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Wages JA, Dittoe DK, Feye KM, Ricke SC. Consequences of Implementing Neutralizing Buffered Peptone Water in Commercial Poultry Processing on the Microbiota of Whole Bird Carcass Rinses and the Subsequent Microbiological Analyses. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:813461. [PMID: 35369495 PMCID: PMC8969756 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.813461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) established guidelines which modified the Buffered Peptone Water (BPW) rinsate material to include additional compounds that would better neutralize residual processing aids and allow for better recovery of sublethal injured Salmonella spp. cells. While the added compounds improved the recovery of Salmonella spp., specific data to understand how the new rinse agent, neutralizing Buffered Peptone Water (nBPW), impacts the recovery of other microorganisms such as Campylobacter spp. and indicator microorganisms are lacking. Therefore, this study evaluated the impact of rinse solutions (BPW or nBPW) used in Whole Bird Carcass rinsate (WBCR) collections on the subsequent microbiome and downstream culturing methodologies. Carcasses exiting a finishing chiller were rinsed in 400 ml of BPW or nBPW. Resulting rinsates were analyzed for Enterobacteriaceae (EB), Salmonella, and Campylobacter spp. prevalence and total aerobic bacteria (APC) and EB load. The 16S rDNA of the rinsates and the matrices collected from applied microbiological analyses were sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq®. Log10-transformed counts were analyzed in JMP 15 using ANOVA with means separated using Tukey’s HSD, and prevalence data were analyzed using Pearson’s χ2 (P ≤ 0.05). Diversity and microbiota compositions (ANCOM) were analyzed in QIIME 2.2019.7 (P ≤ 0.05; Q ≤ 0.05). There was an effect of rinsate type on the APC load and Campylobacter spp. prevalence (P < 0.05), but not the quantity or prevalence of EB or Salmonella spp. prevalence. There were differences between the microbial diversity of the two rinsate types and downstream analyses (P < 0.05). Additionally, several taxa, including Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, Clostridium, Enterococcaceae, Burkholderiaceae, and Staphylococcaceae, were differentially abundant in paired populations. Therefore, the rinse buffer used in a WBCR collection causes proportional shifts in the microbiota, which can lead to differences in results obtained from cultured microbial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Wages
- Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States.,Tyson Foods, Inc., Springdale, AR, United States
| | - Dana K Dittoe
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Animal and Dairy Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kristina M Feye
- Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Animal and Dairy Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Nikiema MEM, Pardos de la Gandara M, Compaore KAM, Ky Ba A, Soro KD, Nikiema PA, Barro N, Sangare L, Weill FX. Contamination of street food with multidrug-resistant Salmonella, in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253312. [PMID: 34138936 PMCID: PMC8211238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal infections are a global public health problem. In Burkina Faso, West Africa, exposure to Salmonella through the consumption of unhygienic street food represents a major risk of infection requiring detailed evaluation. Methods Between June 2017 and July 2018, we sampled 201 street food stalls, in 11 geographic sectors of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. We checked for Salmonella contamination in 201 sandwiches (one per seller), according to the ISO 6579:2002 standard. All Salmonella isolates were characterized by serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and whole-genome sequencing was performed on a subset of isolates, to investigate their phylogenetic relationships and antimicrobial resistance determinants. Results The prevalence of Salmonella enterica was 17.9% (36/201) and the Salmonella isolates belonged to 16 different serotypes, the most frequent being Kentucky, Derby and Tennessee, with five isolates each. Six Salmonella isolates from serotypes Brancaster and Kentucky were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Whole-genome sequencing revealed that four of these MDR isolates belonged to the emergent S. enterica serotype Kentucky clone ST198-X1 and to an invasive lineage of S. enterica serotype Enteritidis (West African clade). Conclusion This study reveals a high prevalence of Salmonella spp. in sandwiches sold in Ouagadougou. The presence of MDR Salmonella in food on sale detected in this study is also matter of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite E. M. Nikiema
- Laboratoire d’Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus transmissibles par les Aliments, Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologie (EDST), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (MEMN); (FXW)
| | - Maria Pardos de la Gandara
- Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Kiswensida A. M. Compaore
- Laboratoire d’Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus transmissibles par les Aliments, Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologie (EDST), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Absétou Ky Ba
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (UFR/SDS)/Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Santé (EDSS), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Karna D. Soro
- Laboratoire d’Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus transmissibles par les Aliments, Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologie (EDST), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Philippe A. Nikiema
- Laboratoire d’Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus transmissibles par les Aliments, Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologie (EDST), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Nicolas Barro
- Laboratoire d’Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus transmissibles par les Aliments, Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologie (EDST), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Lassana Sangare
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (UFR/SDS)/Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Santé (EDSS), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - François-Xavier Weill
- Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (MEMN); (FXW)
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Hu J, Huang R, Wang Y, Wei X, Wang Z, Geng Y, Jing J, Gao H, Sun X, Dong C, Jiang C. Development of duplex PCR-ELISA for simultaneous detection of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli O157: H7 in food. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 154:127-133. [PMID: 30393180 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, a duplex PCR-ELISA method was developed targeting the specific genes, invA of Salmonella spp. and rfbE of Escherichia coli O157: H7, to detect one or both bacteria in food. In brief, PCR product amplified by PCR primer labeled with digoxin at the 5'-end and a probe labeled with biotin at the 3'-end can form dimer by nucleic acid hybridization which can be captured by binding of biotin to streptomycin coated in ELISA plate before using enzyme-labeled anti-digoxin antibody and substrate to develop color. Also, evaluation of the duplex PCR-ELISA method was conducted in different food samples including milk, juice, cabbage, shrimp, chicken, pork and beef. Results indicated that the duplex PCR-ELISA developed here was specific when using 25 non-target bacteria strains as controls and was sensitive with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1 CFU/mL, 1, 000 times higher than that of the duplex PCR method and was repeatable regardless of inter- and intra-batch variations. The duplex PCR-ELISA method established in the present study has proven to be highly specific, sensitive and repeatable. It has the potential to be applied in such fields as clinical diagnosis of food-borne diseases, food hygiene monitoring and pathogen detection in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiang Hu
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China; International Joint Laboratory of Food Safety, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China.
| | - Runna Huang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiangke Wei
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhangcun Wang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Yao Geng
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China; International Joint Laboratory of Food Safety, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Jianzhou Jing
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China; International Joint Laboratory of Food Safety, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Hui Gao
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China; International Joint Laboratory of Food Safety, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Xincheng Sun
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China; International Joint Laboratory of Food Safety, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Caiwen Dong
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Chunpeng Jiang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
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Mashooq M, Kumar D, Niranjan AK, Agarwal RK, Rathore R. Development and evaluation of probe based real time loop mediated isothermal amplification for Salmonella: A new tool for DNA quantification. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 126:24-9. [PMID: 27130353 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A one step, single tube, accelerated probe based real time loop mediated isothermal amplification (RT LAMP) assay was developed for detecting the invasion gene (InvA) of Salmonella. The probe based RT LAMP is a novel method of gene amplification that amplifies nucleic acid with high specificity and rapidity under isothermal conditions with a set of six primers. The whole procedure is very simple and rapid, and amplification can be obtained in 20min. Detection of gene amplification was accomplished by amplification curve, turbidity and addition of DNA binding dye at the end of the reaction results in colour difference and can be visualized under normal day light and in UV. The sensitivity of developed assay was found 10 fold higher than taqman based qPCR. The specificity of the RT LAMP assay was validated by the absence of any cross reaction with other members of enterobacteriaceae family and other gram negative bacteria. These results indicate that the probe based RT LAMP assay is extremely rapid, cost effective, highly specific and sensitivity and has potential usefulness for rapid Salmonella surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohmad Mashooq
- Division of Bacteriology & Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, UP, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, UP, India
| | - Ankush Kiran Niranjan
- Division of Bacteriology & Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, UP, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Agarwal
- Division of Bacteriology & Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, UP, India
| | - Rajesh Rathore
- CADRAD, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, UP, India.
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El-Seedy FR, Abed AH, Yanni HA, Abd El-Rahman SAA. Prevalence of Salmonella and E. coli in neonatal diarrheic calves. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2016; 5:45-51. [PMID: 32363209 PMCID: PMC7185456 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjbas.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal calf diarrhea remains one of the most important problems faced by livestock, causing great economic losses. This study investigated the prevalence of Salmonella and Escherichia coli, especially enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), in diarrheic calves. Fecal samples were collected from 127 diarrheic calves up to 3 months of age at 12 farms from different governorates in Egypt. 119 bacterial isolates (93.7%) were recovered and the prevalences of Salmonella and E. coli in diarrheic calves were 18.1% and 75.6%, respectively. Serotyping of Salmonella isolates revealed that S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium were the most prevalent serotypes, representing 60.9% and 30.4%, respectively, while S. Dublin was 8.7%. Serogrouping of E. coli isolates showed that 10 O-serogroups were obtained where O26 and O103 were the most prevalent (17.7% of each). Salmonella serotypes showed positive results with PCR test using oligonucleotide primer amplifying 521 bp fragment of invA gene of Salmonella while 70% of E. coli serogroups possessed ETEC virulent gene (K99). The in-vitro antibiotic sensitivity test indicated that Salmonella serotypes showed high sensitivity against enrofloxacin, spectinomycin and neomycin while E. coli isolates showed high sensitivities against marbofloxacin, spectinomycin and neomycin only.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R El-Seedy
- Bacteriology, Department of Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - A H Abed
- Bacteriology, Department of Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - H A Yanni
- Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Egypt
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Development of a rapid and sensitive method combining a cellulose ester microfilter and a real-time quantitative PCR assay to detect Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in 20 liters of drinking water or low-turbidity waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 78:839-45. [PMID: 22138985 DOI: 10.1128/aem.06754-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in samples of drinking water suspected of being at the origin of an outbreak very often lead to negative results. One of the reasons for this failure is the small volume of water typically used for detecting these pathogens (10 to 1,000 ml). The efficiencies of three microfilters and different elution procedures were determined using real-time quantitative PCR to propose a procedure allowing detection of Campylobacter in 20 liters of drinking water or low-turbidity water samples. The results showed that more than 80% of the bacteria inoculated in 1 liter of drinking water were retained on each microfilter. An elution with a solution containing 3% beef extract, 0.05 M glycine at pH 9, combined with direct extraction of the bacterial genomes retained on the cellulose ester microfilter, allowed recovery of 87.3% (±22% [standard deviation]) of Campylobacter per 1 liter of tap water. Recoveries obtained from 20-liter volumes of tap water spiked with a C. coli strain were 69.5% (±10.3%) and 78.5% (±15.1%) for 91 CFU and 36 CFU, respectively. Finally, tests performed on eight samples of 20 liters of groundwater collected from an alluvial well used for the production of drinking water revealed the presence of C. jejuni and C. coli genomes, whereas no bacteria were detected with the normative culture method in volumes ranging from 10 to 1,000 ml. In the absence of available epidemiological data and information on bacterial viability, these last results indicate only that the water resource is not protected from contamination by Campylobacter.
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Mainali C, McFall M, King R. Validation of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection ofSalmonella in crops of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2011; 90:660-4. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Lutful Kabir SM. Avian colibacillosis and salmonellosis: a closer look at epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, control and public health concerns. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:89-114. [PMID: 20195435 PMCID: PMC2819778 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Avian colibacillosis and salmonellosis are considered to be the major bacterial diseases in the poultry industry world-wide. Colibacillosis and salmonellosis are the most common avian diseases that are communicable to humans. This article provides the vital information on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, control and public health concerns of avian colibacillosis and salmonellosis. A better understanding of the information addressed in this review article will assist the poultry researchers and the poultry industry in continuing to make progress in reducing and eliminating avian colibacillosis and salmonellosis from the poultry flocks, thereby reducing potential hazards to the public health posed by these bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Lutful Kabir
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan.
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Schou TW, Labouriau R, Permin A, Christensen JP, Sørensen P, Cu HP, Nguyen VK, Juul-Madsen HR. MHC haplotype and susceptibility to experimental infections (Salmonella Enteritidis, Pasteurella multocida or Ascaridia galli) in a commercial and an indigenous chicken breed. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 135:52-63. [PMID: 19945754 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In three independent experimental infection studies, the susceptibility and course of infection of three pathogens considered of importance in most poultry production systems, Ascaridia galli, Salmonella Enteritidis and Pasteurella multocida were compared in two chicken breeds, the indigenous Vietnamese Ri and the commercial Luong Phuong. Furthermore, the association of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) with disease-related parameters was evaluated, using alleles of the LEI0258 microsatellite as markers for MHC haplotypes. The Ri chickens were found to be more resistant to A. galli and S. Enteritidis than commercial Luong Phuong chickens. In contrast, the Ri chickens were more susceptible to P. multocida, although production parameters were more affected in the Luong Phuong chickens. Furthermore, it was shown that the individual variations observed in response to the infections were influenced by the MHC. Using marker alleles of the microsatellite LEI0258, which is located within the MHC region, several MHC haplotypes were identified as being associated with infection intensity of A. galli. An association of the MHC with the specific antibody response to S. Enteritidis was also found where four MHC haplotypes were shown to be associated with high specific antibody response. Finally, one MHC haplotype was identified as being associated with pathological lesions and mortality in the P. multocida experiment. Although not statistically significant, our analysis suggested that this haplotype might be associated with resistance. These results demonstrate the presence of local genetic resources in Vietnamese chickens, which could be utilized in breeding programmes aiming at improving disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Schou
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, The Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbojlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Department of Human Health and Safety, The DHI Group, Kogle Allé 2, 2970 Horsholm, Denmark.
| | - R Labouriau
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Aarhus, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - A Permin
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, The Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbojlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Department of Human Health and Safety, The DHI Group, Kogle Allé 2, 2970 Horsholm, Denmark
| | - J P Christensen
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, The Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbojlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - P Sørensen
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Aarhus, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - H P Cu
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - V K Nguyen
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - H R Juul-Madsen
- Department of Animal Health and Bioscience, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Aarhus, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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ZHANG D, ZHANG H, YANG L, GUO J, LI X, FENG Y. SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OFLISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES,STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS,SALMONELLA ENTERICAANDESCHERICHIA COLIO157:H7 IN FOOD SAMPLES USING MULTIPLEX PCR METHOD. J Food Saf 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2009.00161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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El-Sharoud WM, El-Din MZ, Ziada DM, Ahmed SF, Klena JD. Surveillance and genotyping ofEnterobacter sakazakiisuggest its potential transmission from milk powder into imitation recombined soft cheese. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 105:559-66. [PMID: 18312564 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03777.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W M El-Sharoud
- Food Safety and Microbial Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
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Nde CW, Fakhr MK, Doetkott C, Logue CM. An evaluation of conventional culture, invA PCR, and the real-time PCR iQ-Check kit as detection tools for Salmonella in naturally contaminated premarket and retail turkey. J Food Prot 2008; 71:386-91. [PMID: 18326192 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.2.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at comparing the ability of conventional culture, the iQ-Check real-time PCR kit, and invA PCR to detect Salmonella in naturally contaminated premarket and retail turkey parts. Premarket (n = 120) turkey parts collected from a commercial turkey processing plant, and retail turkey parts (n = 138) were examined. Both PCR methods detected a significantly greater (P < 0.05) number of positive samples when compared with the conventional culture method for the premarket turkey parts. The indices of total agreement between the conventional culture method and the iQ-Check kit for the premarket and retail parts were 79.2% (95% CI: 70.8, 86) and 90.6% (95% CI: 84.4, 94.9), respectively. When the conventional culture method was compared with invA PCR for Salmonella detection in the premarket and retail parts, the indices of total agreement were 75.8% (95% CI: 67.2, 83.2) and 84.1% (95% CI: 76.9, 89.7), respectively. The rates of false positives (premarket: 31.9%, retail: 9.7%) and false negatives (premarket: 5.9%, retail: 9.7%) were determined between the culture method and the iQ-Check kit. When invA PCR was compared with the culture method, the rates of false positives (premarket: 37.7%, retail: 11.1%) and false negatives (premarket: 5.9%, retail: 18.3%) were obtained. The higher total agreement and the lower rates of both false positives and false negatives for the iQ-Check kit compared with invA PCR for both premarket and retail turkey parts corroborates the use of the iQ-Check kit as a screening tool for Salmonella in poultry meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal W Nde
- The Great Plains Institute of Food Safety, Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, 1523 Centennial Boulevard, 130A Van Es Hall, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, USA
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Gray VL, Müller CT, Watkins ID, Lloyd D. Peptones from diverse sources: pivotal determinants of bacterial growth dynamics. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 104:554-65. [PMID: 18194259 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In view of the major problems encountered by microbiologists in obtaining reproducible data on growth dynamics in complex media, we studied the effects of different peptones made from different biological sources and produced by numerous manufacturers. METHODS AND RESULTS Peptones (including casein, gelatin, meat, soy and yeast) were assessed as a constituent of the pre-enrichment broth buffered peptone water (BPW). Generation times (g) and yields of Salmonella serovar Typhimurium were significantly affected by the type of peptone employed with yeast peptones generating yields of 7.04 x 10(9) CFU ml(-1) and gelatin peptones producing 0.81 x 10(9) CFU ml(-1). Medium sterilization was also found to have significant effects (P = 0.000) upon subsequent bacterial growth. Filter sterilization of BPW media produced lower generation times compared with those obtained after sterilization by autoclaving. Finally, it was observed that some peptones which produced good growth when inoculated with healthy organisms, showed relatively poor growth when inocula were sublethally injured by heating. CONCLUSIONS Variation in peptone as a constituent of BPW has a significant effect on growth and enumeration of bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Increased consideration with respect to culture media may significantly improve bacterial growth and experimental reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Gray
- Microbiology, Cardiff School of Biosciences 1, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
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KALAMAKI MARY, PRICE ROBERTJ, FUNG DANIELY. RAPID METHODS FOR IDENTIFYING SEAFOOD MICROBIAL PATHOGENS AND TOXINS1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4581.1997.tb00155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Abulreesh HH, Paget TA, Goulder R. Campylobacter in waterfowl and aquatic environments: incidence and methods of detection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:7122-31. [PMID: 17180958 DOI: 10.1021/es060327l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacters are emerging as one of the most significant causes of human infections worldwide, and the role that waterfowl and the aquatic environment have in the spread of disease is beginning to be elucidated. On a world scale campylobacters are possibly the major cause of gastrointestinal infections. Campylobacters are common commensals in the intestinal tract of many species of wild birds, including waterfowl. They are also widely distributed in aquatic environments where their origins may include waterfowl as well as sewage effluents and agricultural runoff. Campylobacters have marked seasonal trends. In temperate aquatic environments they peak during winter, whereas spring-summer is the peak period for human infection. Campylobacter species may survive, and remain potentially pathogenic, for long periods in aquatic environments. The utility of bacterial fecal indicators in predicting the presence of campylobacters in natural waters is questionable. Viable but nonculturable Campylobacter cells may occur, but whether they have any role in the generation of outbreaks of campylobacteriosis is unclear. The routine detection of Campylobacter spp. in avian feces and environmental waters largely relies on conventional culture methods, while the recognition of a particular species or strain is based on serotyping and increasingly on molecular methods. Thus, PCR combined with selective enrichment enhances the detection of campylobacters in water and feces, while DNA sequencing facilitates recognition of particular species and strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein H Abulreesh
- Department of Biology, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Box 7388, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia.
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18
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Eyigor A, Goncagul G, Gunaydin E, Carli KT. Salmonella profile in chickens determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and bacteriology from years 2000 to 2003 in Turkey. Avian Pathol 2005; 34:101-5. [PMID: 16191689 DOI: 10.1080/03079450500059461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
From years 2000 to 2003, Salmonella was investigated from a total of 1785 samples comprised of chicken intestinal samples, cloacal swabs, drag swabs, litter samples and chick dust samples collected from 191 poultry breeding flocks belonging to 15 different chicken breeding stock companies in the Marmara region, Turkey by a SYBR green-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (SGBRT-PCR), by a probe-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PSRT-PCR) and by standardized bacteriology as described in the manual of National Poultry Improvement Plan and Auxillary Provisions, United States Department of Agriculture. Between January 2000 and July 2001, Salmonella was detected at the rates of 5.87% and 4.10% out of a total of 1242 samples by SGBRT-PCR and bacteriology, respectively. From July 2001 until December 2003, Salmonella was found at rates of 11.42% and 5.52% from a total of 543 samples by PSRT-PCR and bacteriology, respectively. The dominant Salmonella serovar was determined as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis), while serogroup C1 and C2 in 2001 and serogroup E1 in 2002 were isolated as additional serovars. As a conclusion, S. Enteritidis seems to be the major problem in poultry breeding flocks in Turkey, and both of the real-time polymerase chain reaction methods were found more sensitive than standard bacteriology for the detection of Salmonella from poultry samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Eyigor
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Uludag University, Gorukle Kampusu, Bursa, Turkey
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19
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Prange A, Birzele B, Hormes J, Modrow H. Investigation of different human pathogenic and food contaminating bacteria and moulds grown on selenite/selenate and tellurite/tellurate by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Food Control 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Abulreesh HH, Paget TA, Goulder R. Recovery of thermophilic campylobacters from pond water and sediment and the problem of interference by background bacteria in enrichment culture. WATER RESEARCH 2005; 39:2877-82. [PMID: 15979120 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2005.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2005] [Revised: 04/25/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to address problems in the determination of thermophilic campylobacters in turbid pond water and sediment. Thirty sets of three samples of pond water (volumes 10, 100, 1000 ml) or sediment (0.1, 1.0, 5.0 ml) were examined for the presence of thermophilic campylobacters. The different volumes of pond water were processed by membrane filtration followed by selective enrichment. The samples of sediment were subjected directly to selective enrichment. Presumptive isolates were confirmed by Gram stain, cell morphology, presence of oxidase and catalase, growth under microaerobic but not aerobic conditions, and PCR. Confirmed Campylobacter species were recovered only from 10 and 100 ml samples of water and from 0.1 and 1.0 ml samples of sediments. The 1000 ml samples of water and 5.0 ml samples of sediment never gave positive isolates. PCR indicated that the confirmed isolates were all either Campylobacter jejuni or C. coli. Enrichment cultures from 1000 ml filtrations contained the highest number of background bacteria. It is suggested that the processing of large volumes of turbid environmental water samples or of sediment is counterproductive and may not yield positive Campylobacter cultures. This is probably due to antagonistic effects of large numbers of background bacteria out-competing campylobacters during the enrichment stage. Pilot studies to establish appropriate volumes of pond water or sediment samples should be undertaken before routine determination of campylobacters is begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Abulreesh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
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21
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Nassib TA, El-Din MZ, El-Sharoud WM. Assessment of the presence of Salmonella spp. in Egyptian dairy products using various detection media. Lett Appl Microbiol 2004; 37:405-9. [PMID: 14633112 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2003.01420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To make a preliminary assessment of the incidence of Salmonella in Egyptian dairy products, and to investigate the effectiveness of various protocols for the detection of the pathogen in these products. METHODS AND RESULTS Samples of milk and related dairy products were randomly collected from local markets and examined for the presence of Salmonella. While most samples were free of the organism, isolates of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium PT 8 could be recovered from 'matared' cream specimens. These isolates were susceptible to antibiotics usually used to challenge infections caused by Salmonella. A combination of buffered peptone water, Muller-Kauffman tetrathionate broth, and brilliant green phenol red agar gave the best results for the detection of the pathogen. Selenite-cystine broth and Hektoen enteric agar were ineffective as an enrichment and a plating medium, respectively, in the isolation of Salmonella. A modified identification strategy that reduces the burden of serological testing of presumptive isolates is proposed. CONCLUSIONS, SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY 'Matared' cream could be a vehicle for transmitting Salmonella. Using the above combination of media, beside the suggested modified confirmatory procedure, should increase the effectiveness and ease of the detection of Salmonella in milk and dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Nassib
- Dairy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura, Egypt
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22
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Pathmanathan SG, Cardona-Castro N, Sánchez-Jiménez MM, Correa-Ochoa MM, Puthucheary SD, Thong KL. Simple and rapid detection of Salmonella strains by direct PCR amplification of the hilA gene. J Med Microbiol 2003; 52:773-776. [PMID: 12909653 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.05188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The suitability of a PCR procedure using a pair of primers targeting the hilA gene was evaluated as a means of detecting Salmonella species. A total of 33 Salmonella strains from 27 serovars and 15 non-Salmonella strains from eight different genera were included. PCR with all the Salmonella strains produced a 784 bp DNA fragment that was absent from all the non-Salmonella strains tested. The detection limit of the PCR was 100 pg with genomic DNA and 3 x 10(4) c.f.u. ml(-1) with serial dilutions of bacterial culture. An enrichment-PCR method was further developed to test the sensitivity of the hilA primers for the detection of Salmonella in faecal samples spiked with different concentrations of Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. choleraesuis serovar Typhimurium. The method described allowed the detection of Salmonella Typhimurium in faecal samples at a concentration of 3 x 10(2) c.f.u. ml(-1). In conclusion, the hilA primers are specific for Salmonella species and the PCR method presented may be suitable for the detection of Salmonella in faeces.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Pathmanathan
- Institute of Postgraduate Studies1, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine4 and Institute of Biological Sciences5, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Sabaneta, Colombia 3Escuela de Bacteriología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - N Cardona-Castro
- Institute of Postgraduate Studies1, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine4 and Institute of Biological Sciences5, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Sabaneta, Colombia 3Escuela de Bacteriología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - M M Sánchez-Jiménez
- Institute of Postgraduate Studies1, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine4 and Institute of Biological Sciences5, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Sabaneta, Colombia 3Escuela de Bacteriología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - M M Correa-Ochoa
- Institute of Postgraduate Studies1, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine4 and Institute of Biological Sciences5, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Sabaneta, Colombia 3Escuela de Bacteriología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - S D Puthucheary
- Institute of Postgraduate Studies1, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine4 and Institute of Biological Sciences5, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Sabaneta, Colombia 3Escuela de Bacteriología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - K L Thong
- Institute of Postgraduate Studies1, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine4 and Institute of Biological Sciences5, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Sabaneta, Colombia 3Escuela de Bacteriología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Cassar R, Cuschieri P. Comparison of Salmonella chromogenic medium with DCLS agar for isolation of Salmonella species from stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:3229-32. [PMID: 12843068 PMCID: PMC165381 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.7.3229-3232.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella chromogenic medium (SCM; Oxoid, Basingstoke, United Kingdom), a new selective chromogenic medium, was compared to DCLS agar (Oxoid) for the detection and presumptive identification of Salmonella species from stool samples. This medium contains two chromogenic substrates, Magenta-cap (5-bromo-6-chloro-3-indolylcaprylate), which is hydrolyzed by Salmonella species to give magenta colonies, and X-Gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside), which is incorporated to visualize beta-D-galactosidase-producing organisms as blue colonies. Thus, non-Salmonella organisms appear blue or are not stained by any of the chromogens of the medium. A total of 500 stool samples were investigated by plating them directly and after selenite enrichment on DCLS agar and SCM. A total of 44 Salmonella-positive stool samples were detected. The sensitivities for direct plating and after enrichment were 22.7 and 81.8%, respectively, for DCLS agar, and for SCM these values were 34.1 and 100%, respectively. The specificities for direct plating and after enrichment were 82.5 and 72.8%, respectively, for DCLS agar and 98.5 and 95.8%, respectively, for SCM. According to these results, the sensitivities of SCM and DCLS agar were comparable on primary plating. However, the sensitivity of SCM was significantly higher after enrichment. In addition, the specificity of SCM was also significantly higher than that of DCLS agar both before and after enrichment. On the basis of these results, SCM can be recommended for the isolation of Salmonella species from stool samples in preference to DCLS agar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Cassar
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Pathology Department, St. Luke's Hospital, G'Mangia, Malta.
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Liao CH, Fett WF. Isolation of Salmonella from alfalfa seed and demonstration of impaired growth of heat-injured cells in seed homogenates. Int J Food Microbiol 2003; 82:245-53. [PMID: 12593927 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(02)00309-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Three major foodborne outbreaks of salmonellosis in 1998 and 1999 were linked to the consumption of raw alfalfa sprouts. In this report, an improved method is described for isolation of Salmonella from alfalfa seed lots, which had been implicated in these outbreaks. From each seed lot, eight samples each containing 25 g of seed were tested for the presence of Salmonella by the US FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) procedure and by a modified method applying two successive pre-enrichment steps. Depending on the seed lot, one to four out of eight samples tested positive for Salmonella by the standard procedure and two to seven out of eight samples tested positive by the modified method. Thus, the use of two consecutive pre-enrichment steps led to a higher detection rate than a single pre-enrichment step. This result indirectly suggested that Salmonella cells on contaminated seeds might be injured and failed to fully resuscitate in pre-enrichment broth containing seed components during the first 24 h of incubation. Responses of heat-injured Salmonella cells grown in buffered peptone water (BPW) and in three alfalfa seed homogenates were investigated. For preparation of seed homogenates, 25 g of seeds were homogenized in 200 ml of BPW using a laboratory Stomacher and subsequently held at 37 degrees C for 24 h prior to centrifugation and filtration. While untreated cells grew at about the same rate in BPW and in seed homogenates, heat-injured cells (52 degrees C, 10 min) required approximately 0.5 to 4.0 h longer to resuscitate in seed homogenates than in BPW. This result suggests that the alfalfa seed components or fermented metabolites from native bacteria hinder the repair and growth of heat-injured cells. This study also shows that an additional pre-enrichment step increases the frequency of isolation of Salmonella from naturally contaminated seeds, possibly by alleviating the toxic effect of seed homogenates on repair or growth of injured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsing Liao
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
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Eyigor A, Carli KT. Rapid detection of Salmonella from poultry by real-time polymerase chain reaction with fluorescent hybridization probes. Avian Dis 2003; 47:380-6. [PMID: 12887197 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086(2003)047[0380:rdosfp]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Detection of Salmonella by bacteriologic methods is known to be time consuming. Therefore, we have developed a real-time probe-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to rapidly detect Salmonella invA gene-based PCR products from chicken feces and carcasses by a fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay. The sensitivity and the specificity of this system were determined as 3 colony-forming units ml(-1) and 100%, respectively. Overnight tetrathionate broth enrichment cultures of chicken feces and carcass samples were used in template preparation for PCR. Also, a standard bacteriology was performed (National Poultry Improvement Plan-U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bacteriological Analytical Manual-Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition) for confirmation. Seventy-two cloacal swab, 147 intestine, and 50 carcass (neck) samples were examined. Thirteen (8.8%) and 25 (17%) of the intestinal samples were found to harbor Salmonella by bacteriology and PCR, respectively. Forty-five of 50 (90%) carcass samples were Salmonella positive by both methods. Salmonella was not detected from cloacal swab samples. Results indicate that this assay has the potential for use in routine monitoring and detection of Salmonella in infected flocks and carcasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Eyigor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0084, USA
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Chadfield MS, Brown DJ, Aabo S, Christensen JP, Olsen JE. Comparison of intestinal invasion and macrophage response of Salmonella Gallinarum and other host-adapted Salmonella enterica serovars in the avian host. Vet Microbiol 2003; 92:49-64. [PMID: 12488070 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00290-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to study the host specific infection of Salmonella Gallinarum in chickens and to determine the contribution of intestinal invasion and macrophage survival in relation to systemic infection in the host. This was carried out by comparing the kinetics of infection of S. Gallinarum to that of other Salmonella host-adapted (S. Cholerae-suis, S. Dublin and S. Typhimurium) and host-specific (S. Pullorum and S. Abortus-ovis) serovars. Establishment of the rate of colonisation in intestinal tissue, bursa and systemic sites was carried out by oral infection in day-old and week-old birds. Salmonella Gallinarum was the only serovar capable of causing systemic infection in chickens, however, general colonising ability in the intestine and bursa demonstrated no apparent selective advantage for S. Gallinarum. Further quantification of gastrointestinal invasion was carried out using ligated loops in the small intestine. Invasion in the jejunum of the chicken intestine over 3h demonstrated that Salmonella Typhimurium invasion was statistically higher (P<0.01) when compared with S. Gallinarum. Specific sites of high lymphoid tissue concentration in the chicken, including the bursa of Fabricius and caecal tonsils, were also targeted in invasion assays to investigate possible areas of tissue tropism. S. Typhimurium demonstrated significantly higher (P<0.01) invasion at these sites when compared with S. Gallinarum. Infection of chicken macrophages with S. Gallinarum did not demonstrate increased multiplication and survival intracellularly when compared with other Salmonella serotypes. The only difference seen was with S. Abortus-ovis, which demonstrated a significantly lower (P<0.05 to 0.001) intracellular survival. Together these data suggest that although S. Gallinarum host specificity in the chicken correlates with systemic infection, intestinal and lymphoid tissue invasion in the bursa and caeca, and macrophage survival does not influence this outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Chadfield
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Nassib TA, Zin El-Din M, El-Sharoud WM. Viability of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica during the preparation and cold storage of Egyptian soft cheeses and ice-cream. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-0307.2003.00072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Eyigor A, Carli KT, Unal CB. Implementation of real-time PCR to tetrathionate broth enrichment step of Salmonella detection in poultry. Lett Appl Microbiol 2002; 34:37-41. [PMID: 11849490 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2002.01036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The present study describes the implementation of real-time PCR to tetrathionate broth enrichment step of Salmonella detection in poultry. METHODS AND RESULTS Real-time PCR with Salmonella invA-specific primers and a standard bacteriological method was applied to detect Salmonella in tetrathionate enrichment cultures of 492 intestinal homogenates and 27 drag swabs from 47 poultry flocks. The number of positive individual samples by real-time PCR and culture method was 65 (12.5%) and 35 (6.8%), respectively. The number of Salmonella-positive flocks was 13 (27.7%) by both methods. PCR detection required 25 min for up to 32 samples. Melting curve analysis revealed the Tm for Salmonella-specific PCR product as 87 +/- 1 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS Implementation of real-time PCR to tetrathionate broth enrichment step reduces the Salmonella detection time to 18 h and 25 min. Isolation of Salmonella should be carried out with PCR to determine the serovar. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Real-time PCR is a powerful tool in rapid and accurate Salmonella monitoring in poultry companies, together with standard bacteriology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Eyigor
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, Gorukle Kampusu, 16043 Bursa, Turkey
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Aabo S, Christensen JP, Chadfield MS, Carstensen B, Olsen JE, Bisgaard M. Quantitative comparison of intestinal invasion of zoonotic serotypes of Salmonella enterica in poultry. Avian Pathol 2002; 31:41-7. [PMID: 12425791 DOI: 10.1080/03079450120106615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the invasion of selected zoonotic Salmonella serotypes of poultry in an in vivo chicken intestinal loop model and also in vitro in epithelial cell cultures. Invasion was measured relative to a reference strain, Salmonella Typhimurium 4/74 invH201::TnphoA. Two serotypes demonstrated intracellular log(10) counts that differed significantly from all other serotypes tested: Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 being 1.5 log(10) colony forming units (CFU) (31-fold) higher, and Salmonella Tennessee being 0.7 log(10) CFU (fivefold) lower than the reference strain (P < or = 0.0001). A group of serotypes, which can be vertically transmitted, showed significantly higher intracellular counts (fourfold to eightfold) than the reference strain. The group included S. Typhimurium 4/74, S. Typhimurium DT104 (poultry and porcine isolates), S. Enteritidis PT1, S. Enteritidis PT6, S. Enteritidis PT8, and Salmonella Berta. The serotypes Salmonella Hadar, Salmonella Virchow, S. 4,12:b:-, S. Typhimurium DT41, and Salmonella Infantis, most of which are considered horizontally transmitted, did not show significantly different intracellular counts from the reference strain. Results from the cell culture invasion studies agreed with the in vivo data, with the exception of S. Berta and the poultry isolate of S. Typhimurium DT104.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aabo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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30
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The detection of Salmonella serovars from animal feed and raw chicken using a combined immunomagnetic separation and ELISA method. Food Microbiol 2001. [DOI: 10.1006/fmic.2001.0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Carli KT, Unal CB, Caner V, Eyigor A. Detection of salmonellae in chicken feces by a combination of tetrathionate broth enrichment, capillary PCR, and capillary gel electrophoresis. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:1871-6. [PMID: 11326006 PMCID: PMC88041 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.5.1871-1876.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes a rapid detection procedure for salmonellae from chicken feces by the combination of tetrathionate primary enrichment (preenrichment [PE])-bacterial lysis-capillary PCR and capillary gel electrophoresis. Pure Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis 64K was reisolated and detected by capillary PCR after buffered peptone water and nutrient broth, tetrathionate broth base Hajna (TTBH), and tetrathionate broth (TTB) preenrichments. When the same culture was mixed with intestinal homogenate, bacteriological reisolation and capillary PCR detection was achieved only by TTBH and TTB preenrichments. Capillary gel electrophoresis revealed that a Salmonella genus-specific 281-bp PCR product was detected when Salmonella strains but not non-Salmonella strains were tested. The detection limit of capillary PCR with whole-cell DNA extracted from pure Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis 64K, Typhimurium LT2-CIP60-62, and Gallinarum 64K was 3, 3, and 9 CFU ml(-1), respectively. The detection limit of capillary PCR from whole-cell DNA extracted from intestinal homogenate artificially contaminated with the same three strains was 3, 3, and 7 CFU ml(-1), respectively. We compared the results of the capillary PCR and bacteriological examination from the natural samples. Thirty-five of 53 naturally contaminated samples produced a specific PCR product. In 9 of the 35 PCR-positive samples, Salmonella could not be detected bacteriologically either by PE or a primary and delayed secondary enrichment (DSE) combination. In the 18 PCR-negative samples, 4 samples were found to harbor Salmonella by both PE and DSE and 14 samples were positive after DSE. Fifty-three additional intestinal homogenate samples, which were negative by their PE and DSE in bacteriological examination, were found to be also negative by their PCRs. The total time required to detect Salmonella with the capillary PCR method we used was approximately 20 h. If samples are from clinically diseased birds, the total time for PCR and detection is reduced to 2 h since the 18-h PE is not required. These results indicate that TTB enrichment, bacterial lysis, and genus-specific capillary PCR combined with capillary gel electrophoresis constitute a sensitive and selective procedure which has the potential to rapidly identify Salmonella-infected flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Carli
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, Gorukle Kampusu, 16059 Bursa, Turkey.
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Richter J, Becker H, Märtlbauer E. Improvement in Salmonella detection in milk and dairy products: comparison between the ISO method and the Oxoid SPRINT Salmonella test. Lett Appl Microbiol 2000; 31:443-8. [PMID: 11123553 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.00844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Oxoid SPRINT Salmonella test was compared with the ISO method (ISO 6579: 1993) for the detection of Salmonella in milk and dairy products. Samples were artificially contaminated, in some cases with sublethally injured salmonellas. Experiments with raw milk, soft cheese made from heat-treated milk (mould-ripened and with smear) and soft cheese with smear made from raw milk showed no significant differences between the SPRINT and ISO methods. With dried milk products and mould-ripened soft cheese made from raw milk the reference method gave significantly more positive results. The addition of ferrioxamine E to pre-enrichment (ISO) or pre-enrichment/enrichment broth (SPRINT test) did not improve Salmonella detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Richter
- Institute for Hygiene and Technology of Milk, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Chang CT, Yuo CY, Shen HC, Li AM, Chen CY, Chou JL, Huang SP. Recovery of Salmonella by using selenite brilliant green sulfa enrichment broth. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:4120-3. [PMID: 10565941 PMCID: PMC85894 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.12.4120-4123.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy and sensitivity of selenite brilliant green sulfa enrichment (SBG) broth for the isolation of Salmonella from fecal specimens were evaluated by using both clinical and artificially infected (artificial) fecal specimens. An examination of 1,588 clinical fecal specimens found Salmonella in 296 specimens, including 89 cases detected by the direct-plating xylose-lysine-desoxycholate method and an additional 207 cases detected after enrichment with SBG broth. Therefore, the recovery of Salmonella with SBG broth is increased 3.3-fold over that by the direct-plating method alone. Furthermore, the isolation rate of Salmonella is higher when using SBG broth than when using gram-negative (GN) broth or GN broth supplemented with sodium selenite. To determine the sensitivity for the recovery of Salmonella, artificial specimens containing various amounts of Salmonella were prepared and analyzed. The results indicated that the sensitivity is also higher with SBG broth than with GN broth. Moreover, the optimal incubation period for SBG broth can be extended to 24 h. In conclusion, the SBG enrichment method provides a higher recovery rate of Salmonella from fecal specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C t Chang
- Clinical Laboratory, Kaohsiung 802, Department of Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
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34
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Braun C, Kostka V, Balks E, Redmann T, Helmuth R. Comparative studies of diagnostic bacteriological methods for the recovery of Salmonella from faecal samples from flocks of layers. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1998; 45:245-50. [PMID: 9640105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1998.tb00789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several conventional culture procedures were compared for the recovery of Salmonella from faecal samples of layer flocks. The cultural media employed consisted of Rappaport-Vassiliadis and tetrathionate broth for selective enrichment and three different plating media (Brilliant Green, Xylose-Lysine-Desoxycholate and modified semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium). The initial enrichment and plating procedures were repeated in a four-stage secondary enrichment. Selective enrichment in Rappaport-Vassiliadis or tetrathionate broth followed by plating on modified semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium (selective motility enrichment) resulted in a significantly higher isolation rate for Salmonella from faecal samples of layers compared to Brilliant Green and Xylose-Lysine-Desoxycholate medium. The selective enrichment yielded additional Salmonella isolates up to the second stage. Further enrichment did not increase the isolation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Braun
- Institut für Geflügelkrankheiten, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen
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35
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Hernández J, Fayos A, Alonso JL, Owen RJ. Ribotypes and AP-PCR fingerprints of thermophilic campylobacters from marine recreational waters. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1996; 80:157-64. [PMID: 8642012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1996.tb03204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-two strains of thermophilic campylobacters isolated from marine recreational water and seven reference strains were biotyped and analysed by chromosomal DNA HaeIII ribopatterns and AP-PCR profiles based on a random 10-mer primer (5'-CAA TCG CCG T-3'). The majority of seawater isolates (90%) were Campylobacter coli, and three strains were Camp. jejuni. Southern blot hybridization analysis showed differences between the strains, and in a numerical analysis three main clusters were formed at the 45% similarity level, that corresponded to Camp. jejuni subsp. jejuni, Camp. coli, and a combination of Camp. coli and Camp. jejuni subsp. doylei. AP-PCR profiles also differentiated between the species but were less discriminatory than ribotyping because six strains (17%) could not be typed by this method. Numerical analysis gave four main clusters at the 45% similarity level, corresponding to Camp. jejuni subsp. jejuni, Camp. coli (two clusters) and Camp. lari. The study shows that strains within each species are diverse genomically. Both molecular methods were highly discriminatory, although some strains with identical ribotypes could be distinguished by AP-PCR, and they are valuable new alternatives to traditional typing in epidemiological studies of environmental campylobacters.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hernández
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica, Valencia, Spain
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36
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Koenraad PM, Giesendorf BA, Henkens MH, Beumer RR, Quint WG. Methods for the detection of Campylobacter in sewage: evaluation of efficacy of enrichment and isolation media, applicability of Polymerase Chain Reaction and Latex Agglutination Assay. J Microbiol Methods 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-7012(95)00031-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
The main categories of selective plating media are reviewed. The selective enrichment media are considered to be of critical importance in salmonella isolation. During the last 10 years Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth has emerged as a new reliable enrichment medium. Likewise motility enrichment is a very promising technique, but will no doubt have its limitations. However, since it is based on a different principle compared with traditional enrichment, it may complement traditional techniques in a useful way. Most important, however, is the insight that the selectivity of a selective procedure is not solely defined by the medium and by incubation conditions. The food sample and its microflora apparently influences the result considerably. This finding may open a new and fascinating field of scientific research; the ecology of selective media.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Busse
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Forschungszentrum für Lebensmittel und Milch Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
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38
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Hernandez J, Alonso JL, Fayos A, Amoros I, Owen RJ. Development of a PCR assay combined with a short enrichment culture for detection of Campylobacter jejuni in estuarine surface waters. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1995; 127:201-6. [PMID: 7758934 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Two extraction procedures were examined, and it was found that DNA recovered from Campylobacter jejuni lysed by the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method was more suitable for use as a PCR template than DNA released by the boiling method. The region targeted for PCR amplification was a 1.73-kb portion of the flagellin A gene of C. jejuni. The detection limit was lower than 30 cells per 100 ml in artificially contaminated waters. PCR assay and conventional culturing method had the same sensitivity, but results of the PCR technique were available within 48 h and so shortened the time necessary for detection by 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hernandez
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica, Valencia, Spain
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39
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40
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Davies RH, Wray C. Evaluation of a rapid cultural method for identification of salmonellas in naturally contaminated veterinary samples. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1994; 77:237-41. [PMID: 7989248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1994.tb03069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Three thousand and forty-two samples of post-mortem tissues, environmental swabs, animal feed ingredients and eggs were examined by conventional methods and by a simple rapid culture method. The rapid method gave reliable presumptive identification of salmonella contamination within 48 h of the start of culture. The rapid method also showed enhanced sensitivity for detection of salmonellas, in most types of sample, particularly those taken in poultry houses and hatcheries where high levels of competitive faecal bacteria are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Davies
- Bacteriology Discipline, Central Veterinary Laboratory, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
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41
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Stallard K, Cox J. Lysine mannitol glycerol agar (LMG) and LMG with sulphamandelate for isolation of Salmonella spp. from clinical specimens. Lett Appl Microbiol 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1994.tb00911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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42
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Stone GG, Oberst RD, Hays MP, McVey S, Chengappa MM. Detection of Salmonella serovars from clinical samples by enrichment broth cultivation-PCR procedure. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:1742-9. [PMID: 7929768 PMCID: PMC263782 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.32.7.1742-1749.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To overcome problems associated with application of PCR to clinical samples, we have combined a short cultivation procedure with a Salmonella-specific PCR-hybridization assay to specifically identify Salmonella serovars from clinical samples of various animal species. The technique was investigated by using fecal samples seeded with known numbers of Salmonella organisms and cultivated for different lengths of time in assorted selective and nonselective enrichment media. The ability of PCR to amplify a Salmonella-specific DNA product (457-bp sequence covering the Salmonella invE and invA genes) was examined in Southern hybridizations with an internal oligonucleotide probe. Forty-seven Salmonella isolates representing 32 serovars were evaluated, and all Salmonella isolates resulted in a 457-bp product that hybridized with the oligonucleotide probe, whereas no hybridizations were evident with 53 non-Salmonella organisms. The assay detected as few as 9 CFU of Salmonella organisms in pure culture and as little as 300 fg of purified chromosomal DNA. Rappaport-Vassiliadis and tetrathionate broths were inhibitory to PCR, whereas brain heart infusion and selenite-cystine broths were not. The PCR-hybridization assay coupled with a brain heart infusion enrichment culture incubated for 2 h detected as few as 80 CFU of Salmonella organisms in seeded feces. We have successfully identified Salmonella serovars in clinical samples from swine, horses, and cattle more rapidly than with conventional culture techniques. The sensitivity and specificity of this assay were both 100% compared with culture results. These results indicate that a combined cultivation-PCR-hybridization assay could be applicable and advantageous in the rapid identification of Salmonella serovars in routine diagnostic situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Stone
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
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43
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Davies R, Wray C. Evaluation of SMID agar for identification of salmonella in naturally contaminated veterinary samples. Lett Appl Microbiol 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1994.tb00787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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44
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Blackburn CW. Rapid and alternative methods for the detection of salmonellas in foods. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1993; 75:199-214. [PMID: 8244897 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb02767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C W Blackburn
- Department of Food Microbiology, Leatherhead Food Research Association, Surrey, UK
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45
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Schlundt J, Munch B. A comparison of the efficiency of Rappaport-Vassiliadis, tetrathionate and selenite broths with and without pre-enrichment for the isolation of Salmonella in animal waste biogas plants. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1993; 279:336-43. [PMID: 8219504 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(11)80366-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A total of 481 samples of biomass from biogas plants treating slurry and other types of animal waste were examined for the presence of salmonellae by means of five different isolation methods. In 131 samples, Salmonella was isolated by means of one or more methods. A statistical evaluation of the isolation frequencies showed that Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth was significantly better than selenite broth with and without pre-enrichment and tetrathionate broth with pre-enrichment, whereas tetrathionate broth without pre-enrichment was significantly poorer than the other four methods. For each of the thirty different Salmonella serotypes, the isolation frequencies for the five methods are presented. Remarkably, Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth had very high isolation frequencies and tetrathionate broth with and without pre-enrichment had very low isolation frequencies for Salmonella typhimurium as well as Salmonella dublin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schlundt
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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46
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Cox JM. Lysine-mannitol-glycerol agar, a medium for the isolation of Salmonella spp., including S. typhi and atypical strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:2602-6. [PMID: 8368847 PMCID: PMC182326 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.8.2602-2606.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
An agar medium for the isolation of Salmonella spp. is described. The medium, lysine-mannitol-glycerol agar, has features of both xylose-lysine-deoxycholate agar and mannitol-lysine-crystal violet-brilliant green agar, but glycerol is added for the differentiation of Salmonella and Citrobacter spp. The medium facilitates the detection of strains having atypical fermentation patterns, such as the lactose- or sucrose-positive salmonellae. The medium also detects Salmonella typhi after enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Cox
- Alliance Laboratory Services, Queensland, Australia
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47
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Cherrington CA, Huis in't Veld JH. Comparison of classical isolation protocols with a 24 h screen to detect viable salmonellas in faeces. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1993; 75:65-8. [PMID: 8365957 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb03409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A 24 h screen which detects three viable salmonella cells per g of faeces was compared with classical isolation procedures for their ability to identify salmonella-positive samples from a pig rearing unit. The screen involved an overnight enrichment in Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate (MK) broth, subculture for 4 h in M broth containing 10 micrograms ml-1 novobiocin, followed by detection of the presence of salmonellas by BacTrace and Salmonella-tek ELISAs. The classical protocols were: (1) an overnight and 48 h incubation in MK or selenite cysteine broth; or (2) overnight incubation in buffered peptone water and 24 h subculture in Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth (BPW-RV). Salmonellas were isolated from the broth cultures on xylose lysine deoxycholate and brilliant green agars. Thirty four of 100 samples were positive for salmonellas but no single isolation protocol identified all of them. The best of the classical isolation protocols, 48 h incubation in MK broth, identified 27 (79%) of the 34 positive samples whilst the screen identified 26 (76%) of the 34 positive samples. False-positive results were obtained from all isolation protocols except BPW-RV.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Cherrington
- Department of the Science of Food of Animal Origin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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48
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Walter K, Fricker E, Fricker C. Use of a commercially available ELISA kit for detection of salmonellas in water. Lett Appl Microbiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1993.tb01419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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49
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Chen H, Fraser AD, Yamazaki H. Evaluation of the toxicity of Salmonella selective media for shortening the enrichment period. Int J Food Microbiol 1993; 18:151-9. [PMID: 8494681 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(93)90219-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Five Salmonella serotypes recovering from heat injury exhibited different kinetics of resuscitation and growth. Exponential growth was reached before full resuscitation. Fully resuscitated cells and uninjured cells at low cell densities exhibited sensitivity when transferred from non-selective media to selective media, Rappaport-Vassiliadis (RV) and tetrathionate-brilliant green (TBG). The minimum number of cells required to survive in RV and TBG was determined and ranged from 10(2) to 10(5) CFU depending on the serotype. Salmonella grown in RV produced cell populations which exhibited no sensitivity when transferred to fresh RV even at low cell densities. Thus, toxic selective media enriched a resistant population. Selenite cystine exhibited no toxicity to resuscitated or uninjured Salmonella. The significance of these findings was discussed for the purpose of shortening the Salmonella enrichment period.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chen
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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50
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Abstract
Salmonellae continue to be a major concern for the dairy industry because these bacteria have caused recent outbreaks of illness and have been isolated from various dairy products in the market place. Salmonellae are generally not heat resistant and normally grow at 35 to 37 degrees C, but they can grow at much lower temperatures, provided that the incubation time is suitably extended. To minimize problems, foods should be held at or below 2 to 5 degrees C at all times. Both conventional and rapid methods are available to isolate salmonellae from dairy foods and to identify the bacteria. Salmonellae behave differently in different kinds of cheese: they survived in ripening Cheddar cheese for up to 7 mo at 13 degrees C and for 10 mo at 7 degrees C; in coldpack cheese food for several weeks, depending on the pH and preservative used; and in Domiati cheese 13 to 36 d, depending on the manufacturing process used. When Mozzarella cheese was made, temperatures of stretching and molding (60 degrees C) killed all salmonellae present, but, in cottage cheese, survival of the pathogen depended on the cooking temperature of curd. Spray drying of skim milk killed substantial numbers of salmonellae, but some survivors remained. Butter readily supported growth of salmonellae at room temperature, and neither freezing nor refrigeration for brief periods eliminated salmonellae from butter. Use of appropriate hygienic procedures, e.g., Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point system, during processing should reduce the likelihood of salmonellosis outbreaks associated with dairy foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E el-Gazzar
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706
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