 24.2 %. Reported levels were between 4.9 ± 1.2 and 33.9 ± 1.6 pmol/L (group mean ± standard deviation). The direct immunoassays had lower precision; their CVs were up to 81.4 %. Reported concentrations were between 25.3 ± 18.1 and 45.7 ± 19.4 pmol/L, an overestimation compared to LC-MS/MS. Testosterone LC-MS/MS also showed a high degree of conformity, CVs were below 13.4 %, and reported concentrations were from 0.06 ± 0.00 to 1.00 ± 0.11 nmol/L. The direct immunoassays had a larger discrepancy between results; CVs were up to 95.8 %. Concentrations were between 0.12 ± 0.11 and 0.85 ± 0.23 nmol/L. CONCLUSIONS For the safe diagnosis and determination of sex steroids in children, analysis with mass spectrometry-based methods is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Ankarberg-Lindgren
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Becker
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, University and Regional Laboratories Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Henrik Ryberg
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Bloomfield V, Iseyemi A, Kives S. Clinical Review: Prepubertal Bleeding. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2023; 36:435-441. [PMID: 37301426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prepubertal bleeding is a common presentation in the pediatric office and can be distressing for patients and families. A comprehensive approach to diagnosis and management allows clinicians to identify patients at risk for worrisome pathology and arrange timely care. OBJECTIVE We aimed to review the key features of clinical history, physical exam, and diagnostic workup of a child presenting with prepubertal bleeding. We reviewed potential pathologies requiring urgent investigations and management, such as precocious puberty and malignancy, as well as more common etiologies, including foreign bodies and vulvovaginitis. CONCLUSION Clinicians should approach each patient with the goal of excluding diagnoses that require urgent interventions. A thoughtful clinical history and physical exam can inform appropriate investigations to optimize patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Bloomfield
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abigail Iseyemi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, London Health Sciences Center - Victoria Hospital, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sari Kives
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Di Meo A, Yazdanpanah M, Higgins V, Nichols M, Bohn MK, Tan A, Zainab S, Sepiashvili L, Adeli K. Highly sensitive tandem mass spectrometric measurement of serum estradiol without derivatization and pediatric reference intervals in children and adolescents. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:1820-1828. [PMID: 37036784 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Monitoring estradiol (E2) is important for determining the onset of pubertal development as well as in the evaluation of girls with precocious puberty. However, E2 measurement remains an analytical challenge in children, who have lower circulating levels. We developed and evaluated a simple and sensitive LC-MS/MS procedure for serum E2 quantification in pediatric populations and established age- and sex-specific pediatric reference intervals. METHODS Residual patient serum samples were used to evaluate the analytical performance of our in-house LC-MS/MS E2 assay. The evaluation included accuracy, precision, linearity, functional sensitivity (LLoQ), and method comparison. Age- and sex-specific pediatric E2 reference intervals were also established from a cohort of 405 healthy children (birth to 18 years) recruited with informed consent. Age- and sex-specific differences were assessed, and outliers were removed. Reference intervals were established using the robust method. RESULTS The assay imprecision was <5.3 %. Assay linearity ranged from 13.7 to 1923.3 pmol/L. The LLoQ corresponding to a CV of 20 % was determined to be 8.9 pmol/L. Bland-Altman analysis revealed a mean bias of 29.3 pmol/L or 9.1 % between our LC-MS/MS E2 assay and an external reference laboratory measuring E2 by LC-MS/MS. CONCLUSIONS Our LC-MS/MS E2 assay shows acceptable accuracy, precision, functional sensitivity (LLoQ), and linearity for E2 quantification. Our LC-MS/MS E2 assay also showed good agreement with an external reference laboratory measuring E2 by LC-MS/MS. In addition, using CALIPER samples, we established robust age- and sex-specific pediatric E2 reference intervals to improve accuracy of test result interpretation and clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Di Meo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mehrdad Yazdanpanah
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Victoria Higgins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Nichols
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mary Kathryn Bohn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Agnes Tan
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shazina Zainab
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lusia Sepiashvili
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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González-Domínguez Á, Domínguez-Riscart J, Millán-Martínez M, Lechuga-Sancho AM, González-Domínguez R. Sexually dimorphic metal alterations in childhood obesity are modulated by a complex interplay between inflammation, insulin, and sex hormones. Biofactors 2023; 49:849-860. [PMID: 36945726 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Although growing evidence points to a pivotal role of perturbed metal homeostasis in childhood obesity, sexual dimorphisms in this association have rarely been investigated. In this study, we applied multi-elemental analysis to plasma and erythrocyte samples from an observational cohort comprising children with obesity, with and without insulin resistance, and healthy control children. Furthermore, a wide number of variables related to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, inflammation, and sex hormones were also determined. Children with obesity, regardless of sex and insulin resistance status, showed increased plasma copper-to-zinc ratios. More interestingly, obesity-related erythroid alterations were found to be sex-dependent, with increased contents of iron, zinc, and copper being exclusively detected among female subjects. Our findings suggest that a sexually dimorphic hormonal dysregulation in response to a pathological cascade involving inflammatory processes and hyperinsulinemia could be the main trigger of this female-specific intracellular sequestration of trace elements. Therefore, the present study highlights the relevance of genotypic sex as a susceptibility factor influencing the pathogenic events behind childhood obesity, thereby opening the door to develop sex-personalized approaches in the context of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro González-Domínguez
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Jesús Domínguez-Riscart
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Unidad de Endocrinología Pediátrica y Diabetes, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | - María Millán-Martínez
- Associate Unit CSIC-University of Huelva "Atmospheric Pollution", Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry - CIQSO, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Alfonso María Lechuga-Sancho
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Unidad de Endocrinología Pediátrica y Diabetes, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento Materno Infantil y Radiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Raúl González-Domínguez
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
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Fedor I, Zold E, Barta Z. Liver abnormalities in Turner’s syndrome – the importance of estrogen replacement. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac124. [PMID: 36111277 PMCID: PMC9469926 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Turner syndrome is one of the most frequently reported sex chromosomal abnormalities, affecting approximately 40 in every 100 000 live female births. The underlying chromosomal alteration is the complete or partial loss of X chromosome or mosaicism. Because of primary ovarian insufficiency, the synthesis of estrogen hormones is compromised, and patients require hormone substitution. Apart from the phenotypical presentation (short stature, primary amenorrhea), the effects of ovarian insufficiency can affect diverse organ systems (such as cardiovascular, endocrine, and lymphatic systems). Hepatobiliary pathology can present on a broad spectrum: from mild asymptomatic hypertransaminasemia to marked architectural changes. Estrogen hormone replacement therapy in these patients can improve the perturbations of laboratory values and can attenuate the progression of hepatic structural changes. Moreover, providing sufficient estrogen replacement has numerous benefits for other conditions of the patients as well. Both the all-cause mortality and deaths from cardiovascular complications are greatly increased in Turner syndrome, and hormone replacement might contribute to the decreased incidence of these events. The diagnostics of Turner syndrome are outside the scope of our paper, and we briefly discuss the cardiovascular complications because many the liver involvement partially involves alterations of vascular origin. Though we sought to highlight the importance of proper hormone replacement therapy, we did not attempt to write a comprehensive recommendation for exact treatment protocols. We provided an overview of preferred therapeutic approaches, as the treatment should be tailored according to the individual patient’s needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istvan Fedor
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen , Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Doctoral School of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Institute of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen , Hungary
| | - Eva Zold
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Doctoral School of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Institute of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen , Hungary
| | - Zsolt Barta
- GI Unit, Department of Infectology, Doctoral School of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen , Hungary
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Medithi S, Kasa YD, Jee B, Venkaiah K, Jonnalagadda PR. Alterations in reproductive hormone levels among farm women and their children occupationally exposed to organophosphate pesticides. Women Health 2022; 62:454-464. [DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2022.2085844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Srujana Medithi
- Food Safety Division, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Symbiosis Institute of Health Sciences (SIHS), Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yogeswar Dayal Kasa
- Food Safety Division, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Babban Jee
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Kodali Venkaiah
- Biostatics Division, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Padmaja R Jonnalagadda
- Food Safety Division, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Peterkova VA, Alimova IL, Bashnina EB, Bezlepkina OB, Bolotova NV, Zubkova NA, Kalinchenko NU, Kareva MA, Kiyaev AV, Kolodkina AA, Kostrova IB, Makazan NV, Malievskiy OA, Orlova EM, Petryaykina EE, Samsonova LN, Taranushenko TE. [Clinical guidelines «Precocious puberty»]. PROBLEMY ĖNDOKRINOLOGII 2021; 67:84-103. [PMID: 34766494 DOI: 10.14341/probl12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The precocious puberty is an urgent problem of pediatric endocrinology characterized by clinical and pathogenetic heterogeneity. The appearance of secondary sex characteristics before the age of 8 years in girls and 9 years in boys requires timely diagnosis and the appointment of pathogenetically justified treatment in order to achieve the target indicators of final growth and prevent social deprivation. The developed clinical guidelines are the main working tool of the practitioner. They briefly and structurally present the main information about the epidemiology and modern classification of рrecocious puberty, methods of its diagnosis and treatment based on the principles of evidence-based medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - E B Bashnina
- North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov
| | | | - N V Bolotova
- Saratov State Medical University named after V. I. Razumovsky
| | | | | | | | | | | | - I B Kostrova
- N.M. Kuraev Children's Republican Clinical Hospital
| | | | | | | | - E E Petryaykina
- Russian Children's Clinical Hospital, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
| | - L N Samsonova
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education
| | - T E Taranushenko
- Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky
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Helvacıoğlu D, Demircioğlu Turan S, Güran T, Atay Z, Dağçınar A, Bezen D, Özturan EK, Darendeliler F, Yüksel A, Dursun F, Kılınç S, Semiz S, Abalı S, Yıldız M, Önder A, Bereket A. Cranial MRI Abnormalities and Long-term Follow-up of the Lesions in 770 Girls With Central Precocious Puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e2557-e2566. [PMID: 33765130 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Central precocious puberty (CPP) may arise from central nervous system (CNS) lesions in a few affected girls. Recently, the incidence of girls with CPP has increased mostly in 6-8 year olds, in whom the necessity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is debated. OBJECTIVE To investigate the frequency, long-term outcome and potential predictors of CNS lesions in a large cohort of girls with CPP. METHODS A multicenter cohort of 770 Turkish girls with CPP who had systematic cranial MRI between 2005 and 2017. Age at puberty onset was <6 years in 116 and 6-8 years in 654. CNS lesions were followed until final decision(6.2 ± 3.1 years). Potential predictors of CNS lesions were evaluated by univariate analyses. RESULTS A total of 104/770 (13.5%) girls had abnormal brain MRI. Of these, 2.8% were previously known CNS lesions, 3.8% had newly detected and causally related CNS lesions, 3.1 % were possibly, related and 3.8% were incidental. Only 2 (0.25%) neoplastic lesions (1 low grade glioma and 1 meningioma) were identified; neither required intervention over follow-up of 6 and 3.5 years respectively. Age at breast development <6 years (odds ratio [OR] 2.38; 95% CI 1.08-5.21) and the peak luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone (LH/FSH) ratio >0.6 (OR 3.13; 95% CI 1.02-9.68) were significantly associated with CNS lesions. However, both patients with neoplastic lesions were >6 years old. CONCLUSION Although age and LH/FSH ratio are significant predictors of CNS lesions, their predictive power is weak. Thus, systematic MRI seems to be the most efficient current approach to avoid missing an occult CNS lesion in girls with CPP, despite the low likelihood of finding a lesion requiring intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Helvacıoğlu
- Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Demircioğlu Turan
- Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tülay Güran
- Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Atay
- Medipol University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Adnan Dağçınar
- Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Diğdem Bezen
- Prof. Dr. Cemil Taşçıoğlu City Hospital, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esin Karakılıç Özturan
- İstanbul University, İstanbul School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Feyza Darendeliler
- İstanbul University, İstanbul School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Yüksel
- Kocaeli Derince Education and Research Hospital, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Dursun
- Health Sciences University, Umraniye Education and Research Hospital, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suna Kılınç
- Health Sciences University, Bağcılar Education and Research Hospital, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Semiz
- Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Saygın Abalı
- Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Metin Yıldız
- Medeniyet University, Göztepe Education and Research Hospital, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aşan Önder
- Medeniyet University, Göztepe Education and Research Hospital, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Bereket
- Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul, Turkey
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11
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Pubertal mammary gland development is a key determinant of adult mammographic density. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 114:143-158. [PMID: 33309487 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mammographic density refers to the radiological appearance of fibroglandular and adipose tissue on a mammogram of the breast. Women with relatively high mammographic density for their age and body mass index are at significantly higher risk for breast cancer. The association between mammographic density and breast cancer risk is well-established, however the molecular and cellular events that lead to the development of high mammographic density are yet to be elucidated. Puberty is a critical time for breast development, where endocrine and paracrine signalling drive development of the mammary gland epithelium, stroma, and adipose tissue. As the relative abundance of these cell types determines the radiological appearance of the adult breast, puberty should be considered as a key developmental stage in the establishment of mammographic density. Epidemiological studies have pointed to the significance of pubertal adipose tissue deposition, as well as timing of menarche and thelarche, on adult mammographic density and breast cancer risk. Activation of hypothalamic-pituitary axes during puberty combined with genetic and epigenetic molecular determinants, together with stromal fibroblasts, extracellular matrix, and immune signalling factors in the mammary gland, act in concert to drive breast development and the relative abundance of different cell types in the adult breast. Here, we discuss the key cellular and molecular mechanisms through which pubertal mammary gland development may affect adult mammographic density and cancer risk.
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Lenz B, Köllner MG, Mühle C, Weinland C, Kornhuber J. Basic Human Body Dimensions Relate to Alcohol Dependence and Predict Hospital Readmission. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E2076. [PMID: 31783685 PMCID: PMC6947550 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8122076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol dependence is a severe mental illness and there is a need for more effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. Translational research suggests that intrauterine sex hormone exposure modulates the risk and course of alcohol dependence during adulthood. During development, sex hormones permanently shape sexually dimorphic body dimensions. Thus, these dimensions may provide insight into sex hormone organization. Here, we compared body measurements (absolute, relative to, and residualized on height) between 200 alcohol-dependent in-patients and 240 age-matched healthy control subjects and investigated how these measurements associate with the patients' prospective 12- and 24-month outcome. The results show that alcohol dependence is related to lower absolute, relative, and residualized body measurements for height and weight, head circumference, bitragion head arc, lip-chin distance, hip, thigh, and calf circumference, and foot length and breadth. In male alcohol-dependent in-patients, higher risk, shorter latency, and more alcohol-related readmissions were predicted by higher absolute, relative, and residualized thigh and calf circumferences. The second-to-fourth finger length ratio, a putative proxy for prenatal sex hormone organization, was not convincingly correlated with the body dimensions, suggesting that the results represent pubertal (or later) effects. The study's findings have implications for further research. The body measurements' high accessibility may facilitate the future transition into clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Lenz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.M.); (C.W.); (J.K.)
| | - Martin G. Köllner
- Human Motivation and Affective Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nägelsbachstraße 49 b, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Christiane Mühle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.M.); (C.W.); (J.K.)
| | - Christian Weinland
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.M.); (C.W.); (J.K.)
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.M.); (C.W.); (J.K.)
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Li Y, Perera L, Coons LA, Burns KA, Tyler Ramsey J, Pelch KE, Houtman R, van Beuningen R, Teng CT, Korach KS. Differential in Vitro Biological Action, Coregulator Interactions, and Molecular Dynamic Analysis of Bisphenol A (BPA), BPAF, and BPS Ligand-ERα Complexes. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2018; 126:017012. [PMID: 29389661 PMCID: PMC6014695 DOI: 10.1289/ehp2505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) that might be harmful to human health. Recently, there has been widespread usage of bisphenol chemicals (BPs), such as bisphenol AF (BPAF) and bisphenol S (BPS), as replacements for BPA. However, the potential biological actions, toxicity, and the molecular mechanism of these compounds are still poorly understood. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to examine the estrogenic effects of BPA, BPAF, and BPS and the molecular mechanisms of action in the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) complex. METHODS In vitro cell models were used to compare the estrogenic effects of BPA, BPAF, and BPS to estrogen. Microarray Assay for Real-Time Coregulator-Nuclear receptor Interaction (MARCoNI) analysis was used to identify coregulators of BPA, BPAF, and BPS, and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were used to determine the compounds binding in the ERα complex. RESULTS We demonstrated that BPA and BPAF have agonistic activity for both ERα and ERβ, but BPS has ERα-selective specificity. We concluded that coregulators were differentially recruited in the presence of BPA, BPAF, or BPS. Interestingly, BPS recruited more corepressors when compared to BPA and BPAF. From a series of MD analysis, we concluded that BPA, BPAF, and BPS can bind to the ER-ligand-binding domain with differing energetics and conformations. In addition, the binding surface of coregulator interactions on ERα was characterized for the BPA, BPAF, and BPS complexes. CONCLUSION These findings further our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of EDCs, such as BPs, in ER-mediated transcriptional activation, biological activity, and their effects on physiological functions in human health. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2505.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Li
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lalith Perera
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laurel A Coons
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katherine A Burns
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - J Tyler Ramsey
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katherine E Pelch
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - René Houtman
- PamGene International B.V., NL-5211 HH 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
| | | | - Christina T Teng
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kenneth S Korach
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Yi X, Leung EKY, Bridgman R, Koo S, Yeo KTJ. High-Sensitivity Micro LC-MS/MS Assay for Serum Estradiol without Derivatization. J Appl Lab Med 2016; 1:14-24. [DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2016.020362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
There are considerable demands to accurately measure estradiol (E2) at low concentrations (<20 pg/mL) in postmenopausal women, men, pediatric patients, and patients receiving breast cancer treatment. Most current high-sensitivity LC-MS/MS E2 methods require large sample volumes and involve complex sample preparations with dansyl chloride derivatization. Our study aims to develop a high-sensitivity, underivatized method using micro LC-MS/MS to reliably measure E2 concentrations below 5 pg/mL by the use of low sample volume.
Methods
A total of 290 μL of sample was mixed with internal standard (IS), E2-d4, and extracted with a mixture of hexane/ethyl acetate (90/10) (v/v). After extraction, sample was separated by Eksigent Ekspert™ micro LC 200 system with a flow rate of 35 μL/min in a total run time of 3.5 min and detected by SCIEX QTRAP 6500 mass spectrometer in a negative mode using transitions: 271/145 (quantifier) and 271/143 (qualifier). In this method, it was crucial to use HPLC columns with stability at a pH >10.
Results
The validation study demonstrated broad linear ranges (3.0–820.0 pg/mL) with r2 > 0.999. Total precision was below 15% at all QC levels, and limit of quantification (LOQ) was 3.0 pg/mL. Our method showed good correlation with E2 RIA (r2 = 0.96, bias = −1.0 pg/mL) and modest correlation with E2 Roche Cobas automated immunoassay (r2 = 0.86, bias = 6.0 pg/mL).
Conclusions
In conclusion, we developed and validated a routinely applicable micro LC-MS/MS method without derivatization for E2 in blood samples with an LOQ of 3.0 pg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Current address: Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Selene Koo
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Wang R, Chon H, Lee S, Cheng Z, Hong SH, Yoon YH, Choo J. Highly Sensitive Detection of Hormone Estradiol E2 Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Based Immunoassays for the Clinical Diagnosis of Precocious Puberty. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:10665-10672. [PMID: 27070977 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The hormone estradiol (17β-estradiol, E2) plays an important role in sexual development and serves as an important diagnostic biomarker of various clinical conditions. Particularly, the serum E2 concentration is very low (<10 pg/mL) in prepubertal girls. Accordingly, many efforts to develop a sensitive method of detection and quantification of E2 in human serum have been made. Nonetheless, current clinical detection methods are insufficient for accurate assessment of E2 at low concentrations (<10 pg/mL). Thus, there is an urgent need for new technologies with efficient and sensitive detection of E2 for use in routine clinical diagnostics. In this study, we introduce a new E2 assay technique using a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based detection method. The SERS-based assay was performed with 30 blood samples to assess its clinical feasibility, and the results were compared with data obtained using the ARCHITECT chemiluminescence immunoassay. Whereas the commercial assay system was unable to quantify serum levels of E2 lower than 10 pg/mL, the limit of detection of E2 using the novel SERS-based assay described in this study was 0.65 pg/mL. Thus, the proposed SERS-based assay has a strong potential to be a valuable tool in the early diagnosis of precocious puberty due to its excellent analytical sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanayng University , Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Hyangah Chon
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanayng University , Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Sangyeop Lee
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanayng University , Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Ziyi Cheng
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanayng University , Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | | | | | - Jaebum Choo
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanayng University , Ansan 426-791, South Korea
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Zung A, Burundukov E, Ulman M, Glaser T, Zadik Z. Monitoring gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) treatment in girls with central precocious puberty: a comparison of four methods. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2015; 28:885-93. [PMID: 25781535 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2014-0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM The objective of this study was to validate basal, post-gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (post-GnRHa) and first-voided urinary LH (ULH) as alternatives to an LHRH stimulation test in monitoring treatment efficacy in central precocious puberty (CPP). METHODS Seventeen girls with CPP were followed over 22.5±9.1 months during GnRHa (triptorelin) treatment. ULH and post-GnRHa LH levels were obtained every 4 months before and 24 h after GnRHa administration, respectively, along with clinical and bone age (BA) evaluation. LHRH stimulation tests were performed annually. RESULTS A total of 36 LHRH stimulation tests demonstrated adequate suppression with a peak LH of 0.57±0.33 IU/L. The corresponding basal LH was 0.27±0.16 IU/L. Ninety post-GnRHa LH measurements were similar to LHRH-stimulated LH levels (0.56±0.31 IU/L), whereas 8% of ULH levels were above prepubertal threshold. Fourteen episodes of growth acceleration and ten episodes of BA advancement resolved without treatment modification. CONCLUSION Suppressed basal and post-GnRHa LH levels indicate adequate suppression of puberty. Clinical breakthroughs during treatment are transient and resolved spontaneously.
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Jung S, Egleston BL, Chandler DW, Van Horn L, Hylton NM, Klifa CC, Lasser NL, LeBlanc ES, Paris K, Shepherd JA, Snetselaar LG, Stanczyk FZ, Stevens VJ, Dorgan JF. Adolescent endogenous sex hormones and breast density in early adulthood. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:77. [PMID: 26041651 PMCID: PMC4468804 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0581-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During adolescence the breasts undergo rapid growth and development under the influence of sex hormones. Although the hormonal etiology of breast cancer is hypothesized, it remains unknown whether adolescent sex hormones are associated with adult breast density, which is a strong risk factor for breast cancer. METHODS Percentage of dense breast volume (%DBV) was measured in 2006 by magnetic resonance imaging in 177 women aged 25-29 years who had participated in the Dietary Intervention Study in Children from 1988 to 1997. They had sex hormones and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) measured in serum collected on one to five occasions between 8 and 17 years of age. Multivariable linear mixed-effect regression models were used to evaluate the associations of adolescent sex hormones and SHBG with %DBV. RESULTS Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and SHBG measured in premenarche serum samples were significantly positively associated with %DBV (all P trend ≤0.03) but not when measured in postmenarche samples (all P trend ≥0.42). The multivariable geometric mean of %DBV across quartiles of premenarcheal DHEAS and SHBG increased from 16.7 to 22.1 % and from 14.1 to 24.3 %, respectively. Estrogens, progesterone, androstenedione, and testosterone in pre- or postmenarche serum samples were not associated with %DBV (all P trend ≥0.16). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that higher premenarcheal DHEAS and SHBG levels are associated with higher %DBV in young women. Whether this association translates into an increased risk of breast cancer later in life is currently unknown. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier, NCT00458588 April 9, 2007; NCT00000459 October 27, 1999.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungyoun Jung
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Howard Hall 102E, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Brian L Egleston
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA.
| | - D Walt Chandler
- Esoterix Inc, 4301 Lost Hills Road, Calabasas Hills, CA, 91301, USA.
| | - Linda Van Horn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Nola M Hylton
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, 500 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Catherine C Klifa
- Dangeard Group, 580 W Remington Drive, San Francisco, CA, 94087, USA.
| | - Norman L Lasser
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 S Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| | - Erin S LeBlanc
- Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, 3800 N Interstate Avenue, Portland, OR, 97227, USA.
| | - Kenneth Paris
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - John A Shepherd
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, 500 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Linda G Snetselaar
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Frank Z Stanczyk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 1975 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - Victor J Stevens
- Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, 3800 N Interstate Avenue, Portland, OR, 97227, USA.
| | - Joanne F Dorgan
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Howard Hall 102E, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Longitudinal development of hormone levels and grey matter density in 9 and 12-year-old twins. Behav Genet 2015; 45:313-23. [PMID: 25656383 PMCID: PMC4422848 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-015-9708-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Puberty is characterized by major changes in hormone levels and structural changes in the brain. To what extent these changes are associated and to what extent genes or environmental influences drive such an association is not clear. We acquired circulating levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol and testosterone and magnetic resonance images of the brain from 190 twins at age 9 [9.2 (0.11) years; 99 females/91 males]. This protocol was repeated at age 12 [12.1 (0.26) years] in 125 of these children (59 females/66 males). Using voxel-based morphometry, we tested whether circulating hormone levels are associated with grey matter density in boys and girls in a longitudinal, genetically informative design. In girls, changes in FSH level between the age of 9 and 12 positively associated with changes in grey matter density in areas covering the left hippocampus, left (pre)frontal areas, right cerebellum, and left anterior cingulate and precuneus. This association was mainly driven by environmental factors unique to the individual (i.e. the non-shared environment). In 12-year-old girls, a higher level of circulating estradiol levels was associated with lower grey matter density in frontal and parietal areas. This association was driven by environmental factors shared among the members of a twin pair. These findings show a pattern of physical and brain development going hand in hand.
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Rochira V, Kara E, Carani C. The endocrine role of estrogens on human male skeleton. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:165215. [PMID: 25873947 PMCID: PMC4383300 DOI: 10.1155/2015/165215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Before the characterization of human and animal models of estrogen deficiency, estrogen action was confined in the context of the female bone. These interesting models uncovered a wide spectrum of unexpected estrogen actions on bone in males, allowing the formulation of an estrogen-centric theory useful to explain how sex steroids act on bone in men. Most of the principal physiological events that take place in the developing and mature male bone are now considered to be under the control of estrogen. Estrogen determines the acceleration of bone elongation at puberty, epiphyseal closure, harmonic skeletal proportions, the achievement of peak bone mass, and the maintenance of bone mass. Furthermore, it seems to crosstalk with androgen even in the determination of bone size, a more androgen-dependent phenomenon. At puberty, epiphyseal closure and growth arrest occur when a critical number of estrogens is reached. The same mechanism based on a critical threshold of serum estradiol seems to operate in men during adulthood for bone mass maintenance via the modulation of bone formation and resorption in men. This threshold should be better identified in-between the ranges of 15 and 25 pg/mL. Future basic and clinical research will optimize strategies for the management of bone diseases related to estrogen deficiency in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rochira
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
- Azienda USL di Modena, Nuovo Ospedale Civile Sant'Agostino Estense (NOCSAE), Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
- *Vincenzo Rochira:
| | - Elda Kara
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Cesare Carani
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
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Biro FM, Pinney SM, Huang B, Baker ER, Walt Chandler D, Dorn LD. Hormone changes in peripubertal girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:3829-35. [PMID: 25029416 PMCID: PMC4184081 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-4528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Studies of hormone changes in the peripubertal period note increases in adrenal hormones prior to increases in sex steroids. It is unclear how these processes are related to each other, except through this temporal relationship. OBJECTIVE Examine relationships in adrenal and sex hormones in 252 peripubertal girls. SETTING AND DESIGN Longitudinal observation study. School districts, at the Cincinnati site of the Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Centers, between 2004-2010. Participants were recruited between ages 6 and 7 years of age and were seen every 6 months. Main outcome measures included height, weight, maturation status, and fasting blood specimen. Serum was analyzed for selected hormones every six months, beginning 30 months prior to, and extending to 6 months after, breast development. Androstenedione, estradiol, estrone, and T were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with tandem mass spectrometry. Dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S) and SHBG also were measured. RESULTS DHEA-S concentrations increased 24 months before breast development; androstenedione and estrone between 12 to 18 months before breast development; whereas estradiol and T increased, and SHBG fell between 6 and 12 months before breast development. Girls with greater body mass index had lower estradiol concentrations at onset of breast development as well as 6 months after pubertal onset. CONCLUSIONS Serum estrone and DHEA-S increased prior to estradiol concentrations, and the increase in estradiol occurred prior to breast development. Heavier peripubertal girls have lower estradiol levels at puberty, suggesting peripheral conversion of adrenal androgens to estrone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M Biro
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (F.M.B., B.H., E.R.B.); Department of Environmental Health (S.M.P.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229; Esoterix Laboratories, Endocrine Sciences (D.W.C.), Calabasas Hills, California 91301; and the Pennsylvania State University (L.D.D.), University Park, Pennsylvania 16801
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Song M, Liang D, Liang Y, Chen M, Wang F, Wang H, Jiang G. Assessing developmental toxicity and estrogenic activity of halogenated bisphenol A on zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 112:275-281. [PMID: 25048916 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated bisphenol A (H-BPAs), widely used in industrial production, have been identified in various environmental matrices and detected in human serum and breast milk. The persistence and prevalence of H-BPAs in the environment underscore the need to in-depth understand their adverse effects to humans and other organisms. In the present study, zebrafish embryos/larvae were used as models to investigate the developmental toxicities of three H-BPAs, namely tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA), and bisphenol AF (BPAF). The half lethal concentration (LC50) values indicated that the rank order of toxicities of the chemicals were TCBPA>TBBPA>BPAF. Three H-BPAs exposure resulted in a variety of developmental lesions in the embryos/larvae, such as a delay in time to hatch, edema, and hemorrhage. The estrogenic activities of H-BPAs were determined by means of in vivo vitellogenin (vtg) assay and in vitro MVLN assay. Here only BPAF specifically shows a stronger estrogenic activity than BPA both in in vivo and in vitro. These data suggest that TCBPA, TBBPA, and BPAF are more potent toxicants than BPA, and indicate that further research of the mechanisms on their toxicities is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoyong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| | - Dong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Yong Liang
- School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, PR China; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, PR China
| | - Minjie Chen
- School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, PR China
| | - Fengbang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Hailin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
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Albin AK, Norjavaara E. Pubertal growth and serum testosterone and estradiol levels in boys. Horm Res Paediatr 2014; 80:100-10. [PMID: 23988590 DOI: 10.1159/000353761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To study serum testosterone and estradiol in healthy boys in relation to growth during puberty up to peak height velocity (PHV). METHODS Growth velocity was analyzed through testosterone (n = 41) and 17β-estradiol (n = 37) 24-hour profiles in a dose-response model. Participants were 26 healthy boys admitted for short or tall stature or participating as healthy volunteers at the Queen Silvia Children's Hospital. Other inclusion criteria included the following: gestational age 37-42 weeks, birth weight and length >-2 standard deviation score (SDS) and prepubertal height and weight within ± 3 SDS. Testosterone was measured using a modified radioimmunoassay (RIA) with a detection limit of 0.03 nmol/l. Estradiol was determined using an ultrasensitive extraction RIA with a detection limit 4 pmol/l. A sixth-grade polynomial was fitted to each child's growth data, giving growth velocity and age at PHV. RESULTS Growth velocity increased by 50% from prepubertal growth to PHV at a morning testosterone level of 3.1 nmol/l (95% confidence interval 2.4-4.2), EC50. The corresponding EC50 of 17β-estradiol was 6.5 pmol/l (3.2-13). Boys approaching PHV (<4% remaining) had morning testosterone levels >10 nmol/l and 17β-estradiol >9 pmol/l. CONCLUSION Observed early puberty/initial mid puberty morning testosterone levels of 2.4-4.2 nmol/l are associated with a 50% increase in growth velocity from prepubertal growth to PHV in healthy boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Karin Albin
- Göteborg Pediatric Growth Research Center, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Bizzarri C, Spadoni GL, Bottaro G, Montanari G, Giannone G, Cappa M, Cianfarani S. The response to gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test does not predict the progression to true precocious puberty in girls with onset of premature thelarche in the first three years of life. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:433-9. [PMID: 24297793 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Premature thelarche in early childhood may evolve into true precocious puberty. The individuation of cases progressing to precocious puberty is challenging. OBJECTIVE We analyzed the parameters predictive for progression in girls younger than 3 years. DESIGN AND SETTING We conducted a retrospective longitudinal study. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 450 girls referred for premature thelarche were initially evaluated, 353 were clinically monitored at 3-month intervals, and 97 underwent endocrine and imaging assessment. Central precocious puberty (CPP) was diagnosed in girls showing LH peak response to GnRH testing >5 mU/mL with tuber cinereum hamartoma at magnetic resonance imaging, or with normal magnetic resonance imaging but progression of puberty during follow-up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE We measured the progression to precocious puberty. RESULTS Idiopathic premature thelarche (IPT) was diagnosed in 85 of the 97 girls who underwent extensive evaluation, CPP in nine girls, and peripheral precocious puberty in three girls. The uterus was >34 mm in six (7%) IPT girls and six (66.6%) CPP girls. Basal LH was >0.2 mU/mL in one (1.17%) IPT girl and eight (88.8%) CPP girls. LH peak was >5 mU/mL in 31 (36.4%) IPT girls and nine (100%) CPP girls. LH peak/FSH peak ratio was >1 in six (66.6%) CPP girls. CONCLUSIONS None of the available tests alone allows identification of girls who will progress to precocious puberty. Elevated LH responses to GnRH are common but are not related to progression toward puberty. The combined measurement of basal LH and longitudinal diameter of the uterus represents a reliable screening approach to identify subjects who should undergo GnRH testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Bizzarri
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit (C.B., M.C.), "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero (G.L.S., G.B., G.M., S.C.), "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital-Tor Vergata University, 00165 Rome, Italy; Department of Chemistry (G.G.), "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and Department of Women's and Children's Health (S.C.), Karolinska Institute, SE 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Gosetti F, Mazzucco E, Gennaro MC, Marengo E. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination and profiling of prohibited steroids in human biological matrices. A review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 927:22-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Rosner W, Hankinson SE, Sluss PM, Vesper HW, Wierman ME. Challenges to the measurement of estradiol: an endocrine society position statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:1376-87. [PMID: 23463657 PMCID: PMC3615207 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-3780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to evaluate the current state of clinical assays for estradiol in the context of their applications. PARTICIPANTS The participants were appointed by the Council of The Endocrine Society and charged with attaining the objective using published data and expert opinion. EVIDENCE Data were gathered from published sources via online databases (principally PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Google Scholar), and the clinical and laboratory experience of the participants. CONSENSUS PROCESS The statement was an effort of the committee and was reviewed by each member. The Clinical Affairs Committee, the Council of The Endocrine Society, and JCEM reviewers reviewed the manuscript and made recommendations. CONCLUSIONS The measurement of estradiol in biological fluids is important in human biology from cradle to grave. In addition to its centrality in sexual development, it has significant effects on skin, blood vessels, bone, muscle, coagulation, hepatic cells, adipose tissue, the kidney, the gastrointestinal tract, brain, lung, and pancreas. Alterations in its plasma concentration have been implicated in coronary artery disease, stroke, and breast cancer. Although modern immunoassays and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry-based methods for estradiol are reasonably well suited to the diagnosis and management of infertility (nonetheless, imprecision and method-to-method differences remain problematic), the very low concentrations that appear to be crucial in nonreproductive tissues are a separate and more difficult issue. Such levels of estradiol are too low to be routinely measured accurately or precisely, and further evolution of analytical methods and the way in which estradiol is standardized is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Rosner
- Department of Medicine, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY 10019, USA.
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Wang L, Wu Y, Zhang W, Kannan K. Characteristic profiles of urinary p-hydroxybenzoic acid and its esters (parabens) in children and adults from the United States and China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:2069-76. [PMID: 23343203 DOI: 10.1021/es304659r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxybenzoic acid esters (parabens) are used as preservatives in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, which results in the exposure of humans to these compounds. Parabens and its metabolite, p-hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HB) are excreted from urine in free and conjugated forms. In this study, free and total forms (free plus conjugated) of parabens and their common metabolite, p-HB, were measured in urine samples collected from U.S. children (n = 40), Chinese children (n = 70), and Chinese adults (n = 26). The median concentrations of the sum of 6 parabens (Σparabens) in urine from U.S. and Chinese children were 54.6 and 10.1 ng/mL, respectively. The median concentration of urinary parabens measured for Chinese adults was 33.2 ng/mL, which was lower than that reported for U.S. adults. Elevated concentrations of parabens (1000-10,000 ng/mL) were found in urine from some Chinese adult females. Parabens were present predominantly (>90%) as conjugated species in urine. Among the six parabens analyzed, methyl paraben (MeP) and propyl paraben (PrP) were the predominant compounds, which accounted for 57-98% and 1.4-12%, respectively, of the total concentrations. A significant positive correlation was found between the concentrations of MeP and PrP. The geometric mean (GM) concentration of p-HB was 1380 and 2370 ng/mL for Chinese children and adults, respectively. The GM concentrations of p-HB in urine from U.S. children were 752 ng/mL for girls and 628 ng/mL for boys, which were 2-3 times lower than the concentrations determined for Chinese children. There was a significant difference in the ratios of concentrations of Σparabens and p-HB between demographic groups, which suggested the existence of various exposure routes to parabens. Based on the concentrations of urinary parabens and p-HB, the daily intake (DI) of MeP and PrP was estimated. The GM DI(MeP) estimated for Chinese children was 0.5-0.7 mg/day, which was similar to those determined for U.S. children. The GM DI(PrP) (0.2-0.5 mg/day) estimated for Chinese children was 20- to 50-fold higher than the value determined for U.S. children (0.01 mg/day). The highest exposure to parabens was found for Chinese adult females, with GM DI(MeP) and DI(PrP) of 5.9 and 1.2 mg/day, respectively. Elevated exposure to PrP was found in some Chinese adult females (27 mg/day) and children (11 mg/day).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Funaro M, Bolyakov A, Gimenez E, Herman M, Paduch DA. Low Testosterone—An Important Predictor of Low Mineral Bone Density in Young Men—Our Own Experience and a Review of Literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/asm.2013.33a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Li Y, Burns KA, Arao Y, Luh CJ, Korach KS. Differential estrogenic actions of endocrine-disrupting chemicals bisphenol A, bisphenol AF, and zearalenone through estrogen receptor α and β in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:1029-35. [PMID: 22494775 PMCID: PMC3404668 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are widely found in the environment. Estrogen-like activity is attributed to EDCs, such as bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol AF (BPAF), and zearalenone (Zea), but mechanisms of action and diversity of effects are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES We used in vitro models to evaluate the mechanistic actions of BPA, BPAF, and Zea on estrogen receptor (ER) α and ERβ. METHODS We used three human cell lines (Ishikawa, HeLa, and HepG2) representing three cell types to evaluate the estrogen promoter activity of BPA, BPAF, and Zea on ERα and ERβ. Ishikawa/ERα stable cells were used to determine changes in estrogen response element (ERE)-mediated target gene expression or rapid action-mediated effects. RESULTS The three EDCs showed strong estrogenic activity as agonists for ERα in a dose-dependent manner. At lower concentrations, BPA acted as an antagonist for ERα in Ishikawa cells and BPAF acted as an antagonist for ERβ in HeLa cells, whereas Zea was only a partial antagonist for ERα. ERE-mediated activation by BPA and BPAF was via the AF-2 function of ERα, but Zea activated via both the AF-1 and AF-2 functions. Endogenous ERα target genes and rapid signaling via the p44/42 MAPK pathway were activated by BPA, BPAF, and Zea. CONCLUSION BPA and BPAF can function as EDCs by acting as cell type-specific agonists (≥ 10 nM) or antagonists (≤ 10 nM) for ERα and ERβ. Zea had strong estrogenic activity and activated both the AF-1 and AF-2 functions of ERα. In addition, all three compounds induced the rapid action-mediated response for ERα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Li
- Receptor Biology Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Sztefko K, Szybowska P. Interpretation of hormone levels in older patients: points for consideration. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012:712425. [PMID: 22666247 PMCID: PMC3359804 DOI: 10.1155/2012/712425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood hormone and tumor marker concentrations are usually determined by immunochemical methods which are based on an unique reaction between antigen and assay capture antibody. Despite the speed and simplicity of assays performance on automatic immunochemistry platforms, the interpretation of final results requires a deep knowledge of method fallibility. General lack of immunoassays standardization, presence of cross-reacting substances in patient's sample, limitation of free hormones measurement due to abnormal analyte binding protein concentrations, assay interferences due to patient's autoantibodies, and heterophilic antibodies, as well as proper interpretation of very low- and very high-sample analyte levels, are the main points discussed in respect to hormones and tumor markers measurement in geriatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Sztefko
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Wielicka Street 265, 30-663 Kracow, Poland
- *Krystyna Sztefko:
| | - Patrycja Szybowska
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Wielicka Street 265, 30-663 Kracow, Poland
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Bellem A, Meiyappan S, Romans S, Einstein G. Measuring Estrogens and Progestagens in Humans: An Overview of Methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 8:283-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genm.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Estrogens in the breast tissue: a systematic review. Cancer Causes Control 2011; 22:529-40. [PMID: 21286801 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-011-9729-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The role of estrogens in breast carcinogenesis has been investigated at the level of whole body (plasma) and cell (molecular, receptors, etc.). Growing attention focused on the breast tissue being an intracrine organ, with potentially important local estrogen production in the breast. However, very little is known about the local breast tissue estrogen levels. Understanding the role of the tissue estrogens in breast carcinogenesis might open new avenues in breast cancer prevention. This systematic review summarizes published studies that measured local estrogen levels in the breast and offers suggestions for strategies to fill gaps in our existing scientific knowledge.
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Breen ME, Laing EM, Hall DB, Hausman DB, Taylor RG, Isales CM, Ding KH, Pollock NK, Hamrick MW, Baile CA, Lewis RD. 25-hydroxyvitamin D, insulin-like growth factor-I, and bone mineral accrual during growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E89-98. [PMID: 20962027 PMCID: PMC3038478 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-0595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The extent to which 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and IGF-I influence bone mineral content (BMC) accrual from early to mid-puberty is unclear. OBJECTIVE, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This study sought to determine relationships among 25(OH)D, IGF-I, and BMC in community-dwelling prepubertal females (n = 76; aged 4-8 yr at baseline) over a period of up to 9 yr. DESIGN The hypothesis that changes in IGF-I vs. 25(OH)D are more strongly associated with BMC accrual was formulated after data collection. 25(OH)D and IGF-I were log-transformed and further adjusted using two-way ANOVA for differences in season and race. Linear mixed modeling (including a random subject-specific intercept and a random subject-specific slope on age) was employed to analyze the proportion of variance the transformed 25(OH)D and IGF-I variables explained for the bone outcomes. RESULTS IGF-I was more strongly associated with BMC accrual than 25(OH)D at the total body (R(2) = 0.874 vs. 0.809), proximal femur (R(2) = 0.847 vs. 0.771), radius (R(2) = 0.812 vs. 0.759), and lumbar spine (R(2) = 0.759 vs. 0.698). The rate of BMC accrual was positively associated with changes in IGF-I but negatively associated with 25(OH)D. When IGF-I and 25(OH)D were included in the same regression equation, 25(OH)D did not have a significant predictive effect on BMC accrual above and beyond that of IGF-I. CONCLUSIONS These prospective data in early adolescent females indicate that both 25(OH)D and IGF-I have a significant impact on bone mineral accrual; however, the positive association of IGF-I and BMC accrual is greater than the negative association of 25(OH)D and BMC accrual.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Breen
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Shi L, Remer T, Buyken AE, Hartmann MF, Hoffmann P, Wudy SA. Prepubertal urinary estrogen excretion and its relationship with pubertal timing. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 299:E990-7. [PMID: 20858752 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00374.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Whether prepubertal estrogen production impacts on the timing of puberty is not clear. We aimed to investigate prepubertal 24-h estrogen excretion levels and their association with early and late pubertal markers. Daily urinary excretion rates of estrogens of 132 healthy children, who provided 24-h urine samples 1 and 2 yr before the start of the pubertal growth spurt [age at takeoff (ATO)], were quantified by stable isotope dilution/GC-MS. E-sum3 (estrone + estradiol + estriol) was used as a marker for potentially bioactive estrogen metabolites and E-sum5 (E-sum3 + 16-epiestriol + 16-ketoestradiol) for total estrogen production. Pubertal outcomes were ATO, age at peak height velocity (APHV), duration of pubertal growth acceleration (APHV-ATO), age at Tanner stage 2 for pubic hair (PH2), genital (G2, boys) and breast (B2, girls) development, and age at menarche. Prepubertal urinary estrogen excretions (E-sum3 and E-sum5) were not associated with ATO, APHV, and age at PH2 but with duration of pubertal growth acceleration (P < 0.01) in both sexes. Girls with higher E-sum3 reached B2 0.9 yr (P = 0.04) and menarche 0.3 yr earlier (P = 0.04) than girls with lower E-sum3. E-sum3 was not associated with age at G2 in boys (P = 0.6). For most pubertal variables, the associations with E-sum3 were stronger than with E-sum5. In conclusion, prepubertal estrogens may not be critical for the onset of the pubertal growth spurt but are correlated with its duration in both boys and girls. Prepubertal estrogen levels may already predict the timing of girls' menstruation and breast development but do not appear to affect sexual maturation in boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Shi
- Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Dept. of Nutrition and Health, Heinstueck 11, 44225, Dortmund, Germany.
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Bermudez DS, Gray LE, Wilson VS. Modeling the interaction of binary and ternary mixtures of estradiol with bisphenol A and bisphenol AF in an in vitro estrogen-mediated transcriptional activation assay (T47D-KBluc). Toxicol Sci 2010; 116:477-87. [PMID: 20498000 PMCID: PMC2905410 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to xenoestrogens occurs against a backdrop to physiological levels of endogenous estrogens. Endogenous estrogen levels vary from low levels in early childhood to high levels during pregnancy and in young women. However, few studies have addressed how xenoestrogens interact with endogenous estrogens. The current study was designed to characterize the individual dose-response curves of estradiol-17beta (E(2)), bisphenol A (BPA), tetrabromo-bisphenol A (TBBPA), and bisphenol AF (BPAF, 4,4'-hexafluoroisopropylidene diphenol) on estrogen-dependent luciferase expression in T47D-KBluc cells and to determine how binary (8 x 8 factorial) and ternary (4 x 4 x 4 factorial) mixtures of an endogenous estrogen (E(2)) interact with BPA and/or BPAF. Log EC(50) and hillslope values with SEs, respectively, for individual compounds were as follows: E(2), -12.10M +/- 0.06071, 0.7702 +/- 0.1739; BPA, -6.679M +/- 0.08505, 1.194 +/- 0.2137; and BPAF, -7.648M +/- 0.05527, 1.273 +/- 0.1739. TBBPA was not evaluated in mixture studies because of its minimally estrogenic response at 3 x10(-5)M and elicited cytotoxicity at higher concentrations. Both the binary mixtures of E(2) with BPA and BPAF and the ternary mixture of E(2), BPA, and BPAF behaved in an additive manner. For binary mixtures, as E(2) concentration increased, higher concentrations of BPA and BPAF were necessary to induce a significant increase in the estrogenic response. Understanding the behavior of mixture interactions of xenoestrogens, like BPA and BPAF, with endogenous estrogens will allow a better assessment of the potential risk associated with exposure to these chemicals, individually or as mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieldrich S. Bermudez
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
- Reproductive Toxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Leon E. Gray
- Reproductive Toxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Vickie S. Wilson
- Reproductive Toxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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Rauh M. Steroid measurement with LC-MS/MS. Application examples in pediatrics. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121:520-7. [PMID: 20036331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The correct measurement of steroids is vital for the diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), apparent mineralocorticoid excess, familial hyperaldosteronism type I, primary aldosteronism, Cushing's disease, adrenal insufficiency, etc. Steroid diagnostics also plays an important role in disorders of sexual differentiation and gonadal function. Steroid metabolism is involved in evaluations for precocious puberty, premature thelarche, and polycystic-ovary disease. Finally, the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is considered to be one of the major systems involved in fetal programming or in stress regulation. Most methods for the determination of steroid hormones are based on immunoassays, which are rapid and easy to perform. However, the reliability of several steroid immunoassays has been shown to be questionable because of the lack of specificity and of matrix effects. Immunological methods, especially direct assays, often overestimate true steroid values. Patient follow-up over time or between laboratories, as well as longitudinal studies, are therefore extremely difficult. This is of particular importance in pediatrics. Liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is an increasingly common tool in the clinical laboratory and has the potential to overcome the limitations of immunoassays. LC-MS/MS affords the specificity, imprecision, and limits of quantification necessary for the reliable measurement of steroids, expanding diagnostic capabilities. In addition to the high throughput, the method requires minimal sample preparation and a small sample volume. All these features make it an attractive method to use in a clinical setting. Moreover, LC-MS/MS has the advantage that a spectrum of steroid hormones can be measured simultaneously. Steroid profiling is a very effective method for distinguishing almost all steroid-related disorders. It allows accurate diagnosis and is very useful in many clinical situations. Steroid profiles open up new vistas. The applicability for clinical samples and questions in pediatric endocrinology will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Rauh
- Kinder- und Jugendklinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Loschgestr. 15, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Abstract
Most steroid disorders of the adrenal cortex come to clinical attention in childhood and in order to investigate these problems, there are many challenges to the laboratory which need to be appreciated to a certain extent by clinicians. The analysis of sex steroids in biological fluids from neonates, over adrenarche and puberty present challenges of specificities and concentrations often in small sample sizes. Different reference ranges are also needed for interpretations. For around 40 years, quantitative assays for the steroids and their regulatory peptide hormones have been possible using immunoassay techniques. Problems are recognised and this review aims to summarise the benefits and failings of immunoassays and introduce where tandem mass spectrometry is anticipated to meet the clinical needs for steroid analysis in paediatric endocrine investigations. It is important to keep a dialogue between clinicians and the laboratory, especially when any laboratory result does not make sense in the clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Honour
- Clinical Biochemistry, University College London Hospitals, London, England.
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Courant F, Aksglaede L, Antignac JP, Monteau F, Sorensen K, Andersson AM, Skakkebaek NE, Juul A, Bizec BL. Assessment of circulating sex steroid levels in prepubertal and pubertal boys and girls by a novel ultrasensitive gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:82-92. [PMID: 19933393 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Estrogens and androgens play key roles for pubertal onset and sexual maturation. Most currently used immunoassays are not sensitive enough to accurately measure the low circulating levels of sex steroids in children without any signs of puberty. However, this does not exclude that sex steroids have important biological roles in prepubertal children. OBJECTIVES To accurately determine levels of sex steroid hormones and their metabolites in serum of healthy children before any physical signs of puberty and to evaluate possible sex differences. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Total (unconjugated plus conjugated) serum levels of 17beta-testosterone, 17alpha-testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, 5beta-dihydrotestosterone, androsterone, etiocholanolone, estradiol, and estrone measured by an ultrasensitive method based on gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in samples from 81 healthy schoolchildren (42 boys) without any signs of puberty. For comparison, 48 pubertal children were studied. RESULTS 17beta-Estradiol levels in prepubertal boys were undetectable or extremely low (median < 3.7 pmol/liter), whereas levels in prepubertal girls were significantly higher (median 9.6 pmol/liter, P < 0.001). Among the older prepubertal children (>8 yr), girls had significantly higher androsterone (4.07 vs. 1.45 nmol/liter, P < 0.05), etiocholanolone (5.45 vs. 1.95 nmol/liter, P < 0.0001), 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (0.11 vs. <0.10 nmol/liter, P < 0.01), and 17beta-testosterone concentrations (0.69 vs. 0.47 nmol/liter, P < 0.05) compared with similarly aged prepubertal boys. CONCLUSION Using an accurate and sensitive method, we found significantly higher levels of estrogens as well as androgen metabolites in prepubertal girls compared with age-matched boys. The higher prepubertal sex steroid levels in girls may contribute to their earlier onset of puberty including pubic hair development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Courant
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments, Unité Sous Contrat 2013 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, F-44307 Nantes, France
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Ankarberg-Lindgren C, Norjavaara E. Estradiol in pediatric endocrinology. Am J Clin Pathol 2009; 132:978-80. [PMID: 19926590 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpa65ouufasoan] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
Human aromatase deficiency is a very rare syndrome characterized by congenital estrogen deprivation that is caused by loss-of-function mutations in CYP19A1, which encodes aromatase. Here, we review the presentation, diagnosis and treatment of aromatase deficiency in men to provide useful advice for clinical management of the condition. At presentation, all men with aromatase deficiency have tall stature, delayed bone maturation, osteopenia or osteoporosis and eunuchoid skeletal proportions. Diagnosis of the condition is supported by the presence of unfused epiphyses and undetectable serum estradiol levels; the condition can be further substantiated by genetic sequencing of CYP19A1. Transdermal estradiol treatment at a daily dose of about 25 microg might be adequate for lifelong replacement therapy. BMD and levels of serum estradiol, luteinizing hormone and testosterone should be monitored carefully and considered powerful biochemical markers of adequate estrogen substitution in clinical practice. Early diagnosis is important to initiate estrogen therapy as soon after puberty as possible to avoid the skeletal complications that are associated with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rochira
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism and Geriatrics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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40
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Carel JC, Eugster EA, Rogol A, Ghizzoni L, Palmert MR, Antoniazzi F, Berenbaum S, Bourguignon JP, Chrousos GP, Coste J, Deal S, de Vries L, Foster C, Heger S, Holland J, Jahnukainen K, Juul A, Kaplowitz P, Lahlou N, Lee MM, Lee P, Merke DP, Neely EK, Oostdijk W, Phillip M, Rosenfield RL, Shulman D, Styne D, Tauber M, Wit JM. Consensus statement on the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs in children. Pediatrics 2009; 123:e752-62. [PMID: 19332438 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-1783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs revolutionized the treatment of central precocious puberty. However, questions remain regarding their optimal use in central precocious puberty and other conditions. The Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society and the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology convened a consensus conference to review the clinical use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs in children and adolescents. PARTICIPANTS When selecting the 30 participants, consideration was given to equal representation from North America (United States and Canada) and Europe, an equal male/female ratio, and a balanced spectrum of professional seniority and expertise. EVIDENCE Preference was given to articles written in English with long-term outcome data. The US Public Health grading system was used to grade evidence and rate the strength of conclusions. When evidence was insufficient, conclusions were based on expert opinion. CONSENSUS PROCESS Participants were put into working groups with assigned topics and specific questions. Written materials were prepared and distributed before the conference, revised on the basis of input during the meeting, and presented to the full assembly for final review. If consensus could not be reached, conclusions were based on majority vote. All participants approved the final statement. CONCLUSIONS The efficacy of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs in increasing adult height is undisputed only in early-onset (girls <6 years old) central precocious puberty. Other key areas, such as the psychosocial effects of central precocious puberty and their alteration by gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs, need additional study. Few controlled prospective studies have been performed with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs in children, and many conclusions rely in part on collective expert opinion. The conference did not endorse commonly voiced concerns regarding the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs, such as promotion of weight gain or long-term diminution of bone mineral density. Use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs for conditions other than central precocious puberty requires additional investigation and cannot be suggested routinely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Carel
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, INSERM U690, Robert Debré Hospital and University Paris, France.
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41
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Ankarberg-Lindgren C, Norjavaara E. Twenty-four hours secretion pattern of serum estradiol in healthy prepubertal and pubertal boys as determined by a validated ultra-sensitive extraction RIA. BMC Endocr Disord 2008; 8:10. [PMID: 18817534 PMCID: PMC2565689 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6823-8-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of estrogens in male physiology has become evident. However, clinically useful normative data for estradiol secretion in boys has not previously been established due to the insensitivity of current methods used in clinical routine. By use of a validated ultra-sensitive extraction RIA, our aim was to establish normative data from a group consisting of healthy boys in prepuberty and during pubertal development. METHODS Sixty-two 24-hours serum profiles (6 samples/24 hours) were obtained from 44 healthy boys (ages; 7.2-18.6 years) during their pubertal development, classified into five stages: prepuberty (testis, 1-2 mL), early (testis, 3-6 mL), mid (testis, 8-12 mL), late-1 (testis,15-25 mL, not reached final height) and late-2 (testis,15-25 mL, reached final height). Serum estradiol was determined by an ultra- sensitive extraction radioimmunoassay with detection limit 4 pmol/L and functional sensitivity 6 pmol/L. RESULTS Mean estradiol concentrations during 24-hours secretion increased from prepuberty (median: <4 (5-95 percentiles: <4 - 7) pmol/L) to early puberty (6 (<4 - 12 pmol/L) but then remained relatively constant until a marked increase between mid-puberty (8 (4 - 17) pmol/L) and late-1 (21 (12 - 37) pmol/L) puberty, followed by a slower increase until late-2 puberty (32 (20 - 47) pmol/L). The diurnal rhythm of serum estradiol was non-measurable in pre- and early puberty, but discerned in mid-puberty, and become evident in late pubertal stages with peak values at 0600 to 1000 h. CONCLUSION With the use of an ultra-sensitive extraction RIA, we have provided clinically useful normative data for estradiol secretion in boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Ankarberg-Lindgren
- Göteborg Pediatric Growth Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, S-41685 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ensio Norjavaara
- Göteborg Pediatric Growth Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, S-41685 Göteborg, Sweden
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Ankarberg-Lindgren C, Norjavaara E. A purification step prior to commercial sensitive immunoassay is necessary to achieve clinical usefulness when quantifying serum 17beta-estradiol in prepubertal children. Eur J Endocrinol 2008; 158:117-24. [PMID: 18166825 DOI: 10.1530/eje-07-0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the clinical usefulness of sensitive commercial immunoassays for determination of low 17beta-estradiol concentrations in children. METHODS The lower limit of detection and clinical usefulness (functional sensitivity) of three commercial estradiol immunoassays were validated by use of 500 sera from prepubertal and pubertal children and 55 pooled sera. The three immunoassays consisted of two modified direct immunoassays; one RIA (Spectria Estradiol RIA) and one time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (AutoDELFIA Estradiol), both with increased serum volume in relation to antibody concentration and extended incubation time. In the third method, serum was purified and concentrated using diethyl ether extraction prior to measurement by the modified Spectria Estradiol RIA. RESULTS The lower limits of detection and clinical usefulness were 9 and 30 pmol/l for the direct RIA, 11 and 50 pmol/l for the AutoDELFIA, and 4 and 6 pmol/l for serum determined by extraction RIA. When measuring the serum pool originating from girls at breast stages 1-2, the direct RIA and AutoDELFIA resulted in significantly higher 17beta-estradiol concentrations when compared with the extraction RIA (+58 and +267%, P<0.001). We found a significant difference in 17beta-estradiol concentrations between girls at breast stages 1 (median 6 pmol/l) and 2 (median 16 pmol/l), when quantified by the extraction RIA (P<0.0001) but no difference when quantified with the direct RIA (median values 12 and 14 pmol/l respectively). CONCLUSION For determination of low serum 17beta-estradiol concentrations in children, an extraction step prior to commercial immunoassay is needed to achieve clinically useful results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Ankarberg-Lindgren
- Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, S-416 85, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Swan SH, Liu F, Overstreet JW, Brazil C, Skakkebaek NE. Semen quality of fertile US males in relation to their mothers' beef consumption during pregnancy. Hum Reprod 2007; 22:1497-502. [PMID: 17392290 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dem068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND To look at possible long-term risks from anabolic steroids and other xenobiotics in beef, we examined men's semen quality in relation to their mother's self-reported beef consumption during pregnancy. METHODS The study was carried out in five US cities between 1999 and 2005. We used regression analyses to examine semen parameters in 387 partners of pregnant women in relation to the amount of beef their mothers reported eating while pregnant. Mothers' beef consumption was also analysed in relation to the son's history of previous subfertility. RESULTS Sperm concentration was inversely related to mothers' beef meals per week (P = 0.041). In sons of "high beef consumers" (>7 beef meals/week), sperm concentration was 24.3% lower (P = 0.014) and the proportion of men with sperm concentration below 20 x 10(6)/ml was three times higher (17.7 versus 5.7%, P = 0.002) than in men whose mothers ate less beef. A history of previous subfertility was also more frequent among sons of "high beef consumers" (P = 0.015). Sperm concentration was not significantly related to mother's consumption of other meat or to the man's consumption of any meat. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that maternal beef consumption, and possibly xenobiotics in beef, may alter a man's testicular development in utero and adversely affect his reproductive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Swan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14624, USA.
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Courant F, Antignac JP, Maume D, Monteau F, Andersson AM, Skakkebaek N, Andre F, Le Bizec B. Exposure assessment of prepubertal children to steroid endocrine disrupters. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 586:105-14. [PMID: 17386701 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Revised: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Global concern has been raised in recent years over adverse effects that may result from exposure to chemicals that may interfere with the endocrine system. A specific question is related to low-dose effects and long-term exposure consequences, especially for critical populations (foetus, new born, prepubertal children). In this context, we decided to focus our attention on steroid hormones as they are the most potent endocrine disrupters. Our general goal is to investigate whether the steroid intake through food may represent a risk for prepubertal children, from an endocrine disruption point of view, especially with regard to the corresponding endogenous production level in this target population. As a starting point, it was estimated that a (re)-evaluation of the endogenous production of natural estrogens for this population was necessary, on the basis of a very sensitive and specific confirmatory measurement technique (gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry or gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry). Thus, a new ultra-sensitive approach for steroid trace measurement in biological samples was developed, which was mainly based on a specific derivatisation (pentafluorobenzyl derivative) and negative chemical ionisation (NCI). Preliminary results obtained by applying this method on plasma samples from healthy prepubertal children demonstrated that estradiol endogenous level in prepubertal children is unsurprisingly very low. Estrone was determined in almost all samples at concentration in the 2-70 ng L(-1) range while 17alpha and 17beta estradiol were quantified in only few samples at concentrations ranging from 2 to 6 ng L(-1). Exogenous contributions of estrogens will therefore constitute a relatively higher proportion of sex hormone activity in the immature child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Courant
- LABERCA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, Route de Gachet, Atlanpole, La Chantrerie, BP 50707, F-44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France
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