1
|
Meng SL, Li MX, Lu Y, Chen X, Wang WP, Song C, Fan LM, Qiu LP, Li DD, Xu HM, Xu P. Effect of environmental level of methomyl on hatching, morphology, immunity and development related genes expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 268:115684. [PMID: 37976935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of carbamate pesticides has led to a range of environmental and health problems, such as surface and groundwater contamination, and endocrine disorders in organisms. In this study, we focused on examining the effects of toxic exposure to the carbamate pesticide methomyl on the hatching, morphology, immunity and developmental gene expression levels in zebrafish embryos. Four concentrations of methomyl (0, 2, 20, and 200 μg/L) were administered to zebrafish embryos for a period of 96 h. The study found that exposure to methomyl accelerated the hatching process of zebrafish embryos, with the strongest effect recorded at the concentration of 2 μg/L. Methomyl exposure also trigged significantly reductions in heart rate and caused abnormalities in larvae morphology, and it also stimulated the synthesis and release of several inflammatory factors such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and INF-α, lowered the IgM contents, ultimately enhancing inflammatory response and interfering with immune function. All of these showed the significant effects on exposure time, concentration and their interaction (Time × Concentration). Furthermore, the body length of zebrafish exposed to methomyl for 96 h was significantly shorter, particularly at higher concentrations (200 μg/L). Methomyl also affected the expression levels of genes associated with development (down-regulated igf1, bmp2b, vasa, dazl and piwi genes), demonstrating strong developmental toxicity and disruption of the endocrine system, with the most observed at the concentration of 200 μg/L and 96 h exposure to methomyl. The results of this study provide valuable reference information on the potential damage of methomyl concentrations in the environment on fish embryo development, while also supplementing present research on the immunotoxicity of methomyl.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Long Meng
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Ming Xiao Li
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Wei Ping Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Aquatic Biology Protection and Rescue Center, Nangchang 330029, China
| | - Chao Song
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Li Min Fan
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Li Ping Qiu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Dan Dan Li
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Hui Min Xu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Pao Xu
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi 214081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xie M, Hao Q, Xia R, Olsen RE, Ringø E, Yang Y, Zhang Z, Ran C, Zhou Z. Nuclease-Treated Stabilized Fermentation Product of Cetobacterium somerae Improves Growth, Non-specific Immunity, and Liver Health of Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Front Nutr 2022; 9:918327. [PMID: 35873430 PMCID: PMC9298519 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.918327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-fat diets (HFD) are harmful to fish health. Probiotics are commonly utilized to improve fish nutrition metabolism, immune response, and health. Nucleic acids of the probiotic bacterium can be hydrolyzed by nuclease to generate nucleotides. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of stabilized fermentation product of nuclease-treated Cetobacterium somerae XMX-1 [XMX-1 (N)] on growth, non-specific immunity, and liver health of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Compared to the HFD group, 100 g/kg XMX-1 (N) significantly increased weight gain and decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, 5 or 10 g/kg XMX-1 (N) had no influence on zebrafish growth. In addition, supplementation of 100 g/kg XMX-1 (N) significantly increased lysozyme activity and total antioxidant capacity in skin mucus, and the expression of inflammation related genes interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 10 (IL-10), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the gut as well as fatty acid oxidation related genes uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) and proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α) in the liver, while decreased the content of hepatic triacylglycerol (TAG) in zebrafish. The gene sequencing, 16S rRNA, showed that 100 g/kg XMX-1 (N) enhanced the relative abundance of Firmicutes while lowered Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. 10 g/kg XMX-1 (N) significantly increased lysozyme activity and complement component 4 (C4) in skin mucus, and intestinal expression of inflammation-related genes. In the 5 g/kg XMX-1 (N) group, however, only an increase in C4 level in skin mucus was observed. Together, these results reveal that dietary supplementation with nuclease-treated C. somerae XMX-1 (N) has a dose-dependent beneficial effect on fish health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxu Xie
- Sino-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Norway-China Joint Lab on Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Institute of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Qiang Hao
- Sino-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Norway-China Joint Lab on Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Institute of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rui Xia
- Sino-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rolf Erik Olsen
- Norway-China Joint Lab on Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Institute of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Einar Ringø
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries, and Economics, Norwegian College of Fisheries Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Yalin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Ran
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- Sino-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sayed RKA, Zaccone G, Capillo G, Albano M, Mokhtar DM. Structural and Functional Aspects of the Spleen in Molly Fish Poecilia sphenops (Valenciennes, 1846): Synergistic Interactions of Stem Cells, Neurons, and Immune Cells. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050779. [PMID: 35625510 PMCID: PMC9138448 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In fish, the spleen is the prime secondary lymphoid organ. It has a role in the induction of adaptive immune responses, in addition to its significance in the elimination of immune complexes. This study was conducted on 18 randomly obtained adult molly fish (Poecilia sphenops) of both sexes using histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural studies to highlight the cellular components of the spleen and their potential role in the immune system. The spleen of molly fish was characterized by the presence of well-distinct melanomacrophage centers, and other basic structures present in higher vertebrates including red and white pulps, blood vessels, and ellipsoids. Some mitotic cells could also be identified in the red pulp. Mast cells with characteristic metachromatic granules could be seen among the splenic cells. Rodlet cells were randomly distributed in the spleen and were also observed around the ellipsoids. The white pulp of the spleen expressed APG5. The expressions were well distinct in the melanomacrophages, leukocytes, and macrophages. Myostatin was expressed in leukocytes and epithelial reticular cells. IL-1β showed immunoreactivity in monocytes and macrophages around the ellipsoids. NF-κB and TGF-β were expressed in macrophages and epithelial reticular cells. Nrf2 expression was detected in stem cells and rodlet cells. Sox-9 had a higher expression in epithelial reticular cells and stem cells. The high frequency of immune cells in the spleen confirmed its role in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immunity, cell proliferation, and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramy K. A. Sayed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt;
| | - Giacomo Zaccone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (G.Z.); (G.C.)
| | - Gioele Capillo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (G.Z.); (G.C.)
- Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology (IRBIM), National Research Council (CNR), Section of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Albano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-38-8119-3816
| | - Doaa M. Mokhtar
- Department of Cell and Tissues, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assuit University, Assiut 71526, Egypt;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Conforto E, Vílchez-Gómez L, Parrinello D, Parisi MG, Esteban MÁ, Cammarata M, Guardiola FA. Role of mucosal immune response and histopathological study in European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) intraperitoneal challenged by Vibrio anguillarum or Tenacibaculum soleae. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:330-339. [PMID: 34015481 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The external mucus layer that covers fish skin contains numerous immune substances scarcely studied that act as the first line of defence against a broad spectrum of pathogens. This study aimed to characterize and describe for the first time several humoral immune defence parameters in the skin mucus of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) after intraperitoneal injection with Vibrio anguillarum or Tenacibaculum soleae. This study evaluated several immune-related enzymes and bactericidal activity against fish pathogenic bacteria in the skin mucus of European eels at 24, 48, and 72 h post-challenge. The results demonstrated that European eel skin mucus showed significant increments in peroxidase and lysozyme activity at 48 and 72 h after V. anguillarum challenge, compared to other experimental groups. In the case of antiprotease activity, an increase was observed at 24 h in the skin mucus of fish challenged with V. anguillarum compared to unchallenged fish, while this activity was undetected at 48 and 72 h. In contrast, protease activity had decreased at 48 and 72 h in the skin mucus of fish challenged with V. anguillarum compared to the unchallenged group. Regarding bactericidal activity, a high growth capacity of T. soleae was observed in the skin mucus of all experimental groups. Interestingly, the skin mucus from fish challenged with V. anguillarum exhibited increased bactericidal activity against this bacterium at 48 h, compared to unchallenged fish. Finally, severe histopathological alterations were observed in the gills and liver at the end of the trial (72 h), whereas the skin showed only an overspread presence of goblet cells in the challenged fish compared to unchallenged fish. The present results may give new insights into the mucosal immune system of this primitive species with potential applications in aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Conforto
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed.16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luciano Vílchez-Gómez
- Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Daniela Parrinello
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed.16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Parisi
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed.16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Matteo Cammarata
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed.16, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Francisco A Guardiola
- Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
European eel restocking programs based on wild-caught glass eels: Feasibility of quarantine stage compatible with implementation of prophylactic measures prior to scheduled reintroduction to the wild. J Nat Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2020.125933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
6
|
Mokhtar DM, Abdelhafez EA. An overview of the structural and functional aspects of immune cells in teleosts. Histol Histopathol 2021; 36:399-414. [PMID: 33415722 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The immune system of fish consists of two main components, innate and adaptive immunities. Innate immunity is non-specific and acts as the primary line of protection against pathogen invasion, while adaptive immunity is more specific to a certain pathogen/following adaptation. The adaptive immune system consists of the humoral and cellular components. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte cells are the major component of the cellular immunity that frequently kills viral-, bacterial- or parasitic-infected cells. According to the anatomical location, the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in teleost fish subdivides into gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), gill-associated lymphoid tissue (GIALT), and skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT). The MALTs contain various leukocytes; including, but not limited to, lymphocytes (T and B cells), plasma cells, macrophages, and granulocytes. Macrophages are multifunctional cells that are mainly involved in the immune response, including; phagocytosis and degradation of foreign antigens, tissue remodeling, and production of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. An interesting feature of teleost macrophages is their ability to form melanomacrophage centers (MMC) in the hemopoietic tissues. Dendritic cells, rodlet cells, mast cells, eosinophilic granular cells (ECGs), telocytes, osteoclasts, club cells, as well as, barrier cells have been recorded in many fish species and have many immunological roles. This paper aims to summarize the current knowledge of the immune cells present in fish tissues serving as anatomical and physiological barriers against external hazards. Increased knowledge of fish immune systems will facilitate the development of novel vaccination strategies in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doaa M Mokhtar
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Enas A Abdelhafez
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schulz P, Robak S, Dastych J, Siwicki AK. Influence of bacteriophages cocktail on European eel (Anguilla anguilla) immunity and survival after experimental challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:28-37. [PMID: 30248403 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Inland fishery belongs to those branches of animal production that use very large amounts of chemotherapeutics, in particular antibiotics. The accumulation of chemotherapeutic agents in bottom sediments is a direct threat to the aquatic environment and directly affects the condition and health of the fish. Finding a preparation that could be used both prophylactically to increase the resistance of fish and therapeutically in case of infection with pathogenic bacteria, without side effects for fish and aquatic environment could be a great solution to this problem. Our aim was to determine influence of BAFADOR® the new bacteriophage-based preparation on European eel immunity and survival after experimental challenge. Application of BAFADOR® increased total protein level, immunoglobulin level, lysozyme activity and ceruloplasmin level in European eel serum. Potential killing activity and metabolic activity of spleen phagocytes as well as pronephros lymphocyte proliferation of was higher compared to control. The preparation also reduced mortality after experimental infections with the pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Our results showed that preparation BAFADOR® is well tolerated by the fish organism causing stimulation of cellular and humoral immunity parameters and reduces the mortality of the European eel after experimental challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Schulz
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Stanisław Robak
- Department of Ichthyology, Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecology, The Stanislaw Sakowicz Inland Fisheries Institute in Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Krzysztof Siwicki
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yada T, Mekuchi M, Ojima N. Molecular biology and functional genomics of immune-endocrine interactions in the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 257:272-279. [PMID: 29108728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Immune-endocrine interactions are an important pathogen resistance mechanism in fish. We review the immune-endocrine interactions in the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, with special reference to high throughput gene sequencing. These data may be relevant to the significant decrease in the eel harvest in recent years and will aid in the selection of appropriate disease-resistant strains for aquaculture. More than 1000 sequences that whose expression in elvers responded to air exposure were identified through comprehensive gene expression analysis using next-generation sequencing. These included transcription factors within the MAPK pathway. Significant changes in expression after air exposure were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis in many genes related to disease resistance. These factors include innate immune system factors and cytokines that interact with the endocrine system during the stress response. Other applications of immune-endocrine interactions in eel culture are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yada
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Nikko, Japan.
| | - Miyuki Mekuchi
- Research Center for Bioinformatics and Biosciences, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ojima
- Research Center for Bioinformatics and Biosciences, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yokohama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dezfuli BS, Manera M, Bosi G, DePasquale JA, D'Amelio S, Castaldelli G, Giari L. Anguilla anguilla intestinal immune response to natural infection with Contracaecum rudolphii A larvae. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:1187-1200. [PMID: 26814373 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The European eel, Anguilla anguilla, is a major warm-water fish species cultured in North and South Europe. Seventy-one A. anguilla collected between 2010 and 2015 from the Comacchio lagoons were examined. Fish were infected and damaged by larvae (L3) of the nematode Contracaecum rudolphii A, which were encapsulated within the thickness of the intestinal wall and within the external visceral peritoneum (serosa). Conspicuous granulomas, visible at sites of infection, were arranged in a trilayer, formed by a series of concentric whorls. The cells involved in the immune response and their distribution in the granuloma layers were assessed by immunohistochemical, immunofluorescence, and ultrastructural techniques. The outer part of the granuloma contained macrophages, macrophage aggregates, and mast cells (MCs) scattered among fibroblasts. This layer was vascularized, with degranulation of MCs occurring in close proximity to the capillaries. The middle layer was rich in MCs and fibroblasts. The inner layer, closest to the parasite larva, consisted mainly of dark epithelioid cells, some of which were necrotic. Non-necrotic epithelioid cells formed desmosomes between themselves or with fibroblasts. Within the granulomas, numerous cells of different types were positive to proliferative cell nuclear antigen antibody, indicating a high degree of cellular proliferation around the larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B S Dezfuli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - M Manera
- Faculty of Biosciences, Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - G Bosi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Technologies for Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - S D'Amelio
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - G Castaldelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - L Giari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Influence of nematode Anguillicoloides crassus infestation on the cellular and humoral innate immunity in European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.). Cent Eur J Immunol 2015; 40:127-31. [PMID: 26557024 PMCID: PMC4637385 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2015.52824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic invasions are recognized as one of the primary factors responsible for decreasing populations of European eel. The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of infestation with the nematode Anguillicoloides crassus on the innate immunity in European eel (Anguilla anguilla). Anguillicoloides crassus parasitizes the swim bladder of this fish. Levels of the following immunological parameters were measured: spleen phagocyte respiratory burst activity, spleen phagocyte potential killing activity, pronephros lymphocyte proliferation stimulated by concanavaline A or lipopolisaccharide, plasma lysozyme and ceruloplasmin activity, total protein and immunoglobulin (Ig) serum levels. The analyses of the results of humoral and cellular immunity indicate that all studied parameters were statistically significant higher (p < 0.05) in non-infested fish compared to the ones with anguillicolosis except for ceruloplasmin level. These data suggest that the A. crassus infestation in European eel is responsible for a decreased immune response what could result in higher susceptibility to other pathogenic conditions.
Collapse
|
11
|
Influence of β-glucan Leiber(®)Beta-S on selected innate immunity parameters of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) in an intensive farming system. Cent Eur J Immunol 2015; 40:5-10. [PMID: 26155177 PMCID: PMC4472534 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2015.50826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional support plays an important role in promoting high cellular and humoral innate immunity activity and in preventing outbreaks of disease. The effects of β-glucan Leiber(®)Beta-S dietary supplementation on selected nonspecific immune parameters in juvenile European eel (Anguilla anguilla) in an intensive culture system were studied. The fish were fed commercial pellets containing either 0 (control group) or 200 mg Leiber(®)Beta-S kg-1 of feed (glucan-fed group). After four and eight weeks of feeding, the levels of the following immunological parameters were measured: phagocyte respiratory burst activity, phagocyte potential killing activity, lymphocyte proliferation stimulated by concanavaline A or lipopolysaccharide, serum lysozyme activity, and total immunoglobulin (Ig) serum levels. After four and eight weeks of feeding 200 mg Leiber(®)Beta-S kg feed-1 the levels of all immune parameters were statistically significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the glucan-treated group than in the control group. After eight weeks of feeding the fish 200 mg Leiber(®)Beta-S kg feed-1 and after an additional eight weeks in ponds, the levels of all immune parameters, excluding lymphocyte proliferation stimulated by concanavaline A, were statistically significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the glucan-fed group than in the control group. These data suggest that feeding juvenile eel Leiber(®)Beta-S for four and eight weeks might improve innate immunity.
Collapse
|
12
|
Dirks RP, Burgerhout E, Brittijn SA, de Wijze DL, Ozupek H, Tuinhof-Koelma N, Minegishi Y, Jong-Raadsen SA, Spaink HP, van den Thillart GEEJM. Identification of molecular markers in pectoral fin to predict artificial maturation of female European eels (Anguilla anguilla). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 204:267-76. [PMID: 24992558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The European eel is a critically endangered species that cannot be reproduced in captivity yet. Artificial maturation of female European eels can be achieved via a laborious and expensive procedure, including weekly injections with pituitary extracts for up to 6 months. The success rate is highly variable and a minimally invasive method for early selection of responsive eels would prevent the unnecessary and lengthy treatment of non-responding individuals. Since sexual maturation of European eels is accompanied by morphological changes of the pectoral fin, we examined whether fin could be used to monitor the response to the hormone treatment. Farmed eels were subjected to weekly injections with pituitary extracts and representative groups were sampled at 0 and 14-18 weeks of hormone treatment. Responders and non-responders were identified based on the gonado-somatic index. Transcriptomes of pectoral fin samples obtained at the start and end of the trial were mapped using Illumina RNAseq. Responders showed 384 and non-responders only 54 differentially expressed genes. Highly stringent selection based on minimum expression levels and fold-changes and a manual re-annotation round yielded 23 up-regulated and 21 down-regulated maturation marker genes. The up-regulated markers belong to five categories: proteases, skin/mucus structural proteins, steroid hormone signaling, tyrosine/dopamine metabolism and lipid metabolism. The down-regulated markers are either blood markers or lectin-related genes. In conclusion, pectoral fin transcriptomes are a rich source of indicator markers for monitoring hormone induced sexual maturation of female European eels. In addition, these markers provide important new insight into several fundamental processes in eel biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ron P Dirks
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; ZF-screens B.V., J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Erik Burgerhout
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Danielle L de Wijze
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Hulya Ozupek
- ZF-screens B.V., J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Yuki Minegishi
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Herman P Spaink
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Guido E E J M van den Thillart
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; ZF-screens B.V., J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liang Y, Guan RZ, Huang WS. Effect of pH on Separation Performances in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography of Antibacterial Peptides from the Spleen of Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2013.867350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
14
|
Callol A, Roher N, Amaro C, MacKenzie S. Characterization of PAMP/PRR interactions in European eel (Anguilla anguilla) macrophage-like primary cell cultures. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1216-1223. [PMID: 23911651 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The eel (Anguilla anguilla) has been identified as a vulnerable species with stocks dramatically declining over the past decade. In an effort to support the species from overfishing of wild stocks increased interest in eel aquaculture has been notable. In order to expand the scarce knowledge concerning the biology of this species significant research efforts are required in several fields of biology. The development of cell culture systems to study the immune response is a key step towards an increased understanding of the immune response and to develop resources to support further study in this threatened species. Macrophages are one of the most important effector cells of the innate immune system. The capacity to engulf pathogens and orchestrate the immune response relies on the existence of different surface receptors, such as scavenger receptors and toll-like receptors. We have developed and described an eel macrophage-like in vitro model and studied its functional and transcriptomic responses. Macrophage-like cells from both head kidney and purified peripheral blood leukocytes were obtained and phagocytic activity measured for different whole bacteria and yeast. Moreover, based on PAMP-PRR association the innate immune response of both head kidney and PBL derived macrophage-like cells was evaluated against different pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Results highlight that peptidoglycan stimulation strongly induces inflammatory mRNA expression reflected in the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory genes IL1β and IL18 in PBL derived cells whereas IL8 is upregulated in head kidney derived cells. Furthermore TLR2 mRNA abundance is regulated by all stimuli supporting a multifunctional role for this pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) in eel macrophage-like cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Callol
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fazio G, Sasal P, Mouahid G, Lecomte-Finiger R, Moné H. Swim bladder nematodes (Anguillicoloides crassus) disturb silvering in European eels (Anguilla anguilla). J Parasitol 2012; 98:695-705. [PMID: 22404329 DOI: 10.1645/ge-2700.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduced parasite Anguillicoloides crassus is thought to play an important role in the decline of freshwater eel (Anguilla spp.) populations. These nematodes are known to negatively affect many fitness-related traits in eels. We used experimental infections to study the effect of A. crassus on the relative size or mass of organs, and the expression of functionally relevant genes (total of 12 parameters) that are involved in the silvering process of Anguilla anguilla. Our results showed that the liver mass, the hemoglobin α-chain, and androgen receptors α expression levels were significantly higher in infected eels, whereas the freshwater rod opsin expression level and the gut mass were significantly lower in infected eels. Our results suggested that infected eels were at a more advanced stage in the silvering process than uninfected counterparts of similar size. These results may be explained by 2 hypotheses. First, A. crassus could trigger physiological mechanisms involved in the silvering process as a side-effect of infection. Second, eels may adjust their life history traits in response to infection. The implications for eel migration and reproductive success may be either negative or positive, depending on whether the response to A. crassus infection results in an additional cost of the parasite or is due to the phenotypic plasticity of the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Fazio
- CNRS-EPHE, USR 3278, CRIOBE, BP 1013, Papetoai, Moorea, Polynésie Française
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liang Y, Guan R, Huang W, Xu T. Isolation and identification of a novel inducible antibacterial peptide from the skin mucus of Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. Protein J 2011; 30:413-21. [PMID: 21796440 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-011-9346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, acetone extracts and acidic extracts were prepared from skin mucus, gill, kidney, liver and spleen of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, and they exhibited different levels of antibacterial activities against three strains of Gram-negative bacteria, Edwardsiella tarda, Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas sp. and one Gram-positive bacterium Micrococcus leteus. The mucus was chosen as the source of antibacterial peptide for further purification of antibacterial peptides. Following the intraperitoneal injection of A. hydrophila, one of the main pathogenic bacteria of Japanese eel and many other fish, a peptide was purified from acetic acid extraction of the skin mucus, by using cationic exchange liquid chromatography and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The isolated antibacterial peptide, named as AJN-10, exhibited antibacterial activity against A. hydrophila. The AJN-10 is a heat-tolerant and hydrophilic peptide. The molecular weight of this peptide is 6,044.28 Da, as determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry. The 20 N-terminal amino acid sequences were clarified by Edman degradation, and based on results of homology search by BLAST analysis of the 20 N-terminal sequences, the AJN-10 showed little similarity to other proteins in databases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bernies D, Brinker A, Daugschies A. An invasion record for the swimbladder nematode Anguillicoloides crassus in European eel Anguilla anguilla in a deep warm-monomictic [corrected] lake, from invasion to steady state. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2011; 79:726-746. [PMID: 21884109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study is the first account of the establishment and development of the neozoic nematode parasite Anguillicoloides crassus in its host, the European eel Anguilla anguilla, in a deep, warm-monomictic [corrected] lake. A 21 year study of A. crassus took place in Upper Lake Constance (ULC), Europe's second largest pre-alpine lake. The study included two extensive surveys, one in 1991 during the initial parasite invasion phase and the second in 2006 when the infection was well established. The subtropical swimbladder nematode A. crassus was first recorded in A. anguilla in ULC in 1989. Prevalence reached 60% in 1992 and remained at this level until 2007. In 2008, prevalence decreased to 48%. Infection intensity peaked in 1993 at a mean value of 16 adult parasites per host fish. Around 90% of all A. anguilla examined displayed swimbladder lesions, with a significant trend to increasing severity over time. Moreover, heavy swimbladder lesions were seen in c. 10% of A. anguilla ready to migrate to their spawning habitat. Both ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus and sunfish Lepomis gibbosus serve as paratenic hosts for A. crassus in ULC. Gymnocephalus cernuus seems to be the main vector, and infection is especially frequent in spring possibly caused by reduced immune system efficacy of G. cernuus during winter. In 1991, hypochromic anaemia was prevalent in ULC A. anguilla acutely infected with A. crassus, whereas in 2006 blood values were indicative of chronic infection. The growth and survival rates of A. anguilla during their continental phase were not noticeably altered in infected fish, but damage to the swimbladder probably impairs migration potential and thus the subsequent breeding success of the oceanic phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Bernies
- Fishery Research Station, Argenweg 50/1, 88085 Langenargen, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Guan R, Xiong J, Huang W, Guo S. Enhancement of protective immunity in European eel (Anguilla anguilla) against Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas sobria by a recombinant Aeromonas outer membrane protein. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2011; 43:79-88. [PMID: 21148192 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmq115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop a vaccine, which can simultaneously prevent the diseases caused by various pathogenic bacteria in fish, we try to find a conserved outer membrane protein (OMP) antigen from different bacterial pathogens. In this study, an OMP fragment of 747 bp (named as Omp-G), which was highly conserved in seven Aeromonas OMP sequences from the NCBI database, was amplified by PCR from one Aeromonas sobria strain (B10) and two Aeromonas hydrophila strains (B27 and B33) with the designed specific primers. The sequence was cloned into pGEX-2T (6 × His-tag) vector, expressed in Escherichia coli system, and then the recombinant protein (named as rOmp-G) was purified with nickel chelating affinity chromatography. The purified rOmp-G showed a good immunogenicity in rabbits and well-conserved characteristics in these three pathogens by enzyme-linked immunosorbed assay. Furthermore, the rOmp-G also showed good immunogenicity in eels (Anguilla anguilla) for eliciting significantly increased specific antibodies (P < 0.01), and providing higher protection efficiencies (P < 0.05) after the pathogens challenge. The values of the relative percent survival in eels were 70% and 50% for two A. hydrophila strain challenge, and 75% for A. sobria strain challenge. This is the first report of a potential vaccination in eels that simultaneously provide protectiveness against different Aeromonas pathogens with a conserved partial OMP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhang Guan
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Caruso G, Maricchiolo G, Micale V, Genovese L, Caruso R, Denaro MG. Physiological responses to starvation in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla): effects on haematological, biochemical, non-specific immune parameters and skin structures. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2010; 36:71-83. [PMID: 19093221 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-008-9290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The physiological effects of short-term starvation on some haematological, biochemical and non-specific immune response parameters together with the histological structure of the skin, were investigated in the European eel, Anguilla anguilla. Blood haemoglobin and haematocrit, serum glucose and cortisol, hemolysins, haemagglutinins, and lysozyme in the plasma, kidney and epidermal extract, were measured in fish after 31, 42 and 58 days of starvation, and compared to those of fed fish. Starvation did not affect haemoglobin and haematocrit values, while an increase in glucose and cortisol levels was found in starved eels by day 42. Haemolytic and haemagglutinating activities decreased in starved eels. On the other hand, starvation caused an increase in the lysozyme content in the epidermal extracts, while no significant variations were observed in kidney and plasma. On the whole, no major changes in metabolic, haematological and non-specific immune parameters were observed when short-term (less than 2 months) starvation was applied to the European eel, suggesting an adaptive response to starvation, rather than a typical alarm-stress response, allowing this species to withstand food deprivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Caruso
- Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, National Research Council, Spianata S. Raineri 86, 98122 Messina, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abdelmonem AA, Metwally MM, Hussein HS, Elsheikha HM. Gross and microscopic pathological changes associated with parasitic infection in European eel (Anguilla anguilla, Linnaeus 1758). Parasitol Res 2009; 106:463-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1688-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
21
|
Girón-Pérez MI, Velázquez-Fernández J, Díaz-Resendiz K, Díaz-Salas F, Canto-Montero C, Medina-Díaz I, Robledo-Marenco M, Rojas-García A, Zaitseva G. Immunologic parameters evaluations in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to sublethal concentrations of diazinon. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 27:383-385. [PMID: 19540348 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fish resistance to microorganisms depends basically on the immune response. Although there are several studies on the diazinon mammalian immunotoxicity, in the case of fish there are only few. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of diazinon on immunological parameters (relative spleen weight, splenocytes count, lysozyme activity, respiratory burst and IgM concentration) in Nile tilapia. Diazinon at sublethal concentrations (0.39 and 0.78 mg/L) did not alter RSW, splenocytes count or lysozyme activity. However, at the highest concentration tested (1.96 mg/L) diazinon significantly increased respiratory burst and IgM concentration. In summary, diazinon (and perhaps other pesticides) could alter immunological response and induce oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M I Girón-Pérez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaria de Investigación y Posgrado. Cd. de la cultura Amado Nervo, 63190,Tepic, Nayarit, México.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Alvarez-Pellitero P. Fish immunity and parasite infections: from innate immunity to immunoprophylactic prospects. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 126:171-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
23
|
Regulation of Anguillicola crassus (Nematoda) infrapopulations in their definitive host, the European eel, Anguilla anguilla. Parasitology 2008; 135:1707-16. [PMID: 18940021 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182008005064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic nematode Anguillicola crassus was recently introduced into populations of the European eel, Anguilla anguilla. We investigated, under experimental conditions, the regulation of A. crassus infrapopulations. We tested the effects of (1) the resource-limited habitat of the parasite and (2) the coexistence of several developmental stages in its niche (the swim-bladder) on the composition of the infrapopulations. The results revealed that the respective effects of these factors differed substantially during the course of the infection. Third-stage larvae (L3s) establishment would not be constrained by the size of the swim-bladder. Their moult to fourth-stage larvae (L4s) would be accelerated as the number of L3s increased. The moulting time of L4s to adults would be reduced by males and would be constrained by the size of the swim-bladder. However, the moult of L4s to adults and their further development would be synchronized with those of the opposite sex. At the time of mating, the number of males and the body weight of adults would depend on the size of the swim-bladder. Soon after the laying of eggs, the developmental constraint on the late L3s would decrease. When adults die, constraints would cease and late larval stages would moult to become adults.
Collapse
|
24
|
Migratory response of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) phagocytes to the eel swimbladder nematode Anguillicola crassus. Parasitol Res 2008; 102:1311-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-0910-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
25
|
Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 serovar E gne but not galE is essential for lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and virulence. Infect Immun 2008; 76:1628-38. [PMID: 18227162 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01393-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to establish the role of gne (encoding UDP-GalNAc 4-epimerase activity) and galE (encoding UDP-Gal-4-epimerase activity) in the biosynthesis of surface polysaccharides, as well as in the virulence for eels and humans of the zoonotic serovar of Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2, serovar E. DNA sequence data revealed that gne and galE are quite homologous within this species (> or =90% homology). Mutation in gne of strain CECT4999 increased the surface hydrophobicity, produced deep alterations in the outer membrane architecture, and resulted in noticeable increases in the sensitivity to microcidal peptides (MP), to eel and human sera, and to phagocytosis/opsonophagocytosis. Furthermore, significant attenuation of virulence for eels and mice was observed. By contrast, mutation in galE did not alter the cellular surface, did not increase the sensitivity to MP, serum, or phagocytosis, and did not affect the virulence for fish and mice. The change in the attenuated-virulence phenotype produced by a mutation in gne was correlated with the loss of the O-antigen lipopolysaccharide (LPS), while the capsule was maintained. Complementation of a gne-deficient mutant restored the LPS structure together with the whole virulence phenotype. In conclusion, gne, but not galE, is essential for LPS biosynthesis and virulence in the zoonotic serovar of V. vulnificus biotype 2.
Collapse
|
26
|
Valiente E, Lee CT, Lamas J, Hor L, Amaro C. Role of the virulence plasmid pR99 and the metalloprotease Vvp in resistance of Vibrio vulnificus serovar E to eel innate immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 24:134-141. [PMID: 18053741 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Revised: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 serovar E (VSE) is a bacterial pathogen that produces a haemorrhagic septicaemia called vibriosis in eels. Its ability to grow in blood is conferred by a recently described virulence plasmid [Lee CT, Amaro C, Wu KM, Valiente E, Chang YF, Tsai SF, et al. A common virulence plasmid in biotype 2 Vibrio vulnificus and its dissemination aided by a conjugal plasmid. Journal of Bacteriology, submitted for publication.]. In this study, we analyzed the role of this plasmid together with the role played by the metalloprotease (Vvp) in the interaction between bacteria and eel innate immunity. To this end, we compared and statistically analyzed the differences in resistance to serum and mucus factors (complement, selected antimicrobial peptides, transferrin and lysozyme) and also to phagocytosis/opsonophagocytosis between one VSE strain and its derivatives: a plasmid-cured strain and a vvp-deficient mutant. The wild-type and the metalloprotease-deficient strains were resistant to both the bactericidal action of fresh serum and the phagocytosis and opsonophagocytosis by eel phagocytes, confirming that Vvp is not involved in resistance to eel innate immunity. In contrast, the cured strain was sensitive to both the bactericidal action of eel serum activated by the alternative pathway and phagocytosis/opsonophagocytosis. Since no plasmid-encoded ORF, with homology to known genes, is related to the resistance to innate immunity [Lee CT, Amaro C, Wu KM, Valiente E, Chang YF, Tsai SF, et al. A common virulence plasmid in biotype 2 Vibrio vulnificus and its dissemination aided by a conjugal plasmid. Journal of Bacteriology, submitted for publication.], this function could be codified by one or more new genes. Further studies are underway to characterize the plasmid-encoded system responsible for V. vulnificus resistance to the innate immune system of eels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Valiente
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Whyte SK. The innate immune response of finfish--a review of current knowledge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 23:1127-1151. [PMID: 17980622 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Revised: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The decline in the fisheries of traditional marine species has been an incentive for the diversification of today's aquaculture sector into the intensive rearing of many finfish species. The increasing interest in commercial farming of different finfish species is expected to result in similar environmental and husbandry-related problems as have been experienced in the development of the salmonid farming industry. An understanding of the biology of the fish species being cultured, in particular the immune response is important for improved husbandry and health management of the species. The innate immune system of fish has generated increasing interest in recent years and is now thought to be of key importance in primary defence and in driving adaptive immunity. This review focuses on key components (cellular and humoral) of the innate immune responses of different fish species of commercial importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shona K Whyte
- Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dewitte-Orr SJ, Lepic K, Bryson SP, Walsh SK, Lee LEJ, Bols NC. DEVELOPMENT OF A CONTINUOUS CELL LINE, PBLE, FROM AN AMERICAN EEL PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEUKOCYTE PREPARATION. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 42:263-72. [PMID: 17163780 DOI: 10.1290/0604023.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A continuous cell line, PBLE, was developed from the adherent cells in a culture of peripheral blood leukocytes from the American eel, Anguilla rostrata. The cells were grown in Leibovitz's L-15 basal medium supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Under normal culture conditions at 18 degrees C, the morphology of PBLE was fibroblast-like. The cultures have been subcultured over 80 times and have been cryopreserved successfully. These cells have a diploid karyotype of 38 chromosomes, survived temperatures from 5 to 36 degrees C, and proliferated at temperatures from 5 degrees C to at least 30 degrees C. PBLE underwent apoptosis in response to gliotoxin, but did not show a respiratory burst. Results suggest that PBLE may have arisen from a circulating mesenchymal stem cell. PBLE was susceptible to Chum salmon reovirus (CSV) and supported CSV replication. Therefore this cell line should be useful in studying eel specific virus-host interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Dewitte-Orr
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|