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Tasso CO, Ribeiro Ribas B, Morandin Ferrisse T, Silva de Oliveira J, Jorge JH. The antimicrobial activity of an antiseptic soap against Candida Albicans and Streptococcus Mutans single and dual-species biofilms on denture base and reline acrylic resins. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306862. [PMID: 38990802 PMCID: PMC11239035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of antiseptic soap on single and dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans on denture base and reline resins. Samples of the resins were distributed into groups (n = 9) according to the prevention or disinfection protocols. In the prevention protocol, samples were immersed in the solutions (Lifebuoy, 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution and PBS) for 7, 14 and 28 days before the single and dual-species biofilms formation. Overnight denture disinfection was simulated. In the disinfection protocol, samples were immersed in the same solutions during 8 hours after the single and dual-species biofilms formation. Antimicrobial activity was analyzed by counting colony-forming units (CFU/mL) and evaluating cell metabolism. Cell viability and protein components of the biofilm matrix were evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Data were submitted to ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post-test (α = 0.05) or Dunnett's T3 multiple comparisons test. In the prevention protocol, Lifebuoy solution effectively reduced the number of CFU/mL of both species. In addition, the solution decreased the cell metabolism of the microorganisms. Regarding disinfection protocol, the Lifebuoy solution was able of reduce approximately of 2-3 logs for all the biofilms on the denture base and reline resin. Cellular metabolism was also reduced. The images obtained with CLSM corroborate these results. Lifebuoy solution was effective in reducing single and dual-species biofilms on denture base and reline resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Olga Tasso
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Ribeiro Ribas
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Túlio Morandin Ferrisse
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jonatas Silva de Oliveira
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janaina Habib Jorge
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rajabzadeh M, Hajian-Tilaki K, Ghasempour M. Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of medical and dental students about maintaining and disinfecting toothbrushes. Int J Dent Hyg 2023; 21:350-356. [PMID: 36628507 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Proper toothbrush care and maintenance play an important role in oral health. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitude and practice of medical and dental students regarding the maintenance and disinfection of toothbrushes. METHOD This cross-sectional descriptive study examined 824 medical and dental students of Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and analysed using chi-square test and independent t-test. The level of statistical significance was considered to be <0.05. RESULTS Nearly 63.7% of the students had a good level of knowledge regarding toothbrush maintenance, 62.2% had a positive attitude toward toothbrush care, and 53.7% had a good practice. The mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and practice were significantly higher in dental, clinical, and female students as compared to medical, preclinical, and male students, respectively. Based on the results, about 54.3% of the students kept their toothbrushes outside the bathroom; 68% kept them vertically with the bristles upright; and 54% kept them in a separate container. Also, 50.6% of the students believed that toothbrush disinfection was necessary, while 31.9% believed that only certain groups of people needed toothbrush disinfection. CONCLUSION This study indicated the moderate level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of medical and dental students in maintaining and disinfecting their toothbrushes. The students' oral health habits were also at a moderate level; therefore, further improvements seem essential. To achieve this goal, educational intervention programs need to be developed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Rajabzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Karimollah Hajian-Tilaki
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghasempour
- Oral Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Iliadi A, Enzler V, Polychronis G, Peltomaki T, Zinelis S, Eliades T. Εffect of cleansers on the composition and mechanical properties of orthodontic aligners in vitro. Prog Orthod 2022; 23:54. [PMID: 36517652 PMCID: PMC9751251 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-022-00449-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of three aligner cleaners on the composition and mechanical properties of two types of orthodontic aligners. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cleaners tested were two alkaline peroxide solutions (Retainer Brite-RB; Retainer Cleaner-RC) and one peroxide-free (Steraligner-ST) and the aligners Clear Aligner (C, polyester) and Invisalign (I, polyester-urethane). The aligners were immersed in the cleaner solutions as instructed every day (15 min for RB, RC; 5 min for ST) for a two-week period. The acidity of the solutions was tested with a pH meter. The changes in the chemical composition of the aligners were studied by attenuated total-reflection Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (ATR-FTIR), while Instrumented Indentation Testing (IIT) was used for assessment of changes in Martens Hardness (HM), modulus (EIT), elastic index (nIT) and relaxation (RIT). RESULTS RB and RC were weakly acidic (pH = 6.3), whereas ST was mildly acidic (pH = 4.8). The ATR-FTIR analysis demonstrated evidence of acidic hydrolysis of C in ST and I in RB. The IIT-derived properties of I were not affected by the cleaners. However, for C a significant change was found in HM (all cleaners), nIT (all cleaners) and RIT (RB, ST). Although the chemical changes support a hydrolytic material deterioration, the results of mechanical properties may interfere with the material residual stresses during fabrication. CONCLUSIONS Caution should be exerted in the selection of aligner cleaners. The mild acidic cleanser was more aggressive to the polyester, whereas an alkaline peroxide to the polyester-urethane aligner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Iliadi
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vera Enzler
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georgios Polychronis
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Timo Peltomaki
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland ,grid.410705.70000 0004 0628 207XDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland ,grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Spiros Zinelis
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodore Eliades
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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Hardison RL, Nelson SW, Barriga D, Ruiz NF, Ghere JM, Fenton GA, Lindstrom DJ, James RR, Stewart MJ, Lee SD, Calfee MW, Ryan SP, Howard MW. Evaluation of surface disinfection methods to inactivate the beta coronavirus Murine Hepatitis Virus. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2022; 19:455-468. [PMID: 35687041 PMCID: PMC9547328 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2022.2088768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The list of EPA-approved disinfectants for coronavirus features many products for use on hard, non-porous materials. There are significantly fewer products registered for use on porous materials. Further, many common, high-touch surfaces fall in between non-porous materials such as glass and porous materials such as soft fabrics. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of selected commercially available disinfectant products against coronaviruses on common, high-touch surfaces. Four disinfectants (Clorox Total 360, Bleach solution, Vital Oxide, and Peroxide Multi-Surface Cleaner) were evaluated against Murine Hepatitis Virus A59 (MHV) as a surrogate coronavirus for SARS-CoV-2. MHV in cell culture medium was inoculated onto four materials: stainless steel, latex-painted drywall tape, Styrene Butadiene rubber (rubber), and bus seat fabric. Immediately (T0) or 2-hr (T2) post-inoculation, disinfectants were applied by trigger-pull or electrostatic sprayer and either held for recommended contact times (Spray only) or immediately wiped (Spray and Wipe). Recovered infectious MHV was quantified by median tissue culture infectious dose assay. Bleach solution, Clorox Total 360, and Vital Oxide were all effective (>3-log10 reduction or complete kill of infectious virus) with both the Spray Only and Spray and Wipe methods on stainless steel, rubber, and painted drywall tape when used at recommended contact times at both T0 and T2 hr. Multi-Surface Cleaner unexpectedly showed limited efficacy against MHV on stainless steel within the recommended contact time; however, it showed increased (2.3 times greater efficacy) when used in the Spray and Wipe method compared to Spray Only. The only products to achieve a 3-log10 reduction on fabric were Vital Oxide and Clorox Total 360; however, the efficacy of Vital Oxide against MHV on fabric was reduced to below 3-log10 when applied by an electrostatic sprayer compared to a trigger-pull sprayer. This study highlights the importance of considering the material, product, and application method when developing a disinfection strategy for coronaviruses on high-touch surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D. Barriga
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio
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Properties of an acrylic resin after immersion in antiseptic soaps: Low-cost, easy-access procedure for the prevention of denture stomatitis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203187. [PMID: 30161256 PMCID: PMC6117035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Denture stomatitis triggered by Candida species requires better preventive measures. This study evaluated the physical and biological properties of a denture base acrylic resin after immersion in antiseptic soaps. Acrylic resin specimens were prepared and stored in distinct solutions for 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The solutions were as follows: DW: distilled water at 37°C (control group); DS: cycles of daily immersion in Dettol soap for 8 hours at room temperature, followed by immersion in distilled water for 16 hours at 37°C; PS: cycles of daily immersion in Protex soap, as described for the previous group; LS: cycles of daily immersion in Lifebuoy soap, as described for the DS group. The parameters evaluated at each time point were the following: biofilm formation capacity by Candida albicans and reduction of preformed fungal biofilms, cytotoxicity, surface roughness, hardness, and color change. For the fungal adhesion phase, the type of soap had a statistically significant effect (p = 0.0292), but after 24 hours, no differences were found between solutions or between storage times. Regarding the efficacy of biofilm reduction, there was a significant difference when the groups were compared to each other (p = 0.014). Dettol and Lifebuoy eliminated the preformed biofilm on the specimens. Moreover, all the soaps were classified as non-cytotoxic (on HaCaT cell line) because there was no difference in cell viability between the different groups, except after 21 days, when a decrease in cell viability occurred, regardless of the type of soap. Regarding the roughness, there was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) between the groups. Lifebuoy decreased resin hardness regardless of storage time (p = 0.003). After 21 and 28 days of storage, there was an increase in hardness value, regardless of the type of soap. The specimens’ color, according to the National Bureau of Standards values, ranged from 0.27 to 0.58 (i.e., imperceptible or mild color changes). In general, the disinfectant soaps were not able to prevent biofilm formation, but all the soaps were effective in reducing the preformed biofilm. In addition, all soaps were non-cytotoxic and did not change surface roughness, hardness (except Lifebuoy), and color (except Lifebuoy). Therefore, immersion in two antiseptic soaps (Protex and Dettol) may be a cheap and easy procedure for preventing denture stomatitis.
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de Miranda Candeiro GT, Akisue E, Campelo Correia F, Dos Santos Sousa E, do Vale MS, Iglecias EF, Gavini G. Analysis of Demineralized Chemical Substances for Disinfecting Gutta-percha Cones. IRANIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL 2018; 13:318-322. [PMID: 30083200 PMCID: PMC6064029 DOI: 10.22037/iej.v13i3.18950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of the present research was to evaluate the effectiveness of 5% malic acid, 17% EDTA and 10% citric acid solutions used to disinfect gutta-percha cones contaminated by Enterococcusfaecalis (ATCC 29212). Methods and Materials: Two hundred and ten previously sterilized gutta-percha cones were contaminated with E. faecalis at concentration of 1.5×108 CFU/mL. The cones were immersed in 5% malic acid, 17% EDTA, 10% citric acid, 1% NaOCl and 2.5% NaOCl for 1, 5 and 10 min. Then each cone was kept in Eppendorf tubes containing BHI sterile solution at 37°C for 48 h. The presence of turbidity in BHI solution was analyzed. The results were statistically analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test and 5% Dunn comparisons. P-value was considered statistically significant when P<0.05. Results: Regardless of exposure time, 1% NaOCl and 2.5% NaOCl were the most effective agents for rapid disinfection of gutta-percha cones (P<0.001). All specimens immersed in experimental demineralized solutions presented bacterial growth (P>0.05). Conclusion: Demineralized solutions tested were not effective for elimination of Enterococcus faecalis on the surface of gutta-percha cones.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Táccio de Miranda Candeiro
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Post Graduation Program in Dental Sciences, Universitary Center Christus, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Akisue
- Discipline of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University Santa Cecilia, Santos Brazil
| | - Fabrícia Campelo Correia
- Department of Dental Clinic, Faculty of Pharmaceutics, Dentistry and Nursy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Edmilson Dos Santos Sousa
- Department of Dental Clinic, Faculty of Pharmaceutics, Dentistry and Nursy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Mônica Sampaio do Vale
- Department of Dental Clinic, Faculty of Pharmaceutics, Dentistry and Nursy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Elaine Faga Iglecias
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giulio Gavini
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Percival SL, Salisbury AM. The Efficacy of Tetrasodium EDTA on Biofilms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1057:101-110. [PMID: 29280095 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aetiology of delayed wound healing characteristic of a chronic wound is relatively unknown but is thought to be due to a combination of the patient's underlying pathophysiology and external factors including infection and biofilm formation. The invasion of the wound by the hosts' resident microbiome and exogenous microorganisms can lead to biofilm formation. Biofilms have increased tolerance to antimicrobial interventions and constitute a concern to chronic wound healing. Consequently, anti-biofilm technologies with proven efficacy in areas outside of wound care need evaluation to determine whether their efficacy could be relevant to the control of biofilms in wounds. The aim of this study was to assess the anti-biofilm capabilities of tetrasodium EDTA (t-EDTA) as a stand-alone liquid and when incorporated in low concentrations into wound dressing prototypes. Results demonstrated that a low concentration of t-EDTA (4%) solution was able to kill Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), S. epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis within in vitro biofilms after a 24-h contact time. The incorporation of low levels of t-EDTA into prototype fibrous wound dressings resulted in a 3-log reduction of bacteria demonstrating its microbicidal ability. Furthermore, hydrogels incorporating only a 0.2% concentration of t-EDTA (at preservative levels) caused a small reduction in biofilm. In conclusion, these studies show that t-EDTA as a stand-alone agent is an effective anti-biofilm agent in vitro. We have demonstrated that t-EDTA is compatible with numerous wound dressing platforms. EDTA could provide an essential tool to manage biofilm-related infections and should be considered as an anti-biofilm agent alone or in combination with other antimicrobials or technologies for increased antimicrobial performance in recalcitrant wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Percival
- Centre of Excellence in Biofilm Science and Technologies (CEBST), 5D Health Protection Group Ltd, Liverpool Bio-innovation Hub, Liverpool, UK.
| | - A-M Salisbury
- Centre of Excellence in Biofilm Science and Technologies (CEBST), 5D Health Protection Group Ltd, Liverpool Bio-innovation Hub, Liverpool, UK
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Costa D, Girardot M, Bertaux J, Verdon J, Imbert C. Efficacy of dental unit waterlines disinfectants on a polymicrobial biofilm. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 91:38-44. [PMID: 26773487 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to their high surface-volume ratio, their laminar flow and frequent stagnation periods, dental unit waterlines (DUWL) foster the attachment of microorganisms and the development of biofilm, resulting in the continuous contamination of the outlet water from dental units; this contamination may be responsible for a potential risk of infection due to the exposure of patients and medical staff to droplet inhalation or splashed water. In this study, the anti-biofilm activity of three disinfectants recommended by dental unit manufacturers -Calbenium(©), Oxygenal 6(©) and Sterispray(©) - was evaluated. A dynamic model simulating DUWL conditions was developed and polymicrobial biofilms containing bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), fungi (Candida albicans) and Free Living Amoeba (FLA: Vermamoeba vermiformis) were allowed to form. The ability of disinfectants to reduce biofilm formation or to eradicate an already formed biofilm was evaluated. Results showed the various effects of the tested disinfectants according to their composition, concentration and the targeted species. V. vermiformis was resistant to disinfectants, regardless of the tested concentrations and the concentrations recommended by manufacturers were not the most appropriate. Results also showed that Calbenium(©) was the most effective disinfectant to reduce already formed biofilms; its maximum efficiency was observed from 0.5% on both P. aeruginosa and C. albicans compared to 2 and 3% respectively for Sterispray(©). The maximum efficiency of Oxygenal(©) was observed from 3% on P. aeruginosa but Oxygenal(©) was unable to totally eliminate C. albicans in the tested conditions, contrary to other disinfectants. Calbenium(©) was able to prevent biofilm formation efficiently even if it displayed no prophylactic activity against V. vermiformis. Overall, the FLA survival may contribute to maintaining other species. Finally the tested disinfectants were partially active against sessile microorganisms and more suitable concentrations could be used to increase their efficacy. Their use in a prophylactic rather than curative way should be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Costa
- Equipe Microbiologie de l'Eau, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7267, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Service de Bactériologie et d'Hygiène hospitalière, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.
| | - Marion Girardot
- Equipe Microbiologie de l'Eau, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7267, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Joanne Bertaux
- Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7267, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Julien Verdon
- Equipe Microbiologie de l'Eau, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7267, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Christine Imbert
- Equipe Microbiologie de l'Eau, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7267, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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Peker I, Akarslan Z, Basman A, Haciosmanoglu N. Knowledge and behavior of dentists in a dental school regarding toothbrush disinfection. Braz Oral Res 2015; 29:48. [PMID: 25789506 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2015.vol29.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and behavior of dentists regarding toothbrush disinfection. This study included 147 dentists (88 women and 59 men) who were actively employed at a dental school in Ankara, Turkey. Participants were asked to fill out a standard questionnaire, which contained questions regarding their demographics, brushing habits, toothbrush storage and disinfection habits, toothpaste use, knowledge about toothbrush disinfection, and whether they advised their patients about toothbrush storage. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and statistical analyses were performed with t-tests, chi-squared tests, and Fisher exact tests, where appropriate. Among the 147 surveyed dentists, 62.6% and 85.7% reported that they did not have any knowledge about toothbrush disinfection and did not disinfect their toothbrushes, respectively. However, approximately two thirds of surveyed dentists thought that toothbrush disinfection should be performed by everyone, including healthy individuals. Significant associations were found between knowledge about toothbrush disinfection and the professional title of dentists, how they stored their toothbrushes, and whether their toothbrushes were in contact with each other during storage (p < 0.05). A minority of dentists reported that they disinfected their toothbrushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkay Peker
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zuhre Akarslan
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Adil Basman
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nur Haciosmanoglu
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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van der Sluis L, Boutsioukis C, Jiang LM, Macedo R, Verhaagen B, Versluis M. Root Canal Irrigation. SPRINGER SERIES ON BIOFILMS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-47415-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Percival SL, Finnegan S, Donelli G, Vuotto C, Rimmer S, Lipsky BA. Antiseptics for treating infected wounds: Efficacy on biofilms and effect of pH. Crit Rev Microbiol 2014; 42:293-309. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2014.940495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Chamele J, Bhat C, Saraf T, Jadhav A, Beg A, Jagtap C, Ubeja R, Patil P. Efficacy of microwaves and chlorhexidine for disinfection of pacifiers and toothbrushes: an in vitro study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012; 13:690-694. [PMID: 23250176 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate, in vitro, the contamination of toothbrushes and pacifiers by Streptococcus mutans, and the efficacy of microwave and chlorhexidine for their disinfection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty pacifiers and 60 toothbrushes were contaminated with S. mutans and then divided into groups according to the disinfection protocol: Group 1-chlorhexidine solution; group 2-microwave sterilization; and group 3-sterile tap water. The devices were evaluated microbiologically after disinfection for the survival of S. mutans colonies and were examined. The results were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Turkey test. RESULTS The results of both types of evaluation showed a large number of S. mutans colonies after spraying with sterile tap water, and chlorhexidine spraying and microwaving were effective in eliminating colonies. Groups 1 and 2 were statistically similar to each other (p > 0.05) and differed significantly from group 3 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The 0.12% chlorhexidine solution spray and 7 minutes of microwave irradiation were almost equally effective for disinfection of pacifiers and toothbrushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Chamele
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College, Pune-411043 Maharashtra, India.
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EDTA inhibits biofilm formation, extracellular vesicular secretion, and shedding of the capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan by Cryptococcus neoformans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:7977-84. [PMID: 22941091 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01953-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans can grow as a biofilm on a range of synthetic and prosthetic materials. Cryptococcal biofilm formation can complicate the placement of shunts used to relieve increased intracranial pressure in cryptococcal meningitis and can serve as a nidus for chronic infection. Biofilms are generally advantageous to pathogens in vivo, as they can confer resistance to antimicrobial compounds, including fluconazole and voriconazole in the case of C. neoformans. EDTA can inhibit biofilm formation by several microbes and enhances the susceptibility of biofilms to antifungal drugs. In this study, we evaluated the effect of sublethal concentrations of EDTA on the growth of cryptococcal biofilms. EDTA inhibited biofilm growth by C. neoformans, and the inhibition could be reversed by the addition of magnesium or calcium, implying that the inhibitory effect was by divalent cation starvation. EDTA also reduced the amount of the capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan shed into the biofilm matrix and decreased vesicular secretion from the cell, thus providing a potential mechanism for the inhibitory effect of this cation-chelating compound. Our data imply that the growth of C. neoformans biofilms requires the presence of divalent metals in the growth medium and suggest that cations are required for the export of materials needed for biofilm formation, possibly including extracellular vesicles.
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van der Waal SV, van der Sluis LWM. Potential of calcium to scaffold an endodontic biofilm, thus protecting the micro-organisms from disinfection. Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:1-4. [PMID: 22537407 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms in the root canal of a tooth (endodontic biofilm) can induce and sustain apical periodontitis which is an oral inflammatory disease. Still, little is known about the composition of the endodontic biofilm. Studies on biofilms in root canals focus on the identification of the microbial species, but the majority of the biofilm consists of matrix material. Environmental aspects determine the structure of the biofilm and extracellular matrix. Calcium is involved in biofilm formation and activity at three levels. Firstly in cell-environment; calcium may 'condition' the surfaces of support and bacterial cells. Secondly, in cell-cell interaction; calcium plays a role in build up of biofilm structures. Typically, calcium ions act as 'cation bridges' between polysaccharides originating from different cells. Thirdly, within cells, calcium is required for certain biochemical reactions in bacteria and some bacterial physiological activities. Because calcium is present in the root canal, it could play a significant role in the organization of the biofilm. Chelators, already used in endodontics to remove the smear layer by disintegration of the structural cohesion calcium bonds, could weaken the biofilm matrix by removing calcium from the extracellular matrix thus disturbing its coherence. Subsequently, this disruption could increase the efficacy of disinfecting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzette V van der Waal
- Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Department of Conservative & Preventive Dentistry, Room 13N-15, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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García-Gallego S, Rodríguez JS, Jiménez JL, Cangiotti M, Ottaviani MF, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Gómez R, de la Mata FJ. Polyanionic N-donor ligands as chelating agents in transition metal complexes: synthesis, structural characterization and antiviral properties against HIV. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:6488-99. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt11793b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Felton D, Cooper L, Duqum I, Minsley G, Guckes A, Haug S, Meredith P, Solie C, Avery D, Deal Chandler N. Evidence-based guidelines for the care and maintenance of complete dentures: a publication of the American College of Prosthodontists. J Prosthodont 2011; 20 Suppl 1:S1-S12. [PMID: 21324026 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-849x.2010.00683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The current rates of edentulism have been estimated to be between 7% and 69% of the adult population internationally. In the United States, while the incidence of edentulism continues to decline, rapid population growth coupled with current economic conditions suggest that edentulism and conventional denture use will continue at current or higher numbers. Unfortunately, evidence-based guidelines for the care and maintenance of removable complete denture prostheses do not exist. In 2009, the American College of Prosthodontists (ACP) formed a task force to establish evidence-based guidelines for the care and maintenance of complete dentures. The task force comprised members of the ACP, the Academy of General Dentistry, American Dental Association (ADA) Council on Scientific Affairs, the American Dental Hygienists' Association, the National Association of Dental Laboratories, and representatives from GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare. The review process included the assessment of over 300 abstracts and selection of over 100 articles meeting inclusion criteria of this review. The task force reviewed synopses of the literature and formulated 15 evidence-based guidelines for denture care and maintenance. These guidelines were reviewed by clinical experts from the participating organizations and were published in February 2011 issue of The Journal of the American Dental Association for widespread distribution to the dental community. These guidelines reflect the views of the task force.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Felton
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Gujjari SK, Gujjari AK, Patel PV, Shubhashini PV. Comparative evaluation of ultraviolet and microwave sanitization techniques for toothbrush decontamination. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2011; 1:20-6. [PMID: 24478949 PMCID: PMC3894078 DOI: 10.4103/2231-0762.86383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toothbrushes are rapidly contaminated with different microorganisms representing a possible cause of infection or reinfection especially in the periodontal patients under therapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sanitization of toothbrushes previously contaminated by various oral microorganisms using a domestic microwave oven and commercial ultraviolet (UV) light toothbrush sanitizer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty male dental graduates were randomly assigned to control or experimental groups and received standardized toothbrushes for home use. Each subject was instructed to use it with the standardized modified Bass technique for 1 week and submit it to the investigator after use. Collected toothbrushes were cultured and analyzed for the number of colony-forming units (CFUs). In the next phase, once again a new set of toothbrush was given to each subject and instructed to use it for one more week and follow the same instructions as given earlier. Subsequently, the used toothbrushes were again collected and were sanitized by microwave irradiation, UV radiation, or were not sanitized (control group). After the sanitization procedure, toothbrushes were again cultured for the number of CFUs. The collected data of the presanitized and postsanitized CFU count were log transformed to normalize their distributions prior to analysis. Furthermore, log CFU data were compared and analyzed by one-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc procedure, and paired t-test for the difference in the mean at P<0.05. RESULTS Result showed that after the sanitization procedure, there was a significant (P<0.001) reduction in microbial contamination in both microwave and UV group toothbrushes compared to control group toothbrushes whereas the microbial count in the microwave group was significantly less (P<0.001) compared to the UV group. CONCLUSIONS The evidence presented in this study suggests that microwave irradiation is an effective disinfectant agent for bacteria and fungi on toothbrushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. K. Gujjari
- Department of Periodontology, JSS Dental College & Hospital, Karnataka, Constituent College of JSS University, Mysore, India
| | - A. K. Gujjari
- Department of Prosthodontics, JSS Dental College & Hospital, Karnataka, Constituent College of JSS University, Mysore, India
| | - P. V. Patel
- Department of Periodontology, JSS Dental College & Hospital, Karnataka, Constituent College of JSS University, Mysore, India
| | - P. V. Shubhashini
- Department of Periodontology, JSS Dental College & Hospital, Karnataka, Constituent College of JSS University, Mysore, India
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Komiyama EY, Back-Brito GN, Balducci I, Koga-Ito CY. Evaluation of alternative methods for the disinfection of toothbrushes. Braz Oral Res 2010; 24:28-33. [PMID: 20339710 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-83242010000100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate alternative methods for the disinfection of toothbrushes considering that most of the previously proposed methods are expensive and cannot be easily implemented. Two-hundred toothbrushes with standardized dimensions and bristles were included in the study. The toothbrushes were divided into 20 experimental groups (n = 10), according to microorganism considered and chemical agent used. The toothbrushes were contaminated in vitro by standardized suspensions of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus or Candida albicans. The following disinfectants were tested: 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate, 50% white vinegar, a triclosan-containing dentifrice solution, and a perborate-based tablet solution. The disinfection method was immersion in the disinfectant for 10 min. After the disinfection procedure, the number of remaining microbial cells was evaluated. The values of cfu/toothbrush of each group of microorganism after disinfection were compared by Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and Dunn's test for multiple comparisons (5%). The chlorhexidine digluconate solution was the most effective disinfectant. The triclosan-based dentifrice solution promoted a significant reduction of all microorganisms' counts in relation to the control group. As to the disinfection with 50% vinegar, a significant reduction was observed for all the microorganisms, except for C. albicans. The sodium perborate solution was the less effective against the tested microorganisms. Solutions based on triclosan-containing dentifrice may be considered effective, nontoxic, cost-effective, and an easily applicable alternative for the disinfection of toothbrushes. The vinegar solution reduced the presence of S. aureus, S. mutans and S. pyogenes on toothbrushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson Yukio Komiyama
- Faculdade de Odontologia de São José dos Campos, Univ Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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Cao Z, Sun Y. Chitosan-based rechargeable long-term antimicrobial and biofilm-controlling systems. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 89:960-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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The effect of EDTA instillations on the rate of development of encrustation and biofilms in Foley catheters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 37:205-9. [PMID: 19468723 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-009-0196-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to examine whether a daily instillation of tetra sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution could reduce the rate at which encrustation by crystalline Proteus mirabilis biofilms blocks urinary catheters. Sets of three bladder models were fitted with size 14 all-silicone catheters. Tetra sodium EDTA solution was instilled into the catheter following biofilm development. Catheters were examined by digital photography and scanning electron microscopy for evidence of encrustation. The results showed that the mean time to blockage of the control catheters was 45 h for saline, 57 h for water and 67 h for those exposed to daily instillations of the EDTA solution. Statistical analysis confirmed that the mean encrustation rate on the EDTA-treated catheters was significantly lower than on the control-treated devices (P = 0.047). This in vitro study indicates that EDTA may have beneficial effects in reducing the complication of catheter encrustation and blockage by crystalline biofilms.
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Quindós G, Villar-Vidal M, Eraso E. Actividad de la micafungina contra las biopelículas de Candida. Rev Iberoam Micol 2009; 26:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/s1130-1406(09)70008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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