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Reichow B, Kogan C, Barbui C, Maggin D, Salomone E, Smith IC, Yasamy MT, Servili C. Caregiver skills training for caregivers of individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol 2024; 66:713-724. [PMID: 37786292 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM To systematically review the effectiveness of caregiver and parent skills training programs, including caregiver-mediated interventions, for caregivers of individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. METHOD We conducted a systematic review with a random-effects meta-analysis. We searched 11 electronic databases through July 2021 and used a snowball methodology to locate relevant articles of randomized controlled trials. Effect size estimates were pooled using Hedges' g from data extracted from study reports and through author requests using random-effects meta-analyses for three child outcome categories (child development, adaptive behavior, and problem behavior) and three caregiver outcome categories (parenting skills and knowledge, psychological well-being, and interpersonal family relations). RESULTS We located 44 910 records, from which 75 randomized controlled trials involving 4746 individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders and their caregivers were included. Random-effects meta-analyses showed improvements in child development (g = 0.30; 99% confidence interval [CI] = 0.07-0.53) and reduction in reported problem behaviors (g = 0.41; 99% CI = 0.24-0.59), but not a statistically significant improvement in adaptive behavior (g = 0.28; 99% CI = -0.42 to 0.98). Caregivers showed improvements in parenting skills and knowledge (g = 0.72; 99% CI = 0.53-0.90), psychological well-being (g = 0.52; 99% CI = 0.34-0.71), and interpersonal family relations (g = 0.76; 99% CI = 0.32-1.20). INTERPRETATION Caregiver skills training programs benefit both caregivers and children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Skills training programs improve child development and behavior, improve parenting skills, reduce caregiver mental health issues, and improve family functioning. Programs using culturally appropriate training material to improve the development, functioning, and participation of children within families and communities should be considered when caring for children with neurodevelopmental disorders. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Caregiver skills training programs are effective interventions for both caregivers and children. Children with neurodevelopmental disorders benefit from improvements in development and reduction of problematic behaviors. Caregivers benefit from enhanced skills and psychological well-being. Improvements in interpersonal family relationships have also been documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Reichow
- AJ Pappanikou Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities Education, Research, and Service, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cary Kogan
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Corrado Barbui
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Mental Health and Service Evaluation, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | - Isaac C Smith
- AJ Pappanikou Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities Education, Research, and Service, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
- Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Heng YY, Nafiseh A, Oyungu E, Ombitsa AR, Cherop C, McHenry MS. 'I bring her up with love:' Perspectives of caregivers of children with neurodevelopmental delays in western Kenya. Child Care Health Dev 2023; 49:201-209. [PMID: 35817560 PMCID: PMC10084169 DOI: 10.1111/cch.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to understand the challenges and perspectives of caregivers with neurodevelopmental delays (NDD) in rural Kenya. METHODS Semi-structured interviews and the Affiliate Stigma Scale were administered to the primary caregivers of children with NDDs recruited from the communities near Eldoret, Kenya. Constant comparison and triangulation methods were used to inductively develop relevant themes and concepts. RESULTS Sixteen caregivers participated. Challenges, which included hardships related to safety and supervision, challenging emotions and financial difficulties, were compounded by a lack of social support and community stigma towards these children. However, caregivers still felt deep love for their children, desired acceptance from the community and found sources of strength from faith and religious institutions. CONCLUSION The study uncovered crucial insights into the perspectives of caregivers within this population and revealed a paucity of disability awareness and understanding within the community, possibly informing future programmes and intervention policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yan Heng
- Department of PediatricsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Amira Nafiseh
- Department of PediatricsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Eren Oyungu
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Health SciencesMoi UniversityEldoretKenya
- Academic Model Providing Access to HealthcareEldoretKenya
| | | | | | - Megan S. McHenry
- Department of PediatricsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Academic Model Providing Access to HealthcareEldoretKenya
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Bourke-Taylor HM, Grzegorczyn S, Joyce KS. Peer mentor training: Pathway to competency for facilitators of Healthy Mothers Healthy Families workshops. Child Care Health Dev 2021; 47:575-587. [PMID: 33682965 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthy Mothers Healthy Families (HMHF) is a women's health and empowerment programme designed to promote the health and well-being of mothers of children with a disability. An ongoing need to extend the reach of HMHF to more mothers, and increase scalability, resulted in development of a training programme based in principles of adult and transformative learning, to credential mothers as HMHF facilitators. The current study evaluated the process and outcomes of the competency training programme for new facilitators. METHODS A pretest and posttest design with midway data collection point was implemented to evaluate the facilitators' competence following the training programme. Surveys contained specifically designed demographic questions, open-ended questions, self-report of competency and estimation of need for education/training. Fifteen predetermined criteria enabled self-ratings. Training of facilitators occurred alongside delivery of 23-day HMHF workshops. Workshop participants provided anonymous objective evaluation of the facilitators' competencies. Triangulation enabled comparison of self-ratings, workshop participant ratings and author evaluation of new facilitators. RESULTS Facilitators (N = 7) completed all theory and practical elements of the HMHF facilitator education package and were successfully credentialed in May 2020. Overall, facilitators' competency ratings were highest at Time 3, which followed successful co-facilitation of at least three HMHF workshops. As expected, facilitators rated their highest need for education/training at baseline. At Time 3, facilitators self-reported a lower need for education/training for all competency criteria. All facilitators received mean anonymous competency ratings from workshop participants (N = 294), above the predetermined benchmark that was required to become credentialled. CONCLUSIONS The HMHF competency training programme, based on principles of adult and transformative learning, was effective in training seven HMHF facilitators who were mothers and had suitable professional backgrounds to deliver HMHF workshops. Training supports the fidelity of the HMHF intervention. Further research to evaluate maternal outcomes for participants attending the facilitator-lead workshops is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Bourke-Taylor
- Occupational Therapy Department, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Peninsula Campus, Frankston, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah Grzegorczyn
- Occupational Therapy Department, Peninsula Health, Frankston, VIC, Australia
| | - Kahli S Joyce
- Occupational Therapy Department, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Peninsula Campus, Frankston, VIC, Australia
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Mental Health and Health Behaviour Changes for Mothers of Children with a Disability: Effectiveness of a Health and Wellbeing Workshop. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:508-521. [PMID: 33728495 PMCID: PMC7962925 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-04956-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Healthy Mothers Healthy Families (HMHF) is a program that educates and empowers mothers of children with disabilities to improve health behaviours. Outcomes were investigated in this study. A pre, post-test design was implemented using online questionnaires including the Health promoting activities scale (HPAS) and the Depressional anxiety stress scales (DASS). Mothers (N = 71) experienced improvements in HPAS scores, p < .001. Mental health symptomatology reduced: depressive symptoms (p = .005), Anxiety symptoms (p = .005) and stress (p = .002). Wellbeing improved (p < .001). Mothers also reported that their child with a disability experienced an increase in quality of life (p = .042). Mothers’ lifestyles goals improved: managing stress; dietary changes; leisure; self-perception and others. HMHF is an effective intervention with improved health status and outcomes for mothers.
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Interventions to Improve the Mental Health of Mothers of Children with a Disability: Systematic Review, Meta-analysis and Description of Interventions. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:3690-3706. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04826-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Willner P, Rose J, Stenfert Kroese B, Murphy GH, Langdon PE, Clifford C, Hutchings H, Watkins A, Hiles S, Cooper V. Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of carers of people with intellectual disabilities. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2020; 33:1523-1533. [PMID: 32885897 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The measures implemented to manage the COVID-19 pandemic have been shown to impair mental health. This problem is likely to be exacerbated for carers. METHOD Informal carers (mainly parents) of children and adults with intellectual disabilities, and a comparison group of parents of children without disabilities, completed an online questionnaire. Almost all the data were collected while strict lockdown conditions were in place. RESULTS Relative to carers of children without intellectual disability, carers of both children and adults with intellectual disability had significantly greater levels of a wish fulfilment coping style, defeat/entrapment, anxiety, and depression. Differences were 2-3 times greater than reported in earlier pre-pandemic studies. Positive correlations were found between objective stress scores and all mental health outcomes. Despite their greater mental health needs, carers of those with intellectual disability received less social support from a variety of sources. CONCLUSIONS The greater mental health needs of carers in the context of lesser social support raises serious concerns. We consider the policy implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Willner
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - John Rose
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Peter E Langdon
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Coventry and Warwichshire Partnership NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | | | | | | | - Steve Hiles
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
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Provenzano AM, Stearns MA, Nadorff DK. The Influence of Caregiving on the Relation Between Marital Status and Psychological Health in a Grandparent Sample. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2020; 92:411-430. [PMID: 32378416 DOI: 10.1177/0091415020920000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Grandparent caregivers report poorer psychological and physical health, but relationship status has been shown to influence burden. The current study investigated depressive symptoms of 3288 grandparents who completed the third wave of the National Survey of Families and Households. The study found that those who are unmarried were more likely to be grandparent caregivers, and female participants reported higher depressive symptoms. Marital status and caregiving status were comparable predictors of depression, but marital status did not buffer the effects of caregiving status on depression. Caregiving status accounted for a significant amount of depressive symptom variance for depression, comparable to marital status and gender. There was a significant difference in depressive symptoms of married and unmarried grandparent non-caregivers but with a significantly lower baseline depression rate than grandparent caregivers. Future research should examine whether making social support options available to unmarried grandparent caregivers who lack informal support from a spouse may improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie A Stearns
- 5547 Psychology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Danielle K Nadorff
- 5547 Psychology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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The Potential of Networks for Families in the Child Protection System: A Systematic Review. SOCIAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci9050070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There has recently been increased interest in the potential for formal and informal networks to aid interventions with biologic families in helping them achieve reunification in the context of the child protection system. When group support is provided to families, the creation of a network of social support seems to be a consequence. The article analyzes the conceptualization of social support in order to create social support networks and the benefits on the intervention with families in the framework of the child protection system through a systematic review. From a wide search 4348 documents, finally 14 articles were included in the reviews. Results show that social support is considered a process by which social resources are provided from formal (professional services and programs associated with those services in any off the protection, health of educational systems) and informal (extended family, friends, neighbors and acquaintances) networks, allowing the families to confront daily moments as well as in crisis situations. This social support is related to emotional, psychological, physical, instrumental, material and information support that allow families to face their difficulties. Formal and informal networks of child protection systems contribute to social support, resilience, consolidation of learning and the assistance of families to social intervention programs.
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The Quality of Life as a Predictor of Social Support for Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Caregivers. J Neurosci Nurs 2020; 52:106-111. [DOI: 10.1097/jnn.0000000000000503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Vagenas D, Totsika V. Modelling correlated data: Multilevel models and generalized estimating equations and their use with data from research in developmental disabilities. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2018; 81:1-11. [PMID: 29786528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of Multilevel Models (MLM) and Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) for analysing clustered data in the field of intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) research is still limited. METHOD We present some important features of MLMs and GEEs: main function, assumptions, model specification and estimators, sample size and power. We provide an overview of the ways MLMs and GEEs have been used in IDD research. RESULTS While MLMs and GEEs are both appropriate for longitudinal and/or clustered data, they differ in the assumptions they impose on the data, and the inferences made. Estimators in MLMs require appropriate model specification, while GEEs are more resilient to misspecification at the expense of model complexity. Studies on sample size seem to suggest that Level 1 coefficients are robust to small samples/clusters, with any higher-level coefficients less so. MLMs have been used more frequently than GEEs in IDD research, especially for fitting developmental trajectories. CONCLUSIONS Clustered data from research in the IDD field can be analysed flexibly using MLMs and GEEs. These models would be more widely used if journals required the inclusion of technical specification detail, simulation studies examined power for IDD study characteristics, and researchers developed core skills during basic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Vagenas
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
| | - Vasiliki Totsika
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal, and Research (CEDAR) and Centre for Education Studies (CES), University of Warwick, UK; Centre for Developmental Psychiatry and Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Australia
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Reid C, Gill F, Gore N, Brady S. New ways of seeing and being: Evaluating an acceptance and mindfulness group for parents of young people with intellectual disabilities who display challenging behaviour. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES : JOID 2016; 20:5-17. [PMID: 25999396 DOI: 10.1177/1744629515584868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The current study presents findings from an acceptance and commitment therapy-based intervention for family carers of children who have an intellectual/developmental disability and display high levels of challenging behaviour. The parent well-being workshops consist of two workshops incorporating acceptance and mindfulness-based exercises and discussions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with five family carers following attendance of the workshops. Participants found the workshops useful and reported that they were better able to cope with stress. They also described how they had incorporated mindfulness into their daily lives and how their practice had had positive effects on their own well-being and on those around them (e.g. their child). Implications of the findings are discussed with emphasis on how the workshops can be included within a positive behaviour support framework. Future directions include a more robust quantitative evaluation, inclusion of follow-up sessions and the application of the workshops with other client groups and in other delivery formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Reid
- Ealing Intensive Therapeutic and Short Break Service (ITSBS), UK
| | - Freya Gill
- Newham Child and Family Consultation Service, UK
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van Rensburg ESJ, Poggenpoel M, Myburgh C. A conceptual framework to facilitate the mental health of student nurses working with persons with intellectual disabilities. Curationis 2015; 38:e1-e11. [PMID: 26841920 PMCID: PMC6091807 DOI: 10.4102/curationis.v38i1.1481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Student nurses (SNs) experience emotional discomfort during placement in the clinical psychiatric learning environment. This may negatively influence their mental health. Limited support is available to assist both SNs working with persons with intellectual disabilities and nurse educators during clinical accompaniment. OBJECTIVES This article aims to discuss the generation of this framework to enhance student support. METHOD A theory-generative, qualitative, exploratory, descriptive, contextual design was utilised to develop the framework by applying four steps. In step 1 concept analysis identified the central concept through field work. Data were collected from 13 SNs purposively selected from a specific higher educational institution in Gauteng through two focus group interviews, reflective journals, a reflective letter, naïve sketches, drawings and field notes and analysed with thematic coding. The central concept was identified from the results, supported by a literature review and defined by essential attributes. The central concept was classified through a survey list and demonstrated in a model case. In step 2 the central concepts were placed into relationships with each other. The conceptual framework was described and evaluated in step 3 and guidelines for implementation were described in step 4. The focus of this article will be on generating the conceptual framework. RESULTS The central concept was 'the facilitation of engagement on a deeper emotional level of SNs'. The conceptual framework was described and evaluated. CONCLUSION The conceptual framework can enhance the educational practices of nurse educators and can SN's practices of care for persons with intellectual disabilities.
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Wood AW, Gonzalez J, Barden SM. Mindful caring: using mindfulness-based cognitive therapy with caregivers of cancer survivors. J Psychosoc Oncol 2015; 33:66-84. [PMID: 25397963 DOI: 10.1080/07347332.2014.977418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Caregivers of cancer survivors face many burdens that often require treatment by mental health professionals. One intervention, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, aims to help individuals change the ways in which they relate to their thoughts rather than changing their thoughts. In this manuscript, we discuss the use and adaption of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy with caregivers of cancer survivors as a way to decrease caregiver burden and increase caregiver quality of life. A session-by-session breakdown of how to tailor mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to caregivers of cancer survivors is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Wood
- a Department of Child , Family, and Community Sciences, University of Central Florida , Orlando , FL , USA
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