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Li Z, Zhuang J, Chen J, Cao J, Han Q, Luo Z, Wang B, Wang H, Li A. Establishment of a gill cell line from yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) for studying Amyloodinium ocellatum infection of fish. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024; 47:e13923. [PMID: 38217345 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Amyloodinium ocellatum is among the most devastating protozoan parasites, causing huge economic losses in the mariculture industry. However, the pathogenesis of amyloodiniosis remains unknown, hindering the development of targeted anti-parasitic drugs. The A. ocellatum in vitro model is an indispensable tool for investigating the pathogenic mechanism of amyloodiniosis at the cellular and molecular levels. The present work developed a new cell line, ALG, from the gill of yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus). The cell line was routinely cultured at 28°C in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS). ALG cells were adherent and exhibited an epithelioid morphology; the cells were stably passed over 30 generations and successfully cryopreserved. The cell line derived from A. latus was identified based on partial sequence amplification and sequencing of cytochrome B (Cyt b). The ALG was seeded onto transwell inserts and found to be a platform for in vitro infection of A. ocellatum, with a 37.23 ± 5.75% infection rate. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that A. ocellatum parasitizes cell monolayers via rhizoids. A. ocellatum infection increased the expression of apoptosis and inflammation-related genes, including caspase 3 (Casp 3), interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 10 (IL-10), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), in vivo or in vitro. These results demonstrated that the in vitro gill cell monolayer successfully recapitulated in vivo A. latus host responses to A. ocellatum infection. The ALG cell line holds great promise as a valuable tool for investigating parasite-host interactions in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingyu Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jizhen Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Baotun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hebing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Anxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Kudryavtsev A, Parshukov A, Kondakova E, Volkova E. Vannella mustalahtiana sp. nov. (Amoebozoa, Vannellida) and rainbow trout nodular gill disease (NGD) in Russia. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2022; 148:29-41. [PMID: 35142296 DOI: 10.3354/dao03641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of nodular gill disease (NGD) in farmed rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) was recorded in Ladoga Lake (Karelia, north-western Russia) in Spring 2020. The disease was characterised by typical clinical signs including asphyxiation, distended opercula, loss of activity and swimming upside down under the water surface. Maximum monthly mortality was 15.2%. The histological examination of the gills showed deformation and clubbing of lamellae, epithelial hypertrophy and hyperplasia, lamellar fusion and fusion of filaments. Granulomas were located within the epithelial layer and/or rose above its surface. Light microscopic in vivo observations of the mucus smears from the affected gills revealed numerous amoeboid protists demonstrating a flattened body when adhering to the substratum, and blunt, radiating pseudopodia when afloat. Based on these morphological characters, these amoebae could be assigned to the Discosea (Amoebozoa), and analyses of their small subunit rRNA gene sequences showed that they belonged to the genus Vannella Bovee, 1965. The results reported herein support the designation of a new species, V. mustalahtiana sp. nov. Despite having been isolated from the gills of a freshwater fish, the species belongs to a clade of Vannella comprising mostly species isolated from marine and brackish water habitats. These findings may be essential for the aetiology and treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kudryavtsev
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Protistology, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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3
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Hudson J, Nowak BF. Experimental Challenge Models and In Vitro Models to Investigate Efficacy of Treatments and Vaccines against Amoebic Gill Disease. Microorganisms 2021; 9:710. [PMID: 33808191 PMCID: PMC8065880 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD) severely affects salmonid mariculture due to fish losses and costs associated with management of the disease. Continued research into management solutions, including new treatments and vaccine development, is highly important for the future of salmonid production worldwide. This requires both in vitro (both pathogen only and host-pathogen models) and in vivo (disease challenge) testing. Challenge models are still widely varied, in particular with regard to: infection methods (cohabitation or immersion), source of the pathogen (isolated from infected fish or cultured), infectious dose, environmental conditions (in particular temperature) and the endpoints across experimental treatment and vaccine studies which makes comparisons between studies difficult. This review summarises in vitro assays, the challenge methods and endpoints used in studies of experimental treatments and vaccines for AGD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara F. Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Australia;
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English CJ, Lima PC. Defining the aetiology of amoebic diseases of aquatic animals: trends, hurdles and best practices. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2020; 142:125-143. [PMID: 33269724 DOI: 10.3354/dao03537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Disease caused by parasitic amoebae impacts a range of aquatic organisms including finfish, crustaceans, echinoderms and molluscs. Despite the significant economic impact caused in both aquaculture and fisheries, the aetiology of most aquatic amoebic diseases is uncertain, which then affects diagnosis, treatment and prevention. The main factors hampering research effort in this area are the confusion around amoeba taxonomy and the difficulty proving that a particular species causes specific lesions. These issues stem from morphological and genetic similarities between cryptic species and technical challenges such as establishing and maintaining pure amoeba cultures, scarcity of Amoebozoa sequence data, and the inability to trigger pathogenesis under experimental conditions. This review provides a critical analysis of how amoebae are commonly identified and defined as aetiological agents of disease in aquatic animals and highlights gaps in the available knowledge regarding determining pathogenic Amoebozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J English
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Livestock and Aquaculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St. Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
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Isolation of the Tephrosia vogelii extract and rotenoids and their toxicity in the RTgill-W1 trout cell line and in zebrafish embryos. Toxicon 2020; 183:51-60. [PMID: 32454059 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on identifying the rotenoids from the Tephrosia vogelli plant (fish-poison-bean), investigating the toxic potency of a crude T. vogelii extract and individual rotenoids (tephrosin, deguelin and rotenone) in vitro and in vivo and assessing the mode of action. A trout (Onychorynhis mykiss) gill epithelial cell line (RTgill-W1) was used to determine the cytotoxicity of rotenoids and effects on cell metabolism. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) aged from 3 h post fertilization (hpf) to 72 hpf were used for testing the developmental toxicity. The crude T. vogelii plant extract significantly decreased the cellular metabolic activity and was cytotoxic at lower concentrations (5 and 10 nM, respectively), while tephrosin, deguelin and rotenone showed these effects at concentrations ≥ 50 nM. The crude T. Vogelli extract had the highest toxic potency and induced adverse health effects in zebrafish including deformities and mortality at the lowest concentration (5 nM) compared to rotenone (10 nM) and deguelin and tephrosin (50 nM). These results indicate that the crude T. Vogelii extracts are highly potent and the bioactivity of these extracts warrant further investigation for their potential use to treat parasites in human and veterinary medicine and as a natural alternative to pesticides.
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Collins C, Hall M, Fordyce MJ, White P. Survival and Growth in vitro of Paramoeba perurans Populations Cultured Under Different Salinities and Temperatures. Protist 2019; 170:153-167. [PMID: 31071676 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Growth rates of Paramoeba perurans cultures under different temperature and salinity conditions were investigated in vitro over a 15day period. Optimal population growth, under the experimental conditions, was observed at 15°C and a salinity of 35‰, with amoebae populations doubling every 14h. Positive P. perurans populations growth was observed at 15°C between salinities of above 20‰ and 50‰, and at 8°C, 11°C and 18°C at salinities between 25‰ and 50‰, 50‰ being the maximum salinity tested. Amoebae numbers were sustained at 4°C. Therefore, lower temperature and salinity thresholds for P. perurans population growth lie between 4 to 8°C, and salinities of 20 to 25‰, respectively. Upper limits were not determined in this study. The populations remained relatively stable at 4°C and 2°C at permissive salinities with respect to numbers of viable amoebae over the 15day exposure period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Collins
- Marine Scotland, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, United Kingdom.
| | - Malcolm Hall
- Marine Scotland, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, United Kingdom.
| | - Mark J Fordyce
- Marine Scotland, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia White
- Marine Scotland, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, United Kingdom
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7
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Cano I, Taylor NG, Bayley A, Gunning S, McCullough R, Bateman K, Nowak BF, Paley RK. In vitro gill cell monolayer successfully reproduces in vivo Atlantic salmon host responses to Neoparamoeba perurans infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:287-300. [PMID: 30458309 PMCID: PMC6380893 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro model to study the host response to Neoparamoeba perurans, the causative agent of amoebic gill disease (AGD), was evaluated. The rainbow trout gill derived cell line, RTgill-W1, was seeded onto permeable cell culture supports and maintained asymmetrically with apical seawater. Cells were inoculated with either a passage attenuated or a recent wild clone of N. perurans. Amoebae, loaded with phagocytosed fluorescent beads, were observed associated with host cells within 20 min post inoculation (pi). By 6 h small foci of cytopathic effect appeared and at 72 h cytolysis was observed, with total disruption of the cell monolayer at 96 h pi. Due to cell monolayer disruption, the platform could not support proliferation of amoebae, which showed a 3-log reduction in parasite 18S rRNA mRNA after 72 h (106 copies at 1 h to 103 at 72 h pi). SEM observations showed amoebae-like cells with either short pseudopodia and a malleiform shape, or, long pseudopodia embedded within the gill cells and erosion of the cell monolayer. To study the host immune response, inoculated gill cells were harvested from triplicate inserts at 0, 1, 3, 6, 24 and 48 h pi, and expression of 12 genes involved in the Atlantic salmon response to AGD was compared between infected and uninfected cells and between amoebic clones. Both clones induced similar host inmate immune responses, with the up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokine IL1β, complement C3 and cell receptor MHC-1. The Th2 pathway was up-regulated, with increased gene expression of the transcription factor GATA3, and Th2 cytokines IL10, IL6 and IL4/13A. PCNA and AG-2 were also up-regulated. The wild clone induced significantly higher up-regulation of IL1β, MHC-1, PCNA, lysozyme and IL10 than the attenuated clone for at least some exposure times, but AG-2 gene expression was higher in cells inoculated with the attenuated one. A principal component analysis showed that AG-2 and IL10 were key genes in the in vitro host response to N. perurans. This in vitro model has proved to be a promising tool to study host responses to amoebae and may therefore reduce the requirement for in vivo studies when evaluating alternative therapeutants to AGD control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cano
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom.
| | - Nick Gh Taylor
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Bayley
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Susie Gunning
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Robin McCullough
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly Bateman
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- IMAS, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, 7250, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Richard K Paley
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
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8
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Nowak BF, Archibald JM. Opportunistic but Lethal: The Mystery of Paramoebae. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:404-419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Tanifuji G, Cenci U, Moog D, Dean S, Nakayama T, David V, Fiala I, Curtis BA, Sibbald SJ, Onodera NT, Colp M, Flegontov P, Johnson-MacKinnon J, McPhee M, Inagaki Y, Hashimoto T, Kelly S, Gull K, Lukeš J, Archibald JM. Genome sequencing reveals metabolic and cellular interdependence in an amoeba-kinetoplastid symbiosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11688. [PMID: 28916813 PMCID: PMC5601477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Endosymbiotic relationships between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are common in nature. Endosymbioses between two eukaryotes are also known; cyanobacterium-derived plastids have spread horizontally when one eukaryote assimilated another. A unique instance of a non-photosynthetic, eukaryotic endosymbiont involves members of the genus Paramoeba, amoebozoans that infect marine animals such as farmed fish and sea urchins. Paramoeba species harbor endosymbionts belonging to the Kinetoplastea, a diverse group of flagellate protists including some that cause devastating diseases. To elucidate the nature of this eukaryote-eukaryote association, we sequenced the genomes and transcriptomes of Paramoeba pemaquidensis and its endosymbiont Perkinsela sp. The endosymbiont nuclear genome is ~9.5 Mbp in size, the smallest of a kinetoplastid thus far discovered. Genomic analyses show that Perkinsela sp. has lost the ability to make a flagellum but retains hallmark features of kinetoplastid biology, including polycistronic transcription, trans-splicing, and a glycosome-like organelle. Mosaic biochemical pathways suggest extensive ‘cross-talk’ between the two organisms, and electron microscopy shows that the endosymbiont ingests amoeba cytoplasm, a novel form of endosymbiont-host communication. Our data reveal the cell biological and biochemical basis of the obligate relationship between Perkinsela sp. and its amoeba host, and provide a foundation for understanding pathogenicity determinants in economically important Paramoeba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goro Tanifuji
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ugo Cenci
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Daniel Moog
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Laboratory for Cell Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Dean
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Takuro Nakayama
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Tohoku, Japan
| | - Vojtěch David
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Fiala
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bruce A Curtis
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Shannon J Sibbald
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Naoko T Onodera
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Morgan Colp
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Pavel Flegontov
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jessica Johnson-MacKinnon
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Institute for Marine and Antarctic Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Michael McPhee
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Yuji Inagaki
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Steven Kelly
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Gull
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Program in Integrated Microbial Biodiversity, Toronto, Canada
| | - John M Archibald
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. .,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. .,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Program in Integrated Microbial Biodiversity, Toronto, Canada.
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10
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Sibbald SJ, Cenci U, Colp M, Eglit Y, O'Kelly CJ, Archibald JM. Diversity and Evolution of Paramoeba spp. and their Kinetoplastid Endosymbionts. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 64:598-607. [PMID: 28150358 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Members of the genus Paramoeba (including Neoparamoeba) (Amoebozoa) are single-celled eukaryotes of economic and ecological importance because of their association with disease in a variety of marine animals including fish, sea urchins, and lobster. Interestingly, they harbor a eukaryotic endosymbiont of kinetoplastid ancestry, Perkinsela sp. To investigate the complex relationship between Paramoeba spp. and Perkinsela sp., as well as the relationships between different Paramoeba species, molecular data was obtained for four novel isolates. We also acquired new data from the urchin pathogen P. invadens. Comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analyses were carried out using 33 newly obtained 18S rDNA sequences from the host amoebae and 16 new 18S rDNA sequences from their corresponding Perkinsela sp., together with all publicly available 18S molecular data. Intra-isolate 18S rDNA nucleotide diversity was found to be surprisingly high within the various species of Paramoeba, but relatively low within their Perkinsela sp. endosymbionts. 18S rDNA phylogenies and ParaFit co-evolution analysis revealed a high degree of congruence between the Paramoeba and Perkinsela sp. tree topologies, strongly suggesting that a single endosymbiotic event occurred in the common ancestor of known Paramoeba species, and that the endosymbionts have been inherited vertically ever since.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon J Sibbald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4H7, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4H7, Canada
| | - Ugo Cenci
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4H7, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4H7, Canada
| | - Morgan Colp
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4H7, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4H7, Canada
| | - Yana Eglit
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4H7, Canada.,Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.,Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington, 98250, USA
| | - Charles J O'Kelly
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington, 98250, USA
| | - John M Archibald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4H7, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4H7, Canada.,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, CIFAR Program in Integrated Microbial Biodiversity, Toronto, ON, M5G 1Z8, Canada
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11
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Wiik-Nielsen J, Mo TA, Kolstad H, Mohammad SN, Hytterød S, Powell MD. Morphological diversity of Paramoeba perurans trophozoites and their interaction with Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., gills. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:1113-1123. [PMID: 26775899 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) caused by the ectoparasite Paramoeba perurans affects several cultured marine fish species worldwide. In this study, the morphology and ultrastructure of P. perurans in vitro and in vivo was investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM, respectively). Amoebae cultures contained several different morphologies ranging from a distinct rounded cell structure and polymorphic cells with pseudopodia of different lengths and shapes. SEM studies of the gills of AGD-affected Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., revealed the presence of enlarged swellings in affected gill filaments and fusion of adjacent lamellae. Spherical amoebae appeared to embed within the epithelium, and subsequently leave hemispherical indentations with visible fenestrations in the basolateral surface following their departure. These fenestrated structures corresponded to the presence of pseudopodia which could be seen by TEM to penetrate into the epithelium. The membrane-membrane interface contained an amorphous and slightly fibrous matrix. This suggests the existence of cellular glycocalyces and a role for extracellular products in mediating pathological changes in amoebic gill disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T A Mo
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - H Kolstad
- Imaging Centre, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | | | - S Hytterød
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - M D Powell
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Bergen, Norway
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Genomic characterization of Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis (Amoebozoa) and its kinetoplastid endosymbiont. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2011; 10:1143-6. [PMID: 21666073 DOI: 10.1128/ec.05027-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have performed a genomic characterization of a kinetoplastid protist living within the amoebozoan Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis. The genome of this "Ichthyobodo-related organism" was found to be unexpectedly large, with at least 11 chromosomes between 1.0 and 3.5 Mbp and a total genome size of at least 25 Mbp.
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Applications and potential uses of fish gill cell lines: examples with RTgill-W1. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2009; 45:127-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-008-9173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Trout gill cells in primary culture on solid and permeable supports. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 148:903-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Schirmer K. Proposal to improve vertebrate cell cultures to establish them as substitutes for the regulatory testing of chemicals and effluents using fish. Toxicology 2006; 224:163-83. [PMID: 16765501 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Revised: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cultures of vertebrate cells are widely applied in mechanistic studies in human toxicology as well as in toxicity identification in ecotoxicology. As in vitro models, they display many advantages over whole animal experimentation, pertaining to such characteristics as availability, reproducibility and costs. As well, they satisfy the societal desire to reduce the number of animals in toxicology. For these reasons vertebrate cell models also appear to be a desirable replacement for animals in regulatory tests. Several vertebrate cell models are now accepted for regulatory purposes in human health sciences, with the test for photocytotoxicity using the 3T3 mouse cell line being one example. However, an in vitro alternative to whole animal tests has not yet been established for regulatory risk assessment in ecotoxicology. This review sets out to outline why such a replacement has not yet been possible and explores avenues to improve vertebrate cell cultures so that a replacement of whole animal tests could more likely be achieved. Inasmuch as fish is the most widely used non-mammalian vertebrate in risk assessment and regulation, focus will be on the replacement, by in vitro vertebrate models, of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Schirmer
- Department of Cell Toxicology (CellTox), UFZ-Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle in the Helmholtz Association, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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