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Correia S, Fernández-Boo S, Magalhães L, de Montaudouin X, Daffe G, Poulin R, Vera M. Trematode genetic patterns at host individual and population scales provide insights about infection mechanisms. Parasitology 2023; 150:1207-1220. [PMID: 38084628 PMCID: PMC10941227 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Multiple parasites can infect a single host, creating a dynamic environment where each parasite must compete over host resources. Such interactions can cause greater harm to the host than single infections and can also have negative consequences for the parasites themselves. In their first intermediate hosts, trematodes multiply asexually and can eventually reach up to 20% of the host's biomass. In most species, it is unclear whether this biomass results from a single infection or co-infection by 2 or more infective stages (miracidia), the latter being more likely a priori in areas where prevalence of infection is high. Using as model system the trematode Bucephalus minimus and its first intermediate host cockles, we examined the genetic diversity of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I region in B. minimus from 3 distinct geographical areas and performed a phylogeographic study of B. minimus populations along the Northeast Atlantic coast. Within localities, the high genetic variability found across trematodes infecting different individual cockles, compared to the absence of variability within the same host, suggests that infections could be generally originating from a single miracidium. On a large spatial scale, we uncovered significant population structure of B. minimus, specifically between the north and south of Bay of Biscay. Although other explanations are possible, we suggest this pattern may be driven by the population structure of the final host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simão Correia
- Department of Biology, CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Aquatic and Animal Health Group, CIIMAR, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 9054 Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sergio Fernández-Boo
- Aquatic and Animal Health Group, CIIMAR, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Luísa Magalhães
- Department of Biology, CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Guillemine Daffe
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Observatoire Aquitain des Sciences de l'Univers, F-33615 Pessac, France
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 9054 Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Manuel Vera
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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2
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Jokinen M, Sallinen S, Jones MM, Sirén J, Guilbault E, Susi H, Laine AL. The first arriving virus shapes within-host viral diversity during natural epidemics. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231486. [PMID: 37700649 PMCID: PMC10498040 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral diversity has been discovered across scales from host individuals to populations. However, the drivers of viral community assembly are still largely unknown. Within-host viral communities are formed through co-infections, where the interval between the arrival times of viruses may vary. Priority effects describe the timing and order in which species arrive in an environment, and how early colonizers impact subsequent community assembly. To study the effect of the first-arriving virus on subsequent infection patterns of five focal viruses, we set up a field experiment using naïve Plantago lanceolata plants as sentinels during a seasonal virus epidemic. Using joint species distribution modelling, we find both positive and negative effects of early season viral infection on late season viral colonization patterns. The direction of the effect depends on both the host genotype and which virus colonized the host early in the season. It is well established that co-occurring viruses may change the virulence and transmission of viral infections. However, our results show that priority effects may also play an important, previously unquantified role in viral community assembly. The assessment of these temporal dynamics within a community ecological framework will improve our ability to understand and predict viral diversity in natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Jokinen
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Suvi Sallinen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014, Finland
| | - Mirkka M. Jones
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014, Finland
| | - Jukka Sirén
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014, Finland
| | - Emy Guilbault
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014, Finland
| | - Hanna Susi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014, Finland
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3
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Criscione CD, Hulke JM, Goater CP. Trematode Clone Abundance Distributions: An Eco-Evolutionary Link between Parasite Transmission and Parasite Mating Systems. J Parasitol 2022; 108:565-576. [DOI: 10.1645/22-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Charles D. Criscione
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Jenna M. Hulke
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Cameron P. Goater
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada
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4
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Langeloh L, Jokela J, Seppälä K, Seppälä O. Ecological determinants of variation in phenotypic selection on quantitative immune defence traits. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Langeloh
- Dept of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Inst. of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland
- Inst. of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Jukka Jokela
- Dept of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Inst. of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland
- Inst. of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Katri Seppälä
- Dept of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Inst. of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland
- Research Dept of Limnology, Univ. of Innsbuck Mondsee Austria
| | - Otto Seppälä
- Dept of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Inst. of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland
- Inst. of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
- Research Dept of Limnology, Univ. of Innsbuck Mondsee Austria
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5
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Russini V, Spaziante M, Varcasia BM, Diaconu EL, Paolillo P, Picone S, Brunetti G, Mattia D, De Carolis A, Vairo F, Bossù T, Bilei S, De Marchis ML. A Whole Genome Sequencing-Based Epidemiological Investigation of a Pregnancy-Related Invasive Listeriosis Case in Central Italy. Pathogens 2022; 11:667. [PMID: 35745521 PMCID: PMC9228178 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeriosis is currently the fifth most common foodborne disease in Europe. Most cases are sporadic; however, outbreaks have also been reported. Compared to other foodborne infections, listeriosis has a modest incidence but can cause life-threatening complications, especially in elderly or immunocompromised people and pregnant women. In the latter case, the pathology can be the cause of premature birth or spontaneous abortion, especially if the fetus is affected during the first months of gestation. The causative agent of listeriosis, Listeria monocytogenes, is characterized by the innate ability to survive in the environment and in food, even in adverse conditions and for long periods. Ready-to-eat food represents the category most at risk for contracting listeriosis. This study presents the result of an investigation carried out on a case of maternal-fetal transmission of listeriosis which occurred in 2020 in central Italy and which was linked, with a retrospective approach, to other cases residing in the same city of the pregnant woman. Thanks to the use of next-generation sequencing methodologies, it was possible to identify an outbreak of infection, linked to the consumption of ready-to-eat sliced products sold in a supermarket in the investigated city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Russini
- Food Microbiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (V.R.); (B.M.V.); (T.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Martina Spaziante
- Regional Service Surveillance and Control for Infectious Diseases (SERESMI), National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (M.S.); (F.V.)
| | - Bianca Maria Varcasia
- Food Microbiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (V.R.); (B.M.V.); (T.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Elena Lavinia Diaconu
- Department of General Diagnostics, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy;
| | - Piermichele Paolillo
- UO Neonatologia, Patologia Neonatale e Terapia Intensiva Neonatale (TIN), Policlinico Casilino General Hospital, 00169 Rome, Italy; (P.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Simonetta Picone
- UO Neonatologia, Patologia Neonatale e Terapia Intensiva Neonatale (TIN), Policlinico Casilino General Hospital, 00169 Rome, Italy; (P.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Grazia Brunetti
- Pathology-Microbiology Laboratory, Policlinico Casilino General Hospital, 00169 Rome, Italy;
| | - Daniela Mattia
- Dipartimento di Prevenzione, Servizio Veterinario Area B—Igiene Alimenti di Origine Animale (SIOA), ASL Roma 6, 00072 Rome, Italy;
| | - Angela De Carolis
- Dipartimento di Prevenzione, Servizio di Igiene degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione (SIAN), ASL Roma 6, 00044 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesco Vairo
- Regional Service Surveillance and Control for Infectious Diseases (SERESMI), National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (M.S.); (F.V.)
| | - Teresa Bossù
- Food Microbiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (V.R.); (B.M.V.); (T.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Stefano Bilei
- Food Microbiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (V.R.); (B.M.V.); (T.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Maria Laura De Marchis
- Food Microbiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (V.R.); (B.M.V.); (T.B.); (S.B.)
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6
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Sallinen S, Norberg A, Susi H, Laine AL. Intraspecific host variation plays a key role in virus community assembly. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5610. [PMID: 33154373 PMCID: PMC7644774 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19273-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by multiple pathogens of the same host is ubiquitous in both natural and managed habitats. While intraspecific variation in disease resistance is known to affect pathogen occurrence, how differences among host genotypes affect the assembly of pathogen communities remains untested. In our experiment using cloned replicates of naive Plantago lanceolata plants as sentinels during a seasonal virus epidemic, we find non-random co-occurrence patterns of five focal viruses. Using joint species distribution modelling, we attribute the non-random virus occurrence patterns primarily to differences among host genotypes and local population context. Our results show that intraspecific variation among host genotypes may play a large, previously unquantified role in pathogen community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Sallinen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikinkaari 1 (PO box 65), FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anna Norberg
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, CH-8067, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hanna Susi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikinkaari 1 (PO box 65), FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikinkaari 1 (PO box 65), FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, CH-8067, Zürich, Switzerland
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7
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Klemme I, Karvonen A. Within-host interactions shape virulence-related traits of trematode genotypes. J Evol Biol 2019; 32:572-579. [PMID: 30851229 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Within-host interactions between co-infecting parasites can significantly influence the evolution of key parasite traits, such as virulence (pathogenicity of infection). The type of interaction is expected to predict the direction of selection, with antagonistic interactions favouring more virulent genotypes and synergistic interactions less virulent genotypes. Recently, it has been suggested that virulence can further be affected by the genetic identity of co-infecting partners (G × G interactions), complicating predictions on disease dynamics. Here, we used a natural host-parasite system including a fish host and a trematode parasite to study the effects of G × G interactions on infection virulence. We exposed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) either to single genotypes or to mixtures of two genotypes of the eye fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum and estimated parasite infectivity (linearly related to pathogenicity of infection, measured as coverage of eye cataracts) and relative cataract coverage (controlled for infectivity). We found that both traits were associated with complex G × G interactions, including both increases and decreases from single infection to co-infection, depending on the genotype combination. In particular, combinations where both genotypes had low average infectivity and relative cataract coverage in single infections benefited from co-infection, while the pattern was opposite for genotypes with higher performance. Together, our results show that infection outcomes vary considerably between single and co-infections and with the genetic identity of the co-infecting parasites. This can result in variation in parasite fitness and consequently impact evolutionary dynamics of host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Klemme
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Anssi Karvonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
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8
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Fountain-Jones NM, Packer C, Jacquot M, Blanchet FG, Terio K, Craft ME. Endemic infection can shape exposure to novel pathogens: Pathogen co-occurrence networks in the Serengeti lions. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:904-913. [PMID: 30861289 PMCID: PMC7163671 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens are embedded in a complex network of microparasites that can collectively or individually alter disease dynamics and outcomes. Endemic pathogens that infect an individual in the first years of life, for example, can either facilitate or compete with subsequent pathogens thereby exacerbating or ameliorating morbidity and mortality. Pathogen associations are ubiquitous but poorly understood, particularly in wild populations. We report here on 10 years of serological and molecular data in African lions, leveraging comprehensive demographic and behavioural data to test if endemic pathogens shape subsequent infection by epidemic pathogens. We combine network and community ecology approaches to assess broad network structure and characterise associations between pathogens across spatial and temporal scales. We found significant non‐random structure in the lion‐pathogen co‐occurrence network and identified both positive and negative associations between endemic and epidemic pathogens. Our results provide novel insights on the complex associations underlying pathogen co‐occurrence networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Fountain-Jones
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55408, USA
| | - Maude Jacquot
- INRA, UMR346 EPIA, Epidémiologie des maladies Animales et zoonotiques, 63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - F Guillaume Blanchet
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1K 2R1
| | - Karen Terio
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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9
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Karvonen A, Jokela J, Laine AL. Importance of Sequence and Timing in Parasite Coinfections. Trends Parasitol 2018; 35:109-118. [PMID: 30578150 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Coinfections by multiple parasites predominate in the wild. Interactions between parasites can be antagonistic, neutral, or facilitative, and they can have significant implications for epidemiology, disease dynamics, and evolution of virulence. Coinfections commonly result from sequential exposure of hosts to different parasites. We argue that the sequential nature of coinfections is important for the consequences of infection in both natural and man-made environments. Coinfections accumulate during host lifespan, determining the structure of the parasite infracommunity. Interactions within the parasite community and their joint effect on the host individual potentially shape evolution of parasite life-history traits and transmission biology. Overall, sequential coinfections have the potential to change evolutionary and epidemiological outcomes of host-parasite interactions widely across plant and animal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anssi Karvonen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyvaskyla, Finland.
| | - Jukka Jokela
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal & Evolutionary Biology, P.O. Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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10
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Klemme I, Karvonen A. Shoaling with infected conspecifics does not improve resistance to trematode infection. Ethology 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Klemme
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science; University of Jyvaskyla; Jyvaskyla Finland
| | - Anssi Karvonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science; University of Jyvaskyla; Jyvaskyla Finland
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11
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Susi H, Laine AL. Host resistance and pathogen aggressiveness are key determinants of coinfection in the wild. Evolution 2017; 71:2110-2119. [PMID: 28608539 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Coinfection, whereby the same host is infected by more than one pathogen strain, may favor faster host exploitation rates as strains compete for the same limited resources. Hence, coinfection is expected to have major consequences for pathogen evolution, virulence, and epidemiology. Theory predicts genetic variation in host resistance and pathogen infectivity to play a key role in how coinfections are formed. The limited number of studies available has demonstrated coinfection to be a common phenomenon, but little is known about how coinfection varies in space, and what its determinants are. Our aim is to understand how variation in host resistance and pathogen infectivity and aggressiveness contribute to how coinfections are formed in the interaction between fungal pathogen Podosphaera plantaginis and Plantago lanceolata. Our phenotyping study reveals that more aggressive strains are more likely to form coinfections than less aggressive strains in the natural populations. In the natural populations most of the variation in coinfection is found at the individual plant level, and results from a common garden study confirm the prevalence of coinfection to vary significantly among host genotypes. These results show that genetic variation in both the host and pathogen populations are key determinants of coinfection in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Susi
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1),, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1),, FI-00014, Finland
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12
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Blasco-Costa I, Locke SA. Life History, Systematics and Evolution of the Diplostomoidea Poirier, 1886: Progress, Promises and Challenges Emerging From Molecular Studies. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2017; 98:167-225. [PMID: 28942769 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Diplostomoidea mature in amniotes and employ vertebrates, annelids and molluscs as second intermediate hosts. Diplostomoid life cycles generally follow a three-host pattern typical of digeneans, but novelties have arisen in some species, including obligate four-host life cycles, vertical transmission, and intracellular parasitism. In this review, we summarize the basic biology of diplostomoids with reference to molecular studies, and present challenges, gaps and areas where molecular data could address long-standing questions. Our analysis of published studies revealed that most molecular surveys find more diplostomoid species than expected, but this tendency is influenced by how much effort goes into examining specimens morphologically and the number of sequenced worms. To date, molecular work has concentrated disproportionately on intraspecific or species-level diversity of larval stages in the Diplostomidae in temperate northern regions. Although the higher taxonomy of the superfamily is recognized to be in need of revision, little molecular work has been conducted at this level. Our phylogenetic analysis indicates several families and subfamilies require reconsideration, and that larval morphotypes are more reflective of evolutionary relationships than definitive hosts. The host associations of adult diplostomoids result from host-switching processes, whereas molecular surveys indicate that larval diplostomoid metacercariae have narrow ranges of second intermediate hosts, consistent with coevolution. Molecular data are often used to link diplostomoid developmental stages, and we provide data from adult Neodiplostomum and Mesoophorodiplostomum that correct earlier misidentifications of their larval stages and propose alternatives to collecting definitive hosts.
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13
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Bose J, Kloesener MH, Schulte RD. Multiple-genotype infections and their complex effect on virulence. ZOOLOGY 2016; 119:339-49. [PMID: 27389395 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple infections are common. Although in recent years our understanding of multiple infections has increased significantly, it has also become clear that a diversity of aspects has to be considered to understand the interplay between co-infecting parasite genotypes of the same species and its implications for virulence and epidemiology, resulting in high complexity. Here, we review different interaction mechanisms described for multiple infections ranging from competition to cooperation. We also list factors influencing the interaction between co-infecting parasite genotypes and their influence on virulence. Finally, we emphasise the importance of between-host effects and their evolution for understanding multiple infections and their implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Bose
- Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Osnabrueck, Barbarastr. 11, D-49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Michaela H Kloesener
- Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Osnabrueck, Barbarastr. 11, D-49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Rebecca D Schulte
- Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Osnabrueck, Barbarastr. 11, D-49076 Osnabrueck, Germany.
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14
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Klemme I, Louhi KR, Karvonen A. Host infection history modifies co-infection success of multiple parasite genotypes. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:591-7. [PMID: 26589834 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Co-infections by multiple parasite genotypes are common and have important implications for host-parasite ecology and evolution through within-host interactions. Typically, these infections take place sequentially, and therefore, the outcome of co-infection may be shaped by host immune responses triggered by previous infections. For example, in vertebrates, specific immune responses play a central role in protection against disease over the course of life, but co-infection research has mostly focused on previously uninfected individuals. Here, we investigated whether sequential exposure and activation of host resistance in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss affects infection success and interactions between co-infecting parasite genotypes of the trematode eye-fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum. In accordance with earlier results, we show that a simultaneous attack of two parasite genotypes facilitates parasite establishment in previously uninfected hosts. However, we find for the first time that this facilitation in co-infection is lost in hosts with prior infection. We conclude that vertebrate host infection history can affect the direction of within-host-parasite interactions. Our results may have significant implications for the evolution of co-infections and parasite transmission strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Klemme
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Katja-Riikka Louhi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Anssi Karvonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
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15
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Relative reproductive success of co-infecting parasite genotypes under intensified within-host competition. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 36:450-455. [PMID: 26296607 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In nature, host individuals are commonly simultaneously infected with more than one genotype of the same parasite species. These co-infecting parasites often interact, which can affect their fitness and shape host-parasite ecology and evolution. Many of such interactions take place through competition for limited host resources. Therefore, variation in ecological factors modifying the host resource level could be important in determining the intensity of competition and the outcome of co-infections. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the relative reproductive success of co-infecting genotypes of the trematode parasite Diplostomum pseudospathaceum in its snail host Lymnaea stagnalis while experimentally manipulating snail resource level using contrasting feeding treatments (ad libitum food supply, no food). We found that food deprivation constrained the overall parasite within-host reproduction as the release of parasite transmission stages (cercariae) was reduced. This indicates intensified competition among the parasite genotypes. The genotypic composition of the released cercariae, however, was not affected by the feeding treatments. This suggests that in this system, the relative reproductive success of co-infecting parasite genotypes, which is an important component determining their fitness, is robust to variation in ecological factors modifying the strength of resource competition.
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16
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Lagrue C, Poulin R. Bottom-up regulation of parasite population densities in freshwater ecosystems. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clément Lagrue
- Dept of Zoology; Univ. of Otago; PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Robert Poulin
- Dept of Zoology; Univ. of Otago; PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
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17
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Hafer N, Milinski M. When parasites disagree: evidence for parasite-induced sabotage of host manipulation. Evolution 2015; 69:611-20. [PMID: 25643621 PMCID: PMC4409835 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Host manipulation is a common parasite strategy to alter host behavior in a manner to enhance parasite fitness usually by increasing the parasite's transmission to the next host. In nature, hosts often harbor multiple parasites with agreeing or conflicting interests over host manipulation. Natural selection might drive such parasites to cooperation, compromise, or sabotage. Sabotage would occur if one parasite suppresses the manipulation of another. Experimental studies on the effect of multi-parasite interactions on host manipulation are scarce, clear experimental evidence for sabotage is elusive. We tested the effect of multiple infections on host manipulation using laboratory-bred copepods experimentally infected with the trophically transmitted tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus. This parasite is known to manipulate its host depending on its own developmental stage. Coinfecting parasites with the same aim enhance each other's manipulation but only after reaching infectivity. If the coinfecting parasites disagree over host manipulation, the infective parasite wins this conflict: the noninfective one has no effect. The winning (i.e., infective) parasite suppresses the manipulation of its noninfective competitor. This presents conclusive experimental evidence for both cooperation in and sabotage of host manipulation and hence a proof of principal that one parasite can alter and even neutralize manipulation by another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hafer
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Strasse 2, D-24306 Ploen, Germany.
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18
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Guttel Y, Ben-Ami F. The maintenance of hybrids by parasitism in a freshwater snail. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:1001-8. [PMID: 25173837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hybrids have often been labelled evolutionary dead-ends due to their lower fertility and viability. However, there is growing awareness that hybridisation between different species may play a constructive role in animal evolution as a means to create variability. Thus, hybridisation and introgression may contribute to adaptive evolution, for example with regards to natural antagonists (parasites, predators, competitors) and adaptation to local environmental conditions. Here we investigated whether parasite intensity contributes to the continuous recreation of hybrids in 74 natural populations of Melanopsis, a complex of freshwater snails with three species. We also examined, under laboratory conditions, whether hybrids and their parental taxa differ in their tolerance of low and high temperatures and salinity levels. Infections were consistently less prevalent in males than in females, and lower in snails from deeper habitats. Infection prevalence in hybrids was significantly lower than in the parental taxa. Low hybrid infection rates could not be explained by sediment type, snail density or geographic distribution of the sampling sites. Interestingly, infected hybrid snails did not show signs of parasite-induced gigantism, whereas all parental taxa did. We found that hybrids mostly coped with extreme temperatures and salinity levels as well as their parental taxa did. Taken together, our results suggest that Melanopsis hybrids perform better in the presence of parasites and environmental stress. This may explain the widespread and long-term occurrence of Melanopsis hybrids as evidenced by paleontological and biogeographic data. Hybridisation may be an adaptive host strategy, reducing infection rates and resisting gigantism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonathan Guttel
- Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Frida Ben-Ami
- Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
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19
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Multi-clone infections and the impact of intraspecific competition on trematode colonies with a division of labour. Parasitology 2013; 141:304-10. [PMID: 24148647 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013001492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A division of labour occurs in colonies of the trematode Philophthalmus sp. within their first intermediate hosts. Two castes exist: one which reproduces and one which does not reproduce. It has been hypothesized that the benefit of the non-reproductive caste is in competitive interactions. Evidence for this from past experiments with Philophthalmus sp. colonies has been contradictory: the non-reproductive caste appears to benefit the colony in some way but not necessarily by combating interspecific competitors. The aims of this study were to consider intraspecific competition as a possible cause of the division of labour in Philophthalmus sp. colonies. Results show that mixed genotype infections occur in Philophthalmus sp. infected hosts and thus intraspecific competition is likely. Furthermore, the total number of individuals per colony is reduced in mixed genotype infections, indicating that intraspecific competition reduces colony fitness. However, the results do not indicate that the division of labour in Philophthalmus sp. plays a role in competitive interactions as the ratio of small, non-reproductive to large, reproductive individuals is unaffected by the presence of intraspecific competition. This is the first study to identify and quantify intraspecific competition in Philophthalmus sp., and to assess its selective role in this species' division of labour.
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20
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Rellstab C, Karvonen A, Louhi KR, Jokela J. Genotype-specific vs. cross-reactive host immunity against a macroparasite. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78427. [PMID: 24167622 PMCID: PMC3805555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate hosts often defend themselves against several co-infecting parasite genotypes simultaneously. This has important implications for the ecological dynamics and the evolution of host defence systems and parasite strategies. For example, it can drive the specificity of the adaptive immune system towards high genotype-specificity or cross-reactivity against several parasite genotypes depending on the sequence and probability of re-infections. However, to date, there is very little evidence on these interactions outside mammalian disease literature. In this study we asked whether genotype-specific or cross-reactive responses dominate in the adaptive immune system of a fish host towards a common macroparasite. In other words, we investigated if the infection success of a parasite genotype is influenced by the immunization genotype. We reciprocally immunized and re-exposed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to a range of genotypes of the trematode eye fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum, and measured infection success of the parasite. We found that the infection success of the parasite genotypes in the re-exposure did not depend on the immunization genotype. While immunization reduced average infection success by 31%, the reduction was not larger against the initial immunization genotype. Our results suggest significant cross-reactivity, which may be advantageous for the host in genetically diverse re-exposures and have significant evolutionary implications for parasite strategies. Overall, our study is among the first to demonstrate cross-reactivity of adaptive immunity against genetically diverse macroparasites with complex life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rellstab
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Anssi Karvonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Katja-Riikka Louhi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jukka Jokela
- Aquatic Ecology, Eawag (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology), Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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21
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Dagan Y, Liljeroos K, Jokela J, Ben-Ami F. Clonal diversity driven by parasitism in a freshwater snail. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:2509-19. [PMID: 24118641 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One explanation for the widespread abundance of sexual reproduction is the advantage that genetically diverse sexual lineages have under strong pressure from virulent coevolving parasites. Such parasites are believed to track common asexual host genotypes, resulting in negative frequency-dependent selection that counterbalances the population growth-rate advantage of asexuals in comparison with sexuals. In the face of genetically diverse asexual lineages, this advantage of sexual reproduction might be eroded, and instead sexual populations would be replaced by diverse assemblages of clonal lineages. We investigated whether parasite-mediated selection promotes clonal diversity in 22 natural populations of the freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata. We found that infection prevalence explains the observed variation in the clonal diversity of M. tuberculata populations, whereas no such relationship was found between infection prevalence and male frequency. Clonal diversity and male frequency were independent of snail population density. Incorporating ecological factors such as presence/absence of fish, habitat geography and habitat type did not improve the predictive power of regression models. Approximately 11% of the clonal snail genotypes were shared among 2-4 populations, creating a web of 17 interconnected populations. Taken together, our study suggests that parasite-mediated selection coupled with host dispersal ecology promotes clonal diversity. This, in return, may erode the advantage of sexual reproduction in M. tuberculata populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Dagan
- Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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