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Xie H, Hu J, Wang Y, Wang X. Identification of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) gene family in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus): Involved in immune response regulation to temperature stress and Edwardsiella tarda infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023:108878. [PMID: 37271328 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) gene family is responsible for regulating the degradation of Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM) proteins, which are important for physiological processes such as wound healing, tissue remodeling, and stress response. Although MMPs have been studied in many species, their role in immune response in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) is still not fully understood. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of MMPs in flounder, including gene structures, evolutionary relationships, conserved domains, molecular evolution, and expression patterns. Analysis revealed that MMP genes could be grouped into 17 subfamilies and were evolutionarily conserved and functionally-constrained. Meanwhile, MMP genes were found to express in different embryonic and larval stages and might play the role of sentinel in healthy tissues. Furthermore, expression profiling showed that MMPs had diverse functions in environmental stress, with 60% (9/15) and 73% (11/15) of MMPs showing differential expression patterns under temperature stress and Edwardsiella tarda (E. tarda) infection, respectively. These findings provide a useful resource for understanding the immune functions of MMP genes in Japanese flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Xie
- National Engineering Research Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Engineering, Ningbo University, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Key Laboratory of Green Mariculture (Co-construction By Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Ningbo University, China
| | - Jiabao Hu
- National Engineering Research Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Engineering, Ningbo University, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Key Laboratory of Green Mariculture (Co-construction By Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Ningbo University, China; School of Civil & Environmental Engineering and Geography Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- National Engineering Research Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Engineering, Ningbo University, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Key Laboratory of Green Mariculture (Co-construction By Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Ningbo University, China.
| | - Xubo Wang
- National Engineering Research Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Engineering, Ningbo University, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Key Laboratory of Green Mariculture (Co-construction By Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Ningbo University, China.
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Guan X, Zhang B, Sun L. TNFR2 is a regulatory target of pol-miR-194a and promotes the antibacterial immunity of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 135:104477. [PMID: 35752347 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regulatory RNAs that modulate target gene expression after transcription. Pol-miR-194a had been reported to be a miRNA of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) involved in Edwardsiella tarda infection. Here, we identified tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) as a target gene of pol-miR-194a. Pol-miR-194a markedly repressed the protein expression of flounder TNFR2 (PoTNFR2) via specific interaction with the 3'UTR of PoTNFR2. PoTNFR2 responded to E. tarda infection in a manner that was opposite to that of pol-miR-194a and inhibited E. tarda invasion by activating the NF-κB pathway. Consistently, dysregulation of PoTNFR2 had a significant impact on E. tarda dissemination in flounder tissues. Together, these results add new insights into the regulation mechanism and immune function of fish TNFR2 and pol-miR-194a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Guan
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baocun Zhang
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Li Sun
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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3
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Mekasha S, Linke D. Secretion Systems in Gram-Negative Bacterial Fish Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:782673. [PMID: 34975803 PMCID: PMC8714846 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.782673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial fish pathogens are one of the key challenges in the aquaculture industry, one of the fast-growing industries worldwide. These pathogens rely on arsenal of virulence factors such as toxins, adhesins, effectors and enzymes to promote colonization and infection. Translocation of virulence factors across the membrane to either the extracellular environment or directly into the host cells is performed by single or multiple dedicated secretion systems. These secretion systems are often key to the infection process. They can range from simple single-protein systems to complex injection needles made from dozens of subunits. Here, we review the different types of secretion systems in Gram-negative bacterial fish pathogens and describe their putative roles in pathogenicity. We find that the available information is fragmented and often descriptive, and hope that our overview will help researchers to more systematically learn from the similarities and differences between the virulence factors and secretion systems of the fish-pathogenic species described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophanit Mekasha
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dirk Linke
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Tsutsui S, Sato M, Miyashita M, Amano H, Maeda T, Nakamura O. Vitellogenin-derived fragment in embryos of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus with binding and bactericidal activities against an infectious bacterium via an interaction with saccharides. Mol Immunol 2021; 142:76-82. [PMID: 34971866 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Thirty- and 90-kDa proteins with binding ability to Edwardsiella tarda, a causative bacterium of Edwardsiellosis in fish, were purified from the embryo of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. The proteins were isolated with affinity chromatography, in which the bacterium was used as a ligand and galactose, mannose, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were used as elution agents, followed by gel filtration chromatography. N-terminal amino acid sequencing and liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC/Q-TOF-MS) analysis revealed that the 90-kDa protein was lipovitellin heavy-chain (LvH), which is one of the proteolytically cleaved products of maternal vitellogenin (Vg) and represents the main precursor of the egg yolk in teleosts, and the 30-kDa protein was an N-terminal bit of LvH. On the other hand, Vg in the serum of the mother fish did not bind to E. tarda. While the 90-kDa protein did not show anti-bacterial activity, the 30-kDa protein strongly exhibited activity toward E. tarda, with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) below 0.06 μM, suggesting that the latter protein plays an important role during embryogenesis in the flounder. This is the first report showing that Vg-derived products have monosaccharides-binding activity and a fragment derived from LvH exhibits bactericidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Tsutsui
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.
| | - Misaki Sato
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Masaki Miyashita
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Haruna Amano
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Tomoki Maeda
- Miyako Laboratory, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 4-9-1, Sakiyama, Miyako, Iwate, 027-0097, Japan
| | - Osamu Nakamura
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
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Kole S, Dar SA, Shin SM, Jeong HJ, Jung SJ. Potential Efficacy of Chitosan-Poly (Lactide-Co-Glycolide)-Encapsulated Trivalent Immersion Vaccine in Olive Flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus) Against Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus, Streptococcus parauberis Serotype I, and Miamiensis avidus (Scuticociliate). Front Immunol 2021; 12:761130. [PMID: 34925332 PMCID: PMC8677005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.761130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) is the most valuable aquaculture species in Korea, corresponding to ~60% of its total production. However, infectious diseases often break out among farmed flounders, causing high mortality and substantial economic losses. Although some deleterious pathogens, such as Vibrio spp. and Streptococcus iniae, have been eradicated or contained over the years through vaccination and proper health management, the current disease status of Korean flounder shows that the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), Streptococcus parauberis, and Miamiensis avidus are causing serious disease problem in recent years. Furthermore, these three pathogens have differing optimal temperature and can attack young fingerlings and mature fish throughout the year-round culture cycle. In this context, we developed a chitosan-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)-encapsulated trivalent vaccine containing formalin-killed VHSV, S. parauberis serotype-I, and M. avidus and administered it to olive flounder fingerlings by immersion route using a prime-boost strategy. At 35 days post-initial vaccination, three separate challenge experiments were conducted via intraperitoneal injection with the three targeted pathogens at their respective optimal temperature. The relative percentages of survival were 66.63%, 53.3%, and 66.75% in the group immunized against VHSV, S. parauberis serotype-I, and M. avidus, respectively, compared to the non-vaccinated challenge (NVC) control group. The immunized fish also demonstrated significantly (p < 0.05) higher specific antibody titers in serum and higher transcript levels of Ig genes in the mucosal and systemic tissues than those of NVC control fish. Furthermore, the study showed significant (p < 0.05) upregulation of various immune genes in the vaccinated fish, suggesting induction of strong protective immune response, ultimately leading to improved survival against the three pathogens. Thus, the formulated mucosal vaccine can be an effective prophylactic measure against VHS, streptococcosis, and scuticociliatosis diseases in olive flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajal Kole
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
| | - Showkat Ahmad Dar
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
| | - Su-Mi Shin
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jong Jeong
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
| | - Sung-Ju Jung
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
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6
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Guan XL, Zhang BC, Sun L. Japanese flounder pol-miR-3p-2 suppresses Edwardsiella tarda infection by regulation of autophagy via p53. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:103531. [PMID: 31668931 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional regulators that play vital roles in diverse physiological processes including immunity. In this study, we investigated the regulatory mechanism and function of a novel Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) miRNA, pol-miR-3p-2. pol-miR-3p-2 was responsive in expression to the infection of the bacterial pathogen Edwardsiella tarda. pol-miR-3p-2 negatively regulated the expression of p53 through interaction with the 3'UTR of p53. Overexpression of pol-miR-3p-2 promoted autophagy, resulting in augmented production of LC3-II, while knockdown of p53 increased the level of beclin, a key factor of autophagy. In vivo and in vitro studies showed that E. tarda infection induced autophagy in flounder, and pol-miR-3p-2 inhibited the infectivity of E. tarda. Together these results indicate that pol-miR-3p-2 regulates autophagy through the target gene p53, thus revealing a regulatory link between p53 and autophagy in teleost, and that pol-miR-3p-2 plays an important role in the immune defense against E. tarda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lu Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Bao-Cun Zhang
- Department of Biomedicine and Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunity, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Li Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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Buján N, Toranzo AE, Magariños B. Edwardsiella piscicida: a significant bacterial pathogen of cultured fish. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 131:59-71. [PMID: 30324915 DOI: 10.3354/dao03281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Edwardsiella piscicida, a Gram-negative, facultative aerobic pathogen belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family, is the etiological agent of edwardsiellosis in fish and a significant problem in global aquaculture. E. piscicida has been reported from a broad geographical range and has been isolated from more than 20 fish host species to date, but this is likely to be an underestimation, because misidentification of E. piscicida as other species within the genus remains to be resolved. Common clinical signs associated with edwardsiellosis include, but are not limited to, exophthalmia, haemorrhages of the skin and in several internal organs, mild to moderate dermal ulcerations, abdominal distension, discoloration in the fish surface, and erratic swimming. Many antibiotics are currently effective against E. piscicida, although legal restrictions and the cost of medicated feeds have encouraged significant research investment in vaccination for the management of edwardsiellosis in commercial aquaculture. Here we summarise the current understanding of E. piscicida and highlight the difficulties with species assignment and the need for further research on epidemiology and strain variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Buján
- Departamento de Microbioloxía y Parasitoloxía, Facultade de Bioloxía-Edif, CIBUS, and Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
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8
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Munang'andu HM. Intracellular Bacterial Infections: A Challenge for Developing Cellular Mediated Immunity Vaccines for Farmed Fish. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6020033. [PMID: 29690563 PMCID: PMC6027125 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is one of the most rapidly expanding farming systems in the world. Its rapid expansion has brought with it several pathogens infecting different fish species. As a result, there has been a corresponding expansion in vaccine development to cope with the increasing number of infectious diseases in aquaculture. The success of vaccine development for bacterial diseases in aquaculture is largely attributed to empirical vaccine designs based on inactivation of whole cell (WCI) bacteria vaccines. However, an upcoming challenge in vaccine design is the increase of intracellular bacterial pathogens that are not responsive to WCI vaccines. Intracellular bacterial vaccines evoke cellular mediated immune (CMI) responses that “kill” and eliminate infected cells, unlike WCI vaccines that induce humoral immune responses whose protective mechanism is neutralization of extracellular replicating pathogens by antibodies. In this synopsis, I provide an overview of the intracellular bacterial pathogens infecting different fish species in aquaculture, outlining their mechanisms of invasion, replication, and survival intracellularly based on existing data. I also bring into perspective the current state of CMI understanding in fish together with its potential application in vaccine development. Further, I highlight the immunological pitfalls that have derailed our ability to produce protective vaccines against intracellular pathogens for finfish. Overall, the synopsis put forth herein advocates for a shift in vaccine design to include CMI-based vaccines against intracellular pathogens currently adversely affecting the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetron Mweemba Munang'andu
- Section of Aquatic Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ullevålsveien 72, P.O. Box 8146, Dep NO-0033, 046 Oslo, Norway.
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9
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Jo A, Lee HE, Kim HS. Genomic Analysis of miR-21-3p and Expression Pattern with Target Gene in Olive Flounder. Genomics Inform 2017; 15:98-107. [PMID: 29020725 PMCID: PMC5637345 DOI: 10.5808/gi.2017.15.3.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) act as regulators of gene expression by binding to the 3’ untranslated region (UTR) of target genes. They perform important biological functions in the various species. Among many miRNAs, miR-21-3p is known to serve vital functions in development and apoptosis in olive flounder. Using genomic and bioinformatic tools, evolutionary conservation of miR-21-3p was examined in various species, and expression pattern was analyzed in olive flounder. Conserved sequences (5’-CAGUCG-3’) in numerous species were detected through the stem-loop structure of miR-21-3p. Thus, we analyzed target genes of miR-21-3p. Among them, 3’ UTR region of PPIL2 gene indicated the highest binding affinity with miR-21-3p based on the minimum free energy value. The PPIL2 gene showed high expression levels in testis tissue of the olive flounder, whereas miR-21-3p showed rather ubiquitous expression patterns except in testis tissue, indicating that miR-21-3p seems to control the PPIL2 gene expression in a complementary repression manner in various tissues of olive flounder. Taken together, this current study contributes to infer the target gene candidates for the miR-21-3p using bioinformatics tools. Furthermore, our data offers important information on the relationship between miR-21-3p and target gene for further functional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ara Jo
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.,Genetic Engineering Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Hee-Eun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.,Genetic Engineering Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.,Genetic Engineering Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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Fu YW, Wang B, Zhang QZ, Xu DH, Lin DJ, Yang XY, Zhu SQ, Pan JY, Deng Q, Liu YM, Zhou SY. Combined effects of Chinese medicine feed and ginger extract bath on co-infection of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Dactylogyrus ctenopharyngodonid in grass carp. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:2017-2025. [PMID: 28528516 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5507-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dactylogyrus ctenopharyngodonid and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis are two important ectoparasites of freshwater fish. Co-infection by the two parasites leads to high fish mortality and results in heavy economic losses. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of medicated feed and a ginger extract bath against D. ctenopharyngodonid and I. multifiliis on grass carp and investigate the hematological response of grass carp co-infected by the two parasites. These results demonstrated that red blood cell (RBC) and thrombocyte percentage among leucocytes significantly decreased after grass carp were co-infected by D. ctenopharyngodonid and I. multifiliis. The monocyte and neutrophil percentages significantly increased with the increment of parasite mean intensities, while the lymphocyte percentage decreased. The activities of serum acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), lysozyme (LZM), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) significantly increased after co-infection. When grass carp treated with medicated feed containing 4% of Astragalus membranaceus, Allium sativum, Morus alba, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis, the activities of ACP, AKP, LZM, and SOD were significantly enhanced, and the mean intensities of D. ctenopharyngodonid and I. multifiliis were significantly decreased. When grass carp was treated with medicated feed and a 4-mg/L ginger extract bath, all parasites were eliminated during 28 days. The bath of ginger extract at a concentration of 4 mg/L kept a low mean intensity of I. multifiliis and D. ctenopharyngodonid, then the two parasites were eliminated by oral administration of the medicated feed with an immunostimulant (Chinese medicine compound).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Wu Fu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Zhong Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.
| | - De-Hai Xu
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, 990 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, 36832-4352, USA
| | - De-Jie Lin
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Ya Yang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Qun Zhu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Yang Pan
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Deng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Meng Liu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Yu Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
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Kataoka C, Tomiyama H, Kashiwada S. Three-dimensional visualization of green fluorescence protein-labelled Edwardsiella tarda in whole Medaka larvae. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:479-484. [PMID: 27416977 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The invasive fish pathogen Edwardsiella tarda is common in aquatic environments and causes the environmentally and economically destructive emphysematous putrefactive disease called edwardsiellosis. In order to understand the organism's infection pathway, medaka larvae (Oryzias latipes) were immersion-infected with E. tarda labelled with green fluorescence protein (GFP) and then visualized in three dimensions under confocal laser microscopy and light-sheet fluorescence microscopy. Confocal microscopy revealed GFP-labelled E. tarda in the mouth, head, gill bridges, gill cover, skin, membrane fin, gastrointestinal tract and air bladder, and in the caudal vein, somite veins, caudal artery and caudal capillaries. Light-sheet microscopy additionally showed GFP-labelled E. tarda in the pharyngeal cavity, muscle of the pectoral fin and cardiac atrium and ventricle. These findings suggest that during its infection of fish, E. tarda initially adheres to, and invades, the epithelial cells of the skin, gills and gastrointestinal tract (through the pharyngeal cavity); E. tarda then enters the blood vessels to access organs, including the air bladder and heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kataoka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan
| | - H Tomiyama
- Department of Applied Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan
| | - S Kashiwada
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan
- Department of Applied Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan
- Research Center for Life and Environmental Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan
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12
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Dong M, Liang Y, Ramalingam R, Tang SW, Shen W, Ye R, Gopalakrishnan S, Au DWT, Lam YW. Proteomic characterization of the interactions between fish serum proteins and waterborne bacteria reveals the suppression of anti-oxidative defense as a serum-mediated antimicrobial mechanism. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 62:96-106. [PMID: 28089893 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fish blood is one of the crucial tissues of innate immune system, but the full repertoire of fish serum components involved in antibacterial defense is not fully identified. In this study, we demonstrated that turbot serum, but not the heat-inactivated control, significantly reduced the number of Edwardsiella tarda (E. tarda). By conjugating serum proteins with fluorescent dyes, we showed that E. tarda were coated with multiple fish proteins. In order to identify these proteins, we used E. tarda to capture turbot serum proteins and subjected the samples to shotgun proteomic analysis. A total of 76 fish proteins were identified in high confidence, including known antimicrobial proteins such as immunoglobins and complement components. 34 proteins with no previously known immunological functions were also identified. The expression of one of these proteins, IQ motif containing H (IQCH), was exclusively in fish brain and gonads and was induced during bacterial infection. This approach also allowed the study of the corresponding proteomic changes in E. tarda exposed to turbot serum, which is a general decrease of bacterial protein expression except for an upregulation of membrane components after serum treatment. Interestingly, while most other known stresses stimulate bacterial antioxidant enzymes, fish serum induced a rapid suppression of antioxidant proteins and led to an accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Heat treatment of fish serum eliminated this effect, suggesting that heat labile factors in the fish serum overrode bacterial antioxidant defenses. Taken together, this work offers a comprehensive view of the interactions between fish serum proteins and bacteria, and reveals previously unknown factors and mechanisms in fish innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Dong
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yimin Liang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Rajkumar Ramalingam
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Sze Wing Tang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Rui Ye
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Singaram Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Doris Wai Ting Au
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Yun Wah Lam
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Yin K, Wang Q, Xiao J, Zhang Y. Comparative proteomic analysis unravels a role for EsrB in the regulation of reactive oxygen species stress responses in Edwardsiella piscicida. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 364:fnw269. [PMID: 27915248 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As a leading pathogen, Edwardsiella piscicida can cause hemorrhagic septicemia in fish and gastro-intestinal infections in humans. The two-component regulatory system EsrA-EsrB plays essential roles in pathogenesis through the type III and type VI secretion systems, and hemolysin production in E. piscicida It is unclear whether other virulence- or stress response-associated genes are regulated by EsrA-EsrB. In this study, the proteomes of wild-type E. piscicida EIB202 and esrB mutant strains were compared to reveal EsrB regulon components after growth in Luria-Bertani broth (LB). Overall, the expression levels of nine genes exhibited significant changes, and five of them required the presence of EsrB, while others exhibited higher levels in the esrB mutant. The diverse functions of these proteins were identified, including amino acid metabolism, oxidative stress defense and energy production. Interestingly, superoxidase dismutase and thiol peroxidase were the most significantly down-regulated by EsrB. Furthermore, other reported reactive oxygen species (ROS) resistance-related genes were also down-regulated by EsrB as revealed by quantitative real-time. Compared with the wild-type and the complement strain esrB+, ΔesrB displayed a significantly enhanced ROS resistance. These results demonstrated that EsrB plays important roles in the ROS resistance pathway in E. piscicida grown in LB conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qiyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingfan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China .,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, Shanghai, China
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14
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Gao D, Li Y, Zheng E, Liu N, Shao Z, Lu C. Eha, a regulator of Edwardsiella tarda, required for resistance to oxidative stress in macrophages. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw192. [PMID: 27511959 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Edwardsiella tarda is distributed widely in a variety of hosts. Eha has recently been found to be its virulence regulator. In order to explore the mechanism of its regulation, we investigated the survival rates of wild type strain ET13, and its eha mutant and complemented strains in RAW264.7 macrophages under light microscopic observation as well as by counting bacterial CFUs on the plates. All of the different strains could live within the macrophages; however, the intracellular numbers of the wild type were significantly higher than the mutant when the incubation time extended 4 h or 6 h (P < 0.05). Furthermore, more ROS were produced by the mutant-infected cells, indicating that Eha may enhance ET13's capacity to detoxify ROS. In agreement with this, we found that the mutant exhibited more sensitivity by H2O2 disk inhibitory assay and less survival ability with H2O2 treatment. We further demonstrated that the bacterial antioxidant enzymes SodC and KatG were regulated by Eha with qRT-PCR and β-galactosidase assay. Collectively, our data show Eha is required for E. tarda to resist the oxidative stress from the macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqing Gao
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Enjin Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Nian Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zeye Shao
- Department of Clinical Lab, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengping Lu
- NanJing Agricultural University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing, China
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15
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Li R, Yang X, Li Q, Ye S, Li H. Enhanced immune response and resistance to edwardsiellosis following dietary chitooligosaccharide supplementation in the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:74-78. [PMID: 26314523 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary chitooligosaccharide (COS) supplementation on peripheral leukocyte count, head kidney leukocyte phagocytic rate, phagocytic index, respiratory burst activity, serum lysozyme activity, and immune protection in Paralichthys olivaceus. A total of 300 flounder with an average body weight of 80-100 g were randomly assigned into four dietary groups: (I) basic diet (control), basic diet containing (II) 0.5% COS, and (III) 1% COS, fed continuously for 28 d, and (IV) basic diet containing 1% COS fed in 14 d intervals. Continuous feeding of 0.5% and 1% COS diets for 28 d significantly increased the number of peripheral leukocytes, head kidney leukocyte phagocytic rate, phagocytic index, respiratory burst activity, and serum lysozyme activity (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). After a 10 d Edwardsiella tarda challenge, the immune protection rates in the 0.5% and 1% COS groups were 30% and 60%, respectively. No control fish survived the E. tarda challenge treatment. Most immune indices were slightly lower after removal of COS from the diet for 14 d, but all immune indices were observed to recover after another 14 d of COS supplementation. This study demonstrates that supplementation of a basic diet with COS enhances the non-specific immune response and improves survival rates following infection with E. tarda in P. olivaceus. An optimized interval feeding strategy with diets containing 1% COS may have potential applications in the prevention of disease in aquacultured P. olivaceus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijun Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaobin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Shigen Ye
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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16
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Kim DH, Je JY. Antimicrobial Activity of Gallic Acid-Grafted-Chitosan Against Fish Pathogens. J Carbohydr Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2015.1018993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Yang W, Wang L, Zhang L, Qu J, Wang Q, Zhang Y. An invasive and low virulent Edwardsiella tarda esrB mutant promising as live attenuated vaccine in aquaculture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:1765-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6214-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Tang J, Cai J, Liu R, Wang J, Lu Y, Wu Z, Jian J. Immunostimulatory effects of artificial feed supplemented with a Chinese herbal mixture on Oreochromis niloticus against Aeromonas hydrophila. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 39:401-406. [PMID: 24925761 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of a Chinese herbal mixture (CHM) composed of astragalus, angelica, hawthorn, Licorice root and honeysuckle on immune responses and disease resistant of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus GIFT strain) were investigated in present study. Fish were fed diets containing 0 (control), 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% or 2.0% CHM (w/w) for 4 weeks. And series of immune parameters including lysozyme, cytokine genes TNF-α and IL-1β, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured during test period. After four weeks of feeding, fish were infected with Aeromonas hydrophila and mortalities were recorded. Results of this study showed that feeding Nile tilapia with CHM-supplementation diet stimulated lysozyme activity, SOD activity and POD activity in serum, induced TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA expression in head kidney and spleen, but decreased serum MDA content. All CHM-supplemental groups showed reduced mortalities following A. hydrophila infection compared with the group fed the control diet. These results suggested that this CHM can be applied as a tilapia feed supplement to elevate fish immunity and disease resistance against A. hydrophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jufen Tang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jia Cai
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ran Liu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jiamin Wang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yishan Lu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Zaohe Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Jichang Jian
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
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19
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Verma VK, Rani KV, Sehgal N, Prakash O. Immunostimulatory effect of artificial feed supplemented with indigenous plants on Clarias gariepinus against Aeromonas hydrophila. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1924-1931. [PMID: 24120503 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The antibacterial activity of methanol extracts of Ficus benghalensis (prop-root) and Leucaena leucocephala (pod seed) was evaluated by measurement of zone of inhibition against pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila. Control artificial feed and artificial feed supplemented with 5% powder of F. benghalensis and L. leucocephala were prepared. Juvenile Clarias gariepinus were divided into four groups, acclimatized to laboratory conditions and fed with respective feeds for 20 days prior to the experiment. Immunomodulatory response of supplementary feed was studied by challenging the fish intraperitoneally at weekly intervals, with A. hydrophila. One set of fish, not challenged with A. hydrophila was used as a negative control, to analyze any detrimental effect of supplementary feed, while positive control, comprised of challenged fish fed with non-supplemented feed. Other two groups of fish were challenged with A. hydrophila and fed with respective supplementary feeds. Blood was collected on weekly intervals for four weeks and serum samples were analyzed to evaluate the damage of fish by A. hydrophila through liver function tests. The increase in the levels of Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and Serum Glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) in positive control group indicated the damage of liver & kidney. However the levels did not change significantly in fish fed with supplementary feeds when compared to negative control group. Nitric oxide, SOD, ALP and lipid peroxidase indicated lower stress levels in these fish compared to positive control. Fish fed with supplementary feed showed increased lysozyme activity and phagocytic index indicating an increase in non-specific immune response. The immunoglobulin levels of in serum were analyzed by homologous sandwich ELISA, which showed higher antibody production in fish fed with supplementary feed. The current study suggests conclusively, immunostimulatory role of F. benghalensis (prop-roots) and L. leucocephala (pod seed) in C. gariepinus when supplemented in artificial feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Kumar Verma
- Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021, India
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20
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Xu T, Su Y, Xu Y, He Y, Wang B, Dong X, Li Y, Zhang XH. Mutations of flagellar genes fliC12, fliA and flhDC of Edwardsiella tarda attenuated bacterial motility, biofilm formation and virulence to fish. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 116:236-44. [PMID: 24118854 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate functions of flagellar genes fliC2, fliC12, fliA and flhDC in a bacterial fish pathogen Edwardsiella tarda. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, functions of flagellar genes, fliC2, fliC12 (fliC1 + fliC2), fliA and flhDC (flhD + flhC) of Edw. tarda H1 were analysed by constructing in-frame deletion mutants respectively and complementary strains fliC2(+) and fliA(+) . Electron microscopy revealed that in-frame deletion of fliC12, fliA and flhDC significantly impaired the number and length of flagellar filaments, resulting in loss of both swimming and swarming motilities of the bacteria. In addition, compared to the wild-type strain and complementary strains, the flagellum-impaired mutants exhibited reduced biofilm formation ability, showed decreased ability in adherence and internalization to Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells and reduced pathogenicity to zebrafish. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that fliC12, fliA and flhDC of Edw. tarda played essential roles in flagellar filaments structure, bacteria motility, biofilm formation, adherence, internalization and pathogenicity of this bacterium. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study revealed that flagella function in facilitating virulence and it may provide a new target for vaccines against Edw. tarda infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Xu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Y Su
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Y Xu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Y He
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - B Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - X Dong
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Y Li
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - X-H Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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21
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Lee BJ, Kim SS, Song JW, Oh DH, Cha JH, Jeong JB, Heo MS, Kim KW, Lee KJ. Effects of dietary supplementation of citrus by-products fermented with a probiotic microbe on growth performance, innate immunity and disease resistance against Edwardsiella tarda in juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2013; 36:617-628. [PMID: 23311661 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Two consecutive studies were conducted to evaluate the dietary supplementation of citrus by-products (CB) fermented with probiotic bacteria on growth performance, feed utilization, innate immune responses and disease resistance of juvenile olive flounder. In Experiment I, five diets were formulated to contain 0% (control) or 3% four different CB fermented with Bacillus subtilis (BS), Enterococcus faecium (EF), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR) and L. plantarum (LP) (designated as CON, CBF-BS, CBF-EF, CBF-LR and CBF-LP, respectively). During 10 weeks of a feeding trial, growth performance and feed efficiency were not significantly different among all the fish groups. However, fish fed CBF containing diets had significantly higher survivals than the CON group. Disease resistance of fish against Edwardsiella tarda was increased by the fermentation of CB. In Experiment II, we chose the BS as a promising probiotic and formulated five diets to contain 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% CBF-BS. Growth performance was not significantly affected by the CBF-BS supplementation during 6 weeks of a feeding trial. Innate immunity of fish was significantly enhanced by CBF-BS supplementation. Myeloperoxidase and lysozyme activities were increased in a dose-dependent manner by dietary CBF-BS inclusions. In a consecutive challenge test against E. tarda, an increased disease resistance was found by CBF-BS supplementation. These studies indicate that the fermentation process of CB with probiotic has beneficial effects on innate immunity and thereby increases disease resistance of olive flounder against E. tarda. Bacillus subtilis can be used as a promising probiotic microbe for by-product fermentation in fish feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-J Lee
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
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22
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Li GY, Mo ZL, Li J, Xiao P, Hao B, Guo YH. Development of a multiplex PCR for the identification of pathogenic Edwardsiella tarda and application to edwardsiellosis diagnostics. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2013; 36:151-157. [PMID: 23126448 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Y Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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23
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Selection of normalization factors for quantitative real time RT-PCR studies in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) under conditions of viral infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 152:303-16. [PMID: 23332581 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Disease outbreaks caused by iridoviruses are known to affect farmed flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). To facilitate quantitative real time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of gene expression in flounder and turbot during viral infection, we in this study examined the potentials of 9 housekeeping genes of flounder and turbot as internal references for qRT-PCR under conditions of experimental infection with megalocytivirus, a member of the Iridoviridae family. The mRNA levels of the 9 housekeeping genes in the brain, gill, heart, intestine, kidney, liver, muscle, and spleen of flounder and turbot were determined by qRT-PCR at 24h and 72h post-viral infection, and the expression stabilities of the genes were determined with geNorm and NormFinder algorithms. The results showed that (i) viral infection induced significant changes in the mRNA levels of the all the examined genes in a manner that was dependent on both tissue type and infection stage; (ii) for a given time point of infection, stability predictions made by the two algorisms were highly consistent for most tissues; (iii) the optimum reference genes differed at different infection time points at least in some tissues; (iv) at both examined time points, no common reference genes were identified across all tissue types. These results indicate that when studying gene expression in flounder and turbot in relation to viral infection, different internal references may have to be used not only for different tissues but also for different infection stages.
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24
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Xiao J, chen T, Wang Q, Zhang Y. Comparative analysis of the roles of catalases KatB and KatG in the physiological fitness and pathogenesis of fish pathogen Edwardsiella tarda. Lett Appl Microbiol 2012; 54:425-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2012.03225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Wang YM, Wang QY, Xiao JF, Liu Q, Wu HZ, Zhang YX. Genetic relationships of Edwardsiella strains isolated in China aquaculture revealed by rep-PCR genomic fingerprinting and investigation of Edwardsiella virulence genes. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111:1337-48. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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26
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Kong HJ, Moon JH, Han YH, Nam BH, Kim YO, Kim WJ, Kim DG, Kim HS, Kim JH, Kim BS, Lee SJ. PoCRIP1, Paralichthys olivaceus cysteine-rich intestinal protein 1: molecular characterization, expression analysis upon Edwardsiella tarda challenge and a possible role in the immune regulation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 30:917-922. [PMID: 21288490 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine-rich intestinal protein (CRIP) is a LIM domain protein containing a zinc-finger motif and plays a role in the regulation of the inflammatory immune response. In the present study, we isolated a CRIP1 cDNA, designated PoCRIP1, from an olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus intestine cDNA library by EST analysis. The PoCRIP cDNA consists of 421 bp with a polyadenylation signal sequence, AATAAA, and a poly(A) tail; it encodes a polypeptide of 76 amino acids containing a double zinc-finger motif (Cys(2)HisCys and Cys(4) sequences). The deduced amino acid sequence of PoCRIP1 showed 75.3-94.7% homology with CRIP1s of other species, including mammals. The PoCRIP1 transcript was highly expressed in the intestine and pyloric ceca and moderately expressed in the gill, heart, kidney, liver, muscle, spleen, skin, and stomach of normal conditioned flounder. Inducible expression of the PoCRIP1 transcript was observed in flounder challenged with Edwardsiella tarda, an economically important pathogen for aquaculture of flounder. Over-expression of PoCRIP1 augmented p65-driven flounder IL-6 promoter activity in HINAE cells. These results suggest that PoCRIP1 may function in the immune response of the flounder through the regulation of cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jeong Kong
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, 408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Zheng WJ, Sun L. Evaluation of housekeeping genes as references for quantitative real time RT-PCR analysis of gene expression in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 30:638-645. [PMID: 21185941 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) is an important economic fish species cultured worldwide. In this report, we compared the potentials of ten housekeeping genes as quantitative real time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) references for the study of gene expression in Japanese flounder under normal physiological conditions and during bacterial infection. For this purpose, the expression of the ten genes in eight flounder tissues (liver, spleen, kidney, heart, muscle, brain, gill, and intestine) was determined by qRT-PCR before and after bacterial infection. The expression levels of the housekeeping genes were then compared and evaluated with geNorm and NormFinder algorithms. The results showed that before bacterial infection, the tested genes exhibited tissue-specific expressions to various degrees, with β-actin and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme being ranked as the most stable genes across tissue types. Following bacterial challenge, all the tested genes varied in expression levels in tissue-dependent manners and no cross-all-tissue type reference gene was identified among the examined panel of housekeeping genes; however, α-tubulin was recognized as the most stable gene in four (spleen, heart, muscle, and gill) of the eight examined tissues. These results indicate that for qRT-PCR analysis of gene expression in Japanese flounder as a function of bacterial infection, the choice of reference genes should be made according to tissue type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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Li GY, Li J, Xiao P, Guo YH, Mo ZL. Detection of type III secretion gene as an indicator for pathogenic Edwardsiella tarda. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011; 52:213-9. [PMID: 21219368 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02984.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To differentiate pathogenic and nonpathogenic Edwardsiella tarda strains based on the detection of type III secretion system (T3SS) gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). METHODS AND RESULTS Primers were designed to amplify Edw. tarda T3SS component gene esaV, catalase gene katB, haemolysin gene hlyA and 16S rRNA gene as an internal positive control. Genomic DNAs were extracted using a commercial isolation kit from 36 Edw. tarda strains consisting of 18 pathogenic and 18 nonpathogenic strains, and 50 ng of each DNA was used as the template for PCR amplification. PCR was performed with a thermocycler (TaKaRa TP600) in a 25-μl volume. Products of esaV were detected in all pathogenic strains, but not in nonpathogenic strains; katB was detected in all pathogenic strains and one of nonpathogenic strains; hlyA was not detected in any strains. CONCLUSIONS The detection of esaV gene can be used for the assessment of pathogenic Edw. tarda strains. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The strategy using T3SS gene as the virulence indicator provides a useful tool for the clinical assessment of pathogenic Edw. tarda strains and prediction of edwardsiellosis risk in fish culture environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Y Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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29
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Han HJ, Kim DY, Kim WS, Kim CS, Jung SJ, Oh MJ, Kim DH. Atypical Aeromonas salmonicida infection in the black rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli Hilgendorf, in Korea. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2011; 34:47-55. [PMID: 21166824 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2010.01217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cultured black rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli, suffered mass mortalities during winter 2008 and spring 2009 in Korea, showing clinical signs of ulcer lesions and haemorrhages over their body surface. The aetiological agent was identified as Aeromonas salmonicida (strains RFAS-1, -2 and -3), which is a non-pigmented, slow-growing bacterium. Phenotypes of RFAS strains showed variation, while 16S rRNA, gyrB, rpoD, dnaJ and recA gene sequences of all the strains were affiliated to A. salmonicida. In particular, vapA gene sequences of the strains were most closely related to one of the five subspecies of A. salmonicida subsp. masoucida (=KCCM 40239(T) ). LD(50) values of RFAS-1 for intraperitoneal and intramuscular injection were 1.5 × 10(5.25) and 1.5 × 10(6.4) cfu/rockfish, respectively. However, A. salmonicida strains KCCM 40239(T) and SAS-1, which originate from masou and chum salmon, respectively, were not pathogenic to black rockfish. RFAS strains, possessing A-layer protein on their surface, exhibited β-haemolytic activity against rockfish erythrocytes and capability to survive in rockfish serum, which seem to be associated with virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-J Han
- Fish Health Center, Chonnam National University, Dun-Duk Dong, Yeosu, South Korea
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30
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Xu L, Wang Q, Xiao J, Liu Q, Wang X, Chen T, Zhang Y. Characterization of Edwardsiella tarda waaL: roles in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, stress adaptation, and virulence toward fish. Arch Microbiol 2010; 192:1039-47. [PMID: 20938646 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-010-0635-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Edwardsiella tarda is the causative agent of edwardsiellosis in fish. The genome sequence of a virulent strain EIB202 has been determined. According to the genome sequence, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis cluster containing a putative O-antigen ligase gene waaL was identified. Here, the in-frame deletion mutant ΔwaaL was constructed to analyze the function of WaaL in E. tarda EIB202. The ΔwaaL mutant displayed absence in O-antigen side chains in the LPS production. The ΔwaaL mutant exhibited an increased sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide indicating that the LPS was involved in the endurance to the oxidative stress in hosts during infection. In addition, the resistance of ΔwaaL to serum and polymyxin B decreased remarkably. The ΔwaaL mutant was also attenuated in virulence, showed an impaired ability in internalization of epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC) cells and a comparatively poor ability of proliferation in vivo, which was in line with the increased LD(50) value. These results indicated that waaL gene was a functional member of the gene cluster involved in LPS synthesis and highlighted the importance of the O-antigen side chains to stress adaption and virulence in E. tarda, signifying the gene as a potential target for live attenuated vaccine against this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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31
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Mohanty BR, Sahoo PK. Immune responses and expression profiles of some immune-related genes in Indian major carp, Labeo rohita to Edwardsiella tarda infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 28:613-621. [PMID: 20045061 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 12/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Edwardsiella tarda is an important Gram-negative bacterium that causes systemic infections in a wide range of hosts including fish. The pathogenic mechanisms in this disease are still poorly understood in fish. Indian major carp, Labeo rohita were intraperitoneally challenged with a pathogenic isolate of E. tarda to measure sequential changes in immunity level. A significant decrease in the superoxide production, myeloperoxidase, alternative complement activity, total protein levels and antiprotease activity of serum was marked in the infected fish. However, the serum lysozyme activity and haemagglutination titre were raised in the infected fish. Similarly, a significant rise in specific antibody titre was noticed on and after 10 days post-challenge. This study also elucidates the changes in the relative expression of some immune-related genes viz., interleukin 1-beta (IL-1beta), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), complement component C3, beta(2)-microglobulin, CXCa, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), and C-type and G-type lysozymes during the infection. Significant up-regulation of IL-1beta, iNOS, C3, CXCa and expression of both types of lysozyme genes was noticed at 6-12 h post-challenge (h.p.c.) whereas down-regulation of beta(2)-microglobulin and TNFalpha genes was observed after 48 h p.c. The results obtained here strengthen the understanding on molecular pathogenesis of edwardsiellosis in L. rohita.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Mohanty
- Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751 002, India
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Barker JR, Chong A, Wehrly TD, Yu JJ, Rodriguez SA, Liu J, Celli J, Arulanandam BP, Klose KE. The Francisella tularensis pathogenicity island encodes a secretion system that is required for phagosome escape and virulence. Mol Microbiol 2010; 74:1459-70. [PMID: 20054881 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Francisella tularensis causes the human disease tularemia. F. tularensis is able to survive and replicate within macrophages, a trait that has been correlated with its high virulence, but it is unclear the exact mechanism(s) this organism uses to escape killing within this hostile environment. F. tularensis virulence is dependent upon the Francisella pathogenicity island (FPI), a cluster of genes that we show here shares homology with type VI secretion gene clusters in Vibrio cholerae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We demonstrate that two FPI proteins, VgrG and IglI, are secreted into the cytosol of infected macrophages. VgrG and IglI are required for F. tularensis phagosomal escape, intramacrophage growth, inflammasome activation and virulence in mice. Interestingly, VgrG secretion does not require the other FPI genes. However, VgrG and other FPI genes, including PdpB (an IcmF homologue), are required for the secretion of IglI into the macrophage cytosol, suggesting that VgrG and other FPI factors are components of a secretion system. This is the first report of F. tularensis FPI virulence proteins required for intramacrophage growth that are translocated into the macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Barker
- 1South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Biology, University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Wang X, Wang Q, Xiao J, Liu Q, Wu H, Xu L, Zhang Y. Edwardsiella tarda T6SS component evpP is regulated by esrB and iron, and plays essential roles in the invasion of fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 27:469-477. [PMID: 19563898 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Edwardsiella tarda is a gram-negative pathogen for hemorrhagic septicemia in a broad range of hosts. The type VI secretion system (T6SS) has recently been dissected in E. tarda to secrete EvpC, EvpI and a novel effector protein EvpP. In this study, sequencing and genetic alignments showed that evpP genes from different E. tarda isolates were highly similar and an evpP homolog was also found in Aeromonas hydrophila 0865 isolated from a diseased eel, suggesting the possible lateral gene transfer of evpP or the whole T6SS gene island. With reporter strains carrying gfp gene fused to the evpP promoter region, flow cytometric analysis revealed that transcription of evpP was positively regulated by either the two-component system EsrA-EsrB in E. tarda or the iron concentration in media. Compared with the parental strain, in-frame deletion of evpP in E. tarda EIB202 led to the significantly increased 50% lethal doses in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), decreased hemolytic activities, failure to adhere to mucus and reduced serum resistance, and complementation of an intact evpP gene restored these phenotypes in the evpP mutant. Investigation of infection kinetics indicated that the evpP deletion mutant was unable to proliferate in vivo, particularly in immune organs of fish. Moreover, the evpP deletion mutant exhibited incapacity to internalize in EPC cell model in vitro, demonstrating that EvpP in T6SS plays critical roles for invasion mechanism of E. tarda and merits as potential target for attenuated live vaccine construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
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GRIZZLE JOHNM, BRUNNER CINDYJ. Infectious Diseases of Freshwater Mussels and Other Freshwater Bivalve Mollusks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10641260902879000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Characterization of Edwardsiella tarda rpoS: effect on serum resistance, chondroitinase activity, biofilm formation, and autoinducer synthetases expression. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 83:151-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-1924-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Edwardsiellosis is one of the most important bacterial diseases in fish. Scientific work on this disease started more than forty years ago and numerous workers around the world are continually adding to the knowledge of the disease. In spite of this, not a single article that reviews the enormous scientific data thus generated is available in the English language. This article briefly discusses some of the recent research on edwardsiellosis, describing the pathogen's interaction with the host and environment, its pathogenesis and pathology as well as diagnostic, preventive and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Mohanty
- Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751 002, India
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Ishibe K, Osatomi K, Hara K, Kanai K, Yamaguchi K, Oda T. Comparison of the responses of peritoneal macrophages from Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) against high virulent and low virulent strains of Edwardsiella tarda. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 24:243-251. [PMID: 18178102 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 11/11/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In vivo infection studies in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) demonstrated that the number of viable cells of the virulent strain (NUF251) of Edwardsiella tarda increased gradually in kidney and hepato-pancreas after intraperitoneal injection, but the low virulent strain (NUF194) did not. To gain insight into the virulence factors of E. tarda, in vitro responses of Japanese flounder (P. olivaceus) peritoneal macrophages to these strains were compared in terms of phagocytosis, bactericidal activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation as measured by chemiluminescence (CL) responses. Microscopic observation revealed that these two strains of E. tarda were phagocytosed by the peritoneal macrophages, and there was no significant difference in the mean numbers of ingested bacteria per macrophage between these strains. A gradual increase in the number of viable cells of the highly virulent strain within macrophages was observed during 9h post-phagocytosis, whereas no significant replication of the low virulent strain within macrophages was detected. These results suggest that the virulent strain of E. tarda has an ability to survive and replicate within macrophages, while the low virulent strain has no such ability. When the peritoneal macrophages were exposed to the opsonized low virulent E. tarda strain, a rapid increase in CL response was induced. However, the highly virulent strain caused only background level of CL response. By the subsequent stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate, the macrophages exposed to the virulent E. tarda strain showed extremely higher CL response than that of the one exposed to the low virulent E. tarda strain. These results suggest that the virulent E. tarda prevents the activation of ROS generation system during phagocytosis, though the system is still capable of responding to other stimulation. The virulent strain significantly reduced the CL response induced by xanthine/xanthine oxidase system, while the low virulent strain had almost no effect. Furthermore, the virulent strain showed greater resistance to H(2)O(2) than the low virulent strain. Our results suggest that the virulent strain of E. tarda is highly resistant to ROS, and such ability might allow the organism to survive and multiply within phagocytes, and may serve to disseminate E. tarda throughout the host during in vivo infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Ishibe
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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