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Hu X, Liu J, Li W, Wen T, Li T, Guo X, Liu RH. Biosynthesis and accumulation of multi-vitamins in black sweet corn (Zea mays L.) during kernel development. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:5230-5238. [PMID: 32519367 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black sweet corn as an edible fruit has various nutritional qualities. This study discusses changes in the vitamin C and E, folate, and carotenoid content during black sweet corn maturation, and also the effects of preharvest weather conditions and of related genes in multi-vitamin biosynthesis pathways. RESULTS Most vitamin levels improved, especially vitamin C and carotenoid levels, while the folate content dropped rapidly. Transcript levels of most genes in folate biosynthesis showed trends that were similar to the content changes. VTC2 and GLDH, which are regulated by light, had high expression levels leading to an increase in ascorbate content during maturation. γ-Tocotrienol is the main vitamin E component, and HGGT, the key gene controlling the synthesis of tocotrienols, had a much higher expression level than other genes. Lutein and zeaxanthin were the dominant carotenoid components. A rapid reduction in the transcription level of LCYε could result in a lower lutein production rate . CONCLUSION Black sweet corn has a high nutritional value and is rich in vitamins, including zeaxanthin, γ-tocotrienols, and ascorbic acid. The best harvest time is between 20-25 days after pollination (DAPs) when kernels had a good taste as well as relatively high vitamin levels. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Hu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Ministry of Education Engineering Research Centre of Starch and Protein Processing, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics Improvement of Guangdong Province, Crop Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wu Li
- Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics Improvement of Guangdong Province, Crop Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianxiang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics Improvement of Guangdong Province, Crop Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Xinbo Guo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Ministry of Education Engineering Research Centre of Starch and Protein Processing, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Hai Liu
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Striegel L, Brandl B, Kopp M, Sam L, Skurk T, Rychlik M. Quantitation of 5-methyltetraydrofolic acid in plasma for determination of folate status and clinical studies by stable isotope dilution assays. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212255. [PMID: 30789924 PMCID: PMC6383923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Folates play a key role in the prevention of neural tube defects in newborns. Thus, it is important to reliably determine the bioavailability of folates from various foods. Accurate analytical methods are essential for quantifying blood-folates, especially in human studies. Here, we present the development and validation of a sensitive method using stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry for determining various folates in plasma. Moreover, this study reports the applicability of the developed method to a human pilot study using strawberries as a test food. Validation of the assay revealed the precision, sensitivity, and accuracy of the method in determining the predominant 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in plasma. This method was also applicable for the screening of individual folate status using finger prick blood and for monitoring the post-absorptive plasma-concentration curve. Moreover, the human study revealed a high recovery of strawberry folates with a calculated relative bioavailability of 96.2%. Thus, the developed method enables prospective bioavailability studies. This work also confirmed, via human studies, that strawberries are a rich and natural source of folates that are available for human metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Striegel
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Beate Brandl
- ZIEL, Institute for Food & Health, Core Facility Human Studies, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Markus Kopp
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Lukas Sam
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Skurk
- ZIEL, Institute for Food & Health, Core Facility Human Studies, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center of Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Brisbane, Australia
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Kopp M, Morisset R, Rychlik M. Characterization and Interrelations of One-Carbon Metabolites in Tissues, Erythrocytes, and Plasma in Mice with Dietary Induced Folate Deficiency. Nutrients 2017; 9:E462. [PMID: 28475162 PMCID: PMC5452192 DOI: 10.3390/nu9050462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on one-carbon metabolism for the assessment of folate deficiency have focused on either metabolites of folate metabolism or methionine cycle. To bridge the gap between deficiency markers in these pathways we designed a dietary induced folate deficiency study using male C57BL/6N mice. After weaning (3 weeks) mice were fed a defined control diet (1 week) before being fed a folate deficient diet (n = 6 mice) and the control diet (n = 6 mice) for 12 additional weeks. Thereafter, we determined total homocysteine in plasma and folate in erythrocytes as well as S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, and six folate vitamers in tissues including 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, 5-formyltetrahydrofolate, 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate, tetrahydrofolate, 10-formylfolic acid, and folic acid by means of stable isotope dilution assays coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. In all organs, except heart (mainly 5-mehtyltetrahydrofolate), tetrahydrofolate constitutes the main vitamer. Moreover, in liver tetrahydrofolate was most abundant followed by 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (heart: tetrahydrofolate), 5-formyltetrahydrofolate, and 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate. Because of the significant decrease (p < 0.05) of folate status and S-adenosylmethionine/S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio accompanied with increasing S-adenosylhomocysteine (p < 0.05), hepatocytes are most susceptible to folate deficiency. To the best of our knowledge, we herein present the first method for simultaneous quantitation of eight metabolites for both folate and methionine cycle in one tissue sample, tHcy in plasma, and erythrocyte folate to shed light on physiological interrelations of one-carbon metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kopp
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Alte Akademie 10, Freising D-85354, Germany.
- Institute for Food & Health (Z I E L), Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Berg 1, Freising D-85354, Germany.
| | - Rosalie Morisset
- Institute for Food & Health (Z I E L), Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Berg 1, Freising D-85354, Germany.
- Chair of Nutritional Physiology, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, Freising D-85354, Germany.
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Alte Akademie 10, Freising D-85354, Germany.
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Kopp M, Rychlik M. Assessing Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling Coupled with Stable Isotope Dilution Assay and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry as Potential Diagnostic Tool for Whole Blood 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic Acid. Front Nutr 2017; 4:9. [PMID: 28459050 PMCID: PMC5394109 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2017.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Volumetric absorptive microsamplers (VAMS) have been developed recently as a promising tool for clinical blood sampling. Compared to dried blood spot samples analyzed by accurate stable isotope dilution assays (SIDAs), the new technique could provide further substantial miniaturizing of folate assays by eliminating hematocrit effects and uneven analyte distribution within the sample. Herein, we present a miniaturized SIDA coupled with LC-MS/MS measurement of 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid as main folate vitamer in whole blood (WB) using [13C5]-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid as internal standard. Elution and extraction of only 10.8 μL-dried WB were carried out by centrifugation followed by enzymatic treatment for polyglutamate deconjugation. Matrix separation was achieved by heating and centrifugation. To verify applicability, WB folate status of 11 volunteers was screened. Limits of detection and limits of quantitation were 9 and 26 nmol·L-1, respectively, which is sufficiently low for screening folate status. Recoveries were 97 (±5.8), 99 (±2.8), and 96 (±6.1)% for 800, 400, and 200 nmol L-1 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid, respectively. Precision of the LC-MS/MS instrument and inter-assay precision trials revealed CVs of 8.1 and 3.5% (294 nmol L-1), respectively, thus confirming reproducible and precise quantitation. Compared to fresh WB, no significant degradation of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate was observed after 2.5 h of drying at room temperature. VAMS 5-CH3-H4folate was stable for at least 3 weeks at -20°C. In our pilot study, accurate and diagnostically conclusive determination of folate status was verified. Nevertheless, blood sampling should be performed by trained individuals to avoid substantial errors concerning the absorbed volume. Endogenous folate in rat serum and chicken pancreas caused a significant background especially at low blood 5-CH3-H4folate levels and, thus, for polyglutamate deconjugation, these background folates or alternative mixtures need to be removed. The superior feasibility of a minimized blood collection with VAMS allows further progress regarding time- and cost-effective methodologies in newborn or population screenings for 5-methyltetrahydrofolate status. Further steps toward minimization could include an automated assay coupled with UPLC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kopp
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Kopp M, Dürr K, Steigleder M, Clavel T, Rychlik M. Development of stable isotope dilution assays for the quantitation of intra- and extracellular folate patterns of Bifidobacterium adolescentis. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1469:48-59. [PMID: 27692648 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Folate-producing bifidobacteria have been studied extensively but appropriate methods for detailed quantitation of intra- and extracellular pteroylmono- and pteroylpolyglutamate patterns are lacking. Therefore, B. adolescentis DSM 20083T was cultivated in folate-free medium (FFM) for 24h to develop and validate stable isotope dilution assays (SIDAs) coupled with LC-MS/MS for the determination of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-HCO-H4folate), 10-formylfolic acid (10-HCO-PteGlu), tetrahydrofolic acid (H4folate), folic acid (PteGlu) and 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-CH3-H4folate) including its di-, tri-, and tetraglutamic vitamers (5-CH3-H4PteGlu2-4). The respective monoglutamylated isotopologues labelled with deuterium were used as internal standards for quantitation. Limits of detection and quantitation (LOD/LOQ) were sufficiently low to quantify 48.2nmol L-1 5-CH3-H4folate (5.7/17nmolL-1) and 71.0nmolL-1 5-HCO-H4folate (10/30nmolL-1) as major folate vitamers extracellularly and 124nmolL-1 5-CH3-H4folate (3.4/10nmolL-1), 213nmolL-1 5-HCO-H4folate (4.8/14nmolL-1), and 61.4nmolL-1 H4folate (2.3/7.0nmolL-1) intracellularly after deconjugation. The major portion of native 5-CH3-H4folate vitamer was ascribed to its tetraglutamate ( > 95%). Concentrations of mono-, di-, tri-, and pentaglutamylated folates were below LOD or LOQ. Intra-assay precision coefficients of variation (CVs) ranged from 7% (at a concentration of 53.9nmolL-1 for 5-CH3-H4PteGlu4), 15% (25.5nmolL-1 5-CH3-H4folate) to 18% (78.5nmolL-1 5-HCO-H4folate), extracellularly, and from 6% (60.7nmolL-1 5-CH3-H4PteGlu4), 7% (202nmolL-1 5-HCO-H4folate), 10% (67.1nmolL-1 H4folate) to 11% (127nmolL-1 5-CH3-H4folate), intracellularly. Inter-assay precision CVs ranged from 2% (54.7nmolL-1 5-CH3-H4PteGlu4), 3% (71nmolL-1 5-HCO-H4folate) to 11% (48.2nmolL-1 5-CH3-H4folate), extracellularly, and from 1% (61.4nmolL-1 H4folate), 5% (213nmolL-1 5-HCO-H4folate), 6% (63.5nmolL-1 5-CH3-H4PteGlu4) to 10% (124nmolL-1 5-CH3-H4folate), intracellularly, thus showing excellent reproducibility. Recoveries for all analytes under study ranged between 81 and 113%. These newly developed methods enable reproducible, precise and sensitive quantitation of eight bacterially synthesized folate vitamers in two totally different matrices, including both monoglutamates and polyglutamates. Furthermore, we here present the first assay using solely monoglutamylated [2H4]-5-CH3-H4folate to quantify native polyglutamate patterns of this vitamer in bacteria which might replace time-consuming determination of monoglutamates in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kopp
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 10, D-85354, Freising, Germany; ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Kerstin Dürr
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 10, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Matthias Steigleder
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 10, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Clavel
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 10, D-85354, Freising, Germany.
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Kopp M, Morisset R, Koehler P, Rychlik M. Stable Isotope Dilution Assays for Clinical Analyses of Folates and Other One-Carbon Metabolites: Application to Folate-Deficiency Studies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156610. [PMID: 27276031 PMCID: PMC4898732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Folate deficiency is generally accepted as a potential direct or indirect risk factor for diseases including spina bifida, coronary heart diseases, malfunctions of the central nervous system, and cancer. The direct inclusion of folates in the methylation cycle, including the remethylation of homocysteine and regeneration of S-adenosylmethionine, underlines the importance of these vitamins and other components of one-carbon metabolism. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to develop a multiple stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) for the respective analytes in plasma and tissue samples to allow for a closer look at the interaction between a severe folate deficiency and local folate status, as well as further interactions with circulating S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, and homocysteine. The analytical methods were based on SIDAs coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis using the deuterated folates [2H4]-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid, [2H4]-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid, [2H4]-tetrahydrofolic acid, [2H4]-10-formylfolic acid, and [2H4]-folic acid and the deuterated one-carbon metabolites [2H4]-homocysteine, [2H4]-S-adenosylhomocysteine, and [2H3]-S-adenosylmethionine as internal standards. Three analytical methods have been developed for the analysis of homocysteine, S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, and six folate vitamers. Validation data for the analysis of C1-metabolites in plasma and tissue samples or folate analysis in tissue samples revealed excellent sensitivity, precision, and recovery for all analytes studied. The miniaturized methods using sample volumes as low as 50 μL and weighed portions of 5-25 mg will allow the assessment of the status of folates and additional biomarkers of impaired one-carbon metabolism during folate deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kopp
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 10, D-85354 Freising, Germany
- Institute for Food & Health (Z I E L), Technische Universiät München, Weihenstephaner Berg 1, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Rosalie Morisset
- Institute for Food & Health (Z I E L), Technische Universiät München, Weihenstephaner Berg 1, D-85354 Freising, Germany
- Chair of Nutritional Physiology, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Peter Koehler
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Institut, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 10, D-85354 Freising, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Mönch S, Netzel M, Netzel G, Ott U, Frank T, Rychlik M. Pilot Study on Folate Bioavailability from a Camembert Cheese Reveals Contradictory Findings to Recent Results from a Human Short-term Study. Front Nutr 2016; 3:9. [PMID: 27092303 PMCID: PMC4824765 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2016.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Different dietary sources of folate have differing bioavailabilities, which may affect their nutritional “value.” In order to examine if these differences also occur within the same food products, a short-term human pilot study was undertaken as a follow-up study to a previously published human trial to evaluate the relative native folate bioavailabilities from low-fat Camembert cheese compared to pteroylmonoglutamic acid as the reference dose. Two healthy human subjects received the test foods in a randomized cross-over design separated by a 14-day equilibrium phase. Folate body pools were saturated with a pteroylmonoglutamic acid supplement before the first testing and between the testings. Folates in test foods and blood plasma were analyzed by stable isotope dilution assays. The biokinetic parameters Cmax, tmax, and area under the curve (AUC) were determined in plasma within the interval of 0–12 h. When comparing the ratio estimates of AUC and Cmax for the different Camembert cheeses, a higher bioavailability was found for the low-fat Camembert assessed in the present study (≥64%) compared to a different brand in our previous investigation (8.8%). It is suggested that these differences may arise from the different folate distribution in the soft dough and firm rind as well as differing individual folate vitamer proportions. The results clearly underline the importance of the food matrix, even within the same type of food product, in terms of folate bioavailability. Moreover, our findings add to the increasing number of studies questioning the general assumption of 50% bioavailability as the rationale behind the definition of folate equivalents. However, more research is needed to better understand the interactions between individual folate vitamers and other food components and the potential impact on folate bioavailability and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Mönch
- Lehrstuhl für Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität München , Freising , Germany
| | - Michael Netzel
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena , Jena , Germany
| | - Gabriele Netzel
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena , Jena , Germany
| | - Undine Ott
- Kuratorium für Dialyse und Nierentransplantation e.V. , Jena , Germany
| | | | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München , Freising , Germany
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Kopp M, Rychlik M. Quantitation of 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic Acid in Dried Blood Spots and Dried Plasma Spots by Stable Isotope Dilution Assays. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143639. [PMID: 26605791 PMCID: PMC4659665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of minimal data available on folate analysis in dried matrix spots (DMSs), we combined the advantages of stable isotope dilution assays followed by LC-MS/MS analysis with DMS sampling to develop a reliable method for the quantitation of plasma 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid in dried blood spots (DBSs) and dried plasma spots (DPSs) as well as for the quantitation of whole blood 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid in DBSs. We focused on two diagnostically conclusive parameters exhibited by the plasma and whole blood 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid levels that reflect both temporary and long-term folate status. The method is performed using the [2H4]-labeled isotopologue of the vitamin as the internal standard, and three steps are required for the extraction procedure. Elution of the punched out matrix spots was performed using stabilization buffer including Triton X-100 in a standardized ultrasonication treatment followed by enzymatic digestion (whole blood only) and solid-phase extraction with SAX cartridges. This method is sensitive enough to quantify 27 nmol/L whole blood 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid in DBSs and 6.3 and 4.4 nmol/L plasma 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid in DBSs and DPSs, respectively. The unprecedented accurate quantification of plasma 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid in DBSs was achieved by thermal treatment prior to ultrasonication, inhibiting plasma conjugase activity. Mass screenings are more feasible and easier to facilitate for this method in terms of sample collection and storage compared with conventional clinical sampling for the assessment of folate status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kopp
- Chair for Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.,Research Center for Nutrition and Food Science, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair for Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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Alborzi S, Lim LT, Kakuda Y. Encapsulation of folic acid and its stability in sodium alginate-pectin-poly(ethylene oxide) electrospun fibres. J Microencapsul 2012; 30:64-71. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2012.696153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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10
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Li YO, Diosady LL, Wesley AS. Folic Acid Fortification through Existing Fortified Foods: Iodized Salt and Vitamin A—Fortified Sugar. Food Nutr Bull 2011; 32:35-41. [DOI: 10.1177/156482651103200104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Folic acid fortification of cereal-grain products has markedly improved folate status and reduced the risks of neural tube defects and other chronic diseases in the populations participating in fortification programs. To more broadly extend its benefit to affected populations in developing countries, it would seem logical to incorporate folic acid fortification into existing or planned programs to minimize the incremental cost of this intervention. Objective To examine the feasibility of providing folic acid through ongoing programs for salt iodization and vitamin A fortification of sugar. Methods Folic acid was added to iodized salt and vitamin A–fortified sugar by various methods—direct blending as a powder, spraying onto the carriers as aqueous solution or suspension, or blending as a micro-encapsulated premix. The multiple fortified samples were subjected to a prolonged storage stability test, and the retentions of the added micronutrients were followed. Results Folic acid was generally stable when incorporated into Guatemalan iodized salt and vitamin A–fortified sugar. Even in the presence of encapsulated ferrous fumarate as an iron fortificant, samples retained > 80% in salt and ∼ 70% in sugar samples respectively, after 9 months of storage at 40°C and 60% relative humidity. The addition of folic acid as a dry premix made by extrusion was most effective in retaining both folic acid and the other added micronutrients. Conclusions The fortification method had a pronounced impact on the stability of both folic acid and the other added micronutrients. Proper encapsulation may be required to ensure the stability of multiple fortified foods.
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Galán I, García ML, Selgas MD. Effects of ionising irradiation on quality and sensory attributes of ready-to-eat dry fermented sausages enriched with folic acid. Int J Food Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2010.02534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Irradiation is useful for manufacturing ready-to-eat cooked meat products enriched with folic acid. Meat Sci 2010; 87:330-5. [PMID: 21146326 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cooked sausages enriched with folic acid (0.6, 1.2 and 2.4 mg/100 g) were manufactured as ready-to-eat (RTE) products using E-beam radiation (2-4 kGy) as a non-thermal technology. The effects of this treatment on the folic acid content, colour, texture and sensory properties of the final products were studied. The characteristics of sausages were not affected by the presence of folic acid, independently of the amount added, and their overall acceptability was good. Doses of 4 kGy caused losses of folic acid close to 20-30% and significantly decreased the sensory quality (P<0.05). Despite this, the final content of folic acid in all products was sufficient so that 50 g of product gave 100% of the recommended daily allowance (RDA). This new RTE meat product can be considered as a source of folic acid that can help assure adequate levels of this vitamin in the general population.
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Galán I, García ML, Selgas MD. Effects of irradiation on hamburgers enriched with folic acid. Meat Sci 2009; 84:437-43. [PMID: 20374807 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hamburgers enriched with different amounts of folic acid (0.6, 1.2 and 2.4 mg/100g) were manufactured. They were then treated with doses of 2-4 kGy of ionizing radiation in order to increase their safety. The effects of these treatments on the colour, texture parameters, and sensory quality of the meat, as well as on the stability of folic acid, were studied in both raw and cooked hamburgers. The presence of folic acid negligibly influenced the quality of these meat products, with irradiation treatments causing most of the loss of sensory quality and so, the treatment with 4 kGy was not adequate. Folic acid levels decreased 20-30% following irradiation with 2 kGy, and no additional decrease was observed at higher doses of radiation. This new functional meat product may help consumers achieve the RDA for this vitamin in a normal diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Galán
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Abratte CM, Wang W, Li R, Axume J, Moriarty DJ, Caudill MA. Choline status is not a reliable indicator of moderate changes in dietary choline consumption in premenopausal women. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 20:62-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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15
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Solis C, Veenema K, Ivanov AA, Tran S, Li R, Wang W, Moriarty DJ, Maletz CV, Caudill MA. Folate intake at RDA levels is inadequate for Mexican American men with the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677TT genotype. J Nutr 2008; 138:67-72. [PMID: 18156406 PMCID: PMC2646848 DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the establishment of the 1998 folate recommended dietary allowance (RDA), the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C-->T variant has emerged as a strong modifier of folate status. This controlled feeding study investigated the adequacy of the RDA, 400 microg/d as dietary folate equivalents (DFE), for Mexican American men with the MTHFR 677CC or TT genotype. Because of the interdependency between folate and choline, the influence of choline intake on folate status was also assessed. Mexican American men (n = 60; 18-55 y) with the MTHFR 677CC (n = 31) or TT (n = 29) genotype consumed 438 microg DFE/d and total choline intakes of 300, 550 (choline adequate intake), 1100, or 2200 mg/d for 12 wk. Folate status response was assessed via serum folate (SF), RBC folate, plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), and urinary folate. SF decreased (P < 0.001) 66% to 7.9 +/- 0.7 nmol/L (means +/- SEM) in men with the 677TT genotype and 62% to 11.3 +/- 0.9 nmol/L in the 677CC genotype. Plasma tHcy increased (P < 0.0001) 170% to 31 +/- 3 micromol/L in men with the 677TT genotype and 18% to 11.6 +/- 0.3 micromol/L in the 677CC genotype. At the end of the study, 34% (677TT) and 16% (677CC) had SF concentrations <6.8 nmol/L and 79% (677TT) and 7% (677CC) had tHcy concentrations >14 micromol/L. Choline intake did not influence the response of the measured variables. These data showed that the folate RDA is not adequate for men of Mexican descent, particularly for those with the MTHFR 677TT genotype, and demonstrated a lack of influence of choline intake on the folate status variables measured in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Solis
- Human Nutrition and Food Science Department, Cal Poly Pomona University, Pomona, CA 91768, USA
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16
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Rychlik M, Englert K, Kapfer S, Kirchhoff E. Folate contents of legumes determined by optimized enzyme treatment and stable isotope dilution assays. J Food Compost Anal 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Hung J, Yang TL, Urrutia TF, Li R, Perry CA, Hata H, Cogger EA, Moriarty DJ, Caudill MA. Additional food folate derived exclusively from natural sources improves folate status in young women with the MTHFR 677 CC or TT genotype. J Nutr Biochem 2005; 17:728-34. [PMID: 16524711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Revised: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of additional food folate in improving folate status in humans is uncertain particularly in people with the common genetic variant (677 C-->T) in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene. To examine the effect of a doubling of food folate consumption on folate status response variables, women (n=32; 18-46 years) with the MTHFR 677 CC or TT genotype consumed either 400 (n=15; 7 CC and 8 TT) or 800 (n=17; 8 CC and 9 TT) microg/day of dietary folate equivalents (DFE) derived exclusively from naturally occurring food folate for 12 weeks. A repeated measures two-factor ANOVA was used to examine the effect of the dietary treatment, the MTHFR C677T genotype and their interactions on serum folate, RBC folate and plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) during the last 3 weeks of the study. Consumption of 800 microg DFE/day resulted in serum folate concentrations that were 67% (P=.005) higher than consumption of 400 microg DFE/day (18.6+/-2.9 vs. 31.0+/-2.7 nmol/L, respectively) and RBC folate concentrations that were 33% (P=.001) higher (1172+/-75 vs. 1559+/-70 nmol/L, respectively). Serum folate (P=.065) and RBC folate (P=.022) concentrations were lower and plasma tHcy was higher (P=.039) in women with the MTHFR 677 TT genotype relative to the CC genotype. However, no genotype by dietary treatment interaction was detected. These data suggest that a doubling of food folate intake will lead to marked improvements in folate status in women with the MTHFR 677 CC or TT genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Hung
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Cal Poly Pomona University, Pomona, CA 91768, USA
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Beagle B, Yang TL, Hung J, Cogger EA, Moriarty DJ, Caudill MA. The glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) 1289 C->T variant influences plasma total homocysteine concentrations in young women after restricting folate intake. J Nutr 2005; 135:2780-5. [PMID: 16317120 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.12.2780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) is a key regulatory protein in folate metabolism, methionine availability, and transmethylation reactions. Perturbations in GNMT may lead to aberrations in homocysteine metabolism, a marker of numerous pathologies. The primary objective of this study was to examine the influence of the GNMT 1289 C-->T alone, and in combination with the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677 C-->T variant, on plasma total homocysteine concentrations in healthy young women (n = 114). Plasma total homocysteine was measured at baseline (wk 0) and after 2 wk of controlled folate restriction (135 microg/d as dietary folate equivalents). Plasma homocysteine concentrations did not differ among the GNMT C1289T genotypes at baseline. However, after folate restriction, women with the GNMT 1289 TT genotype (n = 16) had higher (P = 0.019) homocysteine concentrations than women with the CT (n = 51) or CC (n = 47) genotype. The influence of the GNMT 1289 C-->T variant on homocysteine was dependent on the MTHFR C677T genotype. In subjects with the MTHFR 677 CC genotype, homocysteine was greater (P < or = 0.05) for GNMT 1289 TT subjects relative to 1289 CT or CC subjects. However, in subjects with the MTHFR 677 TT genotype, plasma homocysteine concentrations did not differ among the GNMT C1289T genotypes. Overall, these data suggest that the GNMT 1289 C-->T polymorphism influences plasma homocysteine and is responsive to folate intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Beagle
- Human Nutrition and Food Science Department, Cal Poly Pomona University, CA 91768, USA
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Yang TL, Hung J, Caudill MA, Urrutia TF, Alamilla A, Perry CA, Li R, Hata H, Cogger EA. A long-term controlled folate feeding study in young women supports the validity of the 1.7 multiplier in the dietary folate equivalency equation. J Nutr 2005; 135:1139-45. [PMID: 15867294 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.5.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of folic acid in enriched cereal grain products and the higher bioavailability of folic acid than food folate led to the expression of the 1998 folate RDA, 400 microg/d, as dietary folate equivalents (DFE). DFE are defined as: mug natural food folate + 1.7 x microg synthetic folic acid. The 1.7 multiplier was based on assumptions that added folic acid was 85% available and food folate was 50% available. The 85/50 ratio also inferred that the bioavailability of food folate was approximately 60% relative to added folic acid. The objective of this long-term controlled feeding study was to assess the dietary folate equivalency of folic acid. After a 2-wk period of folate restriction, women (n = 42, 18-45 y old) consumed either 400 or 800 microg DFE/d derived from various combinations of food folate and folic acid for 12 wk. Folic acid was converted to DFE using the 1.7 multiplier from the DFE calculation and was consumed with a meal throughout the treatment period. Folate status response to the various treatments was assessed during wk 12-14. Serum folate, RBC folate, and plasma total homocysteine did not differ among the 400 microg DFE/d groups or among the 800 microg DFE/d groups. In contrast, consumption of 800 microg DFE/d led to higher (P </= 0.05) serum and RBC folate than consumption of 400 microg DFE/d. These data support the validity of the 1.7 multiplier in the DFE equation and suggest that food folate bioavailability is approximately 60% that of added folic acid when consumed as part of a mixed diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Li Yang
- Human Nutrition and Food Science Department, California Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA 91768, USA
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