1
|
Delik E, Eroğlu B, Tefon-Öztürk BE. Evaluation of the in vitro effects of concentrations of antibiotics on three Enterobacteriaceae isolates. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:73. [PMID: 38240926 PMCID: PMC10799096 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03877-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Due to the misuse and overuse of antibiotics, bacteria are now exposed to sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of antibiotics in various environments. In recent years, exposure of bacteria to sub-MICs of antibiotics has led to the widespread emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In this study, three bacterial species from the Enterobacteriaceae family (Raoultella ornithinolytica, Pantoea agglomerans and Klebsiella quasivariicola) were isolated from water. The antibiotic susceptibility of these bacteria to 16 antibiotics was then investigated. The effects of sub-MICs of four selected antibiotics (kanamycin, chloramphenicol, meropenem, and ciprofloxacin) on the growth, biofilm formation, surface polysaccharide production, siderophore production, morphology, and expression of the translational/transcriptional regulatory transformer gene rfaH of these bacteria were analysed. The MICs of kanamycin, chloramphenicol, meropenem, and ciprofloxacin were determined to be 1, 2, 0.03 and 0.03 µg/mL for R. ornithinolytica; 0.6, 6, 0.03 and 0.05 µg/mL for P. agglomerans; and 2, 5, 0.04 and 0.2 µg/mL for K. quasivariicola. The growth kinetics and biofilm formation ability decreased for all three isolates at sub-MICs. The surface polysaccharides of R. ornithinolytica and P. agglomerans increased at sub-MICs. There was no significant change in the siderophore activities of the bacterial isolates, with the exception of MIC/2 meropenem in R. ornithinolytica and MIC/2 kanamycin in K. quasivariicola. It was observed that the sub-MICs of meropenem and ciprofloxacin caused significant changes in bacterial morphology. In addition, the expression of rfaH in R. ornithinolytica and K. quasivariicola increased with the sub-MICs of the selected antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eda Delik
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Berfin Eroğlu
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Brothers KM, Parker DM, Taguchi M, Ma D, Mandell JB, Thurlow LL, Byrapogu VC, Urish KL. Dose optimization in surgical prophylaxis: sub-inhibitory dosing of vancomycin increases rates of biofilm formation and the rates of surgical site infection. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4593. [PMID: 36944677 PMCID: PMC10030625 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30951-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic stewardship is viewed as having great public health benefit with limited direct benefit to the patient at the time of administration. The objective of our study was to determine if inappropriate administration of antibiotics could create conditions that would increase the rates of surgical infection. We hypothesized that sub-MIC levels of vancomycin would increase Staphylococcus aureus growth, biofilm formation, and rates of infection. S. aureus MRSA and MSSA strains were used for all experiments. Bacteria were grown planktonically and monitored using spectrophotometry. Quantitative agar culture was used to measure planktonic and biofilm bacterial burden. A mouse abscess model was used to confirm phenotypes in vivo. In the planktonic growth assay, increases in bacterial burden at ¼ MIC vancomycin were observed in USA300 JE2 by 72 h. Similar findings were observed with ½ MIC in Newman and SH1000. For biofilm formation, USA300 JE2 at ¼ and ½ MIC vancomycin increased biofilm formation by approximately 1.3- and 2.3-fold respectively at 72 h as compared to untreated controls. Similar findings were observed with Newman and SH1000 with a 2.4-fold increase in biofilm formation at ½ MIC vancomycin. In a mouse abscess model, there was a 1.2-fold increase with sub-MIC vancomycin at 3 days post infection. Our study showed that Sub-optimal vancomycin dosing promoted S. aureus planktonic growth and biofilm formation, phenotypic measures of bacterial virulence. This phenotype induced by sub-MIC levels of vancomycin was also observed to increase rates of infection and pathogenesis in our mouse model. Risks of exposure to sub-MIC concentrations with vancomycin in surgical procedures are greater as there is decreased bioavailability in tissue in comparison to other antibiotics. This highlights the importance of proper antibiotic selection, stewardship, and dosing for both surgical prophylaxis and treatment of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Brothers
- Arthritis and Arthroplasty Design Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dana M Parker
- Arthritis and Arthroplasty Design Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Masashi Taguchi
- Arthritis and Arthroplasty Design Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ageo Medical Clinic, 3133 Haraichi, Ageo-Shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Dongzhu Ma
- Arthritis and Arthroplasty Design Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan B Mandell
- Arthritis and Arthroplasty Design Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lance L Thurlow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Venkata C Byrapogu
- Arthritis and Arthroplasty Design Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kenneth L Urish
- Arthritis and Arthroplasty Design Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Arthritis and Arthroplasty Design Group, and The Bone and Joint Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Magee Womens Hospital of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of multi-drug resistant, biofilm forming, human invasive strain of Salmonella Typhimurium SMC25 isolated from poultry meat in India. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105830. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
4
|
Effect of antibiotics and sanitizers on Salmonella biofilms associated with seafood contact surfaces. Microbiol Res 2022; 266:127213. [PMID: 36215810 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
5
|
Benefits of Combined Phage–Antibiotic Therapy for the Control of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: A Literature Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11070839. [PMID: 35884092 PMCID: PMC9311689 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increase in bacterial resistance to antibiotics, more and more therapeutic failures are being reported worldwide. The market for antibiotics is now broken due to the high cost of developing new molecules. A promising solution to bacterial resistance is combined phage–antibiotic therapy, a century-old method that can potentiate existing antibiotics by prolonging or even restoring their activity against specific bacteria. The aim of this literature review was to provide an overview of different phage–antibiotic combinations and to describe the possible mechanisms of phage–antibiotic synergy.
Collapse
|
6
|
Byun KH, Ha Han S, Woo Choi M, Hong Park S, Ha SD. Effect of sublethal concentrations of bactericidal antibiotics on mutation frequency and stress response of Listeria monocytogenes. Food Res Int 2022; 151:110903. [PMID: 34980420 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate sublethal concentrations (SLC) of bactericidal antibiotics (ampicillin, gentamicin, kanamycin, and vancomycin) on the mutation frequency and stress response of antibiotic-induced-mutated (AIM) Listeria monocytogenes. Three L. monocytogenes strains (reference, clinical, and food isolate strains) were used in this study. SLC of bactericidal antibiotics significantly increased the mutation frequency in L. monocytogenes. It was found that AIM L. monocytogenes had a superior biofilm-forming ability than nontreated L. monocytogenes. This result correlated with the amounts of EPS produced (polysaccharide and protein) in the early stage of biofilm formation. AIM L. monocytogenes showed strong viability under food-associated stress (thermal, osmotic, and acidic) compared to nontreated L. monocytogenes. In addition, expression levels of motility (flaA) and virulence genes (hlyA, actA, and prfA) of AIM L. monocytogenes were significantly downregulated in the reference strain but significantly upregulated or similar to the expression levels in the clinical and food isolate strains compared to nontreated L. monocytogenes. Based on our results, SLC of bactericidal antibiotics increased the mutation frequency in L. monocytogenes, facilitated the adaptation of the bacterium to food-associated stress, and led to an increase in its pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kye-Hwan Byun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Brain Korea 21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Nae-ri, Daeduk-myun, Ansung, Kyunggido 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ha Han
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Brain Korea 21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Nae-ri, Daeduk-myun, Ansung, Kyunggido 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Woo Choi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Brain Korea 21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Nae-ri, Daeduk-myun, Ansung, Kyunggido 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hong Park
- Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Brain Korea 21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Nae-ri, Daeduk-myun, Ansung, Kyunggido 17546, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hagras SAA, Hosny AEDMS, Helmy OM, Salem-Bekhit MM, Shakeel F, Farrag HA. Effect of sub-inhibitory concentrations of cefepime on biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Can J Microbiol 2021; 67:894-901. [PMID: 34731576 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2021-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of cefepime at sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) on in vitro biofilm formation (BF) by clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The effect of cefepime at sub-MIC levels (½-1/256 MIC) on in vitro BF by six clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa was phenotypically assessed following 24 and 48 h of challenge using the tissue culture plate (TCP) assay. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was employed to observe the change in expression of three biofilm-related genes, namely, a protease-encoding gene (lasA), fimbrial protein-encoding gene (cupA1), and alginate-encoding gene (algC), in a weak biofilm-producing strain of P. aeruginosa following 24 and 48 h of challenge with sub-MICs of cefepime. The BF morphology in response to cefepime was imaged using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The TCP assay showed strain-, time-, and concentration-dependent changes in in vitro BF in P. aeruginosa following challenge with sub-MICs of cefepime, with a profound increase in strains with inherently no or weak biofilm-producing ability. RT-PCR revealed time-dependent upregulation in the expression of the investigated genes following challenge with ½ and ¼ MIC levels, as confirmed by SEM. Cefepime at sub-MICs could upregulate the expression of BF-related genes and enhance BF by P. aeruginosa clinical isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soheir A A Hagras
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.,Inaya Medical Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa El-Dien M S Hosny
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omneya M Helmy
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mounir M Salem-Bekhit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Faiyaz Shakeel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hala A Farrag
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rana K, Nayak SR, Bihary A, Sahoo AK, Mohanty KC, Palo SK, Sahoo D, Pati S, Dash P. Association of quorum sensing and biofilm formation with Salmonella virulence: story beyond gathering and cross-talk. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:5887-5897. [PMID: 34586468 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02594-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid fever) is a public health concern which contributes to mortality and morbidity all around the globe. It is caused mainly due to ingestion of contaminated food and water with a gram negative, rod-shaped, flagellated bacterium known as Salmonella enterica serotype typhi (typhoid fever) or paratyphi (paratyphoid fever). Clinical problems associated with Salmonellosis are mainly bacteraemia, gastroenteritis and enteric fever. The bacteria undergo various mechanisms to escape itself from immune reaction of the host, modulating immune response at the site of infection leading to virulence factor production and anti-microbial resistance. Biofilm is one of the adaptation mechanisms through which Salmonella survives in unfavourable conditions and thus is considered as a major threat to public health. Another property of the bacteria is "Quorum Sensing", which is a cell-cell communication and most of the pathogenic bacteria use it to coordinate the production of several virulence factors and other behaviours such as swarming and biofilm formation. Earlier, quorum sensing was believed to be just a medium for communication but, later on, its role in virulence has been studied. However, there are negligible information relating to interaction between quorum sensing and biofilm formation and how these events play crucial role in Salmonella pathogenesis. The review is a summary of updated information regarding how Salmonella uses these properties to spread more and survive better, making a challenge for clinicians and public health experts. Therefore, this review would help bring an insight regarding how biofilm formation and quorum sensing are inter-related and their role in pathogenesis and virulence of Salmonella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khokan Rana
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Alice Bihary
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ajay Ku Sahoo
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Subrata Ku Palo
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Debadutta Sahoo
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India.
| | - Pujarini Dash
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chadha J, Khullar L. Subinhibitory concentrations of nalidixic acid alter bacterial physiology and induce anthropogenic resistance in a commensal strain of Escherichia coli in vitro. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 73:623-633. [PMID: 34376018 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The human gut houses a complex group of bacterial genera, including both opportunistic pathogens and commensal micro-organisms. These are regularly exposed to antibiotics, and their subinhibitory concentrations play a pivotal role in shaping the microbial responses. This study was aimed to investigate the effects exerted by sub-MICs of nalidixic acid (NA) on the growth rate, bacterial motility, biofilm formation and expression of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) in a commensal strain of E. coli. The NA-sensitive strain was sequentially passaged under sub-MICs of NA. E-test was used to determine the MIC values of NA. Results indicated significant changes in the growth profile of commensal E. coli upon exposure to NA at sub-MICs. Differential expression of OMPs was observed in cells treated with sub-MICs of NA. Bacterial motility was reduced under 1/2 MIC of NA. Interestingly, successive passaging under 1/2 MIC of NA led to the emergence of resistant E. coli with an increased MIC value of 64 µg ml-1 in just 24 days. The NA-resistant variant was confirmed by comparing its 16S rRNA sequence to that of the sensitive commensal strain. Mutations in the Quinolone Resistance-Determining Regions (QRDRs) of chromosomal gyrA, and Topoisomerase IV-encoding parC genes were detected in NA-resistant E. coli. Our results demonstrate how antibiotics play an important role as signalling molecules or elicitors in driving the pathogenicity of commensal bacteria in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Chadha
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - L Khullar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rossi DA, Dumont CF, Santos ACDS, Vaz MEDL, Prado RR, Monteiro GP, Melo CBDS, Stamoulis VJ, dos Santos JP, de Melo RT. Antibiotic Resistance in the Alternative Lifestyles of Campylobacter jejuni. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:535757. [PMID: 34055658 PMCID: PMC8155616 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.535757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the main pathogen identified in cases of foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide. Its importance in poultry production and public health is highlighted due to the growing antimicrobial resistance. Our study comparatively investigated the effect of five different classes of antimicrobials on the planktonic and biofilm forms of 35 strains of C. jejuni with high phylogenetic distinction in 30 of them. In the planktonic form, the existence of susceptible strains to colistin (7/35 - 20%) and resistance to meropenem (3/35 - 8.6%) represent a novelty in strains evaluated in Brazil. In biofilms formed with the addition of chicken juice, the number of resistant strains was significantly higher for colistin, erythromycin and meropenem (100%), but the susceptibility to tetracycline was shown as a control strategy for specific cases. High concentrations (1,060 ± 172.1mg/L) of antibiotics were necessary to control the biofilm structure in susceptible strains in the planktonic form, which is consistent with the high biomass produced in these strains. Stainless steel and polyurethane were the most (BFI=2.1) and least (BFI=1.6) favorable surfaces for the production of biomass treated with antimicrobials. It is concluded that the antimicrobial action was detected for all tested drugs in planktonic form. In sessile forms, the biomass production was intensified, except for tetracycline, which showed an antibiofilm effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daise Aparecida Rossi
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Carolyne Ferreira Dumont
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina de Souza Santos
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Uberaba, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda de Lourdes Vaz
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Uberaba, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Renata Resende Prado
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Paz Monteiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Camilla Beatriz da Silva Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Uberaba, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Vassiliki Jaconi Stamoulis
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Uberaba, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Jandra Pacheco dos Santos
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Goiás University Center, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Roberta Torres de Melo
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chadha J. In vitro effects of sub-inhibitory concentrations of amoxicillin on physiological responses and virulence determinants in a commensal strain of Escherichia coli. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:682-694. [PMID: 33387370 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The goal was to study the effects of sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of amoxicillin (AMX) on various physiological responses and virulence determinants in a commensal strain of Escherichia coli. MATERIALS AND RESULTS The commensal strain was passaged under various sub-MICs of AMX and its effect on bacterial growth, motility, biofilm formation, expression of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and cell adhesion was analysed. Bacterial growth was diminished at 1/2 and 1/4 MICs of AMX with significant reduction in growth rate. Using crystal violet (CV) assays and quantification of surface polysaccharides we observed strong biofilm formation, together with reduced swimming motility in E. coli at 1/2 MIC of AMX. Differential OMP expression upon AMX sub-MIC exposure coincided with enhanced cell adhesion to HT-29 cells in vitro. The results demonstrated that sub-MICs of AMX can stimulate unpredictable changes in commensal bacterial strains which can be a potent source for the propagation of antibiotic resistance. CONCLUSIONS The study reports that AMX at 1/2 MIC significantly compromised bacterial growth and swimming motility, alongside inducing biofilm formation. This was also accompanied by upregulation of a single OMP which subsequently increased cell adhesion capabilities in E. coli at 1/2 MIC, thereby enhancing its colonization and survival abilities within the gut microsphere. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY For the first time, the effects of AMX sub-MICs on a commensal E. coli strain were described. The results corroborate on how antibiotics can act as stimulatory molecules and determine the pathogenicity of commensal bacteria in vivo that can disseminate resistance to other intestinal pathogens or microbes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Chadha
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Białucha A, Gospodarek-Komkowska E, Kwiecińska-Piróg J, Skowron K. Influence of Selected Factors on Biofilm Formation by Salmonella enterica Strains. Microorganisms 2020; 9:microorganisms9010043. [PMID: 33375734 PMCID: PMC7824446 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formed by S. enterica on the surface of gallstones or biomaterials promotes the development and spread of chronic infection. The aim of the study was to assess biofilm formation on the surface of polystyrene depending on nutritional conditions and the effect of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% glucose and 3.0% bile and sub-inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin on biofilm formation of S. enterica. Sixty-nine clinical strains of S. enterica isolated from feces (92.8%) and blood (7.2%) collected from patients (66.7%) and carriers (33.3%) were used in the study. Assessment of forming 24-h biofilm by these strains was performed on the surface of polystyrene 96-well plates at 37 °C. In this study, it was indicated that 1.0% glucose and 3.0% bovine bile inhibit biofilm formation. Biofilm formation was inhibited in all examined sub-MIC of ampicillin. Biofilm formation is varied in different conditions, depending on the serovar.
Collapse
|
13
|
Rafaque Z, Abid N, Liaqat N, Afridi P, Siddique S, Masood S, Kanwal S, Dasti JI. In-vitro Investigation of Antibiotics Efficacy Against Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Biofilms and Antibiotic Induced Biofilm Formation at Sub-Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Ciprofloxacin. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:2801-2810. [PMID: 32848429 PMCID: PMC7429215 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s258355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community-acquired urinary tract infections are associated with significant morbidity, and uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) alone causes 90% of urinary tract infections. This bacterium retains a diverse armament of virulence factors including fimbria, hemolysins, and siderophores production. In a post invasion scenario, formation of intracellular communities mimic biofilm-like characteristics and are linked to recurrent urinary tract infections. We investigated the effects of different frontline antibiotics on the formation, inhibition, and eradication of biofilms of virulent UPEC strains. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 155 UPEC strains were scrutinized for various virulence factors including gelatinase, cell surface hydrophobicity, hemagglutination, and serum bactericidal activity. Biofilm formation was confirmed by three different methods: Congo red agar, test tube, and tissue culture plate method. Biofilm inhibition and eradication assays were performed according to the standard protocols. Topographical analysis of biofilms was done by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). RESULTS Out of 155 strains, 113 (73%) were strong biofilm formesr, while 37 (24%) produced biofilms at moderate level. Significant differences were observed between MICs of planktonic cells (MIC-p) and MICs of UPEC biofilms (MIC-b). Among tested frontline antibiotics, levofloxacin successfully inhibited biofilms at a concentration of 32 µg/mL, while trimethoprim eradicated biofilms at higher concentrations (512-1024 µg/mL). Ciprofloxacin treatment at sub-MIC level significantly enhanced biofilm formation (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The majority of UPEC strains are strong biofilm formers and show higher tolerance towards frontline antibiotics in biofilm form. We observed significant inhibitory effects of levofloxacin (32 µg/mL) on UPEC biofilms, while treatment with sub-minimal concentrations of ciprofloxacin significantly enhanced biofilm formation. Out of all tested antibiotics, trimethoprim (512-1024 µg/mL) eradicated UPEC biofilms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zara Rafaque
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad45320, Pakistan
| | - Nasira Abid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad45320, Pakistan
| | - Nida Liaqat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad45320, Pakistan
| | - Pashmina Afridi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad45320, Pakistan
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Iqra National University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Saima Siddique
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad45320, Pakistan
| | - Safia Masood
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad45320, Pakistan
| | - Sehrish Kanwal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad45320, Pakistan
| | - Javid Iqbal Dasti
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad45320, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lories B, Roberfroid S, Dieltjens L, De Coster D, Foster KR, Steenackers HP. Biofilm Bacteria Use Stress Responses to Detect and Respond to Competitors. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1231-1244.e4. [PMID: 32084407 PMCID: PMC7322538 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria use complex regulatory networks to cope with stress, but the function of these networks in natural habitats is poorly understood. The competition sensing hypothesis states that bacterial stress response systems can serve to detect ecological competition, but studying regulatory responses in diverse communities is challenging. Here, we solve this problem by using differential fluorescence induction to screen the Salmonella Typhimurium genome for loci that respond, at the single-cell level, to life in biofilms with competing strains of S. Typhimurium and Escherichia coli. This screening reveals the presence of competing strains drives up the expression of genes associated with biofilm matrix production (CsgD pathway), epithelial invasion (SPI1 invasion system), and, finally, chemical efflux and antibiotic tolerance (TolC efflux pump and AadA aminoglycoside 3-adenyltransferase). We validate that these regulatory changes result in the predicted phenotypic changes in biofilm, mammalian cell invasion, and antibiotic tolerance. We further show that these responses arise via activation of major stress responses, providing direct support for the competition sensing hypothesis. Moreover, inactivation of the type VI secretion system (T6SS) of a competitor annuls the responses to competition, indicating that T6SS-derived cell damage activates these stress response systems. Our work shows that bacteria use stress responses to detect and respond to competition in a manner important for major phenotypes, including biofilm formation, virulence, and antibiotic tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bram Lories
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Roberfroid
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lise Dieltjens
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - David De Coster
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kevin R Foster
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
| | - Hans P Steenackers
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sakarikou C, Kostoglou D, Simões M, Giaouris E. Exploitation of plant extracts and phytochemicals against resistant Salmonella spp. in biofilms. Food Res Int 2019; 128:108806. [PMID: 31955766 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most frequent causes of foodborne outbreaks throughout the world. In the last years, the resistance of this and other pathogenic bacteria to antimicrobials has become a prime concern towards their successful control. In addition, the tolerance and virulence of pathogenic bacteria, such as Salmonella, are commonly related to their ability to form biofilms, which are sessile structures encountered on various surfaces and whose development is considered as a universal stress response mechanism. Indeed, the ability of Salmonella to form a biofilm seems to significantly contribute to its persistence in food production areas and clinical settings. Plant extracts and phytochemicals appear as promising sources of novel antimicrobials due to their cost-effectiveness, eco-friendliness, great structural diversity, and lower possibility of antimicrobial resistance development in comparison to synthetic chemicals. Research on these agents mainly attributes their antimicrobial activity to a diverse array of secondary metabolites. Bacterial cells are usually killed by the rupture of their cell envelope and in parallel the disruption of their energy metabolism when treated with such molecules, while their use at sub-inhibitory concentrations may also disrupt intracellular communication. The purpose of this article is to review the current available knowledge related to antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in biofilms, together with the antibiofilm properties of plant extracts and phytochemicals against these detrimental bacteria towards their future application to control these in food production and clinical environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Sakarikou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Ierou Lochou 10 and Makrygianni, GR-81 400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece.
| | - Dimitra Kostoglou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Ierou Lochou 10 and Makrygianni, GR-81 400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto,Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Efstathios Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Ierou Lochou 10 and Makrygianni, GR-81 400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Teh AHT, Lee SM, Dykes GA. Growth in the presence of specific antibiotics induces biofilm formation by a Campylobacter jejuni strain sensitive to them but not in resistant strains. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 18:55-58. [PMID: 31163253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) are among the most frequently identified bacteria associated with human gastroenteritis worldwide. Exposure to antibiotics may induce or inhibit biofilm formation in some bacterial species. Little work has been reported on the influence of antibiotics on biofilm formation by C. jejuni. METHODS This study investigated the effect of six different classes of antibiotics with different modes of action (ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, nalidixic acid, rifampicin and tetracycline) on biofilm formation in vitro by seven C. jejuni from poultry with different antibiotic resistance profiles. RESULTS The results indicated that in the presence of most of the tested antibiotics, biofilm formation by C. jejuni strains, which are resistant to them, was reduced but biofilm formation in sensitive strains was increased. CONCLUSION The ability of certain antibiotics to induce biofilm formation by a tested C. jejuni strain is of concern, with respect to the effective control of disease caused by this pathogen; however, further work is required to confirm how widespread this feature is.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sui Mae Lee
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Gary A Dykes
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Navidifar T, Amin M, Rashno M. Effects of sub-inhibitory concentrations of meropenem and tigecycline on the expression of genes regulating pili, efflux pumps and virulence factors involved in biofilm formation by Acinetobacter baumannii. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:1099-1111. [PMID: 31190904 PMCID: PMC6512781 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s199993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics have been indicated to affect the biofilm formation in pathogens of nosocomial infections. This study aimed to investigate the effects of meropenem and tigecycline at their sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) on the biofilm formation capacity of Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii), as well as the expression levels of genes involved in biofilm formation, quorum sensing, pili assembly and efflux pumps. Materials and methods: In this study, four non-clonal strains (AB10, AB13, AB32 and AB55), which were different from the aspects of antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm formation from each other were selected for the evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility, biofilm inducibility at sub-MICs of meropenem and tigecycline and the gene expression levels (the abaI, abaR, bap, pgaA, csuE, bfmS, bfmR, ompA, adeB, adeJ and adeG genes). Result: A significant increase in the MICs of all antibiotics was demonstrated in the biofilm cells in each four strains. The biofilm formation was significantly decreased in all the representative strains exposed to tigecycline. However, the biofilm inducibility at sub-MICs of meropenem was dependent on strain genotype. In concordance with these results, Pearson correlation analysis indicated a positive significant correlation between the biofilm formation capacity and the mRNA levels of genes encoding efflux pumps except adeJ, the genes involved in biofilm formation, pili assembly and quorum sensing following exposure to meropenem and tigecycline at their sub-MICs. Conclusion: These results revealed valuable data into the correlation between the gene transcription levels and biofilm formation, as well as quorum sensing and their regulation at sub-MICs of meropenem and tigecycline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Navidifar
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mansour Amin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rashno
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Biofilm formation by Salmonella sp. in the poultry industry: Detection, control and eradication strategies. Food Res Int 2019; 119:530-540. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
19
|
Moshiri J, Kaur D, Hambira CM, Sandala JL, Koopman JA, Fuchs JR, Gunn JS. Identification of a Small Molecule Anti-biofilm Agent Against Salmonella enterica. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2804. [PMID: 30515144 PMCID: PMC6256085 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation is a common strategy utilized by bacterial pathogens to establish persistence in a host niche. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the etiological agent of Typhoid fever, relies on biofilm formation in the gallbladder to chronically colonize asymptomatic carriers, allowing for transmission to uninfected individuals. S. enterica serovar Typhimurium utilizes biofilms to achieve persistence in human and animal hosts, an issue of both clinical and agricultural importance. Here, we identify a compound that selectively inhibits biofilm formation in both S. Typhi and S. Typhimurium serovars at early stages of biofilm development with an EC50 of 21.0 and 7.4 μM, respectively. We find that this compound, T315, also reduces biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii, a nosocomial and opportunistic pathogen with rising antibiotic resistance. T315 treatment in conjunction with sub-MIC dosing of ciprofloxacin further reduces S. enterica biofilm formation, demonstrating the potential of such combination therapies for therapeutic development. Through synthesis of two biotin-labeled T315 probes and subsequent pull-down and proteomics analysis, we identified a T315 binding target: WrbA, a flavin mononucleotide-dependent NADH:quinone oxidoreductase. Using a S. Typhimurium strain lacking WrbA we demonstrate that this factor contributes to endogenous S. enterica biofilm formation processes and is required for full T315 anti-biofilm activity. We suggest WrbA as a promising target for further development of anti-biofilm agents in Salmonella, with potential for use against additional bacterial pathogens. The development of anti-biofilm therapeutics will be essential to combat chronic carriage of Typhoid fever and thus accomplish a meaningful reduction of global disease burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Moshiri
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Darpan Kaur
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Chido M Hambira
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jenna L Sandala
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jacob A Koopman
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - James R Fuchs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - John S Gunn
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yüksel FN, Buzrul S, Akçelik M, Akçelik N. Inhibition and eradication of Salmonella Typhimurium biofilm using P22 bacteriophage, EDTA and nisin. BIOFOULING 2018; 34:1046-1054. [PMID: 30621457 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2018.1538412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
P22 phage >105 PFU ml-1 could be used to inhibit Salmonella Typhimurium biofilm formation by 55-80%. Concentrations of EDTA >1.25 mM and concentrations of nisin >1,200 µg ml-1 were also highly effective in reducing S. Typhimurium biofilm formation (≥96% and ≥95% reductions were observed, respectively). A synergistic effect was observed when EDTA and nisin were combined whereas P22 phage in combination with nisin had no synergistic impact on biofilm formation. Triple combination of P22 phage, EDTA and nisin could be also used to inhibit biofilm formation (≥93.2%) at a low phage titer (102 PFU ml-1), and low EDTA (1.25 mM) and nisin (9.375 µg ml-1) concentrations. A reduction of 70% in the mature biofilm was possible when 107 PFU ml-1 of P22 phage, 20 mM of EDTA and 150 μg ml-1 of nisin were used in combination. This study revealed that it could be possible to reduce biofilm formation by S. Typhimurium by the use of P22 phage, EDTA and nisin, either alone or in combination. Although, removal of the mature biofilm was more difficult, the triple combination could be successfully used for mature biofilm of S. Typhimurium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sencer Buzrul
- b Department of Food Engineering , Konya Food and Agriculture University , Konya , Turkey
| | - Mustafa Akçelik
- a Department of Biology , Ankara University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Nefise Akçelik
- c Biotechnology Institute , Ankara University , Ankara , Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li YH, Zhou YH, Ren YZ, Xu CG, Liu X, Liu B, Chen JQ, Ding WY, Zhao YL, Yang YB, Wang S, Liu D. Inhibition of Streptococcus suis Adhesion and Biofilm Formation in Vitro by Water Extracts of Rhizoma Coptidis. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:371. [PMID: 29713285 PMCID: PMC5911698 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is difficult to treat and responsible for various infections in humans and pigs. It can also form biofilms and induce persistent infections. Rhizoma Coptidis is a medicinal plant widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Although the inhibitory effects of Rhizoma Coptidis on biofilm formation have been investigated in several studies, the ability of Rhizoma Coptidis to inhibit S. suis biofilm formation and the underlying mechanisms have not yet been reported. In this study, we showed that sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations (25 and 50 μg mL-1) of water extracts of Rhizoma Coptidis (Coptis deltoidea C.Y.Cheng & P.K.Hsiao, obtained from Sichuan Province) were sufficient to inhibit biofilm formation, as shown in the tissue culture plate (TCP) method and scanning electron microscopy. Real-time PCR and iTRAQ were used to measure gene and protein expression in S. suis. Sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (25 and 50 μg mL-1) of Rhizoma Coptidis water extracts inhibited S. suis adhesion significantly in an anti-adherence assay. Some genes, such as gapdh, sly, and mrp, and proteins, such as antigen-like protein, CPS16V, and methyltransferase H, involved in adhesion were significantly modulated in cells treated with 50 μg mL-1 of Rhizoma Coptidis water extracts compared to untreated cells. The results from this study suggest that compounds in Rhizoma Coptidis water extracts play an important role in inhibiting adhesion of S. suis cells and, therefore, biofilm formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
| | - Yong-Hui Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
| | - Yong-Zhi Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
| | - Chang-Geng Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
| | - Bing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
| | - Jian-Qing Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
| | - Wen-Ya Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
| | - Yu-Lin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
| | - Yan-Bei Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
| | - Di Liu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhou YH, Xu CG, Yang YB, Xing XX, Liu X, Qu QW, Ding WY, Bello-Onaghise G, Li YH. Histidine Metabolism and IGPD Play a Key Role in Cefquinome Inhibiting Biofilm Formation of Staphylococcus xylosus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:665. [PMID: 29675012 PMCID: PMC5896262 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus xylosus (S. xylosus) is an AT-rich and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS). It is normally regarded as non-pathogenic, however, recent studies have demonstrated that it is related to human opportunistic infections and bovine mastitis. In addition, S. xylosus strains have the ability to form biofilm. Biofilms are also involved in chronic infections and antibiotic resistance, there are only a few reports about cefquinome inhibiting S. xylosus biofilm formation and the protein targets of cefquinome. In our study, we found that sub-MICs of cefquinome were sufficient to inhibit biofilm formation. To investigate the potential protein targets of cefquinome, we used iTRAQ for the analyses of cells at two different conditions: 1/2-MIC (0.125 μg/mL) cefquinome treatment and no treatment. Using iTRAQ technique and KEGG database analysis, we found that proteins differently expression in histidine metabolism pathway may play a role in the process by which 1/2-MIC (0.125 μg/mL) cefquinome inhibits S. xylosus biofilm formation. Interestingly, we found a sharply down-regulated enzyme [A0A068E9J3 imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase (IGPD)] involved in histidine metabolism pathway in cefquinome-treated cells. We demonstrated the important role of IGPD in sub-MICs cefquinome inhibiting biofilm formation of S. xylosus by gene (hisB) knockout, IGPD enzyme activity and histidine content assays. Thus, our data sheds light on important role of histidine metabolism in S. xylosus biofilm formation; especially, IGPD involved in histidine metabolism might play a crucial role in sub-MICs cefquinome inhibition of biofilm formation of S. xylosus, and we propose IGPD as an attractive protein target of cefquinome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hui Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
| | - Chang-Geng Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
| | - Yan-Bei Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
| | - Xiao-Xu Xing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
| | - Qian-Wei Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
| | - Wen-Ya Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
| | - God'spower Bello-Onaghise
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
| | - Yan-Hua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Surface-attached colonies of bacteria known as biofilms play a major role in the pathogenesis of device-related infections. Biofilm colonies are notorious for their resistance to suprainhibitory concentrations of antibiotics. Numerous studies have shown that subminimal inhibitory concentrations of some antibiotics can act as agonists of bacterial biofilm formation in vitro, a process that may have clinical relevance. This article reviews studies demonstrating that low-dose antibiotics induce bacterial biofilm formation. These studies have provided important information about the regulation of biofilm formation and the signaling pathways involved in global gene regulation in response to cell stressors. It is still unclear whether antibiotic-induced biofilm formation contributes to the inconsistent success of antimicrobial therapy for device infections.
Collapse
|
24
|
Alterations of growth rate and gene expression levels of UPEC by antibiotics at sub-MIC. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2018; 63:451-457. [PMID: 29327292 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-017-0582-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The host is the main environment for bacteria, and they also expose to many antibiotics during the treatment of infectious diseases in host body. In this study, it was aimed to investigate possible changes in growth rate and expression levels of three virulence genes (foc/foc, cnf1, and usp) in a uropathogenic E. coli standard strain within the presence of ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The UPEC C7 strain was grown on tryptic soy broth-TSB (control), TSB + ciprofloxacin, TSB + nitrofurantoin, and TSB + trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for determination of both growth rate and gene expression level. Antibiotics were added according to their sub-minimal inhibition concentrations. E-test was used to determine MIC values of antibiotics. Growth changes were measured in absorbance 600 nm during 24-h period. Total RNA isolations were performed after incubation for 24 h at 37 °C. Gene expression levels were determined by quantitative PCR. Tukey's post hoc test was used for statistical analysis. According to absorbance values, it has been shown that only ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole have lead significant decrease on growth rate. We also detected statistically significant differences in each gene expression levels for all antibiotics via relative quantification analysis. Fold changes in gene expression was found 0.65, 1.42, 0.23 for foc/foc gene; 0.01, 0.01, 2.84 for cnf1 gene; and 0.1, 0.01, 0.01 for usp gene in the presence of ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, respectively. This investigation has shown that antibiotics can play a role as an environmental factor which may determine the pathogenicity of bacteria in vivo.
Collapse
|
25
|
González JF, Alberts H, Lee J, Doolittle L, Gunn JS. Biofilm Formation Protects Salmonella from the Antibiotic Ciprofloxacin In Vitro and In Vivo in the Mouse Model of chronic Carriage. Sci Rep 2018; 8:222. [PMID: 29317704 PMCID: PMC5760579 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever is caused by the human-restricted pathogen Salmonella enterica sv. Typhi. Approximately 5% of people that resolve the disease become chronic carriers, with the gallbladder as the main reservoir of the bacteria. Of these, about 90% present with gallstones, on which Salmonella form biofilms. Because S. Typhi is a human-restricted pathogen, these carriers are the main source of dissemination of the disease; unfortunately, antibiotic treatment has shown to be an ineffective therapy. This is believed to be caused by the inherent antibiotic resistance conferred by Salmonella biofilms growing on gallstones. The gallstone mouse model with S. Typhimurium has proven to be an excellent surrogate for S. Typhi chronic infection. In this study, we test the hypothesis that the biofilm state confers Salmonella with the increased resistance to antibiotics observed in cases of chronic carriage. We found that, in the biofilm state, Salmonella is significantly more resistant to ciprofloxacin, a common antibiotic used for the treatment of Salmonella, both in vitro (p < 0.001 for both S. Typhi and S. Typhimurium with respect to planktonic cells) and in vivo (p = 0.0035 with respect to control mice).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan F González
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Halley Alberts
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Rio Grande, P.O. Box 500, Rio Grande, OH, USA
| | - Joel Lee
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lauren Doolittle
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - John S Gunn
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yang B, Lei Z, Zhao Y, Ahmed S, Wang C, Zhang S, Fu S, Cao J, Qiu Y. Combination Susceptibility Testing of Common Antimicrobials in Vitro and the Effects of Sub-MIC of Antimicrobials on Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Formation. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2125. [PMID: 29163415 PMCID: PMC5671985 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial combination efficacies, and whether the sub-inhibitory concentrations (sub-MIC) of antibiotics can influent on the biofilm formation of S. aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of common antibacterial drugs was determined in vitro against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) alone and in combination with each other by using the broth microdilution method and the checkerboard micro-dilution method analyzed with the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI), respectively. Regarding these results, antibacterial drug combinations were categorized as synergistic, interacting, antagonistic and indifferent, and most of the results were consistent with the previous reports. Additionally, the effects of sub-MIC of seven antimicrobials (kanamycin, acetylisovaleryltylosin tartrate, enrofloxacin, lincomycin, colistin sulfate, berberine, and clarithromycin) on S. aureus biofilm formation were determined via crystal violet staining, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and real-time PCR. Our results demonstrate that all antibiotics, except acetylisovaleryltylosin tartrate, effectively reduced the S. aureus biofilm formation. In addition, real-time reverse transcriptase PCR was used to analyze the relative expression levels of S. aureus biofilm-related genes such as sarA, fnbA, rbf, lrgA, cidA, and eno after the treatment at sub-MIC with all of the six antimicrobials. All antibiotics significantly inhibited the expression of these biofilm-related genes except for acetylisovaleryltylosin tartrate, which efficiently up-regulated these transcripts. These results provide the theoretical parameters for the selection of effective antimicrobial combinations in clinical therapy and demonstrate how to correctly use antibiotics at sub-MIC as preventive drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhixin Lei
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yishuang Zhao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunqun Wang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shishuo Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shulin Fu
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechinic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiyue Cao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinsheng Qiu
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechinic University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Biofilm formation and genetic diversity of Salmonella isolates recovered from clinical, food, poultry and environmental sources. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 36:424-433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
28
|
Yang YB, Wang S, Wang C, Huang QY, Bai JW, Chen JQ, Chen XY, Li YH. Emodin affects biofilm formation and expression of virulence factors in Streptococcus suis ATCC700794. Arch Microbiol 2015; 197:1173-80. [PMID: 26446827 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-015-1158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a swine pathogen and also a zoonotic agent. In this study, the effects of subinhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of emodin on biofilm formation by S. suis ATCC700794 were evaluated. As quantified by crystal violet staining, biofilm formation by S. suis ATCC700794 was dose-dependently decreased after growth with 1/2 MIC, 1/4 MIC, or 1/8 MIC of emodin. By scanning electron microscopy, the structural architecture of the S. suis ATCC700794 biofilms was examined following growth in culture medium supplemented with 1/2 MIC, 1/4 MIC, 1/8 MIC, or 1/16 MIC of emodin. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed the potential effect of emodin on biofilm formation by S. suis ATCC700794. The expression of luxS gene and virulence genes in S. suis ATCC700794 was investigated by quantitative RT-PCR. It was found that sub-MICs of emodin significantly decreased the expression of gapdh, sly, fbps, ef, and luxS. However, it was found that sub-MICs of emodin significantly increased the expression of cps2J, mrp, and gdh. These findings showed that sub-MICs of emodin could cause the difference in the expression level of the virulence genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bei Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan-Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Wen Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Qing Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Ying Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sub-Inhibitory Concentration of Piperacillin-Tazobactam May be Related to Virulence Properties of Filamentous Escherichia coli. Curr Microbiol 2015; 72:19-28. [PMID: 26364189 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0912-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics are always generated as a consequence of antimicrobial therapy and the effects of such residual products in bacterial morphology are well documented, especially the filamentation generated by beta-lactams. The aim of this study was to investigate some morphological and pathological aspects (virulence factors) of Escherichia coli cultivated under half-minimum inhibitory concentration (1.0 µg/mL) of piperacillin-tazobactam (PTZ sub-MIC). PTZ sub-MIC promoted noticeable changes in the bacterial cells which reach the peak of morphological alterations (filamentation) and complexity at 16 h of antimicrobial exposure. Thereafter the filamentous cells and a control one, not treated with PTZ, were comparatively tested for growth curve; biochemical profile; oxidative stress tolerance; biofilm production and cell hydrophobicity; motility and pathogenicity in vivo. PTZ sub-MIC attenuated the E. coli growth rate, but without changes in carbohydrate fermentation or in traditional biochemical tests. Overall, the treatment of E. coli with sub-MIC of PTZ generated filamentous forms which were accompanied by the inhibition of virulence factors such as the oxidative stress response, biofilm formation, cell surface hydrophobicity, and motility. These results are consistent with the reduced pathogenicity observed for the filamentous E. coli in the murine model of intra-abdominal infection. In other words, the treatment of E. coli with sub-MIC of PTZ suggests a decrease in their virulence.
Collapse
|
30
|
Grillo-Puertas M, Martínez-Zamora MG, Rintoul MR, Soto SM, Rapisarda VA. Environmental phosphate differentially affects virulence phenotypes of uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates causative of prostatitis. Virulence 2015; 6:608-17. [PMID: 26083279 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1059561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
K-12 Escherichia coli cells grown in static media containing a critical phosphate (Pi) concentration ≥25 mM maintained a high polyphosphate (polyP) level in stationary phase, impairing biofilm formation, a phenomenon that is triggered by polyP degradation. Pi concentration in human urine fluctuates according to health state. Here, the influence of environmental Pi concentration on the occurrence of virulence traits in uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) isolated from acute prostatitis patients was evaluated. After a first screening, 3 isolates were selected according to differential biofilm formation profiles depending on media Pi concentration. For each isolate, biofilm positive and negative conditions were established. Regardless of the isolate, biofilm formation capacity was accompanied with curli and cellulose production and expression of some key virulence factors associated with adhesion. When the selected isolates were grown in their non-biofilm-forming condition, low concentrations of nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin induced biofilm formation. Interestingly, similar to laboratory strains, polyP degradation induced biofilm formation in the selected isolates. Data demonstrated the complexity of UPEC responses to environmental Pi and the importance of polyP metabolism in the virulence of clinical isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Grillo-Puertas
- a Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas , INSIBIO (CONICET-UNT) and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia (UNT) ; Tucumán , Argentina
| | - M G Martínez-Zamora
- a Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas , INSIBIO (CONICET-UNT) and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia (UNT) ; Tucumán , Argentina
| | - M R Rintoul
- a Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas , INSIBIO (CONICET-UNT) and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia (UNT) ; Tucumán , Argentina
| | - S M Soto
- b Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB; Hospital Clinic-University of Barcelona) ; Barcelona , Spain
| | - V A Rapisarda
- a Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas , INSIBIO (CONICET-UNT) and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia (UNT) ; Tucumán , Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ghasemmahdi H, Tajik H, Moradi M, Mardani K, Modaresi R, Badali A, Dilmaghani M. Antibiotic Resistance Pattern and Biofilm Formation Ability of Clinically Isolates of Salmonella enterica Serotype typhimurium. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS 2015. [DOI: 10.17795/ijep27372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
|
32
|
Nguyen UT, Harvey H, Hogan AJ, Afonso ACF, Wright GD, Burrows LL. Role of PBPD1 in stimulation of Listeria monocytogenes biofilm formation by subminimal inhibitory β-lactam concentrations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:6508-17. [PMID: 25136010 PMCID: PMC4249420 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03671-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disinfectant-tolerant Listeria monocytogenes biofilms can colonize surfaces that come into contact with food, leading to contamination and, potentially, food-borne illnesses. To better understand the process of L. monocytogenes biofilm formation and dispersal, we screened 1,120 off-patent FDA-approved drugs and identified several that modulate Listeria biofilm development. Among the hits were more than 30 β-lactam antibiotics, with effects ranging from inhibiting (≤50%) to stimulating (≥200%) biofilm formation compared to control. Most β-lactams also dispersed a substantial proportion of established biofilms. This phenotype did not necessarily involve killing, as >50% dispersal could be achieved with concentrations as low as 1/20 of the MIC of some cephalosporins. Penicillin-binding protein (PBP) profiling using a fluorescent penicillin analogue showed similar inhibition patterns for most β-lactams, except that biofilm-stimulatory drugs did not bind PBPD1, a low-molecular-weight d,d-carboxypeptidase. Compared to the wild type, a pbpD1 mutant had an attenuated biofilm response to stimulatory β-lactams. The cephalosporin-responsive CesRK two-component regulatory system, whose regulon includes PBPs, was not required for the response. The requirement for PBPD1 activity for β-lactam stimulation of L. monocytogenes biofilms shows that the specific set of PBPs that are inactivated by a particular drug dictates whether a protective biofilm response is provoked.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uyen T Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and the Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hanjeong Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and the Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew J Hogan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and the Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandria C F Afonso
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and the Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerard D Wright
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and the Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lori L Burrows
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and the Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Silva JO, Martins Reis AC, Quesada-Gómez C, Pinheiro AQ, Freire RS, Oriá RB, de Carvalho CBM. In vitro effect of antibiotics on biofilm formation by Bacteroides fragilis group strains isolated from intestinal microbiota of dogs and their antimicrobial susceptibility. Anaerobe 2014; 28:24-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
34
|
Biofilm formation on biotic and abiotic surfaces in the presence of antimicrobials by Escherichia coli Isolates from cases of bovine mastitis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:6136-45. [PMID: 25063668 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01953-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a highly adaptive microorganism, and its ability to form biofilms under certain conditions can be critical for antimicrobial resistance. The adhesion of four E. coli isolates from bovine mastitis to bovine mammary alveolar (MAC-T) cells, biofilm production on a polystyrene surface, and the expression profiles of the genes fliC, csgA, fimA, and luxS in the presence of enrofloxacin, gentamicin, co-trimoxazole, and ampicillin at half of the MIC were investigated. Increased adhesion of E. coli isolates in the presence of antimicrobials was not observed; however, increased internalization of some isolates was observed by confocal microscopy. All of the antimicrobials induced the formation of biofilms by at least one isolate, whereas enrofloxacin and co-trimoxazole decreased biofilm formation by at least one isolate. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that all four genes were differentially expressed when bacteria were exposed to subinhibitory concentrations of antimicrobials, with expression altered on the order of 1.5- to 22-fold. However, it was not possible to associate gene expression with induction or reduction of biofilm formation in the presence of the antimicrobials. Taken together, the results demonstrate that antimicrobials could induce biofilm formation by some isolates, in addition to inducing MAC-T cell invasion, a situation that might occur in vivo, potentially resulting in a bacterial reservoir in the udder, which might explain some cases of persistent mastitis in herds.
Collapse
|
35
|
Kusada H, Hanada S, Kamagata Y, Kimura N. The effects of N-acylhomoserine lactones, β-lactam antibiotics and adenosine on biofilm formation in the multi-β-lactam antibiotic-resistant bacterium Acidovorax sp. strain MR-S7. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 118:14-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
36
|
Charlebois A, Jacques M, Archambault M. Biofilm formation of Clostridium perfringens and its exposure to low-dose antimicrobials. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:183. [PMID: 24795711 PMCID: PMC4001024 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause food poisoning in humans and various enterotoxemia in animal species. Very little is known on the biofilm of C. perfringens and its exposure to subminimal inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobials. This study was undertaken to address these issues. Most of the C. perfringens human and animal isolates tested in this study were able to form biofilm (230/277). Porcine clinical isolates formed significantly more biofilm than the porcine commensal isolates. A subgroup of clinical and commensal C. perfringens isolates was randomly selected for further characterization. Biofilm was found to protect C. perfringens bacterial cells from exposure to high concentrations of tested antimicrobials. Exposure to low doses of some of these antimicrobials tended to lead to a diminution of the biofilm formed. However, a few isolates showed an increase in biofilm formation when exposed to low doses of tylosin, bacitracin, virginiamycin, and monensin. Six isolates were randomly selected for biofilm analysis using scanning laser confocal microscopy. Of those, four produced more biofilm in presence of low doses of bacitracin whereas biofilms formed without bacitracin were thinner and less elevated. An increase in the area occupied by bacteria in the biofilm following exposure to low doses of bacitracin was also observed in the majority of isolates. Morphology examination revealed flat biofilms with the exception of one isolate that demonstrated a mushroom-like biofilm. Matrix composition analysis showed the presence of proteins, beta-1,4 linked polysaccharides and extracellular DNA, but no poly-beta-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. This study brings new information on the biofilm produced by C. perfringens and its exposure to low doses of antimicrobials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Charlebois
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada ; Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Mario Jacques
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada ; Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Marie Archambault
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada ; Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Fàbrega A, Soto SM, Ballesté-Delpierre C, Fernández-Orth D, Jiménez de Anta MT, Vila J. Impact of quinolone-resistance acquisition on biofilm production and fitness in Salmonella enterica. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69:1815-24. [PMID: 24706735 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the potential relationship between quinolone resistance and biofilm production in a collection of Salmonella enterica clinical isolates and in S. enterica serovar Typhimurium serial mutants with increasing resistance to ciprofloxacin. METHODS Nalidixic acid susceptibility and biofilm formation were assessed in a collection of 122 S. enterica clinical isolates. An in vitro quinolone-resistant mutant, 59-64, was obtained from a biofilm-producing and quinolone-susceptible clinical isolate, 59-wt, in a multistep selection process after increasing ciprofloxacin concentrations. The quinolone resistance mechanisms [target gene and multidrug resistance (MDR) regulatory mutations, MICs of several antibiotics, cell envelope protein analysis, real-time PCR and ciprofloxacin accumulation] were characterized for mutant strains. In addition, analysis of fitness, biofilm formation, rdar morphotype and expression of biofilm-related genes by real-time PCR were also determined. RESULTS Nalidixic acid-susceptible S. enterica strains were more prevalent in producing biofilm than the resistant counterparts. Strain 59-64 acquired five target gene mutations and showed an MDR phenotype. AcrAB and acrF overexpression were ruled out, whereas TolC did show increased expression in 59-64, which, in addition, accumulated less ciprofloxacin. Consistently, increased ramA expression was seen in 59-64 and attributed to a mutation within its promoter. Reduced biofilm production related to diminished csgB expression as well as reduced fitness was seen for 59-64, which was unable to form the rdar morphotype. CONCLUSIONS Quinolone resistance acquisition may be associated with decreased production of biofilm due to lower csgB expression. Efflux, biofilm production and fitness seem to be interrelated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fàbrega
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara M Soto
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Ballesté-Delpierre
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dietmar Fernández-Orth
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Teresa Jiménez de Anta
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Clínic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Vila
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Clínic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bedran TBL, Grignon L, Spolidorio DP, Grenier D. Subinhibitory concentrations of triclosan promote Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation and adherence to oral epithelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89059. [PMID: 24551218 PMCID: PMC3923858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Triclosan is a general membrane-active agent with a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity that is commonly used in oral care products. In this study, we investigated the effect of sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of triclosan on the capacity of the cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans to form biofilm and adhere to oral epithelial cells. As quantified by crystal violet staining, biofilm formation by two reference strains of S. mutans was dose-dependently promoted, in the range of 2.2- to 6.2-fold, by 1/2 and 1/4 MIC of triclosan. Observations by scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of a dense biofilm attached to the polystyrene surface. Growth of S. mutans in the presence of triclosan at sub-MICs also increased its capacity to adhere to a monolayer of gingival epithelial cells. The expression of several genes involved in adherence and biofilm formation in S. mutans was investigated by quantitative RT-PCR. It was found that sub-MICs of triclosan significantly increased the expression of comD, gtfC, and luxS, and to a lesser extent of gtfB and atlA genes. These findings stress the importance of maintaining effective bactericidal concentrations of therapeutic triclosan since sub-MICs may promote colonization of the oral cavity by S. mutans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Telma Blanca Lombardo Bedran
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, Araraquara Dental School, State University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Louis Grignon
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denise Palomari Spolidorio
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Araraquara Dental School, State University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Martinez M, Blondeau J, Cerniglia CE, Fink-Gremmels J, Guenther S, Hunter RP, Li XZ, Papich M, Silley P, Soback S, Toutain PL, Zhang Q. Workshop report: the 2012 antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine: exploring the consequences of antimicrobial drug use: a 3-D approach. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 37:e1-e16. [PMID: 24387782 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a global challenge that impacts both human and veterinary health care. The resilience of microbes is reflected in their ability to adapt and survive in spite of our best efforts to constrain their infectious capabilities. As science advances, many of the mechanisms for microbial survival and resistance element transfer have been identified. During the 2012 meeting of Antimicrobial Agents in Veterinary Medicine (AAVM), experts provided insights on such issues as use vs. resistance, the available tools for supporting appropriate drug use, the importance of meeting the therapeutic needs within the domestic animal health care, and the requirements associated with food safety and food security. This report aims to provide a summary of the presentations and discussions occurring during the 2012 AAVM with the goal of stimulating future discussions and enhancing the opportunity to establish creative and sustainable solutions that will guarantee the availability of an effective therapeutic arsenal for veterinary species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Martinez
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Effects of Aronia melanocarpa constituents on biofilm formation of Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus. Molecules 2013; 18:14989-99. [PMID: 24317526 PMCID: PMC6270606 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181214989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Many bacteria growing on surfaces form biofilms. Adaptive and genetic changes of the microorganisms in this structure make them resistant to antimicrobial agents. Biofilm-forming organisms on medical devices can pose serious threats to human health. Thus, there is a need for novel prevention and treatment strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of Aronia melanocarpa extracts, subfractions and compounds to prevent biofilm formation and to inhibit bacterial growth of Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereusin vitro. It was found that several aronia substances possessed anti-biofilm activity, however, they were not toxic to the species screened. This non-toxic inhibition may confer a lower potential for resistance development compared to conventional antimicrobials.
Collapse
|
41
|
Proteomic changes in Bacteroides fragilis exposed to subinhibitory concentration of piperacillin/tazobactam. Anaerobe 2013; 22:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
42
|
Ioannidis A, Papavasileiou K, Papavasileiou E, Bersimis S, Chatzipanagiotou S. Distribution of six effector protein virulence genes among Salmonella enterica enterica serovars isolated from children and their correlation with biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance. Mol Diagn Ther 2013; 17:311-7. [PMID: 23733519 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-013-0039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Salmonella enterica enterica encodes a variety of virulence factors. Among them, the type III secretion system (TTSS) encoded in the Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) is required for induction of proinflammatory responses, invasion of intestinal epithelial cells, induction of cell death in macrophages, and elicitation of diarrhea. The presence of the effector protein genes sopB, sopD, sopE, sopE2, avrA, and sptP of the SPIs was analyzed in 194 S. enterica enterica strains belonging to 19 serovars. METHODS S. enterica enterica strains were collected from children with gastroenteritis, either hospitalized or attending the outpatient clinic, aged 1-14 years. Nineteen different serotypes were included in the study. Serotyping, biofilm formation determination, and antimicrobial resistance of the planktonic as well as the biofilm forms of the strains have been reported previously. RESULTS At least one virulence gene was present in all Salmonella isolates. Biofilm formation was statistically independent of any of the six genes. Strains lacking sopE and sopE2 were more resistant to all the antimicrobials. CONCLUSIONS The association of the virulence genes with the antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in general has been previously reported and is a matter of further investigation. For the clinical expression of pathogenicity in humans, the contribution of these genes is questionable, as some strains bearing only a single gene (either sptP or avrA) were still capable of causing gastroenteritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ioannidis
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta General Hospital Building Complex, Sparta, Greece
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wojnicz D, Tichaczek-Goska D. Effect of sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin, amikacin and colistin on biofilm formation and virulence factors of Escherichia coli planktonic and biofilm forms isolated from human urine. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 44:259-65. [PMID: 24159313 PMCID: PMC3804207 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013000100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of subinhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of ciprofloxacin, amikacin and colistin on biofilm formation, motility, curli fimbriae formation by planktonic and biofilm cells of E. coli strains isolated from the urine of patients with various urinary system infections. Quantification of biofilm formation was carried out using a microtiter plate assay and a spectrophotometric method. Bacterial enumeration was used to assess the viability of bacteria in the biofilm. Curli expression was determined by using YESCA agar supplemented with congo red. Using motility agar the ability to move was examined. All the antibiotics used at sub-MICs reduced biofilm formation in vitro, decreased the survival of bacteria, but had no effect on the motility of planktonic as well as biofilm cells. The inhibitory effect of sub-MICs of antimicrobial agents on curli fimbriae formation was dependent on the form in which the bacteria occurred, incubation time and antibiotic used. Our results clearly show that all the three antibiotics tested reduce biofilm production, interfere with curli expression but do not influence motility. This study suggests that ciprofloxacin, amikacin and colistin may be useful in the treatment of biofilm-associated infections caused by E. coli strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Wojnicz
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Machado I, Graça J, Lopes H, Lopes S, Pereira MO. Antimicrobial Pressure of Ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin on Biofilm Development by an Endoscope-Isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ISRN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 2013:178646. [PMID: 25969768 PMCID: PMC4403614 DOI: 10.5402/2013/178646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This work aims at characterizing endoscope biofilm-isolated (PAI) and reference strain P. aeruginosa (PA) adhesion, biofilm formation and sensitivity to antibiotics. The recovery ability of the biofilm-growing bacteria subjected to intermittent antibiotic pressure (ciprofloxacin (CIP) and gentamicin (GM)), as well as the development of resistance towards antibiotics and benzalkonium chloride (BC), were also determined. The capacity of both strains to develop biofilms was greatly impaired in the presence of CIP and GM. Sanitization was not complete allowing biofilm recovery after the intermittent cycles of antibiotic pressure. The environmental pressure exerted by CIP and GM did not develop P. aeruginosa resistance to antibiotics nor cross-resistance towards BC. However, data highlighted that none of the antimicrobials led to complete biofilm eradication, allowing the recovery of the remaining adhered population possibly due to the selection of persister cells. This feature may lead to biofilm recalcitrance, reinforcement of bacterial attachment, and recolonization of other sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Idalina Machado
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Graça
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Hélder Lopes
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Susana Lopes
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria O Pereira
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Steenackers H, Hermans K, Vanderleyden J, De Keersmaecker SC. Salmonella biofilms: An overview on occurrence, structure, regulation and eradication. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
46
|
Hess DJ, Henry-Stanley MJ, Wells CL. Gentamicin promotes Staphylococcus aureus biofilms on silk suture. J Surg Res 2011; 170:302-8. [PMID: 21816417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Communities of bacteria, termed biofilms, develop on biotic and abiotic surfaces, including medical devices and surgical suture. Biofilm-associated bacteria are typically recalcitrant to antibiotic therapy, and the effects of antibiotics on microbial biofilms are not clearly understood. There is emerging evidence that under specific conditions, aminoglycosides may actually promote biofilm development. Experiments were designed to study the effects of gentamicin on suture-associated Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. MATERIALS AND METHODS S. aureus biofilms were formed after 24 h incubation of bacteria with silk suture. Susceptibility of planktonic S. aureus (from broth culture) to gentamicin was compared with the susceptibility of cells from mechanically dispersed S. aureus biofilms. Subinhibitory and inhibitory concentrations of gentamicin were subsequently incubated with intact suture-associated biofilms. S. aureus viability and metabolic capacity were assessed, and biofilm biomass was quantified with crystal violet (binds negatively charged surface molecules) and with the nucleic acid stain Syto 9. Scanning electron microscopy was used to assess the effect of gentamicin on the ultrastructure of suture-associated S. aureus biofilms. RESULTS Planktonic cells and S. aureus cells from mechanically dispersed biofilms had similar susceptibility to gentamicin. However, after incubation of high concentrations of gentamicin with intact biofilms, high numbers of S. aureus remained both viable and metabolically active; biofilm biomass was increased and biofilm ultrastructure showed staphylococcal cells within copious amounts of extracellular material. CONCLUSION Gentamicin does not effectively kill S. aureus within intact suture-associated biofilms, and gentamicin also promotes the biomass of S. aureus biofilms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donavon J Hess
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0374, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Casbane diterpene as a promising natural antimicrobial agent against biofilm-associated infections. Molecules 2010; 16:190-201. [PMID: 21193844 PMCID: PMC6259237 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16010190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Croton nepetaefolius is a native plant from northeastern Brazil that belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family. The biological action of this plant has been extensively explored, being the secondary metabolites responsible for its properties alkaloids, diterpenes, and triterpenes. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of casbane diterpene (CD), isolated from the ethanolic extract of C. nepetaefolius, to inhibit microbial growth and biofilm formation of several clinical relevant species (bacteria and yeasts). It was found that CD possessed biocidal and biostatic activity against the majority of the species screened, with minimal active concentrations ranging between 125 and 500 µg/mL. In addition, it was observed that biofilm formation was inhibited even when the planktonic growth was not significantly affected. In conclusion, CD showed potential to be a natural tool for the treatment of diseases caused by different infectious microorganisms.
Collapse
|
48
|
Modulation of Salmonella gene expression by subinhibitory concentrations of quinolones. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2010; 64:73-8. [PMID: 21102598 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2010.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 2.7% of a collection of Salmonella enterica var. Typhimurium promoter-lux reporter strains showed altered transcriptional patterns when exposed to low concentrations of nine different fluoroquinolones (FQs). Even at the subinhibitory concentrations employed, all nine FQs upregulated genes involved in the SOS response, umuD, lexA, sbmC and dinP. In addition, transcriptional regulators, genes putatively associated with membrane integrity (spr), virulence (sicA) and metabolism (plsB) were affected. Using the Ames test with Salmonella strain TA102, increased mutagenicity was demonstrated in response to all the FQs tested: ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin and gatifloxacin. Transcriptional effects were largely specific to the FQ antimicrobials. Such responses are consistent with the primary mechanism of action of this class of inhibitor, namely, the introduction of DNA damage. This work provides support for the notion that small molecules can have functions other than growth inhibition that may affect the establishment and maintenance of community dynamics in complex environments.
Collapse
|
49
|
Mirani ZA, Jamil N. Effect of sub-lethal doses of vancomycin and oxacillin on biofilm formation by vancomycin intermediate resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Basic Microbiol 2010; 51:191-5. [PMID: 20967790 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201000221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms are means of protection to bacteria against antibiotics and antibodies. Catheters and others tube devices used by patients are prone to accumulation of thick layers of biofilms as hiding place for etiologic agents, resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of hospital-acquired infections. Vancomycin remains the only treatment of choice for MRSA infections. In the present study a vancomycin resistant S. aureus (VRSA) (Labeled as CP2) was isolated from the blood of a post-operative cardiac patient. It harbors a plasmid which carry vanA gene and exhibited low-level vancomycin resistance (MIC 16 μg/ml), high level of oxacillin/methicillin resistance (MIC 500 μg/ml) and was sensitive to teicoplanin. CP2 also found to carry icaA gene on its chromosome. This strain exhibited resistance to triton-X100 induced autolysis under sub-inhibitory concentration of vancomycin and produced some extracellular matrix material that surrounding the cells. These characteristic features have warranted us to study the biofilm formation by CP2 on biomedical indwellings in presence of vancomycin and oxacillin. Our findings suggest that sub-lethal dose of vancomycin induced the biofilm formation by CP2 on nylon and silicon indwellings whereas oxacillin facilitated the biofilm formation on glass surfaces exclusively. This implicates that not only the antibiotics but also the indwelling material influences biofilm formation. Therefore, these implants serve as potential surfaces for bacterial adhesion that lead to biofilm formation, thus provide hiding places for pathogens from the actions of antimicrobials.
Collapse
|
50
|
Is manuka honey the best type of honey for wound care? J Hosp Infect 2009; 74:305-6. [PMID: 19906462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|